Roads in the United Kingdom

543: 513: 61: 936: 1071: 1442: 1833: 1317: 3769:, para 30: "Distasteful though we find the whole idea, we think that some deliberate limitation of the volume of motor traffic is quite unavoidable. The need for it just can't be escaped. Even when everything that it is possibly to do by way of building new roads and expanding public transport has been done, there would still be, in the absence of deliberate limitation, more cars trying to move into, or within our cities than could possibly be accommodated." 3757:, para 22: "The American policy of providing motorways for commuters can succeed, even in American conditions, only if there is a disregard for all considerations other than the free flow of traffic which seems sometimes to be almost ruthless. Our British cities are not only packed with buildings, they are also packed with history and to drive motorways through them on the American scale would inevitably destroy much that ought to be preserved. 254: 290: 278: 266: 3781:: Introduction para 31: "It is a difficult and dangerous thing, in a democracy, to try to prevent a substantial part of the population from doing things that they do not regard as wrong; black markets and corruption are the invariable fruit of such attempts to prohibition. Even if this overriding objection could be removed, there would still be severe difficulties in pushing any of the particular methods very far" 577:. Signs may be of an informative, warning or instructional nature. Instructional signs are generally circular, warnings are triangular and informative signs are rectangular or square. Motorway informative signs use white text on a blue background, primary routes are indicated by green directional and distance signs with yellow text, whilst secondary roads use black text on a white background. 1724:. While it advocated the construction and reorganisation of towns to accommodate the motor car and lorry, it stressed that this would have to be balanced with restrictions, in accordance with local needs. It highlighted the urgency of the problem of dealing with the expected massive growth in road traffic, the damage it could cause to our towns and cities if unplanned, the eventual need for 1507:. The statutory process included the appointment of enclosure commissioners. Commissioners were given authorisation to replace old roads and country lanes with new roads that were wider and straighter than those they replaced. Straight roads of early origin, if not Roman were probably enclosure roads. They were established in the period between 1750 and 1850. 3745:, "It is impossible to spend any time on the study of the future of traffic in towns without at once being appalled by the magnitude of the emergency that is coming upon us. We are nourishing at immense cost a monster of great potential destructiveness, and yet we love him dearly. To refuse to accept the challenge it presents would be an act of defeatism." 1046:(officially 'The Prince of Wales Bridge') included tolls. However, after being closed for toll removal for three days, the bridge opened up again on 17 December starting with a formal ceremony. Toll payment was scrapped and it marked history as it is believed to be the first time in 400 years that the crossing will be free. 1151:. This rural single carriageway saw an 88 per cent drop in the number of fatal or serious collisions in the last six years, taking it from a medium risk road to one of the safest. According to the Foundation, this has been achieved by introducing traffic lights, speed limit reductions and village pedestrian facilities. 1619:

to improve roads, particularly where labour was recruited from areas of high unemployment and adjoining areas, and men with dependants. Two unemployment relief programmes were run, the first from 1920 to 1925 and the second from 1929 to 1930. Government grants were limited to trunk roads and bridges,

1569:

companies responsible for the maintenance of the shared surface of the tramway and several feet either side, as a condition of being granted a licence. This was a popular move as maintenance was removed from the public purse. The local authority could also purchase the whole line at a later date at a

302:

Numbered roads in the UK are signed as M (Motorway), A, or B roads (legal "classification" varies between countries), as well as various categories of more minor roads: for internal purposes, local authorities may also use C, D and U (the letter standing for "Unclassified"); use of C and U numbers on

1119:

between Macclesfield and Buxton was named as Britain's most dangerous road. The single-carriageway road has been the scene of 43 fatal or serious collisions since 2001, nearly three-quarters of them involving motorcyclists. When collisions involving motorcyclists are removed from the analysis, the

527:

are commonly used on long-distance routes throughout the country alongside primary destinations. They are displayed on signs in capitals to distinguish them from towns and cities. The boundaries of these regional destinations are not specifically defined and apply to generalised areas. The regions

1731:

In 1966, a revision of design standards was proposed which would, it was stated, save "acres of land" and £22,000 per mile in construction costs. The revision involved reducing from 10 ft (3.0 m) to 5 ft (1.5 m) the width of roadside grass verges on newly constructed "rural"

1534:. Following several attempts at reform, detrunking began in the 1860s with the last trust ending in 1885. The protests prompted several reforms, including a royal commission into the question of toll roads. The growing popularity of cycling also prompted calls for road improvements, with the 1289:

The primary function of Roman roads was to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies, but it also provided vital infrastructure for trade and the transport of goods. The roads were paved, a first for the island, and could carry heavy goods in all weathers. Following the Roman

621:. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, ranging from 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) to 70 miles per hour (113 km/h). Unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a 4306: 228:

metres (though the units are not given). These repeat the information given on the co-sited surveyors' marker post which, since the 1960s, have reported distances on such roads in kilometres from a datum—usually the start of the road, or the planned start-point of the road.

1953:

In 2002, the government proposed a new major road building program with 360 miles (580 km) of the strategic road network to be widened, 80 major new trunk road schemes to improve safety and 100 new bypasses on trunk and local roads. The protesters reformed.

127:

In the UK, road safety policy is part of transport policy. "Transport 2010; The 10 Year Plan" states that the basic principle is that "people travel safely and feel secure whether they are on foot or bicycle, in a car, on a train, or bus, at sea or on a plane".

3793:, para 68: "Indeed it can be said in advance that the measures required to deal with the full potential amount of motor traffic in big cities are so formidable that society will have to ask itself seriously how far it is prepared to go with the motor vehicle." 111:

Although some roads have much older origins, the network was heavily developed from the 1950s to the mid-1990s to meet the demands of modern traffic. Construction of roads has become increasingly problematic with various opposition groups such as

385:

and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go. However, in rural areas, smaller towns or villages may be given primary status if located at junctions of significant roads: for example,

1912:

old department" in an article titled "Head-on collision over transport: The British government has received its sternest warning yet that its unflagging support for the car is seriously at odds with its own green principles".

339:. There is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major inter-urban routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long-distance traffic. The next category is the 1945:

In 1998, it was proposed to transfer parts of the English trunk road network to local councils, retaining central control for the network connecting major population centres, ports, airports, key cross-border links and the

136:

The UK has a road network totalling about 262,300 miles (422,100 km) of paved roads—246,500 miles (396,700 km) in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and 15,800 miles (25,500 km) in Northern Ireland.

1624:

were built by 1935, about half of what was originally planned at the start of the programmes. In 1930, responsibility for all roads was vested in the county councils. The first inter-urban new road built in the UK was the

181:

travel. Scotland has 2,174 miles (3,499 km) (about 7% of the total roads in Scotland), accounting for 35% of all road journeys and over 50% of lorry movements. Wales has 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of trunk roads. In

3981: 1968:

was introduced to parliament which would speed up the process of approving new roads and other transport infrastructure but which has raised concerns that it may erode democracy and be a "developer's charter".

1882:

The Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment had also concluded in 1994 that building new roads simply generated more traffic, and was therefore largely self-defeating. By 1994, following the

1111:

In June 2008, the Road Safety Foundation reported that 30 per cent of the primary route network in Great Britain failed to rate as safe, and a quarter of all motorways were outside the safest risk band.

970:. Since 1910, the proceeds of road vehicle excise duties were dedicated to fund the building and maintenance of the road system. From 1920 to 1937, most roads in the United Kingdom were funded from the 1769: 4331: 3577: 1728:

but with implications of restricting the mass of the population from doing something they didn't see as wrong, and of the inevitable need for a change in policy as the social costs increased.

2290: 1608:

created a classification system for the important routes connecting large population centres or for through traffic, with the definitive list being published in 1922/3 and revised in 1926/7.

1887:, a significant number of remaining schemes were cancelled, although the government still intended to continue with others using private financing. The Secretary for state for transport, Dr 4467: 4307:"Head-on collision over transport: The British government has received its sternest warning yet that its unflagging support for the car is seriously at odds with its own green principles" 1175:

The earliest evidence of engineered roads dates back to the 1st century BC. A metalled and cambered road, 1.5 metres high and six metres wide, was unearthed at Bayston Hill quarry, near

1829:, whereby the government predicted the required capacity in forthcoming years and built roads to match. From 1985 to 1995, the road network expanded by 24,000 miles (38,624 km). 1492:

In the second half of the 18th century, turnpike trusts became numerous, with trusts also set up in Wales and lowland Scotland. This expansion was facilitated by the ability to use

528:

are: Mid Wales, North Wales, Scotland, South Wales, The East, The Lakes, The Dales, The Midlands, The North, The North East, The North West, The South, The South West and The West.

2381: 1871:

saw some of the largest protests against a road in the UK. Proposed originally in the 1980s, the bypass was subject to strong support and opposition. Also in this time frame, the

84:

and from the 17th century onwards. Whilst control has been transferred between local and central bodies, current management and development of the road network is shared between

2682: 5212: 373: 1461:. Road rates were introduced in England and Wales in the 17th century. The first turnpike road, whereby travellers paid tolls to be used for road upkeep, was authorised by the 4843:

Ishaque, Muhammad M., and Robert B. Noland. "Making roads safe for pedestrians or keeping them out of the way? An historical perspective on pedestrian policies in Britain."

569:

The signage system currently in use was developed in the late 1950s and the early 1960s by the Anderson Committee, which established the motorway signing system, and by the

5571: 3851:...the construction industry was commissioned, in sequences of contracts spread over the years, to build 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of new motorway and duly so by 1972... 1891:

launched a "Great Debate" about the future direction for transport in the UK and the required level of road building stating that the road network was "broadly complete".

1546:

in October 1886; this focused on producing technical literature distributed to highways boards and surveyors to promote improved construction and maintenance methods. The

3989: 3033: 1154:

Research undertaken in July 2008 has shown that investment in a safe road infrastructure programme could yield a one-third reduction in road deaths, saving as much as £6

5538: 1743:

billion of new urban trunk roads outside London in order to "alleviate traffic congestion", complemented by parking controls, traffic management and public transport.

562:

whilst height and width restrictions are required to be shown in feet and inches (though the metric measurements may optionally also appear). In September 2007 the

5543: 5395: 4011: 4801: 3676: 1640:. During the 1930s, both the Institution of Highway Engineers and The County Surveyors' Society had published plans for a network of high-speed roads, whilst the 625:(usually indicated by street lights), unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) applies. Other limits are shown in the table. 5548: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 4932: 4542: 1449:

in Cumbria. The roads were made as straight as possible, and the boundaries much wider than a cart width to reduce the ground damage of driving sheep and cattle.

2895: 5465: 4848: 3209: 4685: 3603: 3451: 1768:

Work on planning motorways in Northern Ireland had begun before the Second World War, but the legal authority for motorways was not provided for until the

1351:

to supplement the use of rivers as a system of transportation. Many of these roadways were developed as a result of trading of goods and services, such as

2148: 5596: 5581: 5528: 2489: 1462: 410:

is not even a village—merely a hotel and a few other buildings—yet has the status of a primary destination due to its location at the interchange of the

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Rosevear, Alan, Dan Bogart, and Leigh Shaw-Taylor. "Government, trusts, and the making of better roads in early nineteenth century England and Wales."

1867:

protests against a major road in the country. Building work was delayed considerably, and anti-roads protesters gained large amounts of publicity. The

901: 303:

signs is unusual but examples can be found in all four countries in the UK. Each road is given a number which is combined with the prefix, for example

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and required to keep to the left except when overtaking, turning right or passing pedestrians, parked vehicles and other obstructions in the road. In

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in 1962, though did so under temporary powers until the Special Roads Act had been passed. Work on the motorways continued until the 1970s, when the

3353: 2294: 2220: 1909: 574: 3064: 1934:

After the election of the Labour government in 1997, most remaining road schemes were cancelled and problem areas of the road network subject to

1732:

motorways, and removing 1-foot (0.30 m) of the width of the "marginal strips" that separated each carriageway from the central reservation.

4990: 434:

have been designated as primary destinations. Conversely, some towns with a population of over 50,000 are not primary destinations, including

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with South Wales, the Midlands and London in capitals, although London is a not a regional destination, therefore should not be in capitals

3723: 3100: 3047: 2017:

in which transport planning aims to achieve a desired level of road use rather than unconstrained growth as before, also aiming to secure

1821:

and predicted an increase of road traffic of 142% by 2025. It would have involved the doubling of the trunk road capacity with around 150

5197: 1899: 1667:

During World War II, government plans were drawn up to create a new network of high-speed routes across the country. The passing of the

4910: 4238: 2690: 1902:", was published in October 1994 to highlight the serious environmental consequences of UK's transport system in response to which the 1604:. As road traffic began to grow, the condition of the road network became an issue, with most of it in a poor state of repair. The new 4868: 4811: 3923: 2094: 5245: 4821: 3268: 1929: 1884: 41:(mph) or by the use of the national speed limit (NSL) symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by 5691: 4475: 2656: 1749:

Roads outside urban areas continued to be built throughout the 1970s, but the urban routes soon ran into opposition. Plans by the

316: 5207: 5019: 4937: 2060: 1793: 1579: 1102: 930: 614: 590: 34: 5799: 5744: 1106: 4710: 4437: 4076: 4052: 3900: 3509: 3434: 2268: 1939: 4659: 4037: 1746:

The first 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of motorway had been built by 1972, followed by more motorways opened into the 1980s.

1496:

to fund the work. By 1821 there were 18,000 miles (29,000 km) of turnpike roads in England, with 1,000 trusts by 1845.

7035: 5629: 5056: 3409: 2385: 353:(b) in any other case after consultation with the traffic authority for the road comprised in the route is of the opinion, 166: 4942: 573:, which reformed signing for existing all-purpose (non-motorway) roads. It was introduced in 1965 and is governed by the 5177: 5116: 5014: 4159: 1503:

land had been happening since medieval times. During the 17th century a practice developed of obtaining authorisation by

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Matthijs Koornstra; David Lynam; Göran Nilsson; Piet Noordzij; Hans-Erik Pettersson; Fred Wegman; Peter Wouters (2002).

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was completed. In 1989, it announced a large-scale roads programme (stated to be the largest since the Romans) in the

1660:

proposed a new scheme for a motorway and it was agreed to go ahead. This was, however, postponed due to the start of

4366: 4286: 3844: 3557: 3384: 3312: 3193: 2132: 1879:. Costs increased rapidly, the Newbury bypass being 50% over budget and many other schemes showed increases of 100%. 1671:

gave the government legal powers to build roads that were not automatically rights of way for certain types of user.

1466: 608: 382: 191: 7009: 5373: 5034: 4497: 2122:

SUNflower: A comparative study of the development of road safety in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands

1983:

with construction to start in September 2015 and to finish in 2035. Another plan is underway to do the same to the

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Whilst generally they are trunk roads, some motorways are the responsibility of local authorities, for example the

105: 3955: 1328: 6139: 6104: 5303: 4907:

The Life of Thomas Telford, Civil Engineer: With an Introductory History of Roads and Travelling in Great Britain

3217: 3129: 2072: 2055: 1958: 121: 4776:"Oxfordshire County Council Approve Implementing 'Decide & Provide': Requirements for Transport Assessments" 3632: 3607: 3004:

Legislation to remove the fee was given royal assent last month. It means Scotland now has no chargeable roads.

1920:

in Northern Ireland) opened in 1994. In 1996 the total length of motorways reached 2,000 miles (3,200 km).

7014: 6129: 6114: 5729: 2797: 1957:

In 2004, the Government announced in the Queen's speech a major new funding source from transport schemes, the

1917: 1773: 1523: 1012:, which is one of the most heavily used roads in the country. There were two public toll roads (Roydon Road in 512: 17: 4833:

Fuller, G. Joan. "The Development of Roads in the Surrey. Sussex Weald and Coastlands between 1700 and 1900."

4646: 2839: 347:...a route, not being a route comprising any part of a motorway, in respect of which the Secretary of State — 6991: 6981: 6218: 6109: 5754: 5238: 5044: 5029: 5024: 4976: 4947: 3107: 3071: 2038: 1721: 1543: 1519: 1159: 586: 210:

is responsible for all 5,592 miles (8,999 km) roads. The pan-UK total is 15,260 miles (24,560 km).

542: 465:. The concept of primary roads was introduced in the 1960s as part of a national reclassification of roads. 60: 6986: 6800: 6325: 6188: 6144: 4952: 4858: 3658: 3015: 2873: 2002:, who had previously been banned from driving on motorways, were allowed to use them when accompanied by a 1965: 622: 555: 170: 5704: 4775: 6707: 6597: 5323: 4519: 2363:

The Portsmouth City Council (M275 Northbound Motorway Slip Road) Scheme 1996 Confirmation Instrument 1997

1947: 1852: 1837: 1539: 1436: 2224: 5885: 5348: 4591: 2712: 2630: 2604: 2026: 502: 494: 490: 478: 3075: 6996: 6815: 5671: 2246: 2065: 1657: 1547: 482: 356:

that it provides the most satisfactory route for through traffic between places of traffic importance

177:. England's 4,300 miles (6,920 km) of trunk roads account for 33% of all road travel and 50% of 6643: 4818:

The online historical atlas of transport, urbanization and economic development in England and Wales

4629: 4616: 1802:

from 1979 adopted a pro-roads policy. During this period, numerous road upgrades were built and the

6976: 6702: 6697: 6672: 5789: 5709: 5622: 5586: 5435: 5430: 5231: 4878: 3697: 3246: 1856: 1709: 1605: 1486: 1032: 1028: 450: 2752: 2449: 1692: 1144: 411: 324: 4890: 1162:, which is calling on the UK Government to make safe road design a national transport priority. 33:

totalling about 262,300 miles (422,100 km). Road distances are shown in miles or yards and

6909: 6876: 6213: 6183: 6124: 6089: 5764: 3727: 3044: 2010:

in the United Kingdom, these measures were put in place in an effort to teach motorway safety.

1818: 1750: 1668: 1243: 1200: 1043: 982:. Since 1937, roads have been funded from general taxation with all motoring duties, including 498: 486: 224:

have appeared on motorways and major A roads in England, situated generally at intervals of 500

4264: 2338: 2199: 1972:

Traffic has increased by 80% between 1980 and 2005 whilst road capacity has increased by 10%.

6871: 6592: 6208: 6099: 5699: 4107: 1872: 1478: 1228: 967: 506: 474: 221: 4242: 1908:

commented "Rarely, if ever, can a ministry have emerged so badly from an official report as

1481:

through a Turnpike Act in 1706. Scotland continued to maintain its own Parliament until the

149:

and non-trunk routes. Trunk roads, which are the most important roads, are administered by

6914: 6612: 6335: 6233: 6119: 5719: 5495: 3930: 2098: 1807: 1637: 1527: 975: 328: 187: 4568: 3157: 566:

ruled that the United Kingdom would never be required by them to convert signs to metric.

360:

A new standard was set in April 2015 to formally designate certain high-quality routes as

8: 6866: 6740: 6459: 6415: 6303: 6155: 6094: 5850: 5835: 5830: 5724: 5658: 5615: 5425: 5405: 5385: 5288: 5039: 4239:"PRIVATE FINANCE THE "CENTREPIECE" OF REVISED NATIONAL ROAD PROGRAMME - SIR GEORGE YOUNG" 3276: 2410: 2043: 1999: 1984: 1980: 1593: 1550:

created borough and county councils with responsibility for maintaining the major roads.

1408: 1116: 1000:

Tolls or congestion charges are used for some major bridges and tunnels, for example the

979: 895: 563: 458: 364:, but whether this will result in any existing road classifications changing is unclear. 3863: 3402:

Transforming Fell and Valley Landscape and Parliamentary Enclosure in North West England

1084:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1008:, originally the Birmingham Northern Relief Road, is designed to relieve the M6 through 6770: 6584: 6569: 6380: 6315: 6238: 6223: 6168: 6072: 6006: 5996: 5967: 5904: 5774: 5739: 5576: 5400: 3805: 2660: 2119: 2003: 1976: 1765:

in London were also hit by determined opposition over a 20-year period from the 1970s.

1758: 1482: 332: 158: 4808:

The Secret History of the Roman Roads of Britain: And their Impact on Military History

4761: 2921: 2501: 1518:

took place, in Wales, between 1839 and 1843. The riots ceased after some ringleaders,

6830: 6633: 6564: 6514: 6253: 6134: 5972: 5944: 5929: 5914: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5480: 5475: 5450: 5308: 4362: 4048: 3896: 3840: 3553: 3505: 3430: 3405: 3380: 3308: 3189: 2973: 2186: 2128: 1636:, the Ministry of Transport took direct control of the core road network through the 1558: 1458: 1283: 1267: 1050: 1001: 596: 570: 454: 199: 150: 101: 85: 4411: 4385: 4212: 3065:"Getting Ahead: Returning Britain to European leadership in road casualty reduction" 1278:

was constructed on the northern boundary. However, the Roman legions withdrew in 164

1158:

billion per year. A consortium of 13 major road safety stakeholders have formed the

6687: 6662: 6449: 6365: 6360: 6275: 6078: 6033: 5875: 5681: 5676: 5505: 5455: 5415: 5368: 5363: 5353: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5313: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 3741: 3331: 2316: 1895: 1704: 1562: 1554: 1303: 1013: 958:, roads have been funded from taxation. Two new vehicle duties were introduced—the 462: 407: 203: 117: 104:

in England. Certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the control of the

97: 73: 54: 4445: 4084: 3474: 2987: 6924: 6884: 6795: 6785: 6755: 6745: 6730: 6692: 6648: 6474: 6464: 6395: 6011: 5714: 5591: 5533: 5500: 5490: 5470: 5460: 5445: 5440: 5390: 5358: 5343: 5318: 5254: 3051: 3022: 2469: 1888: 1777: 1754: 1601: 1583: 1054: 913: 768: 738: 343:

network, formed from parts of the A-road network. A primary route is defined as:

2359: 1938:

studies to investigate non-road alternatives, following the introduction of the

1875:

saw protracted disturbance during the upgrading of a section of the A12 through

190:

is responsible for all trunk roads and other major roads, which are part of the

6894: 6856: 6825: 6805: 6790: 6602: 6484: 6026: 5954: 5825: 5820: 5759: 5749: 5641: 5485: 5410: 5380: 4498:"Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions Eighth Report" 2582: 2006:

in a car with dual controls. As motorway driving is not offered as part of the

1868: 1814: 1717: 1680: 1616: 1589: 1504: 1474: 1432: 1420: 1233: 955: 708: 618: 559: 554:

norms, though a number of signs are unique to Britain and direction signs omit

195: 38: 4968: 2795: 935: 7029: 6904: 6861: 6810: 6750: 6715: 6682: 6549: 6499: 6489: 6390: 6320: 6310: 6203: 6173: 6062: 6021: 5939: 5815: 5649: 2947: 1904: 1864: 1822: 1645: 1633: 1621: 1600:

on road vehicles and from the sale of licences for horse-drawn carriages and

1515: 1470: 1412: 1275: 1148: 600: 439: 403: 214: 113: 77: 72:

The earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the prehistoric

50: 42: 4185: 2556: 2530: 1847:

This road building programme continued into the start of the premiership of

80:. Some of these roads still remain to this day. New roads were added in the 6929: 6919: 6820: 6775: 6735: 6725: 6720: 6677: 6559: 6554: 6479: 6405: 6375: 6267: 6248: 6178: 6016: 5924: 5666: 3134: 3130:"Britannia Superior: Why Roman roads may not be quite as Roman as we think" 2007: 1860: 1841: 1803: 1781: 1762: 1661: 1404: 1024: 948: 891: 604: 304: 2013:

In the 2020s, there was a policy shift away from "predict and provide" to

1832: 1620:

with the money coming from the Road Fund. Some 500 miles (800 km) of

1441: 6899: 6544: 6534: 6509: 6434: 6345: 6298: 6293: 6243: 6048: 5980: 5949: 3636: 3578:"A history of the "motorway concept" before construction began in the UK" 2435: 1935: 1876: 1810: 1688: 1684: 1612: 1597: 1368: 1348: 1299: 1290:

withdrawal from Britain, road maintenance became a very ad hoc activity.

1223: 1214: 1039: 517: 443: 395: 81: 1316: 57:, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers. 6889: 6765: 6638: 6574: 6539: 6519: 6400: 6370: 6340: 6280: 6228: 5880: 4948:

International Transport Statistics Database: Transport in Great Britain

4900: 4735: 1848: 1535: 1384: 1248: 1218: 1210: 1176: 1009: 940: 677: 673: 558:

numbers. All length distances are shown in miles or yards, speed is in

449:

The status of both primary destinations and roads is maintained by the

312: 146: 4838: 4543:"Not in our backyard! A Bill that threatens historic right to protest" 4520:"Direct action road protest veterans delegation to Dept for Transport" 2029:

was the first local authority to adopt it formally as Council policy.

1772:, similar to that in the 1949 Act. The first motorway to open was the 1629:, which was built between 1929 and 1934 at a cost of £8 million. 1266:

due to their inability to subjugate the local population. Part of the

1057:

Road Bridges in 2008, there are no longer any toll roads in Scotland.

890:

For a road to be classed as a dual carriageway, the two directions of

6760: 6607: 6494: 6454: 6444: 6439: 6330: 6198: 6193: 6043: 5962: 5919: 5870: 5860: 5855: 5845: 2095:"Northern Ireland Assembly - WRITTEN ANSWERS Friday 15 December 2000" 1992: 1713: 1626: 1531: 1500: 1493: 1416: 1407:

was one of four highways that appear in the literature of the 1130s.

1392: 1307: 1180: 1136: 1129: 971: 905: 387: 207: 65: 4963: 4853:

Mackie, Peter, and Nigel Smith. "Financing roads in great Britain."

4045:

Towards a Sustainable Transport System: Growth in a Low Carbon World

3956:"Conceptions and early history of the motorways in Northern Ireland" 3034:

Britain's persistently higher-risk roads (2001-2003 & 2004-2006)

1398: 1375:, harbours and ports. Other roadways developed to meet the needs of 1255:. As Roman influence expanded, so did the network, until around 180 1187:, with tree rings suggesting a date of 75 BC, probably built by the 6953: 6948: 6780: 6529: 6524: 6385: 6350: 6288: 5934: 5909: 5734: 4798:

STREET Competition, Entrepreneurship, and the Future of Roads SMART

3162: 2018: 1988: 1649: 1263: 1238: 1140: 1135:

Between 2003 and 2006, the most improved safety record was for the

1125: 1121: 423: 415: 399: 308: 162: 89: 5223: 2770: 2738: 1950:. Around 40% of the network was transferred to local authorities. 1510:

The high cost of tolls, on the turnpikes, caused social unrest in

253: 6851: 6835: 6504: 6355: 5865: 5840: 5677:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

5607: 4373:

With 2000 miles of motorway completed and in operation by 1996...

4291: 3677:"Region: North West - The origins of the motorways of the region" 3475:"Jones, John (fl. 1811-1858; 'Shoni Sguborfawr'), Rebecca rioter" 2181:. UK Government (Crown copyright). 28 September 2017. p. 57. 1653: 1454: 1446: 1376: 1184: 1017: 1005: 944: 419: 154: 29:

The United Kingdom has a well developed and extensive network of

4943:

Interactive Map of Average Daily Traffic for every major UK Road

289: 6958: 6628: 6038: 6001: 4794:

The Rise and Fall of Non-Government Roads in the United Kingdom

2796:

House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee (22 July 2008).

1388: 1380: 1372: 1360: 1252: 1205:

Roads built in the first phase of Roman occupation (43–68

909: 551: 435: 431: 427: 374:

List of primary destinations on the United Kingdom road network

183: 3864:"Opening dates for Motorways in the UK in chronological order" 1615:

led the Minister of Transport to provide grant funding to the

277: 265: 4617:

Work begins on dualling A9 from Inverness to Perth - BBC News

4108:"Broken promises leave dozens of towns in queue for a bypass" 2870:

Statement by The Minister of State for Transport (Dr Ladyman)

2022: 1851:. In the early-1990s, the government decided to complete the 1511: 1356: 1188: 391: 178: 174: 93: 5638: 4816:

Bogart, Dan. "The turnpike roads of England and Wales." in

4472:

A new deal for transport: better for everyone - white paper

3332:"Key dates in Land, Road, Building Great Britain 1200-1899" 2872:. Department for Transport. 19 October 2006. Archived from 2866:"Charging regime at the Dartford -Thurrock river crossings" 1570:

discount, or force the tram company to reinstate the road.

1566: 1364: 1352: 319:

may still be used or heard occasionally: for instance, the

30: 4957: 4835:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

1784:

both intervened, causing the abandonment of many schemes.

1423:

and Icknield Way had been constructed by royal authority.

1209:

AD) connected London with the ports used in the invasion (

6469: 2753:"50mph lorry speed limit on A9 single carriageway agreed" 2384:. Department for Transport. 5 August 2005. Archived from 983: 764: 734: 681: 194:. All other roads are the responsibility of the relevant 4295:. House of Commons. 19 December 1994. col. 874–875. 3659:"Proposals for Motorway Netwirks Published in the 1930s" 4873:

Moran, Joe. "Crossing the road in Britain, 1931–1976."

4736:"Learner drivers allowed on motorways after law change" 3045:

Britain's most improved roads (2001-2003 vs. 2004-2006)

1739:

planned to complement the new interurban routes with £1

1514:. A protest against the tolls that became known as the 350:(a) in the case of a trunk road is of the opinion, and 2466:"Driving forward: a new era for England's major roads" 1930:

Road protest in the United Kingdom § 1997–present

1757:

were cancelled following extensive protests headed by

1702:

In 1963, a report on urban transport planning policy,

1347:

A network of roadways was developed in Britain in the

3604:"Early Highways: Liverpool-East Lancashire Road A580" 2846:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 21 September 2000 2508:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 11 September 2007 1557:

damaging the road surface, Parliament introduced the

4630:"A9 dualling project delayed by 10 years until 2035" 2896:"M6 Toll (formerly Birmingham Northern Relief Road)" 2563:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 23 February 2006 2537:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 23 February 2006 2417:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 December 2007 2269:"Scottish trunk road network and Transport Scotland" 1132:

was found to be the most dangerous road in Britain.

145:

Responsibility for the road network differs between

4569:"Planning bill could fast track environmental harm" 4332:"M3 Dock Street to Bridge end and Sydenham By-pass" 4166:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 18 January 1996 3504:. Newcastle: Red Kite Prayer/Front Page Creations. 3249:. University of Portsmouth, Department of Geography 2490:

The design and use of directional informatory signs

2177:"Northern Ireland Transport Statistics 2016-2017". 2089: 2087: 1794:

Road protest in the United Kingdom § 1979–1997

4960:, a list of unusual or "lost" motorways in Britain 4386:"UK Politics - More than 100 road schemes shelved" 4047:. London: Department for Transport. October 2007. 2683:"DfT Circular 01/2006: Setting Local Speed Limits" 473:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 4583: 4265:"Interview with Brian Mawhinney by John Humphrys" 4192:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 April 2006 3726:. Colin Buchanan and Partners Ltd. Archived from 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 1916:The last new motorway in the United Kingdom (The 7027: 4418:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 July 1998 4392:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 July 1998 4140:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 9 March 2004 2928:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 9 April 2006 2158:. UK Government (Crown copyright). 27 April 2017 2084: 575:Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 4998: 4660:"Learner drivers on motorways from 4 June 2018" 3683:. The Motorway Archive Trust. 18 November 2007. 3665:. The Motorway Archive Trust. 18 November 2007. 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 1998:On 4 June 2018, a change in the law meant that 989: 843:Scotland except A9 between Perth and Inverness 3982:"M1 Belfast to Dungannon and M12 to Craigavon" 3803:"News and views: revised motorway standards". 3275:. Hertfordshire County Council. Archived from 3093: 2525: 2523: 2445: 2443: 2405: 2403: 2367: 1679:In 1958, the first motorway was opened as the 1485:, when the two parliaments merged to form the 617:apply only to motor vehicles and are shown in 550:Signage on the UK network conforms broadly to 5623: 5239: 4984: 4920:The Technical development of roads in Britain 4778:. Transport Planning Society. 4 October 2022. 3796: 3351: 3121: 2974:Abolition of Bridge Tolls (Scotland) Act 2008 1596:, with the government receiving revenue from 1499:Also, in England, the process of land owners 4541:Grice, Andrew; Russell, Ben (24 June 2008). 4540: 4356: 4134:"Features - Spiritual Places - Twyford Down" 3988:. The Motorway Archive Trust. Archived from 3834: 3547: 3534: 3232: 3183: 3101:"SAFE ROAD DESIGN TO SAVE UK£6BN EVERY YEAR" 3056: 2549: 1813:. It proposed 500 road schemes at a cost of 1800:Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher 4412:"UK Politics - Road scheme details in full" 4287:"Written Questions: National Roads Program" 4099: 3888: 3627: 3625: 3606:. Lancashire County Council. Archived from 3326: 3324: 2948:"M4 Severn bridge to shut for toll removal" 2832: 2798:Vehicle Excise Duty as an environmental tax 2659:. Department of Environment. Archived from 2520: 2494: 2440: 2400: 1825:being built, caricatured in later years as 1735:The 1968–1969 Ministry of Transport report 1687:. The first major motorway to open was the 1217:), and with the earlier legionary bases at 546:A typical roundabout sign on a primary road 246:Examples of road numbers and colour schemes 76:. The road network was expanded during the 5630: 5616: 5246: 5232: 4991: 4977: 4686:"Learner drivers now allowed on motorways" 4474:. Department for Transport. Archived from 4074: 4068: 3692: 3690: 3572: 3570: 3298: 3296: 3294: 2223:. Department for Transport. Archived from 122:ongoing and planned road building projects 4598:. London: Guardian News and Media Limited 4077:"Do we have to set England alight again?" 3635:. Cheshire County Council. Archived from 3596: 3519: 3149: 1770:Special Roads Act (Northern Ireland) 1963 1179:. A timber road was preserved in peat in 629:National speed limits on roads in the UK 4210: 3820:"Trunk roads to get priority in 1970s". 3622: 3321: 2803:(Report). The Stationery Office Limited. 2046:have traditional conventions in the UK. 1831: 1761:and a rise in costs. Plans to widen the 1440: 1259:AD when the known network was complete. 934: 541: 511: 468: 59: 4953:EuroRAP GB Tracking Survey Results 2008 4160:"1996: Green groups join bypass battle" 4105: 3892:Transport Planning, Vision and Practice 3813: 3687: 3567: 3493: 3404:. University of Lancaster. p. 63. 3302: 3291: 3016:EuroRAP GB Tracking Survey Results 2008 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2061:List of motorways in the United Kingdom 1981:dual the A9 between Perth and Inverness 1580:Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom 1399:The "Four Highways" of medieval England 1103:Road speed limits in the United Kingdom 986:, being paid directly to the Treasury. 931:Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom 591:Road speed limits in the United Kingdom 367: 14: 7028: 4711:"Learner drivers allowed on motorways" 4592:"Smooth-flowing traffic is on the way" 4589: 4534: 3424: 3127: 1282:AD to their former northern boundary, 1107:Reported Road Casualties Great Britain 1060: 6726:Median / Central reservation 5611: 5227: 4972: 3449: 3399: 3377:The Sutton Companion to Local History 3374: 3307:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Limited. 3247:"Timeline of British Turnpike Trusts" 2789: 1940:A New Deal for Trunk Roads in England 1020:) and about five private toll roads. 633: 4901:https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/head030 4855:Research in Transportation Economics 4430: 3499: 3472: 2293:. Transport Scotland. Archived from 2247:"Trunk Road Proposals and Your Home" 2206: 2149:"Road Lengths in Great Britain 2016" 2021:. This concept was developed by the 1445:A parliamentary enclosure road near 1311: 1064: 1049:Since the abolition of tolls on the 924: 919: 167:North and Mid Wales Trunk Road Agent 5253: 4897:European Review of Economic History 4186:"Anti-road protests 'boosted cost'" 3716: 3305:Roads: Archaeology and Architecture 3158:"Iron Age road link to Iceni tribe" 3155: 2657:"Highway Code for Northern Ireland" 2502:"Q&A: Pounds, pints and the EU" 1923: 1611:High unemployment after the end of 1426: 1391:from isolated communities to local 902:Enforcement of UK road speed limits 317:their informal or traditional names 239:Great Britain road numbering scheme 68:is an example of an urban motorway. 24: 6644:Risk compensation (road transport) 5637: 4786: 4647:A96 Dualling Inverness to Aberdeen 4590:Murray, Louise (26 October 2005). 4468:"Chapter 3 - Integrated Transport" 4357:Porter, John; Bridle, Ron (2002). 4219:. British Broadcasting Corporation 4106:Webster, Ben (11 September 2006). 3835:Porter, John; Bridle, Ron (2002). 3552:. London: Thomas Telford Limited. 3427:Parliamentary Enclosure in England 3379:. Sutton Publishing. p. 146. 3184:Porter, John; Bridle, Ron (2002). 2988:"Tolls removed from Scots bridges" 2531:"Call for metric road sign switch" 2453:The Traffic Signs Regulations 2002 2450:Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 3113 2411:"Road speed limits to be reviewed" 2360:Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 2683 996:Road pricing in the United Kingdom 894:must be physically separated by a 607:applies. In Northern Ireland, the 88:, the devolved administrations of 25: 7047: 4926: 4444:. Highways Agency. Archived from 4075:Kingsnorth, Paul (30 June 2003). 3429:. London: Routledge. p. 48. 2922:"Toll road lawyers in award hope" 2713:"117-126: Control of the vehicle" 2605:"133-143:Multi-lane carriageways" 2557:"EU gives up on 'metric Britain'" 2221:"How roads are managed in the UK" 1855:by building a six-lane road in a 1293: 1115:In 2006, the 8-mile (13 km) 609:Highway Code for Northern Ireland 595:In the UK, vehicles are normally 232: 192:Transport for London Road Network 140: 7010:Glossary of road transport terms 4768: 4754: 4728: 4703: 4678: 4652: 4640: 4622: 4610: 4561: 4512: 4211:Montague, Simon (14 July 1998). 3128:Morris, Steven (15 March 2011). 3062: 2341:. Roads Service Northern Ireland 1453:The first legislated control in 1315: 1194: 1069: 538:Road signs in the United Kingdom 288: 276: 264: 252: 4490: 4460: 4438:"What are Multi-Modal Studies?" 4404: 4378: 4361:. Thomas Telford. p. 189. 4350: 4324: 4299: 4292:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4279: 4257: 4231: 4204: 4178: 4152: 4126: 4030: 4004: 3974: 3948: 3916: 3882: 3856: 3839:. Thomas Telford. p. 223. 3828: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3734: 3669: 3651: 3466: 3443: 3418: 3393: 3368: 3345: 3261: 3202: 3177: 3038: 3027: 3009: 2980: 2966: 2940: 2914: 2888: 2858: 2807: 2763: 2745: 2731: 2705: 2689:. 8 August 2006. Archived from 2675: 2649: 2623: 2597: 2575: 2483: 2458: 2429: 2353: 2331: 2073:List of road projects in the UK 2056:Transport in the United Kingdom 1959:Transport Innovation Fund (TIF) 1270:came under Roman control in 142 912:systems and automated roadside 874: 868: 866:A9 between Perth and Inverness 857: 851: 845: 834: 828: 822: 808: 802: 796: 794:Goods vehicle below 7.5 tonnes 785: 779: 773: 755: 749: 743: 725: 719: 713: 698: 692: 686: 418:. For similar reasons, certain 131: 4828:A History of British Motorways 4241:. The Treasury. Archived from 3724:"Professor Sir Colin Buchanan" 3550:A History of British Motorways 3156:Ord, Louise (15 August 2011). 2382:"FOI Request - Road numbering" 2309: 2283: 2261: 2239: 2170: 2141: 2127:(Report). Leidschendam: SWOV. 2113: 1542:pooling resources to form the 1262:Few Roman roads extended into 817:Goods vehicle over 7.5 tonnes 516:Regional destinations, on the 13: 1: 6992:Pavement performance modeling 6982:International roughness index 4762:"Decide and Provide Guidance" 3548:Charlesworth, George (1984). 3502:Roads Were Not Built For Cars 3479:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 3188:. Thomas Telford. p. 3. 3108:Campaign for Safe Road Design 3072:Campaign for Safe Road Design 2179:Department for Infrastructure 2077: 2039:Odonymy in the United Kingdom 1900:Transport and the Environment 1632:For the first time since the 1544:Roads Improvement Association 1520:John Jones (Shoni Sguborfawr) 1160:Campaign for Safe Road Design 1038:Before 14 December 2018, the 1004:has a congestion charge. The 587:Driving in the United Kingdom 6987:Present serviceability index 6781:Sidewalk / Pavement 6326:Diamond grinding of pavement 4933:Highways England network map 4845:Journal of Transport History 4338:. The Motorway Archive Trust 4114:. London: News International 4018:. The Motorway Archive Trust 3962:. The Motorway Archive Trust 3929:. Road Block. Archived from 3870:. The Motorway Archive Trust 3704:. The Motorway Archive Trust 3584:. The Motorway Archive Trust 3303:Morriss, Richard K. (2005). 3269:"The World's First Turnpike" 2976:. Scottish Parliament. 2008. 2902:. The Motorway Archive Trust 1885:recession of the early 1990s 1787: 1674: 1573: 990:Tolls and congestion charges 597:driven or ridden on the left 171:South Wales Trunk Road Agent 7: 7036:Roads in the United Kingdom 6959:Underpass / Tunnel 6954:Overpass / Flyover 6708:High-occupancy vehicle lane 6598:Driving under the influence 5672:Freeway / Motorway 5000:Roads in the United Kingdom 4938:Map of Scottish Trunk Roads 4764:. TRICS Consortium Limited. 3895:. Routledge & K. Paul. 3481:. National Library of Wales 3216:. Channel 4. Archived from 3214:Roman Occupation 43 AD-c410 2319:. Welsh Assembly Government 2049: 1948:Trans-European Road Network 1863:. This attracted the first 1553:After complaints about the 1524:David Davies (Dai'r Cantwr) 1437:Toll roads in Great Britain 1170: 10: 7052: 5886:Highway systems by country 5198:Anomalously numbered roads 4865:On roads: a hidden history 2585:. Department for Transport 2436:www.roads.org.uk - C roads 2070: 2036: 2027:Oxfordshire County Council 1927: 1791: 1710:UK Department of Transport 1577: 1430: 1297: 1198: 1165: 1100: 993: 928: 584: 580: 535: 531: 503:Southwest (disambiguation) 495:Northwest (disambiguation) 491:Northeast (disambiguation) 479:The Lakes (disambiguation) 472: 371: 335:). These numbers follow a 236: 7005: 6997:Granular base equivalency 6967: 6938: 6844: 6816:Traffic signal preemption 6661: 6621: 6583: 6425: 6414: 6266: 6224:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 6153: 6130:Single-point urban (SPUI) 6070: 6061: 5989: 5894: 5808: 5690: 5657: 5648: 5557: 5519: 5261: 5190: 5125: 5064: 5055: 5006: 3809:: 1154. 25 November 1966. 2317:"Transport - Who are we?" 2066:Roads in Northern Ireland 2032: 1658:Lancashire County Council 1548:Local Government Act 1888 1457:was introduced under the 1078:This section needs to be 816: 793: 763: 733: 706: 672: 647: 644: 641: 636: 483:Midlands (disambiguation) 106:United Kingdom parliament 6977:Pavement condition index 6703:High-occupancy toll lane 6698:Contraflow lane reversal 6673:Barrier transfer machine 5045:Gaelic-speaking Scotland 5013:Road numbering schemes: 4359:The Motorway Achievement 4213:"Better late than never" 3837:The Motorway Achievement 3452:"Rebecca Riots - Part 1" 3210:"Roman roads in Britain" 3186:The Motorway Achievement 2840:"UK fuel tax: The facts" 2687:Department for Transport 1712:by a team headed by the 1540:National Cyclists' Union 1487:Kingdom of Great Britain 974:using taxes raised from 451:Department for Transport 402:. As a further example, 5831:Express-collector setup 4867:(Profile Books, 2010). 4830:(Thomas Telford, 1984). 4810:(Pen and Sword, 2014). 4571:. RSPB. 7 November 2007 3924:"A road can be stopped" 3375:Friar, Stephen (2004). 3356:. London: UK Parliament 2156:DfT Statistical Release 1708:, was produced for the 1477:was established by the 1387:, and for transporting 1367:. They linked together 7015:Road types by features 6910:Raised pavement marker 6877:Constant-slope barrier 6801:Traffic directionality 6791:Street running railway 6214:Protected intersection 5304:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4877:49.2 (2006): 477-496. 4875:The Historical Journal 4847:27.1 (2006): 115-137. 4826:Charlesworth, George. 4649:Retrieved 17 July 2024 4596:Society - The Guardian 4164:BBC News - On This Day 3633:"Trunk Roads Homepage" 3500:Reid, Carlton (2014). 3352:UK Parliament (2021). 2008:practical driving test 1844: 1751:Greater London Council 1669:Special Roads Act 1949 1652:under construction in 1536:Cyclists' Touring Club 1450: 1201:Roman roads in Britain 1044:Second Severn Crossing 1027:has been in operation 951: 547: 521: 499:South (disambiguation) 487:North (disambiguation) 358: 69: 6872:Concrete step barrier 6209:Offset T-intersection 4820:(2017) pp:1680-1911. 4038:"History and context" 4012:"Westlink (M1 to M2)" 3730:on 28 September 2007. 3425:Mingay, G.E. (2014). 1873:M11 link road protest 1835: 1642:Minister of Transport 1606:Ministry of Transport 1526:, were convicted and 1479:Parliament of England 1465:for a section of the 1444: 954:After the end of the 938: 741:up to 12 metres long 545: 525:Regional destinations 515: 507:West (disambiguation) 475:East (disambiguation) 469:Regional destinations 345: 222:location marker posts 63: 6915:Road surface marking 6613:Single-vehicle crash 6336:Full depth recycling 6234:Seagull intersection 5213:Primary destinations 4964:The Motorway Archive 4857:15 (2005): 215-229. 4087:on 11 September 2016 3889:Adams, John (1981). 3354:"Enclosing the Land" 3081:on 22 September 2013 3050:26 July 2011 at the 2900:The Motorway Archive 2271:. Transport Scotland 2015:"decide and provide" 1808:Roads for Prosperity 1638:Trunk Roads Act 1936 1555:first tram companies 1016:and College Road in 771:12 metres or longer 453:in combination with 379:Primary destinations 368:Primary destinations 329:Great Cambridge Road 188:Transport for London 120:. There are various 6741:Pedestrian crossing 6304:Reinforced concrete 6140:Three-level diamond 5851:Two-lane expressway 5836:Farm-to-market road 5520:States with limited 4800:(Routledge, 2017). 4636:. 20 December 2023. 4448:on 26 December 2007 4442:Multi-Modal Studies 3936:on 16 February 2008 3610:on 29 December 2007 3526:"Street Tramways". 3400:Whyte, Ian (2003). 3279:on 20 February 2001 3021:15 May 2012 at the 2101:on 23 December 2008 1979:proposed a plan to 1827:predict and provide 1648:, also visited the 1409:Henry of Huntingdon 1117:Cat and Fiddle Road 1061:Road traffic safety 1025:congestion charging 980:Vehicle Excise Duty 896:central reservation 642:Single carriageway 630: 564:European Commission 459:Scottish Government 457:(for England), the 6771:Runaway truck ramp 6593:Driver's education 6381:Rubberized asphalt 6316:Crocodile cracking 6239:Split intersection 6007:Hierarchy of roads 5968:Single carriageway 4958:Pathetic Motorways 4922:(Routledge, 2019). 4909:(J. Murray, 1867) 4837:19 (1953): 37-49. 4619:September 10, 2015 4500:. House of Commons 4245:on 7 November 2007 3824:. 30 October 1969. 3639:on 17 October 2007 3462:on 12 August 2007. 3220:on 4 November 2007 2994:. 11 February 2008 2954:. 19 November 2018 2759:. 21 October 2014. 2693:on 6 February 2007 2583:"The Highway Code" 2227:on 25 October 2007 2004:driving instructor 1977:Transport Scotland 1845: 1759:Homes before Roads 1683:, now part of the 1483:Acts of Union 1707 1451: 1327:. You can help by 952: 904:increasingly uses 820:England and Wales 628: 548: 522: 505:, and 283:Non-primary A road 159:Transport Scotland 70: 7023: 7022: 6831:Wide outside lane 6657: 6656: 6634:Automotive safety 6515:Road slipperiness 6262: 6261: 6110:Diverging diamond 6057: 6056: 5973:Single-track road 5915:Bicycle boulevard 5605: 5604: 5221: 5220: 5186: 5185: 5020:Motoring taxation 4792:Benson, Bruce L. 4054:978-0-10-172262-9 3902:978-0-7100-0844-2 3511:978-0-9930057-0-1 3473:Williams, David. 3450:Griffiths, Ivor. 3436:978-0-582-25725-2 2663:on 3 January 2007 2249:. Highways Agency 2194:Missing or empty 1726:demand management 1563:33 & 34 Vict. 1559:Tramways Act 1870 1505:Act of Parliament 1463:Highways Act 1663 1459:Highways Act 1555 1345: 1344: 1268:Scottish Lowlands 1099: 1098: 1002:Dartford Crossing 925:Motoring taxation 920:Taxes and charges 888: 887: 645:Dual carriageway 571:Worboys Committee 455:National Highways 323:(now part of the 200:unitary authority 151:National Highways 118:environmentalists 102:National Highways 86:local authorities 37:are indicated in 16:(Redirected from 7043: 6867:Cat's eye (road) 6688:Complete streets 6460:Dead Man's Curve 6423: 6422: 6361:Pavement milling 6276:Asphalt concrete 6219:Quadrant roadway 6160: 6082: 6068: 6067: 6034:Street hierarchy 5682:Elevated highway 5655: 5654: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5558:Dependencies and 5262:Sovereign states 5255:Roads in Europe 5248: 5241: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5178:Northern Ireland 5117:Northern Ireland 5062: 5061: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4905:Smiles, Samuel. 4780: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4715:www.confused.com 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4336:Motorway Archive 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4083:. Archived from 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4016:Motorway Archive 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3992:on 25 April 2012 3986:Motorway Archive 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3960:Motorway Archive 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3868:Motorway Archive 3860: 3854: 3853: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3794: 3791:Traffic in Towns 3788: 3782: 3779:Traffic in Towns 3776: 3770: 3767:Traffic in Towns 3764: 3758: 3755:Traffic in Towns 3752: 3746: 3742:Traffic in Towns 3738: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3702:Motorway Archive 3694: 3685: 3684: 3681:Motorway Archive 3673: 3667: 3666: 3663:Motorway Archive 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3582:Motorway Archive 3574: 3565: 3563: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3458:. Archived from 3447: 3441: 3440: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3411:978-18622-0132-3 3397: 3391: 3390: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3074:. Archived from 3069: 3060: 3054: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2717:The Highway Code 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2609:The Highway Code 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2378: 2365: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297:on 16 March 2012 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2217: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2182: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2153: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2097:. Archived from 2091: 2023:TRICS Consortium 1924:1997–present day 1910:John MacGregor's 1896:Royal Commission 1753:for a series of 1742: 1737:Roads in England 1705:Traffic in Towns 1634:Roman occupation 1602:driving licences 1467:Great North Road 1427:Early modern era 1340: 1337: 1319: 1312: 1281: 1273: 1258: 1208: 1157: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1014:Stanstead Abbots 634:Type of vehicle 631: 627: 463:Welsh Government 408:northern England 321:Great North Road 292: 280: 268: 256: 227: 204:Northern Ireland 98:Northern Ireland 78:Roman occupation 74:British Iron Age 55:Northern Ireland 49:is in place for 47:numbering system 21: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7001: 6969: 6963: 6934: 6925:Traffic barrier 6885:F-Shape barrier 6840: 6796:Traffic calming 6756:Reversible lane 6746:Pedestrian zone 6731:Motorcycle lane 6693:Contraflow lane 6665:time allocation 6664: 6653: 6649:Underride guard 6617: 6579: 6465:Expansion joint 6427: 6417: 6410: 6396:Stamped asphalt 6258: 6189:Continuous flow 6162: 6158: 6157: 6149: 6083: 6079:grade-separated 6076: 6075: 6053: 6012:Private highway 5985: 5890: 5804: 5686: 5644: 5636: 5606: 5601: 5559: 5553: 5539:Northern Cyprus 5521: 5515: 5436:North Macedonia 5257: 5252: 5222: 5217: 5182: 5121: 5051: 5002: 4997: 4929: 4789: 4787:Further reading 4784: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4547:The Independent 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4478:on 3 March 2010 4466: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4138:BBC Southampton 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3546: 3535: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3471: 3467: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3301: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3052:Wayback Machine 3043: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3023:Wayback Machine 3014: 3010: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2876:on 16 July 2007 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2815:"Car tax rules" 2813: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2777:. UK Government 2769: 2768: 2764: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2470:Highways Agency 2464: 2463: 2459: 2455:, regulation 4. 2448: 2441: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2388:on 3 April 2007 2380: 2379: 2368: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2207: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2052: 2041: 2035: 2000:learner drivers 1964:In 2007, a new 1932: 1926: 1889:Brian Mawhinney 1796: 1790: 1740: 1677: 1627:East Lancs Road 1617:county councils 1592:brought in the 1586: 1584:driving licence 1576: 1565:c. 78), making 1439: 1429: 1411:wrote that the 1401: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1325:needs expansion 1310: 1296: 1279: 1271: 1256: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1173: 1168: 1155: 1109: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1074: 1070: 1063: 998: 992: 964:trade cart duty 960:locomotive duty 956:Turnpike trusts 933: 927: 922: 914:traffic cameras 684:up to 2 tonnes 615:UK speed limits 593: 583: 540: 534: 510: 471: 376: 370: 300: 299: 298: 297: 296: 293: 285: 284: 281: 273: 272: 269: 261: 260: 257: 248: 247: 241: 235: 225: 143: 134: 64:Motorway M1 in 35:UK speed limits 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7049: 7039: 7038: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6895:Jersey barrier 6892: 6887: 6882: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6826:Unused highway 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6806:Traffic island 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603:Drowsy driving 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6485:Level crossing 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6184:Channelization 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:3-way junction 6165: 6163: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6071: 6065: 6063:Road junctions 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6027:business route 6024: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5957: 5955:Primitive road 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5826:County highway 5823: 5821:Collector road 5818: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5795:United Kingdom 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:Czech Republic 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5659:Limited-access 5652: 5646: 5645: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5560:other entities 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5511:United Kingdom 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5324:Czech Republic 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4927:External links 4925: 4924: 4923: 4918:West, Graham. 4915: 4914: 4903: 4893: 4887:Thomas Telford 4885:Rolt, L.T. C. 4882: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4841: 4831: 4824: 4814: 4806:Bishop, M. C. 4804: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4767: 4753: 4727: 4702: 4677: 4651: 4639: 4621: 4609: 4582: 4560: 4533: 4511: 4489: 4459: 4429: 4403: 4377: 4367: 4349: 4323: 4298: 4278: 4256: 4230: 4203: 4177: 4151: 4125: 4098: 4067: 4053: 4029: 4003: 3973: 3947: 3915: 3901: 3881: 3855: 3845: 3827: 3812: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3733: 3715: 3686: 3668: 3650: 3621: 3595: 3566: 3558: 3533: 3530:. 26 May 1869. 3518: 3510: 3492: 3465: 3442: 3435: 3417: 3410: 3392: 3385: 3367: 3344: 3320: 3313: 3290: 3273:Herts Heritage 3260: 3231: 3201: 3194: 3176: 3148: 3120: 3092: 3063:Hill, Joanne. 3055: 3037: 3026: 3008: 2979: 2965: 2939: 2913: 2887: 2857: 2831: 2806: 2788: 2771:"Speed limits" 2762: 2744: 2739:"Speed limits" 2730: 2704: 2674: 2648: 2631:"Introduction" 2622: 2596: 2574: 2548: 2519: 2493: 2482: 2457: 2439: 2428: 2399: 2366: 2352: 2330: 2308: 2291:"Road details" 2282: 2260: 2238: 2205: 2169: 2140: 2133: 2112: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2037:Main article: 2034: 2031: 1925: 1922: 1869:Newbury bypass 1789: 1786: 1722:Colin Buchanan 1718:civil engineer 1681:Preston Bypass 1676: 1673: 1590:Roads Act 1920 1575: 1572: 1475:turnpike trust 1433:Turnpike trust 1428: 1425: 1421:Watling Street 1400: 1397: 1343: 1342: 1322: 1320: 1295: 1294:Medieval roads 1292: 1284:Hadrian's Wall 1196: 1193: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1097: 1096: 1077: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1059: 994:Main article: 991: 988: 929:Main article: 926: 923: 921: 918: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 791: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 761: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 704: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 680:, car-derived 670: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 643: 639: 638: 635: 582: 579: 560:miles per hour 556:European route 536:Main article: 533: 530: 470: 467: 372:Main article: 369: 366: 294: 287: 286: 282: 275: 274: 270: 263: 262: 258: 251: 250: 249: 245: 244: 243: 242: 234: 233:Classification 231: 196:county council 142: 141:Administration 139: 133: 130: 116:campaigns and 43:speed limiters 39:miles per hour 18:Primary status 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7048: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6905:Noise barrier 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Cable barrier 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6811:Traffic lanes 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751:Refuge island 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716:Living street 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6683:Climbing lane 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6585:Human factors 6582: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6550:Traffic light 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6500:Oversize load 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:Manhole cover 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6321:Crushed stone 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Michigan left 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6156:Intersections 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105:Directional T 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022:special route 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Frontage road 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Arterial road 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5800:United States 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:Types of road 5647: 5643: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Faroe Islands 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:South Ossetia 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5518: 5512: 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2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966:Planning Bill 1962: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1942:White Paper. 1941: 1937: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1905:New Scientist 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:direct action 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:Leslie Burgin 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Rebecca Riots 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:Hertfordshire 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Ermine Street 1410: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371:, towns with 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1323:This section 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Drovers' road 1301: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1276:Antonine Wall 1269: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1195:Roman Britain 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1163: 1161: 1152: 1150: 1149:Staffordshire 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1093: 1090:November 2017 1081: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 997: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 950: 946: 942: 937: 932: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 897: 893: 883: 880: 877: 871: 865: 864: 860: 854: 848: 842: 841: 837: 831: 825: 819: 815: 811: 805: 799: 792: 788: 782: 776: 770: 767:, Minibus or 766: 762: 758: 752: 746: 740: 737:, Minibus or 736: 732: 728: 722: 716: 710: 705: 701: 695: 689: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 651: 640: 632: 626: 624: 623:built-up area 620: 616: 612: 610: 606: 602: 601:Great Britain 598: 592: 588: 578: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 544: 539: 529: 526: 519: 514: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404:Scotch Corner 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 380: 375: 365: 363: 357: 354: 351: 348: 344: 342: 341:primary route 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 291: 279: 271:Primary route 267: 255: 240: 230: 223: 218: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 138: 129: 125: 123: 119: 115: 114:direct action 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 67: 62: 58: 56: 52: 51:Great Britain 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 6930:Traffic cone 6920:Rumble strip 6821:Truck bypass 6776:Shared space 6736:Passing lane 6721:Managed lane 6678:Bicycle lane 6560:Washboarding 6555:Traffic sign 6480:Hairpin turn 6249:Texas U-turn 6179:Box junction 6073:Interchanges 6017:Route number 5925:Country lane 5794: 5667:Bike freeway 5549:Transnistria 5510: 5126:B-road lists 5065:A-road lists 4999: 4919: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4874: 4864: 4863:Moran, Joe. 4854: 4844: 4834: 4827: 4817: 4807: 4797: 4793: 4770: 4756: 4744:. Retrieved 4739: 4730: 4718:. Retrieved 4714: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4690:Auto Express 4689: 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4666:. March 2018 4663: 4654: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4595: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4546: 4536: 4524:. Retrieved 4514: 4502:. Retrieved 4492: 4480:. Retrieved 4476:the original 4471: 4462: 4450:. Retrieved 4446:the original 4441: 4432: 4420:. Retrieved 4415: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4389: 4380: 4372: 4358: 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4335: 4326: 4314:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4290: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4259: 4247:. Retrieved 4243:the original 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4216: 4206: 4194:. Retrieved 4189: 4180: 4168:. Retrieved 4163: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4137: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4111: 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4085:the original 4080: 4070: 4058:. Retrieved 4044: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4015: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3985: 3976: 3964:. Retrieved 3959: 3950: 3938:. Retrieved 3931:the original 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3891: 3884: 3872:. Retrieved 3867: 3858: 3850: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3815: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3736: 3728:the original 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3701: 3698:"Statistics" 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3637:the original 3612:. Retrieved 3608:the original 3598: 3586:. Retrieved 3581: 3549: 3527: 3521: 3501: 3495: 3483:. Retrieved 3478: 3468: 3460:the original 3455: 3445: 3426: 3420: 3401: 3395: 3376: 3370: 3358:. Retrieved 3347: 3335:. Retrieved 3304: 3281:. Retrieved 3277:the original 3272: 3263: 3251:. Retrieved 3222:. Retrieved 3218:the original 3213: 3204: 3185: 3179: 3167:. Retrieved 3161: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3135:The Guardian 3133: 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3076:the original 3058: 3040: 3029: 3011: 3003: 2996:. Retrieved 2991: 2982: 2968: 2956:. Retrieved 2951: 2942: 2930:. Retrieved 2925: 2916: 2904:. Retrieved 2899: 2890: 2878:. Retrieved 2874:the original 2869: 2860: 2848:. 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Retrieved 2099:the original 2042: 2014: 2012: 1997: 1974: 1971: 1963: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1933: 1915: 1903: 1893: 1881: 1861:Twyford Down 1846: 1842:Twyford Down 1826: 1804:M25 motorway 1797: 1782:The Troubles 1767: 1763:Archway Road 1748: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1720:and planner 1703: 1701: 1678: 1666: 1662:World War II 1631: 1610: 1587: 1552: 1509: 1498: 1491: 1473:. The first 1452: 1405:Icknield Way 1402: 1369:market towns 1346: 1336:January 2008 1333: 1329:adding to it 1324: 1288: 1274:AD, and the 1261: 1242: 1232: 1222: 1204: 1174: 1153: 1134: 1114: 1110: 1087: 1079: 1048: 1037: 1023:Since 2006, 1022: 999: 966:in the 1888 963: 959: 953: 949:Great Wyrley 908:, automated 900: 892:traffic flow 889: 637:Speed limit 613: 605:Highway Code 594: 568: 549: 524: 523: 448: 381:are usually 378: 377: 361: 359: 355: 352: 349: 346: 340: 337:zonal system 301: 220:Since 2008, 219: 212: 144: 135: 132:Road network 126: 110: 71: 53:, whilst in 45:. A unified 28: 26: 6968:Performance 6900:Kassel kerb 6857:Botts' dots 6845:Demarcation 6545:Storm drain 6510:Road debris 6435:Aquaplaning 6428:environment 6416:Road safety 6294:Cobblestone 6244:Superstreet 6049:Winter road 5997:Concurrency 5990:Other terms 5981:Sunken lane 5950:Main street 5895:Local roads 5587:Isle of Man 5522:recognition 5496:Switzerland 5431:Netherlands 5191:Other lists 4602:31 December 4522:. indymedia 4482:18 November 4422:18 November 4396:18 November 4342:31 December 4223:28 December 4196:18 November 4170:18 November 4144:18 November 4118:18 November 4091:28 December 4060:18 November 4022:31 December 3996:31 December 3966:31 December 3874:18 November 3708:18 November 3643:18 November 3588:18 November 3360:5 September 3337:18 November 3283:18 November 3253:18 November 3224:28 December 2932:23 November 2906:18 November 2880:18 November 2824:18 November 2723:18 November 2697:10 February 2641:18 November 2615:18 November 2589:18 November 2567:29 December 2541:29 December 2512:29 December 2392:27 December 2345:18 November 2323:18 November 2301:18 November 2275:18 November 2253:10 December 2231:18 November 2162:14 November 2105:19 November 1936:multi-modal 1918:M3 motorway 1877:East London 1853:M3 motorway 1840:cutting at 1838:M3 motorway 1811:White Paper 1774:M1 motorway 1685:M6 motorway 1613:World War I 1598:excise duty 1528:transported 1349:Middle Ages 1300:Corpse road 1224:Camulodunum 1215:Richborough 711:or trailer 518:M5 motorway 444:Cumbernauld 396:Crianlarich 362:Expressways 315:, although 82:Middle Ages 6970:indicators 6939:Structures 6890:Guard rail 6766:Road verge 6639:Seat belts 6575:Snowsquall 6540:Speed bump 6520:Road train 6341:Glassphalt 6281:Bioasphalt 6254:Turnaround 6229:Roundabout 6159:(at-grade) 6125:Roundabout 6090:Cloverleaf 5945:Green lane 5881:Trunk road 5809:Main roads 5692:By country 5466:San Marino 5426:Montenegro 5406:Luxembourg 5386:Kazakhstan 5289:Azerbaijan 5035:Road signs 4575:8 November 4553:8 November 4526:13 January 4504:16 January 4271:8 November 4249:8 November 3940:8 November 3908:7 November 3614:23 January 3485:12 January 3104:(Word DOC) 2998:15 October 2958:13 January 2196:|url= 2078:References 2071:See also: 2044:Road names 1928:See also: 1849:John Major 1792:See also: 1778:oil crisis 1697:Berrygrove 1578:See also: 1431:See also: 1393:graveyards 1385:Walsingham 1383:, such as 1298:See also: 1249:Gloucester 1244:Viroconium 1219:Colchester 1211:Chichester 1199:See also: 1177:Shrewsbury 1101:See also: 1010:Birmingham 941:toll plaza 910:in-vehicle 906:speed guns 678:motorcycle 585:See also: 327:) and the 237:See also: 6761:Road diet 6663:Space and 6608:Road rage 6495:Oil spill 6455:Crosswind 6445:Black ice 6440:Avalanche 6366:Permeable 6199:Jughandle 6194:Hook turn 6100:Free-flow 6044:Toll road 5963:Side road 5920:Boulevard 5876:Super two 5871:Ring road 5846:Link road 5745:Hong Kong 5700:Australia 5642:hierarchy 5577:Gibraltar 5401:Lithuania 5208:Motorways 5203:Junctions 4452:1 January 4112:The Times 3822:The Times 3528:The Times 3169:16 August 3113:1 October 3085:1 October 2850:5 January 2819:Directgov 2781:27 August 2421:1 January 1993:Inverness 1975:In 2011, 1898:report, " 1788:1979–1997 1714:architect 1675:1950–1979 1594:Road Fund 1574:1900–1950 1532:Australia 1501:enclosing 1494:mortgages 1417:Fosse Way 1379:visiting 1308:Salt road 1181:Geldeston 1139:from the 1130:Wakefield 1033:in Durham 1029:in London 976:fuel duty 972:Road Fund 707:Car with 648:Motorway 611:applies. 424:sea ports 416:A66 roads 388:Llangurig 208:DfI Roads 66:Yorkshire 7030:Category 6949:Causeway 6786:Shoulder 6622:Vehicles 6570:Whiteout 6530:Rockfall 6525:Roadkill 6450:Bleeding 6426:Road and 6386:Sealcoat 6311:Corduroy 6299:Concrete 6289:Chipseal 6268:Surfaces 6120:Raindrop 5935:Driveway 5930:Dead end 5910:Backroad 5861:2+2 road 5856:2+1 road 5780:Portugal 5770:Pakistan 5597:Svalbard 5582:Guernsey 5529:Abkhazia 5481:Slovenia 5476:Slovakia 5451:Portugal 5309:Bulgaria 5007:Articles 4899:(2023) 4802:abstract 4746:10 April 4740:BBC News 4720:10 April 4695:10 April 4670:10 April 4634:BBC News 4549:. London 4416:BBC News 4390:BBC News 4316:11 March 4217:BBC News 4190:BBC News 3163:BBC News 3141:16 March 3048:Archived 3019:Archived 2992:BBC News 2952:BBC News 2926:BBC News 2844:BBC News 2757:BBC News 2667:30 March 2561:BBC News 2535:BBC News 2506:BBC News 2415:BBC News 2187:cite web 2050:See also 2019:Net Zero 1989:Aberdeen 1987:between 1894:A major 1859:through 1823:bypasses 1755:ringways 1691:between 1650:autobahn 1622:bypasses 1377:pilgrims 1264:Scotland 1239:Wroxeter 1171:Iron Age 1145:Tamworth 1126:Barnsley 1124:between 962:and the 552:European 461:and the 420:airports 400:Scotland 331:(modern 259:Motorway 163:Scotland 90:Scotland 6852:Bollard 6836:Woonerf 6565:Washout 6505:Pothole 6418:factors 6406:Texture 6376:Plastic 6356:Macadam 6145:Trumpet 6095:Diamond 5866:Parkway 5841:Highway 5755:Ireland 5735:Germany 5725:Croatia 5705:Belgium 5506:Ukraine 5456:Romania 5416:Moldova 5374:Ireland 5369:Iceland 5364:Hungary 5354:Germany 5349:Georgia 5339:Finland 5334:Estonia 5329:Denmark 5314:Croatia 5299:Belgium 5294:Belarus 5284:Austria 5279:Armenia 5274:Andorra 5269:Albania 5030:Odonymy 5025:Driving 4889:(1958) 3806:Autocar 3516:, p.131 1857:cutting 1819:billion 1654:Germany 1455:England 1447:Lazonby 1389:corpses 1381:shrines 1373:bridges 1229:Lincoln 1191:tribe. 1185:Norfolk 1166:History 1080:updated 1018:Dulwich 1006:M6 Toll 945:M6 Toll 943:on the 709:caravan 581:Driving 532:Signage 440:Chatham 432:tunnels 428:bridges 155:England 6945:Bridge 6629:Airbag 6401:Tarmac 6346:Gravel 6174:Bowtie 6115:Parclo 6039:Stroad 6002:Detour 5977:Street 5905:Avenue 5790:Taiwan 5775:Poland 5740:Greece 5715:Canada 5710:Brazil 5592:Jersey 5534:Kosovo 5501:Turkey 5491:Sweden 5471:Serbia 5461:Russia 5446:Poland 5441:Norway 5421:Monaco 5391:Latvia 5359:Greece 5344:France 5319:Cyprus 4911:online 4891:online 4879:online 4869:online 4859:online 4849:online 4839:online 4822:online 4812:online 4664:GOV.UK 4365: 4051: 3899: 3843: 3556: 3508: 3433: 3408: 3383: 3311: 3192: 2775:UK Gov 2719:. 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