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assemblies of files constitute a template from which a family of products can be constructed. When the decision has been made to go with a new product, the parameters of the product are entered into the template model, and all the associated data is updated. Obviously, predefined associative models will not be able to predict all possibilities and will require additional work. The main principle is that a lot of the experimental/investigative work has already been completed. A lot of knowledge is built into these templates to be reused on new products. This does require additional resources "up front" but can drastically reduce the time between project kick-off and launch. Such methods do however require organizational changes, as considerable engineering efforts are moved into "offline" development departments. It can be seen as an analogy to creating a
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connect different tasks or manage the whole process. Some software providers cover the whole PLM range while others have a single niche application. Some applications can span many fields of PLM with different modules within the same data model. An overview of the fields within PLM is covered here. The simple classifications do not always fit exactly; many areas overlap and many software products cover more than one area or do not fit easily into one category. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate the simultaneous concurrent development of many products. It is about business processes, people, and methods as much as software application solutions. Although PLM is mainly associated with engineering tasks it also involves
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top–down view of an important problem that needs a solution. In either case, the key attribute of BEATM design methodology is to immediately focus on both ends of the design process flow: a top–down view of the solution requirements, and a bottom–up view of the available technology which may offer the promise of an efficient solution. The BEATM design process proceeds from both ends in search of an optimum merging somewhere between the top–down requirements, and bottom–up efficient implementation. In this fashion, BEATM has been shown to genuinely offer the best of both methodologies. Indeed, some of the best success stories from either top–down or bottom–up have been successful because of an intuitive, yet unconscious use of the BEATM methodology. When employed consciously, BEATM offers even more powerful advantages.
1946:) is a workflow that, instead of working sequentially through stages, carries out a number of tasks in parallel. For example: starting tool design as soon as the detailed design has started, and before the detailed designs of the product are finished; or starting on detailed design solid models before the concept design surfaces models are complete. Although this does not necessarily reduce the amount of manpower required for a project, as more changes are required due to incomplete and changing information, it does drastically reduce lead times and thus time to market.
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design is that it may not take advantage of more efficient applications of current physical technology, due to excessive layers of lower-level abstraction due to following an abstraction path that does not efficiently fit available components e.g. separately specifying sensing, processing, and wireless communications elements even though a suitable component that combines these may be available. The positive value of top–down design is that it preserves a focus on the optimum solution requirements.
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1963:"review structure" which shows what the product will look like. The BOM contains all of the physical (solid) components of a product from a CAD system; it may also (but not always) contain other 'bulk items' required for the final product but which (in spite of having definite physical mass and volume) are not usually associated with CAD geometry such as paint, glue, oil, adhesive tape, and other materials.
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engineers became highly skilled CAM users, while analysts, administrators, and managers fully mastered their support technologies. However, achieving the full advantages of PLM requires the participation of many people of various skills from throughout an extended enterprise, each requiring the ability to access and operate on the inputs and output of other participants.
2067:(PDES). They typically implement the whole development cycle of high-tech manufacturing technology developments, from initial conception, through development, and into manufacture. PDES integrates people with different backgrounds from potentially different legal entities, data, information and knowledge, and business processes.
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1600:(NPD). There are several life-cycle models in each industry to consider, but most are rather similar. What follows below is one possible life-cycle model; while it emphasizes hardware-oriented products, similar phases would describe any form of product or service, including non-technical or software-based products:
1804:(PDM) software, or at the corporate level Enterprise Data Management (EDM) software; such rigid level distinctions may not be consistently used, however, it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems may also be linked to other corporate systems such as
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Total spending on PLM software and services was estimated in 2020 to be $ 26 billion a year, with an estimated compound annual growth rate of 7.2% from 2021 to 2028. This was expected to be driven by a demand for software solutions for management functions, such as change, cost, compliance, data, and
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The relation between these five objects can be presented as a pyramid with its tip associated with the lowest Cost, highest
Productivity, highest Quality, most Flexibility, and greatest Sustainability. The points inside of this pyramid are associated with different combinations of five criteria. The
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Both-ends-against-the-middle (BEATM) design is a design process that endeavors to combine the best features of top–down design, and bottom–up design into one process. A BEATM design process flow may begin with an emergent technology that suggests solutions that may have value, or it may begin with a
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Despite the increased ease of use of PLM tools, cross-training all personnel on the entire PLM tool-set has not proven to be practical. Now, however, advances are being made to address ease of use for all participants within the PLM arena. One such advance is the availability of "role" specific user
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None of the above phases should be considered as isolated. In reality, a project does not run sequentially or separated from other product development projects, with information flowing between different people and systems. A major part of PLM is the coordination and management of product definition
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An effective service consideration begins during and even prior to product design as an integral part of product lifecycle management. Service
Lifecycle Management (SLM) has critical touchpoints at all phases of the product lifecycle that must be considered. Connecting and enriching a common digital
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Defense engineering traditionally develops the product structure from the top down. The system engineering process prescribes a functional decomposition of requirements and then the physical allocation of product structure to the functions. This top down approach would normally have lower levels of
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The first stage is the definition of the product requirements based on customer, company, market, and regulatory bodies' viewpoints. From this specification, the product's major technical parameters can be defined. In parallel, the initial concept design work is performed defining the aesthetics of
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elements. Geometry from this is associatively copied down to the next level, which represents different subsystems of the product. The geometry in the sub-systems is then used to define more detail in the levels below. Depending on the complexity of the product, a number of levels of this assembly
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Bottom–up design tends to focus on the capabilities of available real-world physical technology, implementing those solutions to which this technology is most suited. When these bottom–up solutions have real-world value, bottom–up design can be much more efficient than top–down design. The risk of
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Bottom–up design (CAD-centric) occurs where the definition of 3D models of a product starts with the construction of individual components. These are then virtually brought together in sub-assemblies of more than one level until the full product is digitally defined. This is sometimes known as the
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Concurrent engineering also has the added benefit of providing better and more immediate communication between departments, reducing the chance of costly, late design changes. It adopts a problem-prevention method as compared to the problem-solving and re-designing method of traditional sequential
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After components are manufactured, their geometrical form and size can be checked against the original CAD data with the use of computer-aided inspection equipment and software. Parallel to the engineering tasks, sales product configuration, and marketing documentation work takes place. This could
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Many software solutions have been developed to organize and integrate the different phases of a product's lifecycle. PLM should not be seen as a single software product but as a collection of software tools and working methods integrated together to address either single stages of the lifecycle or
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In some concepts, the investment of resources into research or analysis-of-options may be included in the conception phase – e.g. bringing the technology to a level of maturity sufficient to move to the next phase. However, life-cycle engineering is iterative. It is always possible that something
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markets. The process behind the manufacture of a given compound is a key element of the regulatory filing for a new drug application. As such, PPLM seeks to manage information around the development of the process in a similar fashion that baseline PLM talks about managing information around the
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During the operational phase, a product owner may discover components and consumables which have reached their individual end of life and for which there are
Diminishing Manufacturing Sources or Material Shortages (DMSMS), or that the existing product can be enhanced for a wider or emerging user
1228:' (PLCM). PLM describes the engineering aspect of a product, from managing descriptions and properties of a product through its development and useful life; whereas, PLCM refers to the commercial management of the life of a product in the business market with respect to costs and sales measures.
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techniques. The geometry of other components can be seen and referenced within the CAD tool being used. The other referenced components may or may not have been created using the same CAD tool, with their geometry being translated from other collaborative product development (CPD) formats. Some
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Top–down design is focused on high-level functional requirements, with relatively less focus on existing implementation technology. A top-level spec is repeatedly decomposed into lower-level structures and specifications until the physical implementation layer is reached. The risk of a top–down
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The broad array of solutions that make up the tools used within a PLM solution-set (e.g., CAD, CAM, CAx...) were initially used by dedicated practitioners who invested time and effort to gain the required skills. Designers and engineers produced excellent results with CAD systems, manufacturing
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The reality is however more complex, people and departments cannot perform their tasks in isolation and one activity cannot simply finish, and the next activity start. Design is an iterative process, often designs need to be modified due to manufacturing constraints or conflicting requirements.
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As of 2009, ICT development (EU-funded PROMISE project 2004–2008) has allowed PLM to extend beyond traditional PLM and integrate sensor data and real-time 'lifecycle event data' into PLM, as well as allowing this information to be made available to different players in the total lifecycle of an
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Front loading is taking top–down design to the next stage. The complete control structure and review structure, as well as downstream data such as drawings, tooling development, and CAM models, are constructed before the product has been defined or a project kick-off has been authorized. These
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Feature-based CAD systems have allowed simultaneous work on the 3D solid model and the 2D drawing by means of two separate files, with the drawing looking at the data in the model; when the model changes the drawing will associatively update. Some CAD packages also allow associative copying of
1188:, Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. AMC focused its R&D efforts on extending the product lifecycle of its flagship products, particularly Jeeps, because it lacked the "massive budgets of General Motors, Ford, and foreign competitors." After introducing its compact
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geometry between files. This allows, for example, the copying of a part design into the files used by the tooling designer. The manufacturing engineer can then start work on tools before the final design freeze; when a design changes size or shape the tool geometry will then update.
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are created until the basic definition of components can be identified, such as position and principal dimensions. This information is then associatively copied to component files. In these files the components are detailed; this is where the classic bottom–up assembly starts.
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because all drawings and documents were in a central database. The product data management was so effective that after AMC was purchased by
Chrysler, the system was expanded throughout the enterprise connecting everyone involved in designing and building products. While an
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bottom–up design is that it very efficiently provides solutions to low-value problems. The focus of bottom–up design is "what can we most efficiently do with this technology?" rather than the focus of top–down which is "What is the most valuable thing to do?"
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1666:), and domain-specific, such as architectural, aerospace, automotive, … Along with the actual creation of geometry, there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. Simulation, validation, and optimization tasks are carried out using CAE (
1353:(SE) is focused on meeting all requirements, primarily meeting customer needs, and coordinating the systems design process by involving all relevant disciplines. An important aspect of lifecycle management is a subset within Systems Engineering called
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This is where the detailed design and development of the product's form starts, progressing to prototype testing, from pilot release to full product launch. It can also involve redesign and ramp for improvement to existing products as well as
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A part-centric top–down design may eliminate some of the risks of top–down design. This starts with a layout model, often a simple 2D sketch defining basic sizes and some major defining parameters, which may include some
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For simplicity, the stages described are shown in a traditional sequential engineering workflow. The exact order of events and tasks will vary according to the product and industry in question but the main processes are:
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The core of PLM (product lifecycle management) is the creation and central management of all product data and the technology used to access this information and knowledge. PLM as a discipline emerged from tools such as
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tools that run throughout the whole lifecycle and across organizations. This requires many technology tools in the areas of conferencing, data sharing, and data translation. This specialized field is referred to as
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projects that are in process (or in a holding status). Portfolio management is a tool that assists management in tracking progress on new products and making trade-off decisions when allocating scarce resources.
1647:. The main tool used for design and development is CAD. This can be simple 2D drawing/drafting or 3D parametric feature-based solid/surface modeling. Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling,
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data. This includes managing engineering changes and release status of components; configuration product variations; document management; planning project resources as well as timescale and risk assessment.
1416:, but can be viewed as the integration of these tools with methods, people and the processes through all stages of a product's life. It is not just about software technology but is also a business strategy.
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to every product. Whether it be the disposal or destruction of material objects or information, this needs to be carefully considered since it may be legislated and hence not free from ramifications.
1204:(CAD) software system that made engineers more productive. The second part of this effort was the new communication system that allowed conflicts to be resolved faster, as well as reducing costly
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The top–down assembly is sometimes known as a "control structure". If a single file is used to define the layout and parameters for the review structure it is often known as a skeleton file.
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One form of PLM is called people-centric PLM. While traditional PLM tools have been deployed only on the release or during the release phase, people-centric PLM targets the design phase.
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Another phase of the lifecycle involves managing "in-service" information. This can include providing customers and service engineers with the support and information required for
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Whether a customer order fits into the timeline depends on the industry type and whether the products are, for example, built to order, engineered to order, or assembled to order.
1389:(PDM) is focused on capturing and maintaining information on products and/or services through their development and useful life. Change management is an important part of PDM/PLM.
1722:) tools for carrying out factory, plant and facility layout, and production simulation e.g. press-line simulation, industrial ergonomics, as well as tool selection management.
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of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industry's lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average by the mid-1990s.
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is an alternate genre of PLM in which the process by which the product is made is just as important as the product itself. Typically, this is the life sciences and advanced
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Once the design of the product's components is complete, the method of manufacturing is defined. This includes CAD tasks such as tool design; including the creation of
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Note: While application software is not required for PLM processes, the business complexity and rate of change requires organizations to execute as rapidly as possible.
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PLM systems help organizations in coping with the increasing complexity and engineering challenges of developing new products for the global competitive markets.
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does not work well in any phase enough to back up into a prior phase – perhaps all the way back to conception or research. There are many examples to draw from.
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Once the manufacturing method has been identified, CPM comes into play. This involves CAPE (computer-aided production engineering) or CAP/CAPP (computer-aided
1184:(AMC). The automaker was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to
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the product together with its main functional aspects. Many different media are used for these processes, from pencil and paper to clay models to 3D CAID
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machining instructions for the product's parts as well as the creation of specific tools to manufacture those parts, using integrated or separate CAM (
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models of components are created within the context of some or all of the other components within the product being developed. This is achieved using
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market easier or at less cost than a full redesign. This modernization approach often extends the product lifecycle and delays end-of-life disposal.
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tip of the pyramid represents an ideal (but likely highly unfeasible) system whereas the base of the pyramid represents the worst system possible.
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interfaces. Through tailorable user interfaces (UIs), the commands that are presented to users are appropriate to their function and expertise.
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Sustainability: Which can be measured in terms of ecological soundness i.e. biological and environmental impacts of a production system.
1715:) software. This will also involve analysis tools for process simulation of operations such as casting, molding, and die-press forming.
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2557:"Designing a Multi-Agent PLM System for Threaded Connections Using the Principle of Isomorphism of Regularities of Complex Systems"
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to test new technology for future products, but in this case, the work is directly used for the next product generation.
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thread will provide enhanced visibility across functions, improve data quality, and minimize costly delays and rework.
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analysis. Another task performed at this stage is the sourcing of bought-out components, possibly with the aid of
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include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web-based sales configurator and other
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Product lifecycle management can be considered one of the four cornerstones of a manufacturing corporation's
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Flexibility: Which can be considered the ability of the system to produce a variety of products for example.
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process phase collects and evaluates both market and technical risks by measuring KPI and scoring model.
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Managing the
Dynamic of New Product Development Processes. A new Product Lifecycle Management Paradigm
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This step covers many engineering disciplines including mechanical, electrical, electronic, software (
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Kopei, Volodymyr; Onysko, Oleh; Barz, Cristian; Dašić, Predrag; Panchuk, Vitalii (February 2023).
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individual product (closing the information loop). This has resulted in the extension of PLM into
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systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprises.
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This article is about managing product design and production details. For the marketing term, see
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1800:(BOMs) – needs to be managed. At the engineering departments level, this is the domain of
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2364:"How To Be A Trendsetter: Dassault and IBM PLM Customers Swap Tales From The PLM Front"
2226:. Cairo: International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA): 1881–1886.
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Ability to provide contract manufacturers with access to a centralized product record
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Quality: Which can be measured in terms of customer satisfaction levels for example.
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the product structure developed from CAD data as a bottom–up structure or design.
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Kurkin, Ondřej; Januška, Marlin (2010). "Product Life Cycle in
Digital factory".
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For these tasks data of a graphical, textual, and meta nature – such as product
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1196:(SUV) market, AMC began development of a new model, that later came out as the
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The inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came from
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Product
Lifecycle Management – Architectural and Organisational Perspectives
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Knowledge
Management and Innovation: A Business Competitive Edge Perspective
2757:"PLM Spending: A period of "Digestion" after two years of explosive growth"
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Product
Lifecycle Management: Driving the Next Generation of Lean Thinking
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2297:"Manufacturing Pioneers Reduce Costs By Integrating PLM & ERP"
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Savings through the complete integration of engineering workflows
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Product lifecycle management (PLM) should be distinguished from '
1200:. The first part in its quest for faster product development was
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Formulation, implementation, and control of competitive strategy
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Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
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Longer Lasting Products: Alternatives to the Throwaway Society
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Documented benefits of product lifecycle management include:
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Manufacture, make, build, procure, produce, sell and deliver
2786:"Product Lifecycle Management Market Size Report 2021-2028"
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Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives
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Individual components cannot be constructed in isolation.
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Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies
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Documentation that can assist in proving compliance for
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CE is so defined by the PACE consortium (Walker, 1997)
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More accurate and timely requests for quote generation
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Describe, define, develop, test, analyze and validate
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1247:) and their product planning and development (PLM).
1682:(CFD); and mechanical event simulation (MES). CAQ (
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69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2649:. Automotive Design and Production. Archived from
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2158:– Standard for the Exchange of Product model data
3753:
2730:Incose Systems Engineering Handbook, Version 2.0
2086:
1782:
2047:Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM)
2389:Pearce, John A.; Robinson, Richard B. (1991).
2388:
1243:), their resources within the enterprise (ERP-
2935:
2221:
1331:Improved forecasting to reduce material costs
1117:
2427:
1299:Savings through the re-use of original data
2942:
2928:
2881:
1836:), immersive virtual digital prototyping (
1124:
1110:
2809:
2613:
2572:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2051:Product and process lifecycle management
1832:which includes technologies such as DMU (
1823:This central role is covered by numerous
1575:Learn how and when to remove this message
1346:Within PLM there are five primary areas;
1226:product life-cycle management (marketing)
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:Product life-cycle management (marketing)
2780:
2778:
2733:. July 2000. p. 358. Archived from
2090:
2063:One variant of PPLM implementations are
1686:) is used for tasks such as Dimensional
1418:
1342:Overview of product lifecycle management
1283:Improved product quality and reliability
1239:), their suppliers and fulfillment (SCM-
1135:
2862:
2838:
2587:
1773:
1192:, the vehicle that launched the modern
14:
3754:
2693:
2346:
2328:"What PLM Can Learn from Social Media"
2272:. PLM Technology Guide. Archived from
1820:systems for project/program planning.
2923:
2848:. Chalmers University of Technology.
2775:
2644:
2461:
2294:
2065:Process Development Execution Systems
2525:
2428:Karniel, Arie; Reich, Yoram (2011).
2325:
2017:
1816:. Associated with these systems are
1603:
1557:adding citations to reliable sources
1528:
1451:Validation and analysis (simulation)
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
3619:Bachelor of Business Administration
2645:Gould, Lawrence (12 January 2005).
2494:
1996:Both-ends-against-the-middle design
1957:
1885:Both-ends-against-the-middle design
1788:Communicate, manage and collaborate
1733:
1697:
1596:(PPM), particularly with regard to
1399:Introduction to development process
24:
3720:Organizational behavior management
2832:
2588:Teresko, John (21 December 2004).
2395:(4 ed.). Irwin. p. 315.
1970:
1632:
25:
3783:
3634:Doctor of Business Administration
3624:Master of Business Administration
2901:
2535:Manufacturing Business Technology
2005:Front loading design and workflow
1913:design for manufacture / assembly
1825:collaborative product development
1098:Business and economics portal
3735:
2907:
2614:Stackpole, Beth (11 June 2003).
2187:Sustainable materials management
2131:Application lifecycle management
1923:Specification-managed validation
1616:computer-aided industrial design
1609:Imagine, specify, plan, innovate
1533:
1498:The major key point events are:
1381:Manufacturing process management
1256:closed-loop lifecycle management
1237:customer relationship management
1091:
43:
2803:
2749:
2721:
2712:
2687:
2665:
2638:
2607:
2581:
2548:
2526:Hill, Sidney (September 2006).
2519:
2488:
2295:Cunha, Luciano (20 July 2010).
1933:Concurrent engineering workflow
1544:needs additional citations for
1328:Seasonal fluctuation management
1140:A generic lifecycle of products
54:needs additional citations for
18:Product lifecycle (engineering)
3598:Chartered Management Institute
2949:
2455:
2421:
2382:
2362:Hill, Jr., Sidney (May 2003).
2326:Wong, Kenneth (29 July 2009).
2319:
2288:
2262:
2240:
2215:
2070:
1917:Digital simulation engineering
1847:
1659:), and Assembly construction.
13:
1:
2495:Day, Martyn (15 April 2002).
2366:. COE newsnet. Archived from
2208:
2136:Building lifecycle management
2095:Pyramid of Production Systems
2087:Pyramid of production systems
1888:Front-loading design workflow
1783:All phases: product lifecycle
753:management information system
404:Chief human resources officer
3767:Product lifecycle management
2967:Index of management articles
2914:Product lifecycle management
2884:Product Lifecycle Management
2060:development of the product.
1713:computer-aided manufacturing
1680:computational fluid dynamics
1594:product portfolio management
1423:Product lifecycle management
1245:enterprise resource planning
1150:product lifecycle management
747:Enterprise resource planning
575:Financial statement analysis
7:
3603:Critical management studies
3466:Full range leadership model
2647:"Additional ABCs About PLM"
2616:"There's a New App in Town"
2123:
1653:knowledge-based engineering
1265:
1182:American Motors Corporation
10:
3788:
3593:Certified Business Manager
2882:Saaksvuori, Antti (2008).
2810:Malakooti, Behnam (2013).
2469:. Cambashi. Archived from
2462:Evans, Mike (April 2001).
2039:is also carried out using
2035:assembly checking such as
1860:These techniques include:
1668:computer-aided engineering
1336:supply chain collaboration
1175:
29:
3733:
3642:
3611:
3575:
3547:
3519:
3461:Evidence-based management
3431:
3405:
3333:
3307:
3264:
3232:
3188:
3177:
3123:
3058:
3051:
3040:
2975:
2957:
2863:Grieves, Michael (2005).
2814:. John Wiley & Sons.
2694:Cooper, Tim, ed. (2010).
1920:Requirement-driven design
1280:Increase full-price sales
409:Chief information officer
241:Limited liability company
3715:Organization development
3471:Management by objectives
2574:10.3390/machines11020263
2434:. Springer. p. 13.
1944:simultaneous engineering
1927:Configuration management
1306:for product optimization
1216:
422:Chief technology officer
356:Mergers and acquisitions
326:Constitutional documents
151:Management of a business
3496:Social entrepreneurship
3456:Earned value management
2141:Cradle-to-cradle design
2083:governance management.
1901:new product development
1842:photo-realistic imaging
1802:Product Data Management
1688:tolerance (engineering)
1672:finite element analysis
1627:new product development
1598:new product development
1387:Product data management
1369:new product development
1355:Reliability Engineering
1241:supply chain management
482:Environmental economics
462:International economics
413:Chief marketing officer
399:Chief financial officer
394:Chief operating officer
390:Chief executive officer
351:International trade law
145:Business administration
3772:Management cybernetics
3742:Systems science portal
3685:Management development
3680:Management cybernetics
3665:Executive compensation
3501:Sustainable management
3363:Information technology
3343:Environmental resource
2698:. Farnham, UK: Gower.
2096:
1939:Concurrent engineering
1865:Concurrent engineering
1745:repair and maintenance
1684:computer-aided quality
1657:Nondestructive testing
1424:
1233:information technology
1141:
1051:International business
1036:Business judgment rule
381:Chief business officer
281:Annual general meeting
261:State-owned enterprise
251:Privately held company
3705:Managerial psychology
3670:Management consulting
3491:Scientific management
3274:Customer relationship
2962:Outline of management
2839:Bergsjö, Dag (2009).
2790:grandviewresearch.com
2172:Life-cycle assessment
2094:
2041:product visualization
1830:product visualization
1422:
1202:computer-aided design
1194:sport utility vehicle
1139:
727:Customer relationship
663:Business intelligence
625:Financial institution
600:International finance
550:Cash conversion cycle
457:Development economics
418:Chief product officer
166:Management accounting
3700:Managerial economics
3660:Corporate governance
3567:Oliver E. Williamson
3446:Collaborative method
2916:at Wikimedia Commons
2673:"Product Life Cycle"
2626:on 15 September 2019
2590:"The PLM Revolution"
2528:"A winning strategy"
2202:User-centered design
1907:design for Six Sigma
1774:Operational upgrades
1645:planned obsolescence
1553:improve this article
1489:Maintain and support
1365:portfolio management
1321:Title 21 CFR Part 11
668:Business development
512:Economic development
274:Corporate governance
171:Financial accounting
63:improve this article
3562:Eliyahu M. Goldratt
2409:on 17 February 2017
2370:on 13 February 2009
2307:on 11 February 2017
2177:Product data record
2167:Life cycle thinking
2057:specialty chemicals
1720:production planning
1649:Reverse Engineering
1592:activities such as
1351:Systems engineering
1206:engineering changes
1198:Jeep Grand Cherokee
1078:Business statistics
1061:International trade
1046:Business operations
742:Electronic business
647:Types of management
535:Financial statement
517:Economic statistics
385:Chief brand officer
341:Corporate liability
256:Sole proprietorship
236:Joint-stock company
78:"Product lifecycle"
3725:Pointy-haired Boss
3675:Management control
3511:Virtual management
2507:on 22 October 2015
2197:Technology roadmap
2182:Product management
2097:
2032:assembly modelling
1942:(British English:
1818:project management
1798:bills of materials
1728:desktop publishing
1462:Plan manufacturing
1425:
1190:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)
1142:
1041:Consumer behaviour
843:Product life-cycle
630:Capital management
595:Managerial finance
286:Board of directors
3749:
3748:
3695:Management system
3629:PhD in management
3401:
3400:
3260:
3259:
3173:
3172:
3141:Product lifecycle
2912:Media related to
2018:Design in context
1982:Industrial design
1891:Design in context
1871:Industrial design
1604:Phase 1: Conceive
1585:
1584:
1577:
1186:François Castaing
1134:
1133:
1021:Business analysis
590:Corporate finance
560:Capital budgeting
497:Knowledge economy
291:Supervisory board
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
3779:
3762:Brand management
3739:
3476:Management style
3186:
3185:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3048:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2897:
2878:
2859:
2847:
2826:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2763:. 27 August 2014
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2737:on 18 March 2015
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:. Archived from
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2503:. Archived from
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2476:on 23 April 2012
2475:
2468:
2464:"The PLM Debate"
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2405:. Archived from
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2359:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2330:. Archived from
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:. Archived from
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2219:
2192:System lifecycle
1958:Bottom–up design
1876:Bottom–up design
1749:waste management
1734:Phase 4: Service
1698:Phase 3: Realize
1580:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1537:
1529:
1483:Sell and deliver
1126:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1095:
1073:Business process
615:Financial market
452:Labour economics
447:Public economics
206:Corporation sole
141:
140:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3729:
3638:
3607:
3588:Business school
3571:
3549:
3543:
3529:Decision-making
3521:
3515:
3486:Micromanagement
3481:Macromanagement
3433:
3427:
3397:
3353:Human resources
3348:Field inventory
3329:
3303:
3266:
3256:
3228:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3119:
3062:
3044:
3042:
3036:
2978:of organization
2977:
2971:
2953:
2948:
2904:
2894:
2875:
2867:. McGraw-Hill.
2856:
2845:
2835:
2833:Further reading
2830:
2829:
2822:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2761:engineering.com
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2717:
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2706:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2553:
2549:
2539:
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2530:
2524:
2520:
2510:
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2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
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2444:
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2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2403:
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2383:
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2371:
2360:
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2337:
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2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2276:on 18 June 2013
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2162:Kondratiev wave
2126:
2089:
2077:Great Recession
2073:
2049:
2020:
2007:
1998:
1973:
1971:Top–down design
1960:
1935:
1881:Top–down design
1850:
1838:virtual reality
1834:digital mock-up
1790:
1785:
1776:
1741:
1736:
1705:
1700:
1640:
1635:
1633:Phase 2: Design
1611:
1606:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1550:
1538:
1527:
1473:quality control
1448:Detailed design
1401:
1344:
1268:
1261:
1219:
1178:
1130:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1026:Business ethics
1016:
1006:
1005:
946:
938:
937:
648:
640:
639:
635:Venture capital
565:Commercial bank
555:Insider dealing
530:
522:
521:
472:Planned economy
437:
427:
426:
371:
369:Corporate title
361:
360:
336:Corporate crime
316:
306:
305:
301:Audit committee
276:
266:
265:
221:Holding company
201:Corporate group
196:
189:Business entity
181:
180:
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135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
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48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
3785:
3775:
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3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Management fad
3687:
3682:
3677:
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3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Administration
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3194:
3192:
3183:
3178:On activity or
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2955:
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2939:
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2924:
2918:
2917:
2903:
2902:External links
2900:
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2898:
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2873:
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2827:
2820:
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2704:
2686:
2675:. Buy Strategy
2664:
2653:on 7 June 2010
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2518:
2487:
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2440:
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2401:
2381:
2345:
2334:on 13 May 2016
2318:
2287:
2270:"What is PLM?"
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1895:Modular design
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1468:Build/Assemble
1466:
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1442:
1441:
1440:Concept design
1438:
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1375:Product design
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1056:Business model
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3085:Communication
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2893:9783540781738
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2874:9780071452304
2870:
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2855:9789173852579
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2821:9781118585375
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2570:
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2536:
2529:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:"What is PLM"
2491:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2443:
2441:9780857295699
2437:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2408:
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2402:9780256083248
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2301:onwindows.com
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2233:9780982148945
2229:
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2068:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1954:engineering.
1951:
1947:
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1941:
1940:
1928:
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1746:
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1579:
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1548:
1547:
1542:This section
1540:
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1522:
1515:
1513:Design freeze
1512:
1510:
1507:
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1437:
1436:Specification
1434:
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1415:
1411:
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1337:
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1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:Reduced waste
1308:
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1279:
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1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1211:early adopter
1207:
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1199:
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1187:
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1163:
1159:
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1057:
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1047:
1044:
1042:
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1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Business plan
1029:
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1024:
1022:
1019:
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1010:
1009:
1002:
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994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
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974:
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964:
962:
961:Communication
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
942:
941:
934:
931:
929:
926:
922:
921:administrator
919:
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811:
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803:administrator
801:
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779:
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772:
769:
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748:
745:
743:
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738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Configuration
710:
708:
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689:
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679:
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674:
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623:
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500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:Mixed economy
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
431:
430:
423:
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407:
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379:
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365:
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347:
344:
342:
339:
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334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:Corporate law
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
269:
262:
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249:
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244:
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229:
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222:
219:
217:
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209:
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199:
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185:
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177:
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155:
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133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3740:
3294:Supply chain
3267:relationship
3265:On aspect or
3158:Construction
3140:
3124:On component
3045:organization
3017:Intelligence
2886:. Springer.
2883:
2864:
2841:
2811:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:
2765:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:the original
2729:
2723:
2714:
2695:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2620:CIO Magazine
2619:
2609:
2599:26 September
2597:. Retrieved
2594:IndustryWeek
2593:
2583:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2500:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2430:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2391:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2336:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2300:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2242:
2223:
2217:
2146:Durable good
2118:
2098:
2081:
2074:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2021:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1822:
1795:
1791:
1777:
1766:There is an
1765:
1761:
1759:) software.
1742:
1724:
1717:
1706:
1661:
1641:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1586:
1571:
1562:
1551:Please help
1546:verification
1543:
1519:
1497:
1426:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1345:
1269:
1252:
1249:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1179:
1153:
1149:
1143:
951:Architecture
945:Organization
911:Supply chain
737:Earned value
610:Stock market
487:Open economy
477:Econometrics
216:Conglomerate
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
3534:Forecasting
3451:Distributed
3358:Information
3335:On resource
3279:Engineering
3105:Performance
3063:(top-level)
2990:Association
2795:30 November
2767:19 December
2657:25 February
2630:25 February
2540:25 February
2511:25 February
2447:25 February
2413:16 February
2374:16 February
2280:25 February
2254:25 February
2248:"About PLM"
2071:Market size
2012:concept car
1848:User skills
1768:end-of-life
1692:procurement
1465:Manufacture
1454:Tool design
1288:prototyping
1166:manufacture
1158:engineering
1066:Trade route
981:Engineering
976:Development
828:Performance
771:development
732:Distributed
605:Liquidation
246:Partnership
231:Corporation
226:Cooperative
3756:Categories
3539:Leadership
3522:activities
3434:approaches
3388:Technology
3308:On problem
3289:Perception
3242:Accounting
3207:production
3203:Operations
3180:department
3095:Innovation
3070:Capability
3032:Reputation
3012:Healthcare
3000:Restaurant
2951:Management
2567:(2): 263.
2501:Cad Digest
2338:7 February
2311:7 February
2209:References
2151:Hype cycle
2075:After the
2043:software.
1676:kinematics
1618:software.
1565:March 2013
933:Technology
815:Operations
695:Commercial
688:innovation
678:Capability
570:Derivative
159:Accounting
119:April 2013
89:newspapers
3576:Education
3548:Pioneers,
3441:Adhocracy
3406:Positions
3378:Materials
3368:Knowledge
3284:Logistics
3198:Marketing
3090:Financial
3060:Strategic
3043:within an
3041:By focus,
2250:. CIMdata
2156:ISO 10303
1753:recycling
1730:systems.
1694:systems.
1590:marketing
1432:Conceive
1334:Maximize
1304:framework
1001:Structure
986:Hierarchy
906:Strategic
793:Materials
783:Knowledge
760:Financial
700:Marketing
545:Factoring
540:Insurance
442:Commodity
435:Economics
3550:scholars
3432:Methods,
3315:Conflict
3131:Facility
3052:On scope
3022:Military
2995:Business
2985:Academic
2561:Machines
2124:See also
1867:workflow
1664:embedded
1655:), NDT (
1480:Service
1459:Realise
1286:Reduced
1274:Reduced
1266:Benefits
1170:business
1146:industry
991:Patterns
971:Conflict
956:Behavior
896:Security
873:Resource
858:Property
821:services
778:Incident
717:Conflict
673:Capacity
376:Chairman
331:Contract
3612:Degrees
3520:Skills,
3413:Interim
3252:Records
3217:Quality
3212:Process
3182:managed
3165:Program
3153:Project
3136:Product
3115:Systems
3075:Capital
2976:By type
2741:20 June
1840:), and
1651:, KBE (
1509:Kickoff
1492:Dispose
1445:Design
1361:Product
1176:History
966:Culture
916:Systems
901:Service
880:
868:Records
863:Quality
853:Project
848:Product
838:Process
817:
798:Network
767:
749:
722:Content
529:Finance
211:Company
103:scholar
3423:Senior
3418:Middle
3383:Skills
3325:Stress
3320:Crisis
3299:Talent
3247:Office
3080:Change
3027:Public
2890:
2871:
2852:
2818:
2702:
2679:4 July
2480:4 July
2438:
2399:
2230:
2053:(PPLM)
1812:, and
1516:Launch
1471:Test (
1162:design
928:Talent
884:crisis
810:Office
683:Change
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
3643:Other
3234:Staff
3224:Sales
3146:Brand
3100:Legal
3007:Court
2846:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2467:(PDF)
1911:DFMA
1905:DFSS
1502:Order
1290:costs
1217:Forms
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