315:, the Commission found that "The weight of research into the effects of fuel reduction on the propagation of extreme bushfires indicates that as conditions deteriorate, fuel reduction is of diminishing effectiveness". It distinguished between ordinary and extreme bushfires, saying that fuel reduction could be used to reduce risk: "Reducing available fuels in the landscape can also slow the initial rate of fire spread and fire intensity, which can provide opportunities for fire suppression and thereby reduce the risk of fires escalating into extreme fire events."
1145:, Bessie Coleman, has had a long connection with fire management on Jawoyn country, at the southern end of Kakadu, spanning back in her family for generations. "From our family, they pass the knowledge down, it stays with me all the time," she said. "It's passed from generation to generation, right up to the new generation and now I'm doing it with my grand kids, working on country, burning on country."
178:. On this basis, it is clear that Aboriginal burning, in many areas at least, did affect the "natural" ecosystem, producing a range of vegetation associations which would maximise productivity in terms of the food requirements of the Aboriginal people. Jones goes so far as to say that "through firing over thousands of years, Aboriginal man has managed to extend his natural habitat zone".
123:, a great deal of vegetation was left uneaten, increasing the standing crop of fuel. As a consequence, fires became larger and hotter than before, causing the reduction of fire-sensitive plants to the advantage of those that were fire-resistant or fire-dependent. Flannery suggests that Aboriginal people then began to burn more frequently to maintain a
181:
Most of these theories implicate
Aboriginal use of fire as a component of the changes to both plant and animal communities within Australia during the last 50,000 years, although the significance of the effect of their burning is far from clear. Some have suggested that the intensive use of fire as a
367:
for thousands of years, until they left the desert in the 1950s and 1960s. When fires swept the desert in the decades following their departure, they caused widespread destruction, "losing 36 to 50 per cent of 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) of desert to just a couple of fires every
295:
led to increasing calls by some experts for the greater use of fire-stick farming. Traditional practitioners had already worked with some fire agencies to conduct burns on a small scale, with the uptake of workshops held by the
Firesticks Alliance Indigenous Corporation increasing each year. Farmers
278:
Cultural burnings were reintroduced in parts of
Australia during the early twenty-first century, and some Australian states now integrate them with other fire-prevention strategies. State investment in Indigenous fire planning strategies has been most widespread in northern Australia. In 2019 the
196:
barbs and tips peaked about 2,000 years ago, and then completely disappeared from the archaeological record in south-eastern
Australia. They were replaced by technologies associated with the exploitation of smaller animals – shell fish hooks and bone points along the coast for fishing, axes for
380:
and scientists are studying the flora and fauna in the area to see how the fires affect individual species. While some species prefer more recently burnt vegetation, others favour areas burnt longer ago, so it is important to have a diversity of different fire ages, to encourage biodiversity.
100:
megafauna became extinct. Kershaw also suggested that the arrival of
Aboriginal people may have occurred more than 100,000 years ago, and that their burning caused the sequences of vegetation changes which he detects through the late Pleistocene. The first to propose such an early arrival for
150:
dating back 70,000 years found that the arrival of the first inhabitants about 50,000 years ago did not result in significantly greater fire activity across the continent (although this date is in question, with sources pointing to much earlier migrations). The study reported higher
139:, suggested in 1982, "Aboriginal use of fire had little impact on the environment and... the patterns of distribution of plants and animals which obtained 200 years ago would have been essentially the same whether or not Aborigines had previously been living here".
249:
There are a number of purposes, including to facilitate hunting, to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area, weed control, hazard reduction, and increase of biodiversity. Fire-stick farming had the long-term effect of turning
127:
and to reduce the effect of high intensity fires on medium-sized animals and perhaps some plants. He argues that twentieth-century
Australian mammal extinctions are largely the result of the cessation of Aboriginal "firestick farming".
1111:"I find myself following on from those old people who have passed and continuing the journey of educating and teaching the younger people just like I was taught," said Mr Steffensen an Indigenous fire practitioner from Cape York.
266:
While it has been discontinued in many parts of
Australia, it has been reintroduced to some Aboriginal groups by the teachings of custodians from areas where the practice is extant in continuous unbroken tradition, such as the
228:
in
Victoria in 2021 revealed that colonisation brought about the biggest changes in around 10,000 years. The samples show a lack of plant biodiversity since then, with huge forests of highly combustible species of
2039:
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and other landowners were interested in learning how traditional fire practices could help them to preserve their properties. Former
Emergency Management Commissioner for the state of Victoria,
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136:
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believes that the megafauna were hunted to extinction by
Aboriginal people soon after they arrived. He argues that with the rapid extinction of the megafauna, virtually all of which were
96:
A. P. Kershaw has argued that Aboriginal burning may have modified the vegetation to the extent that the food resources of the megafauna were diminished, and as a consequence the largely
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331:, in a highly symbolic moment after years of preparation to restore the ancient practice. The project, called Kaurna Kardla Parranthi, was undertaken with the support of the
1861:
312:
747:
Singh, G.; Geissler, Elizabeth A. (3 December 1985). "Late Cainozoic history of vegetation, fire, lake levels and climate, at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia".
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The stone technology which Aboriginal people had been using with little modification for over 40,000 years diversified and specialised in the last 5,000 years.
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to fund and implement a national Indigenous burning program. Firesticks Alliance spokesperson Oliver Costello said that a cultural burn could help to prevent
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Another factor to be considered is the likelihood that Aboriginal population density increased rapidly and dramatically over the last 5,000 to 10,000 years.
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released data suggesting that the reintroduction of traditional burning on a large scale had significantly reduced the area of land destroyed by wildfires.
2635:
2097:
1572:
Roberts, Richard G.; Jones, Rhys; Smith, M. A. (May 1990). "Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year-old human occupation site in northern Australia".
709:
Kershaw, A. P. (1986). "The last two glacial-interglacial cycles from northeastern Australia: implications for climatic change and Aboriginal burning".
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regularly using fire to burn vegetation, which has been practised for thousands of years. There are a number of purposes for doing this special type of
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46:
1626:
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38:, including to facilitate hunting, to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area, weed control, hazard reduction, and increase of
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2135:
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replacing plants which were less flammable and burn at lower temperatures. An early result of the disruption of cool burning was the devastating
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The cultural burns use a lot of ground fuel in fire-prone areas, making a bushfire less likely if cultural burns are regularly carried out.
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tool followed, but was not directly a consequence of, the extinction of the megafauna. If the megafauna remained in some areas until the
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Cultural burnings were slowly eradicated after European settlers began to colonise Australia from 1788 onwards. Studying the layers of
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159:, and then increased again, a pattern consistent with shifts between warm and cool climatic conditions. This suggests that fire in
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1989:
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1924:
1338:"The "fire stick farming" hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics"
442:"The "fire stick farming" hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics"
1881:
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1504:
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While it had been discontinued in many parts of Australia, it has been reintroduced in the 21st century by the teachings of
2422:
2102:
1771:
1495:
Nicholson, P. H. (1981). "Fire and the Australian Aborigine - an enigma". In Gill, A.; Groves, R.H.; Nobles, I.R. (eds.).
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Aboriginal burning has been proposed as the cause of a variety of environmental changes, including the extinction of the
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2014:
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activity from about 70,000 to 28,000 years ago. It decreased until about 18,000 years ago, around the time of the last
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1969:
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In 2017, the Bega LALC began a cultural burning program as part of the management strategy for their landholdings.
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186:, evidence is needed from within the last 10,000 years for changes induced by new Aboriginal burning patterns.
102:
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2009:
1959:
1891:
272:
106:
54:
1640:"We are professional fire watchers, and we're astounded by the scale of fires in remote Australia right now"
1397:
Kimber, Richard (1983). "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert".
2205:
1627:"Seminole Tribe of Florida Using Water and Fire to Restore Landscapes While Training Wildland Firefighters"
793:(1 July 1990). "Pleistocene faunal loss: implications of the aftershock for Australia's past and future".
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2412:
2257:
2195:
2180:
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1952:
1939:
1059:"Scientist investigating Australia's past says Indigenous cultural burning key to controlling bushfires"
2504:
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2092:
1947:
974:. Australians, a historical library. Broadway, New South Wales: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates.
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predominantly reflects climate, with colder periods characterised by less and warmer intervals by more
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Horton, D. R. (1 April 1982). "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire and Australian Ecosystems*".
234:
1162:"Right fire for right future: how cultural burning can protect Australia from catastrophic blazes"
499:
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1181:"Indigenous fire practices have been used to quell bushfires for thousands of years, experts say"
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2242:
1803:
1787:
1336:
Bird, R. Bliege; Bird, D. W.; Codding, B. F.; Parker, C. H.; Jones, J. H. (30 September 2008).
1125:"Kakadu National Park: Traditional burning methods and modern science form a fiery partnership"
997:"Prehistoric Settlement in the Western Cumberland Plain: Resources, Environment and Technology"
492:
152:
31:
2711:
2581:
2516:
2262:
2112:
1828:
1818:
536:"Cultural burning to return to Victoria after 170 years in the hope of revitalising the land"
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were abundant. The intensive and regular use of fire was an essential component of this late
132:
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1581:
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405:
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into savannah, increasing the population of some nonspecific grass-eating species like the
85:
1438:; Magee, John W.; Gagan, Michael K.; Clarke, Simon J.; Johnson, Beverly J. (8 July 2005).
8:
2087:
1994:
1756:
324:
1705:"NSW bushfire survivor tries cultural burn as Willawarrin community prepares for summer"
1585:
1455:
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760:
457:
335:. The burn was part of the ecological management plan for a key area of biodiversity in
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or fire-resistant plants, but also encouraged those animals which were favoured by more
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2247:
2210:
1649:
1605:
1543:
1483:
1440:"Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction"
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959:. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Vol. 109. pp. 1–9.
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772:
481:
440:
Bird, R. Bliege; Bird, D.W.; Codding, B.F.; Parker, C.H.; Jones (30 September 2008).
364:
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from areas where the practice is extant in continuous unbroken tradition such as the
1692:"Indigenous groups earn millions in carbon credits to burn country to cut emissions"
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886:
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2019:
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415:
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1564:
1410:
1095:"Workshops share traditional knowledge of 'cultural burns' as fire management"
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1979:
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1016:
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for sharpening digging sticks along the banks of the larger rivers where the
171:
66:
1675:"NT Indigenous rangers take to skies to care for country during coronavirus"
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1362:
466:
2592:
2499:
2449:
2354:
2229:
1929:
1479:
1389:
790:
768:
600:"Ancient technique of cultural burning revived by Indigenous people in NSW"
506:"Indigenous fire methods protect land before and after the Tathra bushfire"
485:
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in February 1851, which burnt 5,000,000 hectares (12,000,000 acres) of the
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1974:
1964:
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1209:
The Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements Report
566:"Reading trees: Using cultural burning to reinvigorate dying landscape"
895:
749:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
376:
in 2014, Karajarri rangers have reintroduced the practice of burning.
2563:
2294:
1593:
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722:
356:
225:
137:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
110:
2034:
2024:
1040:"Australia fires: Aboriginal planners say the bush 'needs to burn'"
305:
255:
230:
210:
183:
143:
656:"Exploring Aboriginal histories and cultures through Cool Burning"
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340:
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50:
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On 14 May 2021, a scheduled cultural burn took place in the
313:
Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements
308:, rejuvenate local flora and protect native animal habitat.
109:
indicating that Aboriginal people began burning in the lake
2004:
1742:. Melbourne, Australia: Hardie Grant Explore. p. 240.
1499:. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science. pp. 55–76.
202:
1786:
318:
957:
New light on the extinction of the Australian megafauna
65:
The term "fire-stick farming" was coined by Australian
1433:
1335:
439:
1280:"Kaurna cultural practise returns to the Park Lands"
704:
702:
742:
740:
88:, a diverse range of large animals which populated
2186:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
1542:
1206:"Chapter 17: Public and private land management".
654:Nicholas, Thea; Costa, Kirsty (23 February 2016).
1571:
699:
16:Aboriginal Australian practice of regular burning
2736:
1638:Burrows, Neil; Fisher, Rohan (6 December 2021).
970:White, John Peter; Mulvaney, Derek John (1987).
737:
224:layers of earth from the around the Bolin Bolin
1656:Chenery, Susan; Cheshire, Ben (14 April 2020).
1655:
1631:U.S. Department of the Interior. Indian Affairs
1342:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1065:. Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
682:"Cool burns: Key to Aboriginal fire management"
680:Korff, Jens; Spirits, Creative (20 June 2020).
446:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2673:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
2176:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
105:, who found evidence in his pollen cores from
2161:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
1772:
1637:
969:
868:"Late Quaternary fire regimes of Australasia"
866:Mooney, S.D.; et al. (15 October 2010).
746:
653:
101:Aboriginal peoples was Gurdip Singh from the
2228:
1525:The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay
679:
359:people practised fire-stick farming in the
2268:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
2253:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
1779:
1765:
1735:
1652:in fire management in Australia's deserts.
861:
859:
72:in 1969. It has more recently been called
1545:Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia
1494:
1379:
1361:
894:
475:
465:
391:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
372:over the area and the proclamation as an
220:and other organic matter from samples of
1129:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
1099:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
1050:
789:
604:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
597:
570:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
540:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
510:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News
1990:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
1862:People from politics and public service
1736:Steffensen, Victor (18 February 2020).
1715:
1624:
1521:
1303:
1222:
1178:
856:
708:
279:Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research at
2737:
1788:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
1721:"Fighting fire with ancient knowledge"
1711:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1698:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1672:
1528:. London: Printed for John Stockdale.
1396:
1122:
1092:
954:
865:
827:
503:
319:2021 Adelaide park lands cultural burn
286:
1760:
1702:
1312:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1187:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1159:
1155:
1153:
1131:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1101:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
994:
932:
606:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
572:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
542:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
533:
512:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
504:Milton, Vanessa (18 September 2018).
1970:Literature of Indigenous Australians
1540:
1306:"New light in a land shaped by fire"
1277:
1179:Higgins, Isabella (9 January 2020).
1037:
673:
563:
293:2019–2020 Australian bushfire season
146:records from more than 220 sites in
1689:
1683:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1666:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1123:Fowler, Courtney (12 August 2016).
1056:
633:Volunteer Fire Fighters Association
629:"Indigenous Cool Burn a Revelation"
621:
433:
13:
2151:Aborigines Progressive Association
1618:
1150:
842:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1982.tb01234.x
807:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1990.tb00232.x
647:
598:Clifford, Jessica (19 June 2017).
368:year". Since the establishment of
355:taken around 1947 reveal that the
14:
2771:
1160:Allam, Lorena (18 January 2020).
1093:Ingall, Jennifer (23 June 2018).
170:Regular firing favoured not only
1703:Rubbo, Luisa (19 October 2020).
1690:Kim, Sharnie (24 January 2020).
564:Moss, Sarah (21 February 2018).
311:In the final report of the 2020
2745:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
2489:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
1297:
1271:
1245:
1223:Skujins, Angela (5 July 2021).
1216:
1199:
1172:
1031:
988:
963:
948:
926:
887:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.010
821:
783:
534:Wales, Sean (31 January 2019).
2701:Uluru Statement from the Heart
2118:Torres Strait Island languages
1673:Heaney, Chelsea (7 May 2020).
1038:Nunn, Gary (12 January 2020).
1009:10.1080/03122417.1988.12093171
936:(1969). "Fire-stick farming".
261:
103:Australian National University
60:
1:
2166:Australian Aborigines' League
2146:Aborigines Advancement League
2063:Australian Aboriginal English
1625:Broyles, Robyn (March 2017).
1497:Fire and the Australian Biota
1328:
2206:National Reconciliation Week
1304:Collins, Ben (11 May 2021).
337:Carriageway Park / Tuthangga
7:
2258:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
2196:Registered Aboriginal Party
2181:National Indigenous Council
2068:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
1278:Kemp, Jason (13 May 2021).
384:
346:
244:
10:
2776:
2636:Constitutional recognition
2505:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
2141:Aboriginal Medical Service
1662:ABC News: Australian Story
938:Australian Natural History
875:Quaternary Science Reviews
660:Education Matters Magazine
327:by representatives of the
201:across the woodlands, and
113:around 120,000 years ago.
79:
2623:
2478:
2388:
2285:
2126:
2048:
2030:Traditional custodianship
1890:
1842:
1794:
1658:"Fighting fire with fire"
1411:10.1002/arco.1983.18.1.38
1253:"Kaurna Kardla Parranthi"
1225:"Returning flame to soil"
1057:Lee, Tim (25 June 2021).
374:Indigenous Protected Area
281:Charles Darwin University
213:shift in resource base.
2750:Agriculture in Australia
2495:Australian Frontier Wars
2201:Reconciliation Australia
1541:Pyne, Stephen J (1991).
1522:Phillip, Arthur (1789).
995:Kohen, James L. (1988).
635:(in Dutch). 26 July 2017
426:
235:Black Thursday bushfires
2547:Australian history wars
2408:Contemporary visual art
1824:Torres Strait Islanders
1464:10.1126/science.1111288
1363:10.1073/pnas.0804757105
467:10.1073/pnas.0804757105
2243:Kimberley Land Council
2093:Pama–Nyungan languages
2083:Loanwords into English
2000:Religion and mythology
1953:Torres Strait Islander
1804:Aboriginal Australians
1399:Archaeology in Oceania
1233:. Photos by Jack Fenby
1001:Australian Archaeology
795:Archaeology in Oceania
769:10.1098/rstb.1985.0156
125:high species diversity
32:Aboriginal Australians
2582:Native Title Act 1993
2517:Cummeragunja walk-off
2263:Northern Land Council
2113:Torres Strait English
2040:Torres Strait Islands
30:, is the practice of
2238:Central Land Council
1434:Miller, Gifford H.;
406:Shifting cultivation
86:Australian megafauna
1995:Outstation movement
1834:Western Australians
1586:1990Natur.345..153R
1456:2005Sci...309..287M
1354:2008PNAS..10514796B
1348:(39): 14796–14801.
972:Australians to 1788
761:1985RSPTB.311..379S
458:2008PNAS..10514796B
452:(39): 14796–14801.
325:Adelaide park lands
287:2019–2020 bushfires
2688:Stolen Generations
2678:Self-determination
2598:Stolen Generations
2532:Historical figures
2512:Caledon Bay crisis
2335:Fire-stick farming
2248:Maralinga Tjarutja
1867:Performing artists
1719:(8 January 2020).
1650:Indigenous rangers
1549:. New York: Holt.
1212:. 28 October 2020.
955:Wright, R (1986).
378:Traditional owners
361:Great Sandy Desert
353:aerial photographs
302:Federal Government
239:colony of Victoria
76:and cool burning.
36:controlled burning
20:Fire-stick farming
2732:
2731:
2615:Western Australia
2350:Possum-skin cloak
2281:
2280:
2273:Tiwi Land Council
2108:Taboo on the dead
2073:Australian Creole
1814:Aboriginal groups
1729:Monash University
1580:(6271): 153–156.
1556:978-0-8050-1472-3
1506:978-0-85847-057-6
1450:(5732): 287–290.
1436:Fogel, Marilyn L.
1257:Your Say Adelaide
1143:traditional owner
981:978-0-949288-18-9
755:(1151): 379–447.
365:Western Australia
2767:
2760:Wildfire ecology
2226:
2225:
2058:Avoidance speech
2020:Smoking ceremony
1781:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1732:
1717:Russell, Lynette
1712:
1699:
1686:
1669:
1647:
1644:The Conversation
1634:
1613:
1594:10.1038/345153a0
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1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1028:
992:
986:
985:
967:
961:
960:
952:
946:
945:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
914:on 24 March 2014
913:
907:. Archived from
898:
872:
863:
854:
853:
825:
819:
818:
787:
781:
780:
744:
735:
734:
723:10.1038/322047a0
706:
697:
696:
694:
692:
686:Creative Spirits
677:
671:
670:
668:
666:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
625:
619:
618:
613:
611:
595:
582:
581:
579:
577:
561:
552:
551:
549:
547:
531:
525:
524:
519:
517:
501:
490:
489:
479:
469:
437:
333:City of Adelaide
300:, called on the
142:A 2010 study of
74:cultural burning
24:cultural burning
22:, also known as
2775:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2668:Media portrayal
2631:1967 Referendum
2619:
2527:Gurindji Strike
2522:Day of Mourning
2474:
2384:
2277:
2224:
2122:
2078:Language groups
2044:
1886:
1838:
1790:
1785:
1750:
1621:
1619:Further reading
1616:
1557:
1507:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1151:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1102:
1091:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1003:(27): 131–134.
993:
989:
982:
968:
964:
953:
949:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
870:
864:
857:
826:
822:
791:Flannery, T. F.
788:
784:
745:
738:
717:(6074): 47–49.
707:
700:
690:
688:
678:
674:
664:
662:
652:
648:
638:
636:
627:
626:
622:
609:
607:
596:
585:
575:
573:
562:
555:
545:
543:
532:
528:
515:
513:
502:
493:
438:
434:
429:
387:
349:
321:
289:
264:
247:
157:glacial maximum
82:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2693:Half-Caste Act
2685:
2683:Reconciliation
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:Protected Area
2658:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2588:Pilbara strike
2585:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Spinifex resin
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Sign languages
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:Visual artists
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1733:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1670:
1653:
1635:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1569:
1555:
1538:
1519:
1505:
1492:
1431:
1394:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1296:
1270:
1244:
1215:
1198:
1171:
1149:
1115:
1076:
1049:
1030:
987:
980:
962:
947:
925:
881:(1–2): 28–46.
855:
836:(3): 237–252.
820:
782:
736:
698:
672:
646:
620:
583:
553:
526:
491:
431:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
418:
416:Slash-and-char
413:
411:Slash-and-burn
408:
403:
398:
393:
386:
383:
348:
345:
320:
317:
288:
285:
263:
260:
246:
243:
81:
78:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2772:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2724:Voting rights
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:Native police
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Bark painting
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Bush medicine
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2230:Land councils
2227:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2128:Organisations
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Message stick
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Deadly Awards
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1749:9781741177268
1745:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1285:
1284:Glam Adelaide
1281:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
977:
973:
966:
958:
951:
944:(7): 224–228.
943:
939:
935:
929:
910:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
862:
860:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
703:
687:
683:
676:
661:
657:
650:
634:
630:
624:
617:
605:
601:
594:
592:
590:
588:
571:
567:
560:
558:
541:
537:
530:
523:
511:
507:
500:
498:
496:
487:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
432:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
382:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Kaurna people
326:
316:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:Craig Lapsley
294:
284:
282:
276:
274:
270:
259:
257:
253:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
190:
187:
185:
179:
177:
173:
172:fire-tolerant
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
75:
71:
68:
67:archaeologist
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2699:
2656:Native title
2610:Tent embassy
2593:Pintupi Nine
2580:
2500:Bathurst War
2487:
2470:Yininmadyemi
2455:Sandpainting
2450:Papunya Tula
2445:NATSIA Award
2433:Music groups
2355:Scarred tree
2334:
2325:Dugout canoe
2015:Sacred sites
1930:The Dreaming
1872:Sportspeople
1739:Fire Country
1738:
1724:
1708:
1695:
1678:
1661:
1648:The role of
1643:
1630:
1577:
1573:
1544:
1524:
1496:
1447:
1443:
1405:(1): 38–45.
1402:
1398:
1345:
1341:
1314:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1259:. 5 May 2021
1256:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:
1208:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1184:
1174:
1166:The Guardian
1165:
1140:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1110:
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
1067:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1043:
1033:
1000:
990:
971:
965:
956:
950:
941:
937:
928:
916:. Retrieved
909:the original
878:
874:
833:
829:
823:
801:(2): 45–55.
798:
794:
785:
752:
748:
714:
710:
689:. Retrieved
685:
675:
663:. Retrieved
659:
649:
637:. Retrieved
632:
623:
615:
608:. Retrieved
603:
574:. Retrieved
569:
544:. Retrieved
539:
529:
521:
514:. Retrieved
509:
449:
445:
435:
370:native title
351:A series of
350:
322:
310:
290:
277:
265:
248:
215:
191:
188:
180:
176:open country
169:
141:
133:David Horton
130:
117:Tim Flannery
115:
94:Palynologist
83:
64:
44:
40:biodiversity
28:cool burning
27:
23:
19:
18:
2651:Land rights
2554:King plates
2370:Sweet foods
2340:Food groups
2310:Bush tucker
2050:Language(s)
1985:NAIDOC Week
1935:Enumeration
1844:Individuals
1809:Communities
1135:14 November
1105:14 November
934:Jones, Rhys
610:14 November
576:14 November
546:14 November
516:14 November
421:Terra preta
401:Fire regime
262:Current use
222:sedimentary
161:Australasia
148:Australasia
131:Researcher
121:herbivorous
107:Lake George
98:herbivorous
92:Australia.
90:Pleistocene
61:Terminology
2739:Categories
2542:Prehistory
2465:Visual art
2418:Didgeridoo
2330:Fibrecraft
2305:Bush bread
2171:Mass media
2098:Placenames
1975:Marn Grook
1965:Kurdaitcha
1948:Aboriginal
1910:Corroboree
1829:Victorians
1819:Tasmanians
1565:1022744709
1329:References
896:1885/53118
252:dry forest
70:Rhys Jones
47:custodians
2564:Black War
2559:Massacres
2398:Artefacts
2295:Boomerang
2287:Bushcraft
2211:Sorry Day
2025:Songlines
1900:Astronomy
1857:Musicians
1852:Activists
1602:1476-4687
1534:944980853
1515:924688522
1472:0036-8075
1419:0003-8121
1372:0027-8424
1191:9 January
1017:0312-2417
905:128753256
850:1835-9310
815:1834-4453
777:0080-4622
357:Karajarri
306:wildfires
273:cold fire
271:peoples'
226:billabong
167:burning.
135:from the
111:catchment
55:cold fire
53:peoples'
2755:Bushfood
2571:Missions
2423:Dreaming
2320:Coolamon
2191:Politics
2035:Tjurunga
1709:ABC News
1696:ABC News
1679:ABC News
1488:22761857
1480:16002615
1427:40386618
1390:18809925
1310:ABC News
1185:ABC News
1063:ABC News
1044:BBC News
1025:40286673
918:24 March
486:18809925
385:See also
347:Examples
256:kangaroo
245:Purposes
231:eucalypt
211:Holocene
197:hunting
184:Holocene
153:bushfire
144:charcoal
2603:Apology
2537:History
2480:History
2380:Woomera
2156:AIATSIS
2010:Seasons
1960:Kinship
1925:Deities
1915:Country
1892:Culture
1882:Writers
1796:Peoples
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