Controlled burn - Knowledge

448: 482: 698: 4300: 109: 239: 84: 413: 404: 56: 281:, among other fire-adapted conifer species, depends on fire to reproduce. The cones are pyriscent so they will only open after exposed to a certain temperature. This reduces competition for the giant sequoia seedlings because the fire has cleared non fire-adapted, competing species. Pyriscent species benefit from moderate-intensity fires in older stands however, climate change is causing more frequent high intensity fires in North America. Controlled burns can manage the fire cycle and the intensity of regenerate fires in forests with pyriscent species like the boreal forest in Canada. 663:, getting out of control and merging. The conflict of controlled burn policy in the United States has roots in historical campaigns to combat wildfires and to the eventual acceptance of fire as a necessary ecological phenomenon. Following colonization of North America, the US used fire suppression laws to eradicate the indigenous practice of prescribed fire. This was done against scientific evidence that supported prescribed burns as a natural process. At the loss to the local environment, colonies utilized fire suppression in order to benefit the logging industry. 628:, there was an increase in the intensity and scale of wildfires after local bylaws restricted the use of controlled burns. In 2017, following one of the worst years for wildfire in the province's history, indigenous leadership and public service members wrote an independent report that suggested returning to the traditional use of prescribed burns to manage understory fuel from wildfires. The government of British Columbia responded by committing to using controlled burns as a wildfire management tool. 494:

Boss can determine how the direction of both flames and smoke and plan their lines of fire accordingly. Once the ignition phase has ended in a section, the suppression team "mops up" by using suppression packs to suppress smoldering material. Other tools used for suppression are RTVs equipped with a water tank and a pump and hose that is installed in a nearby body of water. Finally, once the mop up has finished, the Burn Boss declares the controlled burn over and local fire authorities are notified.

4328: 312: 5296: 4368: 4286: 544: 5344: 4378: 98: 4356: 4314: 5332: 5320: 4272: 342:, as a part of field preparation for planting. Often called field burning, this technique is used to clear the land of any existing crop residue as well as kill weeds and weed seeds. Field burning is less expensive than most other methods such as herbicides or tillage, but because it produces smoke and other fire-related pollutants, its use is not popular in agricultural areas bounded by residential housing. 5308: 4342: 290:

consumes the eucalypt adults, but most of the seeds survive using the ash as a source of nutrients. At their rate of growth, they quickly dominate the land and a new, like-aged eucalyptus forest grows. Other tree species like poplar can easily regenerate after a fire into a like-aged stand from a vast root system that is protected from fires because it is underground.

601:, fire is a living being that has the power to change landscapes through both destruction and the regrowth and return of life following a fire. Human beings are also inexorably tied to the land they live on as stewards who maintain the ecosystems around them. Because fire can reveal dormant seedlings, it is a land management tool. Fire was a part of the landscapes of 270:, perpetuates fire dependent species and improves accessibility. To improve the application of prescribed burns for conservation goals, which may involve mimicking historical or natural fire regimes, scientists assess the impact of variation in fire attributes. Parameters measured are fire frequency, intensity, severity, patchiness, spatial scale and phenology. 64: 567:. One is natural, mainly through lightning, and the other is human activity. Controlled burns have a long history in wildland management. Fire has been used by humans to clear land since the Neolithic period. Fire history studies have documented regular wildland fires ignited by indigenous peoples in North America and 439:, burning should be restricted to daylight hours whenever possible. Furthermore, in temperate climates, it is important to burn grasslands and prairies before native species begin growing for the season so that only non-native species, which send up shoots earlier in the spring, are affected by the fire. 685:

Tensions around fire prevention continue to rise due to the increasing prevalence of climate change. As drought conditions worsen, North America has been facing an abundance of destructive wildfires. Since 1988, many states have made progress toward controlled burns. In 2021, California increased the

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can result in a long-term cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. One working example is the West Arnhem Fire Management Agreement, started to bring "strategic fire management across 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) of Western Arnhem Land" to partially offset greenhouse gas

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Native grassland species in North America and Australia are adapted to survive occasional low intensity fires. Controlled burns in prairie ecosystems mimic low intensity fires that shift the composition of plants from non-native species to native species. These controlled burns occur during the early

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Fire suppression has changed the composition and ecology of North American habitats, including highly fire-dependent ecosystems such as oak savannas and canebrakes, which are now critically endangered habitats on the brink of extinction. In the Eastern United States, fire-sensitive trees such as the

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During ignition, the Burn Boss relays information about the fire (flame length, flame height, the percent of ground that has been blackened) to the Communications Officer who documents this information. The Communications Officer relays information about the wind speed and wind direction so the Burn

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Head fires, that burn with the prevailing wind, are used between two firebreaks because head fires will burn more intensely and move faster than a back burn. Head fires are used when a back burn would move too slowly through the fuel either because the fuel moisture is high or the wind speed is low.

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Back burning or a back fire is the term given to the process of lighting vegetation in such a way that it has to burn against the prevailing wind. This produces a slower moving and more controllable fire. Controlled burns utilize back burning during planned fire events to create a "black line" where

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Health and safety, protecting personnel, preventing the fire from escaping and reducing the impact of smoke are the most important considerations when planning a controlled burn. While the most common driver of fuel treatment is the prevention of loss of human life and structures, certain parameters

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occurred, which significantly politicized fire management. The ensuing media coverage was a spectacle that was vulnerable to misinformation. Reports drastically inflated the scale of the fires which disposed politicians in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana to believe that all fires represented a loss of

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it. Broadcast burns tend to have lower temperatures and will not harm the soil as much as pile burning, though steps can be taken to treat the soil after a burn. In lop and scatter burning, slash is left to compact over time, or is compacted with machinery. This produces a lower intensity fire, as

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In Ontario, Canada, controlled burns are regulated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and only trained personnel can plan and ignite controlled burns within Ontario's fire regions or if the Ministry of Natural Resources in involved in any aspect of planning a controlled burn. The team performing

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displaced indigenous people from lands that were controlled with fire and prohibited from conducting traditional controlled burns. After wildfires began increasing in scale and intensity in the 20th century, fire control authorities in began reintroducing controlled burns and indigenous leadership

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until early colonial rule restricted indigenous culture in across Canada. During colonization, large scale forest fires were caused by sparks from railroads and fire was used to clear land for agriculture use. The public perception of forest fires was positive because the cleared land represented

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or mountain ash of Australia also shows a unique evolution with fire, quickly replacing damaged buds or stems in the case of danger. They also carry their seeds in capsules which can be deposited at any time of the year . During a wildfire, the capsules drop nearly all of their seeds and the fire

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to be reared for shooting. The peat-lands are some of the largest carbon sinks in the UK, providing an immensely important ecological service. The governments has restricted burning to the area but hunters have been continuing to set the moors ablaze, releasing a large amount of carbon into the

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prior to the establishment of colonial law and fire suppression. Native Americans frequently used fire to manage natural environments in a way that benefited humans and wildlife in forests and grasslands by starting low-intensity fires that released nutrients for plants, reduced competition for

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Controlled burns reduce the amount of understory fuel so when a wildfire enters the area, a controlled burn site can reduce the intensity of the fire or prevent the fire from crossing the area entirely. A controlled burn prior to the wildfire season can protect infrastructure and communities or

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Furthermore, controlled fire can be used for site preparation when mechanized treatments are not possible because of terrain that prevents equipment access. Species variation and competition can drastically increase a few years after fuel treatments because of the increase in soil nutrients and

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The suppression of natural fire events may represent the greatest threat to the Louisiana pine snake in recent years, decreasing both the quantity and quality of habitat available to pine snakes. The longleaf-pine savannah forest evolved as a fire-climax community, adapted to the occurrence of

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On the day of the controlled burn, personnel meet with the Burn Boss and discuss the tactics being used for ignition and suppression, health and safety precautions, fuel moisture levels and the weather (wind direction, wind speed, temperature and precipitation) for the day. On site, local fire

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land for livestock and to prevent larger fires when the grass is drier and the weather is hotter. In the past few decades, the practice of burning savanna has decreased because rain has become inadequate and unpredictable, there are more frequent occurrences of large accidental fires and

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the prescribed burn is divided into several roles; the Burn Boss, Communications, Suppression and Ignition. The planning process begins by submitting an application to a local fire management office and after approval, applicants must submit a burn plan several weeks prior to ignition.

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are canisters filled with fuel and a wick at the end that is used to ignite the lines of fire. Safe zones are established to ensure personnel know where the fire cannot cross either because of natural barriers like bodies of water or human-made barriers like tilled earth.

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The use of controlled burns in North America ended in the early 20th century, when federal fire policies were enacted with the goal of suppressing all fires. Since 1995, the US Forest Service has slowly incorporated burning practices into its forest management policies.

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control authorities are notified by telephone about the controlled burn while the rest of the team members fill drip torches with pre-mixed fuel, fill suppression packs with water and put up barricades and signage to prevent pedestrian access to the controlled burn.

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fire cannot burn through. Back burning or backfiring is also done to stop a wildfire that is already in progress. Firebreaks are also used as an anchor point to start a line of fires along natural or man-made features such as a river, road or a bulldozed clearing.

1705: 388:, Australia. Deliberately starting controlled burns early in the dry season results in a mosaic of burnt and unburnt country which reduces the area of stronger, late dry season fires; it is also known as "patch burning". 2731: 2493:

R.A. Bradstock; M. Bedward; B.J. Kenny; J. Scott (1998). "Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia".

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revenue from tourism. Paramount to the new action plans is the suppression of fires that threaten the loss of human life with leniency toward areas of historic, scientific, or special ecological interest.

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from forestry operations. Broadcast burning is the burning of scattered slash over a wide area. Pile burning is gathering up the slash into piles before burning. These burning piles may be referred to as

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Mirra, Inês M.; Oliveira, Tiago M.; Barros, Ana M.G.; Fernandes, Paulo M. (2017). "Fuel dynamics following fire hazard reduction treatments in blue gum ( Eucalyptus globulus ) plantations in Portugal".

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Shoemaker, Cory M. (2018). "Environmental and landscape factors affecting the continued suppression of canebrakes (Arundinaria gigantea, Poaceae) within restorations of bottomland hardwood forests".

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Antar, Mohammed; Lyu, Dongmei; Nazari, Mahtab; Shah, Ateeq; Zhou, Xiaomin; Smith, Donald L. (2021). "Biomass for a sustainable bioeconomy: An overview of world biomass production and utilization".

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The notion of fire as a tool had somewhat evolved by the late 1970s as the National Park Service authorized and administered controlled burns. Following prescribed fire reintroduction, the

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Havrilla, Caroline A.; Faist, Akasha M.; Barger, Nichole N. (2017). "Understory Plant Community Responses to Fuel-Reduction Treatments and Seeding in an Upland Piñon-Juniper Woodland".

648:, leading to a 23-car collision in which 7 people died and 37 were injured. This resulted in more scrutiny of field burning and proposals to ban field burning in the state altogether. 621:

in Ontario began conducting prescribed burns on forested land which led to the created of a prescribed burn program as well as training and regulation for controlled burns in Ontario.

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began requiring a permit for farmers to burn their fields in 1981, but the requirements became stricter in 1988 following a multi-car collision in which smoke from field burning near

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spring before native plants begin actively growing, when soil moisture is higher and when the fuel load on the ground is low to ensure that the controlled burn remains low intensity.

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Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in Northern Australia savannas : rekindling the Wurrk tradition / editors: Jeremy Russell-Smith, Peter Whitehead, Peter Cooke

364:, unregulated burning of agricultural waste is a major problem. Smoke from these fires leads to degradation in environmental quality in these states and the surrounded area. 171:

Controlled burns are conducted during the cooler months to reduce fuel buildup and decrease the likelihood of more dangerous, hotter fires. Controlled burning stimulates the

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Scott L. Stephens; Robert E. Martin; Nicholas E. Clinton (2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands".

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Transactions of the 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference; 1998 March 20–25; Orlando, Fl. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute: 402–414

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By Peter J. Murphy. (Edmonton: Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, 1985. xiii + 408 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, appendix, index. Paper $ 15.00 Canadian.)"

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The risk of fatal fires that stem from burning slash can also be reduced by proactively reducing ground fuels before they can create a fuel ladder and begin an active

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A controlled burn in Niagara Falls, Ontario where the Burn Boss is watching a back fire (lit first and in the background) move towards a head fire (in the foreground)

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began implementing small prescribed burns however, the scale of wildfires each year outpaces the acreage of land that is intentionally burnt. In the late 1980s, the

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In the European Union, burning crop stubble after harvest is used by farmers for plant health reasons under several restrictions in cross-compliance regulations.

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of Oregon and Idaho have been moving to reduce the shifting of capital from fire prevention to fire suppression following the harsh fires of 2017 in both states.

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Another method to increase the speed of a back burn is to use a flank fire which is lit at right angles to the prevailing wind and spreads in the same direction.

2857: 2840: 3141: 2295: 3686: 5223: 2938:"Under the guise of science: how the US Forest Service deployed settler colonial and racist logics to advance an unsubstantiated fire suppression agenda" 535:. Predictions show thinned forests lead to a reduction in fire intensity and flame lengths of forest fires compared to untouched or fire-proofed areas. 140:

is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape. The purpose could be for

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swailing or a burn-off. In industrialized countries, controlled burning regulations and permits are usually overseen by fire control authorities.

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are managed by burning in a practice known as muirburn. This kills trees and grasses, preventing natural succession, and generates the mosaic of

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Beese, W.J., Blackwell, B.A., Green, R.N. & Hawkes, B.C. (2006). "Prescribed burning impacts on some coastal British Columbia ecosystems."

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Christianson, Amy Cardinal; Sutherland, Colin Robert; Moola, Faisal; Gonzalez Bautista, Noémie; Young, David; MacDonald, Heather (2022-09-01).

1456:"Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron Giganteum [Taxodiacea]) Seedling Survival and Growth in the First Four Decades Following Managed Fires" 1733: 2662: 1594: 5141: 3725: 3183: 2585: 1239: 221:

and has been used by indigenous people across the world for millennia to promote biodiversity and cultivate wild crops. Colonial law in

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Smit, Izak P. J.; Asner, Gregory P.; Govender, Navashni; Vaughn, Nicholas R.; van Wilgen, Brian W. (October 2016). Kardol, Paul (ed.).

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cultivated species, and consumed excess flammable material that otherwise would eventually fuel high-intensity, catastrophic fires.

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Mueller, Stephanie E.; Thode, Andrea E.; Margolis, Ellis Q.; Yocom, Larissa L.; Young, Jesse D.; Iniguez, Jose M. (2020-03-15).

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Whelan, Robert J. (December 2002). "Managing Fire Regimes for Conservation and Property Protection: an Australian Response".

3696: 3036: 5131: 992: 924: 481: 3313: 1755: 1382: 4978: 4779: 4625: 4479: 3387: 3345: 1869:"Refining thresholds in coupled fire–vegetation models to improve management of encroaching woody plants in grasslands" 1368:"Guidance for the controlled burning of heather, grass and other moorland, in Scotland and other moorland, in Scotland" 893: 823: 3117: 2855: 2838: 1127: 1102: 3619: 3599: 3266:

BC-X-403. Victoria B.C.: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre. Retrieved from:

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Ditomaso, Joseph M.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Allen, Edith B.; Minnich, Ralph; Rice, Peter M.; Kyser, Guy B. (June 2006).

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mitigate risks associated with many dead standing trees such as after a pest infestation when forest fuels are high.

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Twidwell, Dirac; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Taylor, Charles A.; Rogers, William E. (June 2013). Kardol, Paul (ed.).

5395: 5335: 5218: 4489: 4276: 1820:"An examination of the potential efficacy of high-intensity fires for reversing woody encroachment in savannas" 1471: 432:

can also be changed to promote biodiversity and to rearrange the age of a stand or the assemblage of species.

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Understory fuel load and structure eight to nine years after prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine forests

1383:"Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management – A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests" 894:"Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management - A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests" 652: 5375: 5233: 5228: 5208: 1677: 524: 436: 59:

Prescribed fire in ponderosa pine forest in eastern Washington, United States, to restore ecosystem health

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Lohmann, Dirk; Tietjen, Britta; Blaum, Niels; Joubert, David Francois; Jeltsch, Florian (August 2014).

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number of trained personnel to perform controlled burns and created more accessibility for landowners.

385: 35: 3287: 3273: 697: 5370: 4963: 4494: 4051: 3871: 3740: 3401: 3318: 667: 124:. In South Africa controlled burns are important for maintaining the ecological health of indigenous 117: 83: 1501: 5323: 5281: 4998: 4892: 4804: 4530: 4190: 3876: 3484: 3449: 1780: 346: 196: 3826: 3223:"Traditional fire management: historical fire regimes and land use change in pastoral East Africa" 349:, with the aim of improving the balance of woody plants and grasses in shrublands and grasslands. 156:

and fuels through burn piles. Controlled burns may also be referred to as hazard reduction burning

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Many trees depend on fire as a way to clear out other plant species and release their seeds. The

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Bowman, D.M.; Perry, G.L.; Higgins, S.I.; Johnson, C.N.; Fuhlendorf, S.D.; Murphy, B.P. (2016).

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With controlled burns, there is also a risk that the fires get out of control. For example, the

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taming the wilderness to an urban populace. The conservation movement, which was spearheaded by

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Scott L. Stephens; Lawrence W. Ruth (2005). "Federal Forest-Fire Policy in the United States".

645: 145: 1367: 1246: 1158:"Understory vascular plant responses to retention harvesting with and without prescribed fire" 5299: 5151: 4733: 4499: 4400: 4304: 4290: 3961: 3008: 2605:"The right to burn: barriers and opportunities for Indigenous-led fire stewardship in Canada" 381: 3898: 1726: 659:, was started by two distinct instances of controlled burns, which had both been set by the 334:

In the developing world, the use of controlled burns in agriculture is often referred to as

187:, controlled burns shift the species assemblage to primarily native grassland species. Some 5192: 5146: 5033: 4570: 4565: 4464: 4180: 3920: 3861: 3831: 3701: 3489: 3073: 2762: 2541: 2503: 2459: 2368: 2310: 2222: 2059: 1970: 1929: 1918:"Prescribed fire as a tool for managing shrub encroachment in semi-arid savanna rangelands" 1880: 1831: 1595:"Trees have evolved to adapt to disturbance and site condition for success in regeneration" 1420: 1339: 1073: 787: 412: 403: 339: 55: 8: 5051: 4907: 4897: 4764: 4693: 4673: 4381: 3752: 3569: 3537: 3062:"Climate relationships with increasing wildfire in the southwestern US from 1984 to 2015" 2889: 2394: 2193: 870: 674:

There is still a debate amongst policy makers about how to deal with wildfires. Senators

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red maple are increasing in number, at the expense of fire-tolerant species like oaks.

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In East Africa, bird densities increased months after controlled burning had occurred.

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in Ontario, caused a ban on all fires, both natural wild fires and intentional fires.

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Franklin, Caroline M.A.; Nielsen, Scott E.; Macdonald, S. Ellen (September 2019).

4948: 4917: 4902: 4698: 4580: 4525: 4459: 4439: 4257: 4115: 4100: 3956: 3903: 3886: 3589: 3557: 3479: 3464: 3439: 3295: 3281: 3086: 3061: 2861: 2844: 2553: 2380: 2200: 1706:"Addressing the New Normal: 21st Century Disaster Management in British Columbia" 1201: 877: 520: 503: 329: 267: 2708: 1785:

Proceedings of the Annual Congresses of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa

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Firefighters light, then extinguish a controlled burn in response to the 2020

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A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System

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Assessing the impact of prescribed burning on the growth of European pines

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Waters, David A.; Burrows, Geoffrey E.; Harper, John D. I. (April 2010).

1202:"The use of prescribed fire in the management of Canada's forested lands" 762: 598: 594: 172: 113: 89: 76: 2603:

Hoffman, Kira; Christianson, Amy; Dickson-Hoyle, Sarah (31 March 2022).

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Gregory, Nathan C.; Sensenig, Ryan L.; Wilcove, David S. (2010-11-11).

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Technique to reduce potential fuel for wildfire through managed burning

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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fuel management. A controlled burn may also refer to the intentional

121: 68: 3238: 1085: 1031: 97: 5177: 5172: 5013: 4585: 4484: 4185: 4155: 4150: 4110: 4056: 4046: 3966: 3354: 2102: 748: 717:(heather) of different ages which allows very large populations of 564: 486: 256: 204: 149: 31: 993:"Fire as Medicine: Learning from Native American Fire Stewardship" 447: 4175: 4071: 4041: 4036: 4024: 4014: 3999: 3552: 3022: 1063: 743: 735: 714: 602: 508: 376: 357: 263: 218: 4355: 2912:"The Government Set a Colossal Wildfire. What Are Victims Owed?" 2602: 2419: 2138:

Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Whitehead, Peter J; Cooke, Peter (2009),

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For the controlled burns managed by Aboriginal Australians, see

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Julie E. Korb; Nancy C. Johnson; W. W. Covington (March 2004).

2116:. Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre. Archived from 2007:"Emission of Air Pollutants from Crop Residue Burning in India" 1454:

Shellhammer, Howard S.; Shellhammer, Thomas H. (October 2006).

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Firing the woods in a South Carolina forest with a custom made

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Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada.

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Guidelines for Low Intensity Bushfire Hazard Reduction Burning

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Palmer, W. E.; Engstrom, R. T.; Brennan, L. A. (2011-06-16).

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History of Forest and Prairie Fire Control Policy in Alberta.

967:"A 350-million-year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers" 30:"Back-burn" redirects here. For the village in Scotland, see 3161:"Friends of the Earth sparks moorland burning investigation" 2357: 338:. In industrialized nations, it is seen as one component of 315:

Northern California fire crews start a backfire to stop the

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Two Billion Trees and Counting: The Legacy of Edmund Zavitz

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Stubbendieck, James; Volesky, Jerry; Ortmann, John (1998).

512: 252: 210: 188: 180: 176: 63: 2644: 1915: 1756:"State of Oregon: Smoke and Field Burning – Field Burning" 1643: 922: 502:

There are several different methods used to burn piles of

3059: 2192:

Guidelines for Low Intensity Brush Fire Hazard Reduction

1472:

10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[342:gssgts]2.0.co;2

1274: 3037:"Wyden renews call for Congress to fix wildfire funding" 1155: 547:

Airplane in Western Australia performing aerial ignition

2131: 1817: 3159:

Shrubsole, Guy; Cameron, Alasdair (24 February 2019).

2194:

http://www.hillside.rfsa.org.au/lowintensityhrburn.pdf

2045: 1678:"Prescribed burns reduce wildfire risks | BC Gov News" 1453: 854:"Burn-off rule change upsets Adelaide Hills residents" 2005:

Jain, Niveta; Bhatia, Arti; Pathak, Himanshu (2014).

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mineral layers which increases seedling vitality. In

3004:

Yellowstone in the Afterglow: Lessons from the Fires

2527: 2525: 1727:"Homeland Security Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2009" 345:

Prescribed fires are broadly used in the context of

262:, controls competing vegetation, helps control tree 1552: 1410: 1195: 1193: 1103:"Canada – The Impact of Fire-exclusion Legislation" 925:"Control of Invasive Weeds with Prescribed Burning" 551:Aerial ignition is a type of controlled burn where 3314:Savanna Oak Foundation article on controlled burns 2164:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (May 2019). 1954: 128:as well as reducing the intensity of future burns. 3309:U.S. National Park Service Prescribed Fire Policy 2522: 5362: 3158: 2004: 1524: 1190: 3319:The Nature Conservancy's Global Fire Initiative 2663:"Barrens and Savannas communities of Wisconsin" 2289: 2287: 463: 3272:Casals P, Valor T, Besalú A, Molina-Terrén D. 4408: 3339: 2596: 1734:United States Department of Homeland Security 751:government policies prevent burning savanna. 528:long as the slash is not packed too tightly. 5142:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 3206:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2284: 1325: 1240:"Louisiana Pine Snake: (Pituophis ruthveni)" 3182:Dowler, Emma Howard, Crispin (2022-05-30). 2697:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 1646:"Grassland Management with Prescribed Fire" 1199: 370: 4974:International Association of Fire Fighters 4415: 4401: 3346: 3332: 2990:. U.S. National Park Service. p. 186. 2114:Tropical Savannas CRC, Savanna Information 1263:frequent, but low-intensity, ground fires. 1200:Weber, M. G.; Taylor, S. W. (1992-06-01). 1107:International Association of Wildland Fire 1009: 722:atmosphere and destroying native habitat. 638:Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 3286:Valor T, González-Olabarria JR, Piqué M. 3085: 2790: 2729: 2694: 2620: 2110:"West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement Project" 2022: 1892: 1843: 1570: 1351: 1302: 1292: 1173: 896:. Bugwood.org. 2003-03-24. Archived from 783:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 655:, the largest wildfire in the history of 5381:Habitat management equipment and methods 2420:Rachel G. Schneider; Deborah Breedlove. 1958:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1778: 1653:University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension 696: 542: 480: 446: 310: 293: 237: 107: 96: 82: 62: 54: 3023:"Forest Service Wilderness Fire Policy" 2985: 2935: 2445: 1675: 964: 14: 5363: 3227:International Journal of Wildland Fire 3181: 3000: 2909: 2813: 2212: 1719: 1703: 1134:. Treesearch.fs.fed.us. Archived from 1097: 1095: 1059: 1057: 990: 302: 120:in South Africa bordering the city of 4396: 3327: 2981: 2979: 2883: 2730:Highfield, Craig (21 November 2018). 2262: 2260: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 1699: 1697: 1671: 1669: 1319: 497: 5307: 5132:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 3220: 2583: 2568:"Chapter Introduction: Fire Ecology" 1380: 1010:Fahnestock, George R. (1986-07-01). 986: 984: 960: 958: 918: 916: 914: 888: 886: 851: 644:, obscured the vision of drivers on 274:availability of space and sunlight. 4271: 3152: 2675: 2448:"Forest Clearance in the Stone Age" 1502:"Giant Sequoia Ecology (Chapter 5)" 1326:Mason, D.S.; Lashley, M.A. (2021). 1162:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1092: 1054: 24: 4780:Self-contained breathing apparatus 4480:Firefighter assist and search team 3256: 2976: 2678:"The loss of the great canebrakes" 2257: 2146: 1694: 1666: 1527:"Information archivée dans le Web" 1413:Rangeland Ecology & Management 1360: 538: 442: 352:In Northern-India, especially, In 25: 5407: 3620:Global Forest Information Service 3302: 2472:10.1038/scientificamerican0356-36 2003:This review cites this research. 1779:Trollope, W.S.W. (January 1980). 981: 955: 911: 883: 511:. High temperatures can harm the 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5295: 5294: 4505:Fire department ranks by country 4422: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4354: 4340: 4326: 4312: 4298: 4284: 4270: 3268:http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2740 2684:. UNC Charlotte Urban Institute. 2446:Iversen, Johannes (March 1956). 2323:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00304.x 2235:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.02091.x 2072:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01533.x 2011:Aerosol and Air Quality Research 1128:"Whither wildlife without fire?" 631: 575: 411: 402: 5386:Agriculture and the environment 5343: 4979:International Firefighters' Day 4939:Candidate Physical Ability Test 4377: 3214: 3175: 3134: 3110: 3053: 3029: 3015: 2994: 2936:Vinyeta, Kirsten (2021-10-12). 2929: 2903: 2888:. Eugene Weekly. Archived from 2877: 2866: 2849: 2832: 2807: 2742: 2723: 2688: 2669: 2655: 2637: 2584:Sten, Michaela (12 July 2020). 2577: 2560: 2486: 2439: 2413: 2387: 2351: 2268:"Prescribed burns | ontario.ca" 2206: 2186: 2039: 1948: 1909: 1860: 1811: 1772: 1748: 1637: 1612: 1587: 1546: 1518: 1494: 1447: 1404: 1374: 1268: 1232: 1149: 1119: 852:Gage, Nicola (25 August 2016). 734:conduct traditional burning in 375:Controlled burns on Australian 50:Control of fire by early humans 4490:Special operations firefighter 3118:"Bill Text – AB-642 Wildfires" 2910:Romero, Simon (21 June 2022). 1942:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.04.003 1003: 991:Palmer, Jane (29 March 2021). 864: 845: 816: 799: 563:There are two basic causes of 323: 34:. For the Canadian group, see 13: 1: 5029:Wildfire emergency management 4596:Hazardous materials apparatus 3066:Forest Ecology and Management 2954:10.1080/23251042.2021.1987608 2534:Forest Ecology and Management 2516:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00170-5 2427:. Georgia Forestry Commission 2361:Forest Ecology and Management 2173:Ministry of Natural Resources 1797:10.1080/00725560.1980.9648907 965:Tianhua, He (December 2015). 793: 653:Calf Canyon/Hermits Peak Fire 619:Ministry of Natural Resources 5391:Forestry and the environment 3353: 3296:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.002 3282:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.050 3087:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117861 2554:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005 2422:"Fire Management Study Unit" 2381:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.016 1922:Journal of Arid Environments 1713:BC Flood and Wildfire Review 555:are released from aircraft. 464:Grassland or prairie burning 393: 7: 5004:World Police and Fire Games 4959:Fire protection engineering 2709:10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00011.1 1624:Mongabay Environmental News 756: 251:Controlled burning reduces 246: 10: 5412: 5252:Glossary of wildfire terms 4984:List of firefighting films 4432:Personnel and organization 3731:Growth and yield modelling 3122:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 2860:September 5, 2006, at the 2843:September 3, 2006, at the 2775:10.1007/s40725-022-00168-9 2395:"What is aerial ignition?" 1983:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110691 1873:Journal of Applied Ecology 1824:Journal of Applied Ecology 1559:American Journal of Botany 1433:10.1016/j.rama.2017.04.002 1353:10.1186/s42408-020-00087-9 824:"What is Hazard Reduction" 558: 327: 213:is a natural part of both 47: 40: 36:Backburner (hip hop group) 29: 5290: 5269: 5244: 5201: 5160: 5042: 5021: 5012: 4964:Geography of firefighting 4931: 4803: 4624: 4556: 4513: 4495:Volunteer fire department 4430: 4305:Earth sciences portal 4291:Climate change portal 4266: 4143: 3975: 3872:Great Green Wall (Africa) 3817: 3508: 3418: 3361: 3001:Franke, Mary Ann (2000). 2615:(January 2022): 464–481. 2024:10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0031 1020:Journal of Forest History 977:– via ResearchGate. 725: 689: 668:Yellowstone fires of 1988 588: 118:Helderberg Nature Reserve 5282:Template:Fire protection 4999:World Firefighters Games 4893:Gaseous fire suppression 3877:Great Green Wall (China) 3450:Close to nature forestry 3221:Butz, Ramona J. (2009). 2986:Rothman, Hal K. (2005). 2755:Current Forestry Reports 2622:10.1139/facets-2021-0062 2203:Retrieved on May 8, 2016 2166:"Prescribed Burn Manual" 828:www.hillside.rfsa.org.au 371:Greenhouse gas abatement 347:woody plant encroachment 319:from advancing westward. 116:of a controlled burn in 48:Not to be confused with 4969:History of firefighting 3911:Million Tree Initiative 2942:Environmental Sociology 2496:Biological Conservation 1894:10.1111/1365-2664.12063 1845:10.1111/1365-2664.12738 1704:Abbott, George (2017). 1066:Ecological Applications 233: 87:A prescribed burn in a 5107:Firefighting apparatus 4795:Thermal imaging camera 4775:Secure information box 4591:Firefighting apparatus 4333:Environment portal 3765:Sustainable management 3660:Trillion Tree Campaign 3163:. Friends of the Earth 1676:Forests (2019-08-12). 1294:10.1098/rstb.2015.0169 1206:The Forestry Chronicle 1175:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0288 880:Retrieved on 11-3-2009 807:"Managing Brush Fires" 702: 548: 490: 452: 320: 243: 230:into land management. 146:ecological restoration 129: 105: 94: 80: 60: 5396:Ecological techniques 5152:Wildland water tender 4734:Hydraulic rescue tool 4500:Women in firefighting 4258:Wood process engineer 3962:Urban forest inequity 2814:Bacher, John (2011). 1381:Bargeron, Charles T. 941:10.1614/WT-05-086R1.1 700: 546: 484: 450: 382:liquefied natural gas 314: 294:Grassland restoration 241: 111: 100: 86: 66: 58: 5193:Wildland fire module 5147:Wildland fire engine 5034:Wildfire suppression 4571:Fire command vehicle 4566:Airport crash tender 4465:Retained firefighter 3921:Shifting cultivation 3862:Forest fragmentation 3832:Carbon sequestration 3702:Woodland Carbon Code 3667:Forest certification 3575:Even-aged management 3490:Sustainable forestry 2884:Mortensen, Camilla. 2215:Conservation Biology 2052:Conservation Biology 788:Wildfire suppression 340:shifting cultivation 138:prescribed (Rx) burn 5376:Wildfire prevention 5052:Aerial firefighting 4908:Stop, drop and roll 4898:Multiple-alarm fire 4765:Portable water tank 4674:Fire proximity suit 3726:Formally designated 3570:Ecological thinning 3480:Plantation forestry 3388:Research institutes 3078:2020ForEM.46017861M 2767:2022CForR...8..257C 2546:2007ForEM.251..205S 2508:1998BCons..86...83B 2464:1956SciAm.194c..36I 2452:Scientific American 2373:2017ForEM.398..185M 2315:2004ResEc..12...52K 2303:Restoration Ecology 2227:2002ConBi..16.1659W 2064:2010ConBi..24.1606G 1975:2021RSERv.13910691A 1934:2014JArEn.107...49L 1885:2013JApEc..50..603T 1836:2016JApEc..53.1623S 1572:10.3732/ajb.0900158 1425:2017REcoM..70..609H 1344:2021FiEco..17a...3M 1078:2005EcoAp..15..532S 732:Maasai ethnic group 595:Anishinaabeg Nation 485:Controlled burn in 303:Wildfire management 191:, such as those of 148:, land clearing or 5092:Fire retardant gel 5077:Fire lookout tower 4750:New York roof hook 4601:Light and air unit 4538:Fire lookout tower 4445:Chief fire officer 4319:Ecology portal 3852:Forest degradation 3847:Ecosystem services 3455:Community forestry 3264:Information Report 2676:Cockman, Crystal. 2199:2019-03-12 at the 2142:, CSIRO Publishing 1736:. 2009. p. 71 1534:publications.gc.ca 1218:10.5558/tfc68324-3 971:Journal of Ecology 876:2019-03-12 at the 778:Fire-stick farming 742:to provide varied 736:savanna ecosystems 703: 553:incendiary devices 549: 498:Slash pile burning 491: 453: 321: 286:Eucalyptus regnans 244: 130: 106: 95: 81: 61: 43:Fire-stick farming 5358: 5357: 5265: 5264: 5257:List of wildfires 5117:Helicopter bucket 5112:Firefighting foam 4714:Hard suction hose 4659:Fire extinguisher 4649:Fire brigade keys 4390: 4389: 4347:Plants portal 4133:green woodworking 3148:. 5 January 2024. 2818:. Dundurn Press. 709:, large areas of 661:US Forest Service 380:emissions from a 142:forest management 103:Holmen, Wisconsin 93:stand in Portugal 16:(Redirected from 5403: 5371:Wildfire ecology 5346: 5345: 5334: 5333: 5322: 5321: 5310: 5309: 5298: 5297: 5019: 5018: 4954:Fire photography 4736:("Jaws of life") 4694:Fireman's switch 4417: 4410: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4380: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4361:Trees portal 4359: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4274: 4273: 3995:Forest gardening 3952:Timber recycling 3899:Invasive species 3787:Tree measurement 3348: 3341: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3251: 3250: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3089: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2881: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2682:ui.charlotte.edu 2673: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2624: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2339: 2333:. Archived from 2300: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2221:(6): 1659–1661. 2210: 2204: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2058:(6): 1606–1616. 2043: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2002: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1830:(5): 1623–1633. 1815: 1809: 1808: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1389:. Archived from 1378: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1306: 1296: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1251: 1245:. Archived from 1244: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1177: 1168:(9): 1087–1100. 1153: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1099: 1090: 1089: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1007: 1001: 1000: 988: 979: 978: 962: 953: 952: 920: 909: 908: 906: 905: 890: 881: 868: 862: 861: 849: 843: 842: 840: 839: 830:. Archived from 820: 814: 813: 812:. February 2017. 811: 803: 768:Cultural burning 705:In the north of 626:British Columbia 435:To minimize the 415: 406: 154:burning of slash 21: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5331: 5319: 5286: 5261: 5240: 5197: 5156: 5057:Controlled burn 5044: 5038: 5008: 4949:Fire engine red 4927: 4918:Two-in, two-out 4873:Fireman's carry 4799: 4699:Flame retardant 4620: 4581:Fire motorcycle 4552: 4526:Fire department 4509: 4460:Station officer 4440:Battalion chief 4426: 4421: 4391: 4386: 4353: 4339: 4325: 4313: 4311: 4299: 4297: 4285: 4283: 4262: 4139: 4116:spruce-pine-fir 4089:Christmas trees 3971: 3887:Illegal logging 3819: 3813: 3528:Controlled burn 3513: 3504: 3485:Social forestry 3465:Energy forestry 3445:Bamboo forestry 3440:Analog forestry 3414: 3357: 3352: 3305: 3259: 3257:Further reading 3254: 3239:10.1071/wf07067 3219: 3215: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 2999: 2995: 2984: 2977: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2886:"Blowing Smoke" 2882: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2862:Wayback Machine 2854: 2850: 2845:Wayback Machine 2837: 2833: 2826: 2812: 2808: 2747: 2743: 2728: 2724: 2693: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2649:oaksavannas.org 2643: 2642: 2638: 2601: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2530: 2523: 2491: 2487: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2211: 2207: 2201:Wayback Machine 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2147: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2044: 2040: 1953: 1949: 1914: 1910: 1865: 1861: 1816: 1812: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1708: 1702: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1674: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1519: 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5236: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5087:Fire retardant 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4913:Structure fire 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4838:Door breaching 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4790:Smoke detector 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4689:Fireman's pole 4686: 4681: 4679:Fire retardant 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4611:Rescue vehicle 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4364: 4350: 4336: 4322: 4308: 4294: 4280: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4248:Timber cruiser 4245: 4243:Shingle weaver 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4079:Rail transport 4076: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4020:pulp and paper 4017: 4012: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990:Forest farming 3987: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3938:slash-and-char 3935: 3933:slash-and-burn 3930: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3857:Forest dieback 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3500:Urban forestry 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3303:External links 3301: 3300: 3299: 3284: 3270: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3213: 3174: 3151: 3133: 3109: 3052: 3041:OregonLive.com 3028: 3014: 2993: 2975: 2948:(2): 134–148. 2928: 2916:New York Times 2902: 2876: 2865: 2848: 2831: 2824: 2806: 2761:(3): 257–276. 2741: 2736:bayjournal.com 2722: 2703:(2): 156–152. 2687: 2668: 2654: 2636: 2595: 2576: 2559: 2540:(3): 205–216. 2521: 2485: 2438: 2412: 2386: 2350: 2283: 2272:www.ontario.ca 2256: 2205: 2185: 2145: 2130: 2101: 2038: 2017:(1): 422–430. 1947: 1908: 1879:(3): 603–613. 1859: 1810: 1791:(1): 173–177. 1771: 1760:www.oregon.gov 1747: 1718: 1693: 1682:news.gov.bc.ca 1665: 1636: 1611: 1586: 1565:(4): 545–556. 1545: 1517: 1493: 1466:(4): 342–350. 1446: 1419:(5): 609–620. 1403: 1373: 1359: 1318: 1267: 1252:on 13 May 2006 1231: 1212:(3): 324–334. 1189: 1148: 1118: 1091: 1072:(2): 532–542. 1053: 1002: 980: 954: 935:(2): 535–548. 910: 882: 863: 844: 815: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 758: 755: 727: 724: 691: 688: 642:Albany, Oregon 633: 630: 613:In the 1970s, 590: 587: 577: 574: 560: 557: 540: 537: 515:, damaging it 499: 496: 465: 462: 444: 441: 425:in California. 420: 419: 410: 409: 401: 400: 399: 398: 397: 395: 392: 372: 369: 336:slash and burn 325: 322: 304: 301: 295: 292: 248: 245: 235: 232: 217:and grassland 193:lodgepole pine 71:mounted on an 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5408: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5351: 5350: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277:Template:Fire 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5219:United States 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Saint Florian 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932:Miscellaneous 4930: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:Fire triangle 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:Dead man zone 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:Heat detector 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4383: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Rubber tapper 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166:Choker setter 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005:Manufacturing 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3842:Deforestation 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3818:Environmental 3816: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719:reforestation 3717: 3715: 3714:afforestation 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3523:Arboriculture 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3475:Permaforestry 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3203: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2892:on 2011-09-03 2891: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2825:9781459701113 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2590:defenders.org 2587: 2580: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2423: 2416: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2340:on 2016-03-04 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2174: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2134: 2120:on 2012-11-27 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1600: 1599:MSU Extension 1596: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1393:on 2017-12-06 1392: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1369: 1363: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1194: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1138:on 2012-03-25 1137: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1006: 998: 994: 987: 985: 976: 972: 968: 961: 959: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 919: 917: 915: 900:on 2011-07-05 899: 895: 889: 887: 879: 875: 872: 867: 859: 855: 848: 834:on 2019-10-09 833: 829: 825: 819: 808: 802: 798: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 754: 752: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 723: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:Great Britain 699: 695: 687: 683: 681: 677: 672: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 632:United States 629: 627: 622: 620: 616: 611: 609: 608:Edmund Zavitz 604: 600: 596: 586: 582: 576:North America 573: 570: 566: 556: 554: 545: 536: 534: 529: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 495: 488: 483: 479: 476: 470: 461: 457: 449: 440: 438: 433: 424: 414: 405: 391: 389: 387: 383: 378: 368: 365: 363: 362:Uttar Pradesh 359: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 337: 331: 318: 317:Poomacha fire 313: 309: 300: 291: 288: 287: 282: 280: 279:giant sequoia 275: 271: 269: 265: 261: 258: 254: 240: 231: 228: 224: 223:North America 220: 216: 212: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 166: 161: 160: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 104: 99: 92: 91: 85: 78: 74: 70: 65: 57: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5209:Ancient Rome 5183:Hotshot crew 5168:Fire lookout 5067:Fire flapper 5056: 4858:Fire control 4823:Chimney fire 4709:Halligan bar 4684:Fire shelter 4669:Fire hydrant 4644:Fire blanket 4639:Escape chair 4616:Water tender 4543:Fire station 4470:Fire marshal 4450:Fire captain 4424:Firefighting 4352: 4338: 4324: 4310: 4296: 4282: 4275: 4253:Tree planter 4233:Resin tapper 4213:Truck driver 4208:River driver 3957:Tree hugging 3942: 3925: 3892:timber mafia 3882:High grading 3867:Ghost forest 3837:Clearcutting 3760:Silviculture 3736:Horticulture 3580:Fire ecology 3527: 3495:Urban forest 3470:Mycoforestry 3430: 3426:Agroforestry 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3374:Forest areas 3372: 3365: 3263: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3191:. 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