254:, the Tang capital. When Songtsen heard that both the Turks and Tuyuhun had marriage alliances with the Tang, he sent an envoy to the Tang capital to make a marriage proposal. The Tang turned it down and the Tibetan envoy told Songtsen that initially the Tang had accepted but the Tuyuhun were responsible for changing their decision. Songtsen attacked the Tuyuhun and the Dangxiang. Following his attack on the Tuyuhun, Songtsen stationed large numbers of troops on the western border of Songzhou in modern Sichuan and demanded a princess in marriage or else he would lead 50,000 troops to attack. In 638, the Tibetans attacked Songzhou and conquered two prefectures but withdrew after Tang counterattacks. Tibetan sources state that they were victorious while Chinese sources say they were victorious. In 640, Songtsen made a marriage proposal to which the Tang accepted in order to prevent further attacks.
371:
plans to build a temple here. However, although there are towering mountains in this area, there is not a single tree. The princess used her magic power, just like Sun Wukong, the great sage of the sky, pulling out a few hairs from her head and blowing it on the mountain. On the cliff rock, a large forest miraculously grows. So the local people cut down the trees and built the Renda Hall. At the same time, the princess also taught the locals to open up wasteland and farm fields, divert water for irrigation, and use water mills. Later, the local people regarded the statue of Renda as a magical creation of
Princess Wencheng, and regarded it as a sacred place. Good men and women from far and near came to the Renda Hall to worship the Buddha, burn incense and kowtow, to pray for peace in the world, good weather and happiness for the people.
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In 638, Tang and
Tuyuhun envoys arrived in Tibet. Tibetan sources say they came to pay tribute while Chinese sources say Tibet did not object to being a vassal within their tributary system. Thirteen Tibetan missions arrived at the Tang court during this time which were described as tribute missions.
370:
by way of Chaya, they made a short stop in the beautiful Renda. In order to commemorate this place that made the princess feel relaxed and happy, the princess showed 9 Buddha statues including the Great Sun
Tathagata on the Danma Cliff with her extraordinary good fortune and merit. The princess also
55:
289:
According to
Tibetan history, before entering Tibet, she did a geographical observation and found that Tibet's territory was shaped like Brag-srin-mo (an indigenous demoness) lying on her back. Temples were built to suppress the demoness. Princess Wencheng oversaw the construction of the Ramoche
331:
In the first narrative, which is from
Chinese classical literature, Princess Wencheng was treated as an insignificant figure and the text paid much more attention to the ceremony of the “peace-making marriage” than to the princess's individual traits.
339:
The third narrative, which was shaped by the
Republic of China nationalist discourse beginning c.1928 depicted a "re-imagined" history and image of Princess Wencheng. The re-imagined image gradually transformed her into a “transmitter of technology.”
279:, Princess Wencheng was married to Songtsen Gampo. Songtsen received the princess at Bohai Lake. A palace was built for the princess to live in. The princess did not like the Tibetans painting their face red so Songtsen banned this custom. In the
383:
has been presenting a propaganda spectacle in Lhasa which features
Princess Wencheng. The spectacle is presented 180 times a year, both in a theatre or outside on a plaza. According to many observers, the propaganda spectacle misrepresents
395:
The work "Princess
Wencheng" was written by Zhang Minghe, a famous Chinese lyricist. From when Princess Wencheng first entered Tibet to the life of the Tibetan people, to her being praised and sung by the Tibetan people.
335:
In the second narrative, which is from ancient
Tibetan literature, the princess was portrayed as the incarnation of “White Tara”, a female deity in Tibetan Buddhism, and supposedly possessed goddess qualities.
4147:
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According to the
Tibetan history, the Songtsen Gampo's and Princess Wencheng's union brought hopes of promoting a harmonious, matrimonial relationship between the peoples of Tibet and China.
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Temple. Together with Songtsen's wife from Nepal, Princess Wencheng assisted Songtsen with national affairs and contributed to the development of Buddhism in Tibet.
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Helman-Wazny, Agnieszka (2016). "Overview of Tibetan Paper and Papermaking: History, Raw Materials, Techniques and Fibre Analysis". In Orna Almogi (ed.).
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Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 13: Art in Tibet: Issues in Traditional Tibetan Art from the Seventh to the Twentieth Century
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Wang, J.; Cedain, D. (2020). "Princess Wencheng in historical writing: The difficulty in narrating ethnic history in multi-ethnic China".
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History As Propaganda : Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China
283:, written by Jing Yi, a Tang monk, Dharma Master Xuanzhao met the princess while passing through Tibet. She gave him a warm reception.
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and Tubo, and threw the Sun and Moon Mirror given by her parents behind her to cut off the endless thoughts of her relatives.
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Tibetan sources describe Princess Wencheng as “Rgya-Mo-Bzav”, literally meaning “the goddess from the Central Empire”.
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359:) were transformed by the precious mirror of Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng walked to the dividing line between
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Tsomu Yudro, "Taming the Khampas: The Republican Construction of Eastern Tibet. Modern China 39(3):319-344, May 2013
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939:—— (1997). "Mun Sheng Kong Co and Kim Sheng Kong Co: Two Chinese Princesses in Tibet".
629:"The Treasury of Lives: A Biographical Encyclopedia of Tibet, Inner Asia and the Himalayan Region"
265:. Both Chinese and Tibetan sources agree that Wencheng was not a daughter of the Chinese emperor.
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536:. Bellingham Center for East Asian Studies: Western Washington University. p. 236-237.
262:
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or "Chinese wife" in Tibet. Both Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo's first wife, Nepali princess
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1210:
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954:"The Chinese Princess Wencheng in Tibet: A Cultural Intermediary between Facts and Myth"
702:
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471:(11) tsan mo mun chang kong co / mgar stong rtsan yul zung gyIs spyan drangste bod yul
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2017:
1864:
1849:
1720:
1643:
1563:
1498:
1430:
1317:
1074:
974:
958:
Trade, Journeys, Inner- and Intercultural Communication in East and West (up to 1250)
925:
883:
862:
833:
812:
793:
778:
722:"A romantic opera in Tibet just happens to bolster China's historical position there"
602:
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1990:
1985:
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1463:
1121:
1111:
1084:
197:) was a princess and member of a minor branch of the royal clan of the
152:
98:
4318:
2399:
1395:
967:"A Prolegomenon to the Palladium of Tibet, the Jowo (Jo bo) Śākyamuni"
4564:
4278:
4113:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
4108:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
3858:
3354:
3327:
2494:
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1997:
1874:
1764:
1737:
1730:
1693:
1650:
1613:
1380:
1345:
1312:
1287:
1242:
809:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618–1644
3127:
1963:
1817:
1583:
1365:
1234:
1226:
281:
Biography of Senior Monks Who Went to Western Regions for Scriptures
54:
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2479:
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2277:
2242:
2237:
1898:
1769:
1757:
1668:
1327:
1024:
953:
534:
Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors
392:
era, and Tibet's historically independent relationship with China.
214:
80:
4138:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
2469:
2459:
2444:
2267:
2137:
1405:
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2012:
1953:
1948:
1802:
1705:
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1493:
1280:
1106:
320:
251:
231:
131:
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1844:
366:
Legend has it that when Princess Wencheng and her party went to
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2002:
1958:
1943:
1933:
1903:
1827:
1710:
1478:
1350:
1094:
1089:
234:
Gonpa, Wencheng's legacy, built originally to house the statue
172:
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3268:
3248:
3218:
3147:
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2409:
2287:
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2054:
2049:
1928:
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1458:
1425:
1415:
367:
110:
4313:
4308:
3808:
3479:
2272:
1938:
1435:
323:
embroidered by the Princess is kept in one of its chapels.
352:
brought by Princess Wencheng is enshrined in the Jokhang.
301:
Princess Wencheng's life is depicted in texts such as the
4544:
3137:
1673:
635:
476:
4163:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
4148:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
775:
The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide
217:, are considered to be physical manifestations of the
4910:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
829:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
555:
545:
543:
422:
420:
777:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
500:
488:
540:
417:
754:
4861:
19:"Wen Cheng" redirects here. For other uses, see
443:(in Chinese). Beijing: 文物出版社 . pp. 44–45.
83:, Rithigman, Shyalmotsun, Pogong Mangsa Tricham
261:In 641, Princess Wencheng left for Tibet with
4080:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3676:
1003:
807:. In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (eds.).
32:
1785:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
791:
795:Tibetan Manuscript and Xylograph Traditions
576:
574:
572:
570:
3683:
3669:
1010:
996:
956:. In Gálik, M.; Štefanovičová, T. (eds.).
938:
919:
896:
641:
580:
53:
951:
482:
355:According to legend, Rishan and Yueshan (
16:Chinese princess, Tibetan queen (628–680)
846:
768:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
760:
567:
411:
226:
2972:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
960:. Bratislava: Lufema. pp. 267–276.
4862:
3837:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3175:List of Buddhist architecture in China
964:
922:A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions
875:
772:
719:
609:
561:
506:
494:
426:
209:in 641. She is also known by the name
3918:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
3664:
991:
825:
4045:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
618:, Women in World History Curriculum.
438:
241:
802:
549:
531:
414:, p. 186, "Princess Wencheng".
13:
4023:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3978:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3690:
2962:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
847:Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000).
766:The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia
738:
720:Denyer, Simon (October 12, 2016).
700:
319:commemorates Princess Wencheng: a
305:and the famed historiographies of
14:
4946:
4060:Protests and uprisings since 1950
4050:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
902:"How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo"
811:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 204–205.
681:
662:
512:
374:
4168:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
4158:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
3643:
3633:
3632:
3190:Thai temple art and architecture
2935:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1175:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1041:
1028:
1018:
326:
268:
4143:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1042:
732:
713:
694:
675:
656:
647:
621:
463:"Old Tibetan Annals, P.T. 1288"
4895:Buddhism-related controversies
4398:Patron and priest relationship
4364:Central Tibetan Administration
4173:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
3180:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2982:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2062:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1253:Places where the Buddha stayed
965:Warner, Cameron David (2011).
755:References and further reading
525:
455:
432:
177:
168:
1:
4935:Tibetan independence movement
4763:Historical and cultural sites
4128:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
3195:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
343:
4103:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2952:Buddhism and the Roman world
2928:Decline of Buddhism in India
2923:History of Buddhism in India
1023: Topics in
969:. In Bue, Erberto Lo (ed.).
924:. London: Psychology Press.
583:Chinese Journal of Sociology
399:
307:Rgyal rabs Gsal ba'i Me long
7:
4123:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
4013:British expedition to Tibet
4003:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
3973:Battle of the Salween River
2150:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1890:
882:. Oxford University Press.
10:
4951:
4925:Empresses consort of Tibet
4880:7th-century Tibetan people
4875:7th-century Chinese people
4496:Postage and postal history
3948:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3100:The unanswerable questions
952:Slobodník, Martin (2006).
616:"The Marriage of Wencheng"
18:
4870:7th-century Chinese women
4826:
4682:
4525:
4518:
4491:
4482:
4448:
4351:
4342:
4301:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4095:
3958:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3938:
3742:
3711:
3702:
3628:
3580:
3495:
3410:
3185:Buddhist temples in Korea
3108:
3010:
2893:
2590:
2518:
2345:
2218:
2158:
1793:
1748:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1659:
1651:Three planes of existence
1599:
1444:
1336:
1266:
1258:Buddha in world religions
1120:
1065:
1037:
803:Jay, Jennifer W. (2014).
293:
222:White Tara and Green Tara
186:
147:
130:
120:
104:
92:
88:
72:
64:
52:
45:
33:
28:
21:Wencheng (disambiguation)
4356:Tibet Autonomous Region
4118:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
4070:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2967:Persecution of Buddhists
2188:Four stages of awakening
1569:Three marks of existence
1155:Physical characteristics
973:. BRILL. pp. 3–17.
762:Beckwith, Christopher I.
595:10.1177/2057150X20963264
236:Jowo Shakyamuni Rinpoche
39:རྒྱ་མོ་བཟའ་མུན་ཆང་ཀོང་ཅོ
4920:Tang dynasty princesses
4463:TAR People's Government
4423:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3963:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
2330:Ten principal disciples
1213:(aunt, adoptive mother)
920:—— (1985).
898:Richardson, Hugh Edward
805:"Li, Princess Wencheng"
151:Unknown, presumptively
4905:Controversies in Tibet
4900:Controversies in China
4133:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
4087:Special Frontier Force
3040:Buddhism and democracy
2553:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2548:Chinese Buddhist canon
1780:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1775:Early Buddhist schools
909:Bulletin of Tibetology
850:Notable Women of China
826:Laird, Thomas (2007).
773:Dowman, Keith (1988).
238:
4506:Qinghai–Tibet railway
4501:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4468:TAR People's Congress
4440:India–Tibet relations
4413:Independence movement
4065:1959 Tibetan uprising
3953:Battle of Dafei River
3801:Era of Fragmentation
3050:Eight Consciousnesses
1160:Life of Buddha in art
876:Powers, John (2004).
859:10.4324/9781315702063
379:Since the 2000s, the
348:The seated statue of
230:
4930:Tang–Tibet relations
4814:Traditional medicine
4028:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3849:Relations with Ming
3819:Relations with Song
3791:Relations with Tang
3729:European exploration
3527:East Asian religions
2957:Buddhism in the West
2528:Early Buddhist texts
2143:Four Right Exertions
1609:Ten spiritual realms
1102:Noble Eightfold Path
532:Pan, Yihong (1997).
263:Gar Tongtsen Yulsung
4458:Regional Government
4435:CIA Tibetan program
4418:Serfdom controversy
4302:Traditional regions
4153:Simla Accord (1914)
4075:2008 Tibetan unrest
3899:List of Qing ambans
3844:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3650:Religion portal
3397:Temple of the Tooth
3276:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2315:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1808:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1591:Two truths doctrine
1411:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1211:Mahapajapati Gotamī
726:The Washington Post
201:, who married King
4772:(ceremonial scarf)
4743:Dzong architecture
4560:Imperial Preceptor
4430:Sovereignty debate
4376:Etymology of Tibet
3988:Lhasa riot of 1750
3983:Jinchuan campaigns
3968:Battle of Dartsedo
3886:Qing dynasty rule
3829:Yuan dynasty rule
3803:(9th–13th century)
3572:Western philosophy
3170:Dzong architecture
2992:Vipassana movement
2987:Buddhist modernism
2415:Emperor Wen of Sui
2183:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2116:Threefold Training
1918:Vipassana movement
1634:Hungry Ghost realm
1454:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1401:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1150:Great Renunciation
1145:Eight Great Events
1027:
439:Wang, Yao (1982).
239:
4915:Politics of Tibet
4857:
4856:
4822:
4821:
4514:
4513:
4478:
4477:
4381:Foreign relations
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4182:
4181:
4038:Qinghai–Tibet War
4008:Sikkim expedition
3998:Dogra–Tibetan War
3993:Sino-Nepalese War
3928:political leaders
3906:Post-Qing to 1950
3859:Rinpungpa dynasty
3770:(7th–9th century)
3658:
3657:
3296:Om mani padme hum
3002:Women in Buddhism
2918:Buddhist councils
2788:Western countries
2576:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2337:Shaolin Monastery
1914:Samatha-vipassanā
1524:Pratītyasamutpāda
1328:Metteyya/Maitreya
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1075:Four Noble Truths
980:978-90-04-15519-0
941:The Tibet Journal
931:978-0-947593-00-1
889:978-0-19-803884-9
868:978-0-7656-1929-7
839:978-0-8021-4327-3
818:978-0-7656-4316-2
642:Richardson (1985)
520:Treasury of Lives
273:According to the
250:sent an envoy to
242:Marriage proposal
195:mun chang kong co
161:Princess Wencheng
158:
157:
65:Queen consort of
59:Princess Wencheng
29:Princess Wencheng
4942:
4842:
4835:
4773:
4550:Tibetan Buddhism
4523:
4522:
4489:
4488:
4359:
4349:
4348:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4055:Battle of Chamdo
4033:Sino-Tibetan War
3889:
3852:
3832:
3822:
3804:
3794:
3781:List of emperors
3771:
3753:
3734:Historical money
3709:
3708:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3475:Sacred languages
3323:Maya Devi Temple
3286:Mahabodhi Temple
3090:Secular Buddhism
3055:Engaged Buddhism
1895:
1743:Tibetan Buddhism
1694:Vietnamese Thiền
1293:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
988:
984:
961:
948:
935:
916:
906:
893:
872:
843:
822:
799:
788:
769:
749:
748:
745:中文科技期刊数据库（文摘版）教育
736:
730:
729:
717:
711:
710:
698:
692:
691:
679:
673:
672:
660:
654:
651:
645:
639:
633:
632:
625:
619:
613:
607:
606:
578:
565:
559:
553:
547:
538:
537:
529:
523:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
483:Slobodník (2006)
480:
474:
473:
465:. Archived from
459:
453:
452:
436:
430:
424:
415:
409:
386:Tibetan Buddhism
276:Old Book of Tang
188:
179:
178:Wénchéng Gōngzhǔ
170:
141:House of Yarlung
57:
41:
40:
36:
35:
26:
25:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4818:
4771:
4678:
4510:
4474:
4444:
4357:
4330:
4297:
4274:Tibetan Plateau
4269:Rongbuk Glacier
4255:Yarlung Tsangpo
4178:
4091:
4018:Batang uprising
3940:
3934:
3887:
3881:Khoshut Khanate
3869:Ganden Phodrang
3864:Tsangpa dynasty
3850:
3830:
3820:
3802:
3792:
3769:
3763:Yarlung dynasty
3751:
3738:
3698:
3689:
3659:
3654:
3642:
3624:
3576:
3491:
3406:
3143:Ordination hall
3104:
3006:
2977:Buddhist crisis
2889:
2586:
2538:Mahayana sutras
2514:
2510:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2341:
2214:
2154:
2104:Bodhisattva vow
1789:
1655:
1595:
1554:Taṇhā (Craving)
1489:Five hindrances
1440:
1332:
1262:
1116:
1061:
1033:
1016:
981:
932:
904:
890:
869:
853:. M.E. Sharpe.
840:
832:. Grove Press.
819:
785:
757:
752:
737:
733:
718:
714:
699:
695:
680:
676:
661:
657:
652:
648:
640:
636:
627:
626:
622:
614:
610:
579:
568:
560:
556:
548:
541:
530:
526:
517:
513:
505:
501:
493:
489:
481:
477:
469:on 1 Jan 2018.
461:
460:
456:
437:
433:
425:
418:
412:Peterson (2000)
410:
406:
402:
377:
346:
329:
296:
271:
244:
139:
109:
97:
77:
60:
38:
37:
31:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4948:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4721:wall paintings
4718:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4652:Tibetan people
4649:
4647:Social classes
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4547:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4284:Nature Reserve
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3923:PRC annexation
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:List of rulers
3721:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3207:Greco-Buddhist
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:Burmese pagoda
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2940:Greco-Buddhism
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:United Kingdom
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Czech Republic
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2582:Abhidharmadīpa
2579:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:B. R. Ambedkar
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Songtsen Gampo
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Eight precepts
2096:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1870:Five Strengths
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Mental factors
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Mahamoggallāna
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1276:Avalokiteśvara
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
979:
962:
949:
936:
930:
917:
894:
888:
873:
867:
844:
838:
823:
817:
800:
789:
783:
770:
756:
753:
751:
750:
739:雨婵, 沈 (2016).
731:
712:
693:
682:熊, 佳林 (2005).
674:
663:王, 生生 (2003).
655:
646:
634:
620:
608:
589:(4): 615–645.
566:
564:, p. 169.
554:
552:, p. 238.
539:
524:
511:
499:
487:
485:, p. 268.
475:
454:
431:
416:
403:
401:
398:
390:Tibetan Empire
376:
375:Modern culture
373:
357:Riyue Mountain
345:
342:
328:
325:
313:Tradruk Temple
303:Maṇi bka' 'bum
295:
292:
270:
267:
248:Songtsen Gampo
243:
240:
224:respectively.
207:Tibetan Empire
203:Songtsen Gampo
156:
155:
149:
145:
144:
134:
128:
127:
125:Songtsen Gampo
122:
118:
117:
115:Tibetan Empire
106:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
76:641–680 or 682
74:
70:
69:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4947:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3412:Miscellaneous
3409:
3403:
3402:Vegetarianism
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Buddha in art
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:United States
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Padmasambhava
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2347:Major figures
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:Western tulku
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Five precepts
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Dhamma vicaya
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Buddhābhiṣeka
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Enlightenment
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Dhamma theory
1472:
1470:
1469:Buddha-nature
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Samantabhadra
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
990:
982:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
923:
918:
914:
910:
903:
899:
895:
891:
885:
881:
880:
874:
870:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
845:
841:
835:
831:
830:
824:
820:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
796:
790:
786:
784:0-7102-1370-0
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
747:(1): 154-154.
746:
742:
735:
727:
723:
716:
708:
704:
697:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
659:
650:
644:, p. 83.
643:
638:
630:
624:
617:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
571:
563:
558:
551:
546:
544:
535:
528:
521:
515:
509:, p. 36.
508:
507:Powers (2004)
503:
497:, p. 41.
496:
495:Dowman (1988)
491:
484:
479:
472:
468:
464:
458:
450:
446:
442:
435:
428:
427:Warner (2011)
423:
421:
413:
408:
404:
397:
393:
391:
387:
382:
381:Chinese state
372:
369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
341:
337:
333:
327:In literature
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
299:
291:
287:
284:
282:
278:
277:
269:Life in Tibet
266:
264:
259:
255:
253:
249:
246:In 634, King
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:མུན་ཆང་ཀོང་ཅོ
184:
180:
174:
166:
162:
154:
150:
146:
143:(by marriage)
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:
95:
91:
87:
84:
82:
75:
71:
68:
63:
56:
51:
48:
44:
27:
22:
4789:
4782:
4768:
4716:sand mandala
4708:
4701:
4642:Sinicization
4614:Panchen Lama
4609:Lhamo La-tso
4592:Ganden Tripa
4386:Human rights
4260:Grand Canyon
4240:Namcha Barwa
4233: /
3911:Tibetan Army
3809:Guge kingdom
3590:Bodhisattvas
3510:Christianity
3505:Baháʼí Faith
3370:Dharmachakra
3360:Prayer wheel
3350:Prayer beads
3118:Architecture
2997:969 Movement
2781:Saudi Arabia
2759:Central Asia
2752:South Africa
2574:
2557:
2490:Panchen Lama
2395:Buddhapālita
1991:Satipatthana
1986:Mindful Yoga
1899:Recollection
1813:Brahmavihara
1684:Japanese Zen
1679:Chinese Chan
1639:Animal realm
1446:Key concepts
1268:Bodhisattvas
1080:Three Jewels
970:
957:
944:
940:
921:
912:
908:
878:
849:
828:
808:
794:
774:
765:
744:
734:
725:
715:
706:
696:
687:
677:
668:
665:"拉萨的中心——大昭寺"
658:
649:
637:
623:
611:
586:
582:
557:
533:
527:
519:
514:
502:
490:
478:
470:
467:the original
457:
440:
434:
429:, p. 6.
407:
394:
378:
365:
354:
347:
338:
334:
330:
311:
306:
302:
300:
297:
288:
285:
280:
274:
272:
260:
256:
245:
219:bodhisattvas
210:
199:Tang dynasty
194:
176:
160:
159:
78:
46:
4890:680s deaths
4726:wall murals
4630:Catholicism
4214:Environment
3888:(1720–1912)
3851:(1368–1644)
3831:(1270–1350)
3752:(Neolithic)
3750:Prehistory
3435:Dharma talk
3264:Asalha Puja
3060:Eschatology
2863:Switzerland
2843:New Zealand
2771:Middle East
2680:Philippines
2600:Afghanistan
2405:Bodhidharma
2390:Buddhaghosa
2310:Householder
2220:Monasticism
2173:Bodhisattva
2028:Prostration
1981:Mindfulness
1909:Anapanasati
1892:Kammaṭṭhāna
1689:Korean Seon
1629:Asura realm
1624:Human realm
1564:Ten Fetters
1519:Parinirvana
1421:Uppalavanna
1386:Mahākaccana
1371:Mahākassapa
1303:Kṣitigarbha
1298:Ākāśagarbha
1195:Suddhodāna
1140:Four sights
1067:Foundations
709:(5): 49–50.
703:"文成公主与仁达造像"
701:吐呷 (1998).
690:(2): 83–85.
671:(2): 38–39.
562:Powers 2004
518:"Ramoche",
137:House of Li
4885:628 births
4864:Categories
4809:Tibetology
4778:Literature
4597:Dalai Lama
4450:Government
4408:Tibet Area
4403:Golden Urn
4369:Parliament
3894:Lifan Yuan
3821:(960–1279)
3758:Zhangzhung
3743:Chronology
3552:Psychology
3532:Gnosticism
3520:Comparison
3515:Influences
3497:Comparison
3380:Bhavacakra
3338:Kushinagar
3313:Pilgrimage
3259:Māgha Pūjā
3214:Bodhi Tree
3030:Buddhology
3020:Abhidharma
3012:Philosophy
2945:Menander I
2813:Costa Rica
2764:Uzbekistan
2605:Bangladesh
2559:Dhammapada
2543:Pali Canon
2505:Ajahn Chah
2485:Dalai Lama
2385:Kumārajīva
2380:Vasubandhu
2355:The Buddha
2263:Zen master
2198:Sakadagami
2178:Buddhahood
2109:Pratimokṣa
1924:Shikantaza
1880:Meditation
1855:Deity yoga
1726:Madhyamaka
1619:Deva realm
1514:Mindstream
1464:Bodhicitta
1376:Aṅgulimāla
1243:Devadatta
1219:Yaśodharā
1122:The Buddha
1112:Middle Way
947:(1): 3–11.
741:"歌曲《文成公主》"
344:In legends
153:Li Daozong
108:680 or 682
99:Tang China
79:alongside
4791:Chronicle
4753:Festivals
4565:Dpon-chen
4535:Languages
4530:Education
4279:Changtang
4221:Mountains
4188:Geography
4096:Documents
3941:conflicts
3793:(618–907)
3712:Overviews
3620:Festivals
3600:Buddhists
3562:Theosophy
3365:Symbolism
3355:Hama yumi
3328:Bodh Gaya
3095:Socialism
3070:Evolution
3045:Economics
2883:Venezuela
2798:Australia
2793:Argentina
2717:Sri Lanka
2712:Singapore
2630:Indonesia
2592:Countries
2533:Tripiṭaka
2495:Ajahn Mun
2370:Nagarjuna
2365:Aśvaghoṣa
2248:Anagārika
2243:Śrāmaṇerī
2238:Śrāmaṇera
2233:Bhikkhunī
2193:Sotāpanna
2082:Passaddhi
2023:Offerings
1998:Nekkhamma
1875:Iddhipada
1795:Practices
1765:Theravada
1738:Vajrayana
1731:Yogachara
1701:Pure Land
1614:Six Paths
1601:Cosmology
1381:Anuruddha
1356:Sāriputta
1346:Kaundinya
1338:Disciples
1313:Vajrapāṇi
1165:Footprint
1130:Tathāgata
915:(2): 5–9.
603:225056789
449:885539828
400:Footnotes
350:Sakyamuni
4849:Category
4733:Calendar
4667:Diaspora
4540:Religion
4344:Politics
4245:Tanggula
4235:Changtse
3939:Wars and
3814:Tsongkha
3776:Timeline
3719:Timeline
3696:articles
3638:Category
3567:Violence
3537:Hinduism
3485:Sanskrit
3440:Hinayana
3425:Amitābha
3385:Swastika
3254:Uposatha
3244:Holidays
3229:Calendar
3075:Humanism
2913:Kanishka
2903:Timeline
2727:Thailand
2695:Kalmykia
2690:Buryatia
2675:Pakistan
2660:Mongolia
2655:Maldives
2650:Malaysia
2615:Cambodia
2480:Shamarpa
2475:Nichiren
2425:Xuanzang
2360:Nagasena
2278:Rinpoche
2008:Pāramitā
1850:Devotion
1770:Navayana
1758:Dzogchen
1721:Nichiren
1669:Mahayana
1661:Branches
1539:Saṅkhāra
1288:Mañjuśrī
1245:(cousin)
1237:(cousin)
1205:(mother)
1197:(father)
1185:Miracles
1135:Birthday
1052:Glossary
1025:Buddhism
900:(1965).
764:(1987).
684:"日月山的传说"
550:Pan 1997
215:Bhrikuti
81:Bhrikuti
4833:Outline
4797:writers
4738:Cuisine
4703:thangka
4684:Culture
4657:Changpa
4572:Nyingma
4519:Society
4484:Economy
4319:Ü-Tsang
4293:Valleys
4251:Rivers
4226:Kailash
3786:Lönchen
3768:Empire
3704:History
3615:Temples
3595:Buddhas
3557:Science
3547:Judaism
3542:Jainism
3460:Lineage
3420:Abhijñā
3390:Thangka
3333:Sarnath
3318:Lumbini
3239:Funeral
3234:Cuisine
3110:Culture
3085:Reality
3035:Creator
3025:Atomism
2895:History
2868:Ukraine
2828:Germany
2747:Senegal
2737:Vietnam
2665:Myanmar
2465:Shinran
2455:Karmapa
2430:Shandao
2400:Dignāga
2325:Śrāvaka
2305:Donchee
2300:Kappiya
2258:Sayadaw
2228:Bhikkhu
2203:Anāgāmi
2160:Nirvana
2126:Samadhi
2013:Paritta
1954:Tonglen
1949:Mandala
1904:Smarana
1885:Mantras
1833:Upekkha
1803:Bhavana
1753:Shingon
1706:Tiantai
1559:Tathātā
1549:Śūnyatā
1544:Skandha
1534:Saṃsāra
1529:Rebirth
1504:Kleshas
1494:Indriya
1396:Subhūti
1281:Guanyin
1235:Ānanda
1227:Rāhula
1107:Nirvana
1047:Outline
321:thangka
252:Luoyang
232:Ramoche
205:of the
183:Tibetan
165:Chinese
121:Husband
4784:Annals
4748:Emblem
4710:tsakli
4582:Jonang
4231:Lhotse
4175:(2008)
3874:Kashag
3694:
3610:Sutras
3605:Suttas
3470:Siddhi
3455:Koliya
3430:Brahmā
3345:Poetry
3291:Mantra
3281:Kasaya
3153:Pagoda
3133:Kyaung
3128:Vihāra
3123:Temple
3065:Ethics
2908:Ashoka
2858:Sweden
2853:Poland
2848:Norway
2838:Mexico
2823:France
2808:Canada
2803:Brazil
2742:Africa
2722:Taiwan
2685:Russia
2610:Bhutan
2570:Vinaya
2450:Naropa
2440:Saraha
2375:Asanga
2131:Prajñā
2040:Refuge
2003:Nianfo
1964:Tertön
1959:Tantra
1944:Ganana
1934:Tukdam
1860:Dhyāna
1828:Mudita
1823:Karuṇā
1716:Risshū
1711:Huayan
1644:Naraka
1584:Anattā
1579:Dukkha
1574:Anicca
1479:Dharma
1431:Channa
1366:Ānanda
1351:Assaji
1318:Skanda
1221:(wife)
1190:Family
1170:Relics
1095:Sangha
1090:Dharma
1085:Buddha
977:
928:
886:
865:
836:
815:
781:
669:中国房地产业
601:
447:
441:吐蕃金石录
388:, the
317:Nêdong
294:Legacy
175::
173:pinyin
167::
148:Father
73:Tenure
47:Tsenmo
4840:Index
4804:Music
4769:Khata
4672:Names
4662:Yolmo
4635:Islam
4587:Gelug
4577:Kagyu
4555:Sakya
4358:(TAR)
4324:Ngari
4209:Fauna
4204:Flora
3692:Tibet
3582:Lists
3450:Kalpa
3445:Iddhi
3308:Music
3303:Mudra
3269:Vassa
3249:Vesak
3219:Budai
3165:Candi
3148:Stupa
3080:Logic
2833:Italy
2732:Tibet
2670:Nepal
2640:Korea
2635:Japan
2625:India
2620:China
2565:Sutra
2520:Texts
2470:Dōgen
2460:Hōnen
2445:Atiśa
2410:Zhiyi
2320:Achar
2288:Tulku
2283:Geshe
2268:Rōshi
2253:Ajahn
2208:Arhat
2168:Bodhi
2138:Vīrya
2055:Sacca
2050:Satya
2045:Sādhu
2033:Music
1976:Merit
1969:Terma
1929:Zazen
1865:Faith
1818:Mettā
1499:Karma
1459:Bardo
1426:Asita
1416:Khema
1406:Upāli
1391:Nanda
1229:(son)
1203:Māyā
1180:Films
1057:Index
905:(PDF)
599:S2CID
368:Lhasa
211:Gyasa
191:Wylie
132:House
111:Lhasa
67:Tibet
4758:Flag
4697:rugs
4619:list
4602:list
4391:LGBT
4314:Kham
4309:Amdo
3480:Pāḷi
3465:Māra
3375:Flag
2776:Iran
2700:Tuva
2645:Laos
2273:Lama
2121:Śīla
2089:Śīla
2077:Pīti
2067:Sati
2018:Puja
1939:Koan
1845:Dāna
1436:Yasa
1323:Tārā
975:ISBN
926:ISBN
884:ISBN
863:ISBN
834:ISBN
813:ISBN
779:ISBN
707:中国西藏
688:中国印刷
522:, nd
445:OCLC
361:Tang
169:文成公主
105:Died
93:Born
34:文成公主
4692:Art
4545:Bon
3202:Art
3138:Wat
1674:Zen
855:doi
591:doi
315:in
96:620
4866::
2704:ru
945:22
943:.
911:.
907:.
861:.
743:.
724:.
705:.
686:.
667:.
597:.
585:.
569:^
542:^
419:^
309:.
193::
189:,
185::
181:;
171:;
113:,
3684:e
3677:t
3670:v
2706:)
2702:(
1920:)
1916:(
1011:e
1004:t
997:v
983:.
934:.
913:1
892:.
871:.
857::
842:.
821:.
798:.
787:.
728:.
631:.
605:.
593::
587:6
451:.
163:(
23:.
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