Emergency medical services

1455:. In few jurisdictions, some EMTs are able to perform duties as IV and IO cannulation, administration of a limited number of drugs (including but not limited to Epinephrine, Narcan, Oxygen, Aspirin, Nitroglycerin - dependent on country, state, and medical direction), more advanced airway procedures, CPAP, and limited cardiac monitoring. Most advanced procedures and skills are not within the national scope of practice for an EMT. As such most states require additional training and certifications to perform above the national curriculum standards. In the United States, an EMT certification requires intense courses and training in field skills. A certification expires after two years and holds a requirement of taking 48 CEUs (continuing education credits). 24 of these credits must be in refresher courses while the other 24 can be taken in a variety ways such as emergency driving training, pediatric, geriatric, or bariatric care, specific traumas, etc. Is usually made up of 3 levels in the US. EMT-B, EMT-I (EMT-A in some states) and EMT-Paramedic. The National Registry of EMT New Educational Standards for EMS renamed the provider levels as follows: Emergency Medical Responder (EMR), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-B), Advanced EMT (AEMT), and Paramedic (EMT-P). 382: 1521: 1234: 634: 304: 1129:

ambulances. Similar to online medical control, this practice allows paramedics to remotely transmit data such as vital signs and 12 and 15 lead ECGs to the hospital from the field. This allows the emergency department to prepare to treat patients prior to their arrival. This is allowing lower level providers (Such as EMT-B) in the United States to utilize these advanced technologies and have the doctor interpret them, thus bringing rapid identification of rhythms to areas where paramedics are stretched thin. While most insurance companies only reimburse EMS providers for transporting patients to 911 receiving facilities (e.g.

772:

ambulance crews are busy. This may mean that a government or other service provide the 'emergency' cover, whilst a private firm may be charged with 'minor injuries' such as cuts, bruises or even helping the mobility-impaired if they have for example fallen and simply need help to get up again, but do not need treatment. This system has the benefit of keeping emergency crews available at all times for genuine emergencies. These organisations may also provide services known as 'Stand-by' cover at industrial sites or at special events. In Latin America, private ambulance companies are often the only readily-available EMS service

1634:(RNs) in the pre-hospital setting is common in many countries in absence of paramedics. In some regions of the world nurses are the primary healthcare worker that provides emergency medical services. In European countries such as France or Italy, also use nurses as a means of providing ALS services. These nurses may work under the direct supervision of a physician, or, in rarer cases, independently. In some places in Europe, notably Norway, paramedics do exist, but the role of the 'ambulance nurse' continues to be developed, as it is felt that nurses may bring unique skills to some situations encountered by ambulance crews. 1283: 1225:, and the poorer the long-term prognosis for the patient. Current research in Canada has suggested that door to balloon times are significantly lower when appropriate patients are identified by paramedics in the field, instead of the emergency room, and then transported directly to a waiting PCI lab. The STEMI program has reduced STEMI deaths in the Ottawa region by 50 per cent. In a related program in Toronto, EMS has begun to use a procedure of 'rescuing' STEMI patients from the Emergency Rooms of hospitals without PCI labs, and transporting them, on an emergency basis, to waiting PCI labs in other hospitals. 955: 480: 1508:. The most important function of the paramedic is to identify and treat any life-threatening conditions and then to assess the patient carefully for other complaints or findings that may require emergency treatment. In many countries, this is a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution. In the United States, paramedics represent the highest licensure level of prehospital emergency care. In addition, several certifications exist for Paramedics such as Wilderness ALS Care, Flight Paramedic Certification ( 1638:

physician on emergency interfacility transports. In the United States, the most common uses of ambulance-based registered nurses is in the Critical Care/Mobile Intensive Care transport, and in Aeromedical EMS. Such nurses are normally required by their employers (in the US) to seek additional certifications beyond the primary nursing licensure. Four individual states have an Intensive Care or Prehospital Nurse licensure. Many states allow registered nurses to also become registered paramedics according to their role in the emergency medical services team. In

1700: 40: 231: 904: 747: 1469: 1654: 1650:, since 2005, all emergency ambulances should be staffed by at least one registered nurse since only nurses are allowed to administer drugs. And all Advanced Life Support Ambulances are staffed at least by a registered nurse in Spain. In France, since 1986, fire department-based rescue ambulances have had the option of providing resuscitation service (reanimation) using specially trained nurses, operating on protocols, while SAMU-SMUR units are staffed by physicians and nurses 54: 793: 1437: 6170: 582: 838: 300:, said "The curative process commences the instant the patient is put in to the carriage; time is saved which can be given to the care of the patient; the patient may be driven to the hospital so speedily that the hospitals may be less numerous and located at greater distances from each other". This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, displays itself in modern emergency medical planning. 1674:, as ALS is performed by physicians. In the German-speaking countries, paramedics are assistants to ambulance physicians (called Notarzt). In these countries, if a physician is present, paramedics require permission from the physician to administer treatments such as defibrillation and drugs. If there is no physician on scene and a life-threatening condition is present, they may administer treatments that follow the physician's instructions. 6182: 1617:. ECPs are university graduates in Emergency Medical Care or qualified paramedics who have undergone further training, and are authorized to perform specialized techniques. Additionally some may prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics and in the United Kingdom they can prescribe a broad range of medicines. With respect to a Primary Health Care setting, they are also educated in a range of Diagnostic techniques. 689: 1294: 1070: 1795: 1094: 784:.Their key feature is that all personnel are trained not only in ambulance (EMT) care, but as a firefighter and a peace officer (police function). They may be found in smaller towns and cities, where demand or budget is too low to support separate services. This multi-functionality allows to make the most of limited resource or budget, but having a single team respond to any emergency. 261:, and was distressed by the fact that wounded soldiers were not picked up by the numerous ambulances (which Napoleon required to be stationed two and half miles back from the scene of battle) until after hostilities had ceased, and set about developing a new ambulance system. Having decided against using the Norman system of horse litters, he settled on two- or four-wheeled 420:, taking delivery of the first automobile ambulance, donated by 500 prominent local businessmen, in February 1899. This was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two automobile ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle. 1537:, which are more likely to be dispatched to emergencies requiring advanced care skills. They may also work on land ambulances. The training, permitted skills, and certification requirements vary from one jurisdiction to the next. It also varies to whether they are trained externally by a university or professional body or 'in house' by their EMS agency. 162:. Historically, ambulances only transported patients to care, and this remains the case in parts of the developing world. The term "emergency medical service" was popularised when these services began to emphasise emergency treatment at the scene. In some countries, a substantial portion of EMS calls do not result in a patient being taken to hospital. 539:. The report concluded that ambulance services in the US varied widely in quality and were often unregulated and unsatisfactory. These studies placed pressure on governments to improve emergency care in general, including the care provided by ambulance services. The government reports resulted in the creation of 1780:. Therefore, medical first responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene, faster transport to a specialist hospital and critical care during the journey. A disadvantage is that it can be dangerous and potentially not possible for them to fly at night or in bad weather. 1845:

or the regional-responding Appalachian Search and Rescue Conference (USA based). Like traditional EMS providers, all wilderness emergency medical (WEM) providers must still operate under on-line or off-line medical oversight. To assist physicians in the skills necessary to provide this oversight, the

804:

Hospitals or larger hospital systems may provide their own ambulance service as a service to the community, or where ambulance care is unreliable or chargeable. Many hospital-based EMS departments operate solely with their hospital, though some operate more independently and can transport patients to

470:

Prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations. City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or

1850:

and the National Association of EMS Physicians jointly supported the development in 2011 of a unique "Wilderness EMS Medical Director" certification course, which was cited by the Journal of EMS as one of the Top 10 EMS Innovations of 2011. Skills taught in WEMT courses exceeding the EMT-Basic scope

1427:

are of a frontline under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or

1301:

Ambulance personnel are generally professionals and in some countries their use is controlled through training and registration. While these job titles are protected by legislation in some countries, this protection is by no means universal, and anyone might, for example, call themselves an 'EMT' or

1084:

The most basic emergency medical services are provided as a transport operation only, simply to take patients from their location to the nearest medical treatment. This was historically the case in all countries. It remains the case in much of the developing world, where operators as diverse as taxi

600:

In the United States, ambulance services provided by a local government are often referred to as "third service" EMS (the fire department, police department, and EMS department forming an emergency services trio) by the members of said service, as well as other city officials and residents. The most

572:

Depending on country, area within country, or clinical need, emergency medical services may be provided by one or more different types of organization. This variation may lead to large differences in levels of care and expected scope of practice. Some countries closely regulate the industry (and may

1199:

The aim in "Scoop and Run" treatment is generally to transport the patient within ten minutes of arrival, hence the birth of the phrase, "the platinum ten minutes" (in addition to the "golden hour"), now commonly used in EMT training programs. The "Scoop and Run" is a method developed to deal with

1047:

in this role. Additionally Advanced Life Support includes administering therapeutic doses of electrical shock to those who are in cardiac arrest or using drugs to stimulate the heart, Airway therapy, and so on and so forth. Most ambulances are equipped with advanced Life Support equipment and have

1273:

in this model tend to be better equipped with more advanced medical devices, in essence, bringing the emergency department to the patient. High-speed transport to hospitals is considered, in most cases, to be unnecessarily unsafe, and the preference is to remain and provide definitive care to the

1051:

Critical Care Transport (CCT), also known as medical retrieval or rendez vous MICU protocol in some countries (Australia, NZ, Great Britain, and Francophone Canada) refers to the critical care transport of patients between hospitals (as opposed to pre-hospital). Such services are a key element in

1685:

acting as the most senior medical adviser to the ambulance service. In the United States, EMS became an officially recognized subspecialty by the American Board of Emergency Medicine in 2010, and the first examinations were held in 2013. Many states now recommend EMS board certifiction for newly

771:

In some areas, private companies may provide only the patient transport elements of ambulance care (i.e. non-urgent), but in some places, they are contracted to provide emergency care, or to form a 'second tier' response, where they only respond to emergencies when all of the full-time emergency

704:, though many also have paid personnel. These may be linked to a volunteer fire service, and some volunteers may provide both services. Some ambulance charities specialize in providing cover at public gatherings and events (e.g. sporting events), while others provide care to the wider community. 547:

In 1971 a progress report was published at the annual meeting, by the then president of American Association of Trauma, Sawnie R. Gaston M.D. Dr. Gaston reported the study was a "superb white paper" that "jolted and wakened the entire structure of organized medicine." This report is created as a

1637:

In North America, and to a lesser extent elsewhere in the English-speaking world, some jurisdictions use specially trained nurses for medical transport work. These are mostly air-medical personnel or critical care transport providers, often working in conjunction with a technician, paramedic or

1128:

may be an autonomous medical professional, and does not require the permission of a physician to administer interventions or medications from an agreed list, and can perform roles such as suturing or prescribing medication to the patient. Recently "Telemedicine" has been making an appearance in

1322:

An emergency medical dispatcher is also called an EMD. An increasingly common addition to the EMS system is the use of highly trained dispatch personnel who can provide "pre-arrival" instructions to callers reporting medical emergencies. They use carefully structured questioning techniques and

974:

Many systems have tiers of response for medical emergencies. For example, a common arrangement in the United States is that fire engines or volunteers are sent to provide a rapid initial response to a medical emergency, while an ambulance is sent to provide advanced treatment and transport the

767:

In the U.S., private ambulance companies provide emergency medical services in large cities and rural areas by contracting with local governments. In areas where the local county or city provide their own emergency services, private companies provide discharges and transfers from hospitals and

596:

Operating separately from (although alongside) the fire and police services of the area, these ambulances are funded by local, provincial or national governments. In some countries, these only tend to be found in big cities, whereas in countries such as the United Kingdom, almost all emergency

648:

In countries such as the United States, Japan, France, South Korea and parts of India, ambulances can be operated by the local fire or police services. Fire-based EMS is the most common model in the United States, where nearly all urban fire departments provide EMS and a majority of emergency

1397:

Some agencies separate the 'driver' and 'attendant' functions, employing ambulance driving staff with no medical qualification (or just a first aid and CPR certificates), whose job is to drive ambulances. While this approach persists in some countries, such as India, it is generally becoming

1260:

provide all medical interventions for the patient. Other ambulance personnel are not non-medically trained and only provide driving and heavy lifting. In other applications of this model, as in Germany, a paramedic equivalent does exist, but is an assistant to the physician with a restricted

1670:-led EMS model, such as France, Italy, the German-speaking countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria), and Spain, physicians respond to all cases that require more than basic first aid. In some versions of this model (such as France, Italy, and Spain), there is no direct equivalent to a 1274:

patient until they are medically stable, and then accomplish transport. In this model, the physician and nurse may actually staff an ambulance along with a driver, or may staff a rapid response vehicle instead of an ambulance, providing medical support to multiple ambulances.

617:. Government ambulance services also have to take civil service exams just like government fire departments and police. In the United States, certain federal government agencies employ emergency medical technicians at the basic and advanced life support levels, such as the 169:

levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic

273:

in 1794. Larrey subsequently entered Napoleon's service during the Italian campaigns in 1796, where his ambulances were used for the first time at Udine, Padua and Milan, and he adapted his ambulances to the conditions, even developing a litter which could be carried by a

1406:

Many countries employ ambulance staff who only carry out non-emergency patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or wheelchair cases). Dependent on the provider (and resources available), they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an

1729:) often complement a land ambulance service. In some remote areas, they may even form the primary ambulance service. Like many innovations in EMS, medical aircraft were first used in the military. One of the first recorded aircraft rescues of a casualty was in 1917 in 548:"prime mover" and made the "single greatest contribution of its kind to the improvement of emergency medical services". Since this time a concerted effort has been undertaken to improve emergency medical care in the pre-hospital setting. Such advancements included Dr. 223:, in which a man who has been beaten is cared for by a passing Samaritan. Luke 10:34 (NIV) – "He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him." During the Middle Ages, the 1112:. They have specialized medical training, but not to the same level as a physician. In this model it is rare to find a physician actually working routinely in ambulances, although they may be deployed to major or complex cases. The physicians who work in EMS provide 1120:

or 'standing orders' (procedures for treatment). This may also include on-line medical control, in which the physician is contacted via radio or phone to provide advice and authorization for various medical interventions or for a patient's desire to refuse care.

543:

in ambulance construction concerning the internal height of the patient care area (to allow for an attendant to continue to care for the patient during transport), and the equipment (and thus weight) that an ambulance had to carry, and several other factors.

87:

that provide urgent pre-hospital treatment and stabilisation for serious illness and injuries and transport to definitive care. They may also be known as a first aid squad, FAST squad, emergency squad, ambulance squad, ambulance corps, life squad or by other

1302:

a 'paramedic', regardless of their training, or the lack of it. In some jurisdictions, both technicians and paramedics may be further defined by the environment in which they operate, including such designations as 'Wilderness', 'Tactical', and so on.

4498: 1342:

Certified first responders may be sent to provide first aid, sometimes to an advanced level. Their duties include the provision of immediate life-saving care in the event of a medical emergency; commonly advanced first aid, oxygen administration,

1216:

labs, suggests that time to treatment is a clinically significant factor in heart attacks, and that trauma patients may not be the only patients for whom 'load and go' is clinically appropriate. In such conditions, the gold standard is the

1021:(ILS), also known as Limited Advanced Life Support (LALS), is positioned between BLS and ALS but is less common than both. It is commonly a BLS provider with a moderately expanded skill set, but where it is present it usually replaces BLS. 1415:

skills. In some services, they may also provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic. The role is known as an Ambulance Care Assistant in the United Kingdom.

1007:, some drugs and a few invasive treatments. BLS personnel may either operate a BLS ambulance on their own, or assist a higher qualified crewmate on an ALS ambulance. In English-speaking countries, BLS ambulance crew members are known as 1249:. The physicians will attempt to treat casualties at the scene and will only transport them to hospital if it is deemed necessary. If patients are transported to hospital, they are more likely to go straight to a ward rather than to an 471:

fire department. No laws required minimal training for ambulance personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid. In many fire departments, assignment to ambulance duty became an unofficial form of punishment.

2909: 1244:

Physician-led EMS is also known as the Franco-German model, "stay and play", "stay and stabilize" or "delay and treat". In a physician-led system, doctors respond directly to all major emergencies requiring more than simple

1608:

receive additional university education to become practitioners in their own right, which gives them absolute responsibility for their clinical judgement, including the ability to autonomously prescribe medications. An

3661: 1863:, and simple suturing; however, the scope of practice for the WEMT still falls under BLS level care. A multitude of organizations provide WEM training, including private schools, non-profit organizations such as the 768:

to/from other health related facilities and homes. In most areas private companies are part of the local government emergency disaster plan, and are relied upon for the overall EMS response, treatment and recovery.

1532:

A critical care paramedic, also known as an advanced practice paramedic or specialist paramedic, is a paramedic with additional training to deal with critically ill patients. Critical care paramedics often work on

829:, have emergency medical services provided by employers as a means of protecting their interests and the welfare of their staff. These are often used as first response vehicles in the event of a fire or explosion. 731:, specialise in facilitating training medical professionals to volunteer to assist the statutory ambulance services in the care of patients, through their attendance at those with serious illnesses or injuries. 3942: 1327:

by a first responder measured in minutes, some medical emergencies evolve in seconds. Such a system provides, in essence, a "zero response time," and can have an enormous impact on positive patient outcomes.

4505: 559:

The developments were paralleled in other countries. In the United Kingdom, a 1973 law merged the municipal ambulance services into larger agencies and set national standards. In France, the first official

4477:"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera" 764:

Some ambulances are operated by commercial companies with paid employees, usually on a contract to the local or national government, Hospital Networks, Health Care Facilities and Insurance Companies.

2789: 1323:

provide scripted instructions to allow callers or bystanders to begin definitive care for such critical problems as airway obstructions, bleeding, childbirth, and cardiac arrest. Even with a fast

531: 2360: 3001: 4234: 3371: 975:

patient. In France, fire service and private company ambulances provide basic care, while hospital-based ambulances with physicians on board provide advanced care. In many countries, an

1841:

Wilderness EMS-like systems (WEMS) have been developed to provide medical responses in remote areas, which may have significantly different needs to an urban area. Examples include the

638: 1204:, rather than strictly medical situations (e.g. cardiac or respiratory emergencies), however, this may be changing. Increasingly, research into the management of S-T segment elevation 146:

When EMS is dispatched, they will initiate medical care upon arrival on scene. If it is deemed necessary or a patient requests transport, the unit is then tasked with transferring the

2946: 2901: 2594: 1355:. First responders are commonly dispatched by the ambulance service to arrive quickly and stabilize the patient before the ambulance arrives, and to then assist the ambulance crew. 734:

A few charities provide ambulances for taking patients on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the UK's

412:, reflecting the competing automotive technologies then in existence. However, the first motorized ambulance was brought into service in the last year of the 19th century, with the 4479:[Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road]. 5174: 4727: 3581: 2790:

National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Trauma; National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Shock (1966).

676:

from 1947 to 1985, and is currently operated by the New Orleans Health Department and the New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, separate from the

1642:

60% of ambulance teams are led by nurse. Ambulance nurses can do almost all emergency procedures and administer medicines pre-hospital such as physicians in Estonia. In the

723:, as well as small local volunteer/paid departments. In the United States, volunteer ambulances are rarer, but can still be seen in both metropolitan and rural areas (e.g. 5200: 3422:

Nallamothu BK, Bates ER (October 2003). "Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything?".

3946: 1560:

to name just a few. Some examples of skills include, but not limited to, life support systems normally restricted to the ICU or critical care hospital setting such as

857:

shown here, where each of the 'arms' to the star represent one of the six points, are used to represent the six stages of high quality pre-hospital care, which are:

5052: 1056:

in Scotland. This level of care is likely to involve traditional healthcare professionals (in addition to or instead of critical care-trained paramedics), meaning

711:

is the largest charity in the world that provides emergency medicine. (in some countries, it operates as a private ambulance service). Other organisations include

4446: 1176:, especially penetrating trauma such as gunshot or stab wounds. Thus, minimal time is spent providing prehospital care (spine immobilization; "ABCs", i.e. ensure 882:– the emergency medical service provides appropriate and timely interventions to treat the patient at the scene of the incident without doing further harm. 660:

It is rare for a police department in the United States to provide EMS or ambulance services, although many police officers have basic medical training (such as

351: 4154: 4119: 2406:

Skandalakis PN, Lainas P, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P (August 2006). "'To afford the wounded speedy assistance': Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon".

1677:

In countries where EMS is led by paramedics, the ambulance service may still employ physicians. They may serve on specialist response vehicles, such as the

5227: 4897: 3910: 290:

A major advance was made (which in future years would come to shape policy on hospitals and ambulances) with the introduction of a transport carriage for

95:

In most places, EMS can be summoned by members of the public (as well as medical facilities, other emergency services, businesses and authorities) via an

6219: 2590: 780:

These are full service emergency service agencies, which may be found in places such as airports or large colleges and universities like for example the

3830: 1378:

who are on duty for another emergency service may also be deployed in this role, though some firefighters are trained to a more advanced medical level.

888:-– the emergency medical service load the patient in to suitable transport and continue to provide appropriate medical care throughout the journey 4374: 2643: 2355: 3886: 3005: 2972: 1646:, all ambulances are staffed by a registered nurse with additional training in emergency nursing, anaesthesia or critical care, and a driver-EMT. In 1382: 1358:

Some EMS agencies have set up volunteer schemes, who can be dispatched to a medical emergency before the ambulance arrives. Examples of this include

708: 4530: 5688: 5191: 4634: 3356: 3105: 2327: 2007: 946:

suggested that rapid transport was a better strategy for trauma cases, while stabilization at the scene was a better strategy for cardiac arrests.

4238: 6006: 5693: 3671: 3027: 2012: 602: 6010: 5541: 3352: 894:– the patient is handed over to an appropriate care setting, such as the emergency department at a hospital, in to the care of physicians 573:

require anyone working on an ambulance to be qualified to a set level), whereas others allow quite wide differences between types of operator.

1003:(BLS) is often the lowest level of training that can be held by those who treat patients on an ambulance. Commonly, it includes administering 5633: 4942: 1947: 1052:

regionalized systems of hospital care where intensive care services are centralized to a few specialist hospitals. An example of this is the

870:– the first persons on scene make a call to the emergency medical services (911) and provide details to enable a response to be mounted 2950: 2617: 2542: 2267: 1867:

and the Wilderness EMS Institute, military branches, community colleges and universities, EMS-college-hospital collaborations, and others.

6026: 5770: 3754: 1351:(AED) usage. The first responder training is considered a bare minimum for emergency service workers who may be sent out in response to an 1366:

operated by the fire services in France. In some countries such as the US, there may be autonomous groups of volunteer responders such as

1048:

paramedics on board. While some fire departments have ambulances, first aid and squads utilize ambulances for emergency medical services.

6132: 6021: 1398:

increasingly rare. Ambulance drivers may be trained in radio communications, ambulance operations and emergency response driving skills.

1134: 366: 4719: 3611:"Bundesärztekammer - Notfall: Notkompetenz I (German Federal Board of Physicians: Directives regarding emergency powers for Paramedics)" 3585: 5673: 2457: 1992: 1864: 5084: 3980: 3506: 5998: 5638: 1952: 1172:, with the goal of having the patient in surgery within an hour of the traumatic event. This appears to be true in cases of internal 6016: 5220: 4312: 3707: 3610: 2112: 1158: 6212: 6036: 5678: 5648: 5608: 5573: 4699: 1997: 1917: 1882: 1805:

Some EMS agencies have set up specialist teams to help those injured in a major incident or a dangerous situation. These include

2568: 2049:, a programme that enables EMS workers to identify victims and contact their next of kin to obtain important medical information 1480:

has a high level of pre-hospital medical training and usually involves key skills not performed by technicians, often including

919:

approaches are used in the provision of EMS care around the world, they can generally be placed into one of two categories; one

6046: 5886: 5658: 4286: 3780: 1972: 1962: 1540:

These providers have a vast array of and medications to handle complex medical and trauma patients. Examples of medication are

876:– the first professional (EMS) rescuers are dispatched and arrive on scene as quickly as possible, enabling care to begin 669: 610: 5683: 5613: 5603: 5593: 5578: 5568: 5305: 3281: 2809: 2526: 2002: 1977: 1922: 1912: 1902: 1887: 1877: 3412:

Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, (1966), National Academy of Sciences (White Paper)

1768:

Aircraft can travel faster and operate in a wider coverage area than a land ambulance. They have a particular advantage for

381: 6041: 5858: 5663: 5653: 5643: 5623: 5598: 5588: 4778: 2840:

Gaston, Sawnie R. (1971). "'Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society'. A progress report".

1982: 1967: 1957: 1937: 1907: 1897: 561: 1256:

In some cases in this model, such as France, there is no direct equivalent to a paramedic. Physicians and (in some cases)

6410: 6126: 6056: 6031: 5668: 5628: 5213: 2875: 1987: 1942: 1789: 1363: 1149:, or advanced care resources are taken to the patient where they lie. The "scoop and run" approach is exemplified by the 1053: 5059: 4338:

Melby V, Ryan A (October 2005). "Caring for older people in prehospital emergency care: can nurses make a difference?".

6205: 5534: 4753: 4454: 1927: 1381:

Besides first responders who are deployed to an emergency, there are others who may be stationed at public events. The

1213: 5189:"Emergency Medical Services in the European Union: report of an assessment project co-ordinated by the European Union" 4582: 2713: 5110: 4161: 3328: 2296: 1613:

or paramedic practitioner is a position that is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a

1137:

is in the process of evaluating a payment model to enable reimbursement for patients evaluated and treated on-scene.

1104:

The Anglo-American model is also known as "load and go" or "scoop and run". In this model, ambulances are staffed by

700:

Charities or non-profit ambulance departments operate some emergency medical services. They are primarily staffed by

606: 269:

they had received early treatment in the field. Larrey's projects for 'flying ambulances' were first approved by the

5881: 5823: 5763: 5732: 3053: 2215: 2052: 1408: 1348: 942:

Studies have been inconclusive as to whether one model delivers better results than the other. A 2010 study in the

518:

the first experimental mobile coronary care ambulance successfully resuscitated patients using these technologies.

4260: 4126: 1572:

monitoring. Depending on the service medical direction, these providers are trained on placement and use of UVCs (

103:) which puts them in contact with a dispatching centre, which will then dispatch suitable resources for the call. 6120: 6060: 5833: 5737: 5179: 4556: 1704: 519: 4901: 4024: 4007: 3917: 6108: 6102: 4534: 2241: 2189: 1932: 1520: 1344: 716: 654: 5583: 4875:

Meier, B, Saul, S. Fatal crashes provoke debate on safety of sky ambulances. New York Times, 28 February 2005.

1892: 1253:. Countries that use this model include Austria, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, Brazil and Chile. 215:

Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history. The

6389: 6185: 6090: 6073: 5527: 5038: 4208: 4076: 4047: 3967:

Editors of Salem Press (2008). Paramedics. Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. Salem Press. Retrieved from

3837: 3079: 1852: 1798: 990: 673: 665: 650: 495: 220: 5142:, (Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, 1995). 4382: 2647: 2163: 362:

in 1881. Named the "Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society," it served as a model for similar societies worldwide.

6114: 6096: 6079: 5828: 5300: 5290: 1830: 1444: 1109: 1008: 924: 633: 179: 17: 2976: 649:

transport ambulance services in large cities are part of fire departments. Examples of this model are the

400:

was being developed, and in addition to horse-drawn models, early 20th century ambulances were powered by

6173: 5756: 5488: 5406: 5378: 5368: 5363: 5295: 5267: 5201:

World Health Organization: Department of Violence and Injury Prevention "Prehospital Trauma Care Systems"

4990: 3666: 1750: 1610: 677: 464: 108: 5188: 4946: 3109: 2331: 1484:(and with it the ability to use a range of drugs to relieve pain, correct cardiac problems, and perform 198:

may also provide pre-hospital care to varying degrees in certain countries, a model which is popular in

3459:"Applying the new STEMI guidelines: 1. Reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction" 1847: 1525: 1269:(ALS) procedures if authorized by the physician, or in cases of immediate life-threatening conditions. 270: 166: 96: 31: 3031: 1233: 451:, there were some areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a 6228: 5275: 1577: 1565: 1359: 1337: 1145:

The essential decision in prehospital care is whether the patient should be immediately taken to the

1018: 750: 622: 58: 2494: 1772:

injuries, especially when they occur in rural or isolated areas. The well-established theory of the

1043:

commonly provide ALS, but some countries require it to be a higher level of care and instead employ

303: 5346: 5285: 5016: 3636: 1424: 1324: 1012: 459:, the only available vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient, and were thus frequently run by 3693: 3637:"EMTs and Paramedics : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 2382: 2274: 1282: 1116:

for the work of the ambulance crews. This may include off-line medical control, where they devise

5712: 2546: 2057: 1825:. In the US, these are often known as Tactical EMS teams and are often deployed alongside police 1776:

suggests that major trauma patients should be transported as quickly as possible to a specialist

1585: 1573: 1485: 849:, which are to Preserve Life, Prevent Further Injury, and Promote Recovery. This common theme in 43: 3758: 5813: 5411: 2062: 1860: 1773: 1561: 1205: 1165: 916: 413: 124: 5519: 2519:

The ambulance: the story of emergency transportation of sick and wounded through the centuries

954: 864:– members of the public, or another agency, find the incident and understand the problem 6314: 6239: 6154: 5925: 5898: 5722: 5257: 3862: 2791: 2621: 2481: 1806: 1266: 1024: 618: 327:(now the Cincinnati General) by 1865. This was soon followed by other services, notably the 246: 187: 4794:

Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al. (2005).

3733: 3614: 6329: 6309: 5931: 5808: 5793: 5717: 5373: 5336: 5088: 4884:

Levin, A, Davis, R. Surge in crashes scars air ambulance industry. USA Today, 18 July 2005.

3984: 3510: 2067: 2046: 2025: 1734: 1720: 1708: 1614: 1534: 1250: 1130: 1098: 1074: 976: 943: 754: 487: 479: 444: 155: 116: 112: 3806: 1212:) occurring outside of the hospital, or even inside community hospitals without their own 350:

Another early ambulance service was founded by Jaromir V. Mundy, Count J. N. Wilczek, and

265:-drawn wagons, which were used to transport fallen soldiers from the (active) battlefield 8: 6415: 6379: 6344: 6264: 5910: 5904: 5892: 5508: 5315: 4609: 2744: 2078: 2035: 1842: 1481: 1028: 224: 5140:

Planning Emergency Medical Communications: Volume 2, Local/Regional Level Planning Guide

4316: 4008:"Advanced life support in the wilderness: 5-year experience of the Reach and Treat team" 3711: 2465: 2116: 6084: 5988: 5779: 5498: 5426: 5252: 4696: 4679: 4476: 3346: 3214: 3189: 3159: 2772: 2431: 2041: 1726: 1489: 1000: 522:

was the first civilian emergency medical service in the United States to be staffed by

250: 241:

The first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the

175: 4853: 4836: 4006:

Schmidt TA, Federiuk CS, Zechnich A, Forsythe M, Christie M, Andrews C (August 1996).

3558: 3533: 3483: 3458: 3435: 3134:

Dick WF (2003). "Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system".

319:

The first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital,

34:, also known as the Emergency Medical Service, which operated in World War II Britain. 6369: 6294: 6259: 6249: 5983: 5818: 5803: 5503: 5483: 5467: 5457: 5398: 5032: 4858: 4817: 4774: 4749: 4671: 4628: 4427: 4422: 4405: 4355: 4351: 4029: 3563: 3488: 3439: 3334: 3324: 3277: 3254: 3219: 3151: 2857: 2853: 2815: 2805: 2764: 2760: 2678: 2522: 2423: 1631: 1589: 1447:

are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as automated

1386: 1306: 1262: 1117: 1036: 712: 336: 332: 308: 140: 128: 84: 5150: 4683: 4290: 3163: 2435: 1851:

of practice include catheterization, antibiotic administration, use of intermediate

1164:

The strategy developed for prehospital trauma care in North America is based on the

989:

consists of basic skills that are commonly taught to members of the public, such as

6354: 6269: 5393: 5320: 4848: 4807: 4661: 4417: 4347: 4019: 3553: 3545: 3478: 3470: 3431: 3388: 3246: 3237:

BS Roudsari (2007). "International comparison of prehospital trauma care systems".

3209: 3201: 3143: 2849: 2797: 2776: 2756: 2415: 1822: 1738: 1682: 1681:

in the UK. They may also provide advice and devise protocols for treatment, with a

515: 328: 136: 62: 4103: 1699: 6304: 6244: 5493: 5436: 5421: 5383: 5195: 5169: 4731: 4703: 3250: 2569:"How EMS Services Including Ambulances Went from Punishment to Prestige - IA MED" 1818: 1218: 1201: 963: 728: 540: 428: 120: 4968: 4650:"The First Recorded Aeromedical Evacuation in the British Army - the True Story" 4586: 3784: 3297: 490:

ambulance. Note the raised roof, with more room for the attendants and patients.

369:

was established to provide first aid and ambulance services at public events in

5915: 5877: 5866: 1856: 1810: 1757:, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced from 8 hours to 3 hours in 1581: 1557: 1505: 1452: 1448: 1371: 1352: 1238: 1169: 1032: 1004: 959: 818: 814: 797: 758: 549: 507: 503: 499: 431:

were introduced during the war and were found to have a positive effect on the

3147: 2879: 2419: 1305:

A unique aspect of EMS is that there are two hierarchies of authority, as the

443:

became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio

294:

patients in London during 1832. The statement on the carriage, as printed in

230: 6404: 6364: 6319: 6299: 5843: 5353: 5205: 5164: 4837:"Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up" 4812: 4795: 3338: 1777: 1678: 1287: 1193: 1060:

and/or physicians working in the pre-hospital setting and even on ambulances.

903: 746: 614: 440: 312: 216: 151: 100: 6197: 4666: 4649: 3389:"Emergency Triage, Treat, and Transport (ET3) Model | CMS Innovation Center" 1468: 427:, further advances were made in providing care before and during transport; 227:

were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield.

6374: 6349: 6324: 6284: 5838: 5462: 5416: 5280: 5247: 4821: 4431: 4359: 4033: 3567: 3492: 3443: 3258: 3223: 3155: 2819: 2768: 2721: 2682: 2427: 2073: 1769: 1758: 1712: 1653: 1501: 1367: 854: 826: 701: 642: 460: 455:, and was dispatched by radio. In many locations, however, ambulances were 448: 132: 4862: 4675: 2861: 2328:"Motorcycle Ambulance Trailer Project Gets Off The Ground With MAN ERF UK" 2300: 792: 335:

which started in 1869 with ambulances carrying medical equipment, such as

253:'s chief surgeon. Larrey was present at the battle of Spires, between the 53: 39: 6384: 5973: 5937: 5114: 4923:

Hawkins, SC (21 January 2012). "Wilderness EMS Medical Director Course".

3549: 3474: 1762: 1643: 1436: 1375: 1078: 1039:. The scope of this higher tier response varies considerably by country. 424: 409: 390: 359: 3457:

Bogaty P, Buller CE, Dorian P, O'Neill BJ, Armstrong PW (October 2004).

3205: 3057: 2793:

Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society

2219: 1512:), and Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program certification. 576: 532:

Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society

373:. It was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. 127:, and others may be used. EMS agencies may also operate a non-emergency 6359: 6149: 5958: 5872: 5358: 4264: 1754: 1593: 1541: 1497: 1493: 1412: 1270: 1222: 1189: 1168:

theory, i.e., that a trauma victim's best chance for survival is in an

1157:, whereas the "stay and play" is exemplified by the French and Belgian 1154: 1113: 735: 581: 523: 397: 386: 320: 4560: 4406:"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse" 3274:

The Emergency Medical Responder: Training and Succeeding as an EMT/EMR

6339: 6334: 6274: 6254: 6068: 5953: 5920: 5748: 5703: 5431: 5341: 5310: 4160:. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification. Archived from 4155:"Report of a National Study of the Certified Critical Care Paramedic" 3083: 2098: 1742: 1671: 1667: 1605: 1569: 1477: 1246: 1125: 1105: 1044: 1040: 986: 928: 920: 846: 845:

Emergency medical services exists to fulfill the basic principles of

837: 822: 452: 432: 296: 191: 183: 171: 104: 47: 2245: 2193: 672:, which was formed as a hospital-based service, was operated by the 5978: 5968: 5963: 5441: 2138: 2030: 1549: 1545: 1293: 1173: 1146: 923:-led and the other led by pre-hospital allied health staff such as 850: 781: 724: 720: 688: 661: 639:

District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department

553: 484: 405: 340: 159: 4212: 4080: 4051: 2801: 2669:

Bledsoe, B.; Barnes, D. (2004). "Traction splint. An EMS relic?".

1221:

time. The longer the time interval, the greater the damage to the

1161:

or the German "Notarzt"-System (preclinical emergency physician).

1069: 463:. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as 6289: 3323:. Zigmont, Jason J. (Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts. 3190:"Models of International Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems" 2405: 2167: 1746: 1741:. In 1928, the first civilian air medical service was founded in 1639: 1150: 994: 967: 908: 590: 511: 417: 291: 258: 147: 89: 4125:. International Association Of Flight Paramedics. Archived from 1124:

In some cases, such as in the UK, South Africa and Australia, a

5848: 5549: 5183: 4005: 3968: 2038:, a rapid-response emergency unit in Chicago disbanded in 2005. 1794: 1730: 1647: 1257: 1057: 693: 456: 370: 355: 344: 254: 199: 4771:

International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers

1745:

to provide healthcare to people living in remote parts of the

1620: 5727: 5618: 4994: 4793: 3456: 1553: 1209: 1093: 436: 401: 279: 275: 262: 195: 4743: 2742: 2356:"Do not take all your patients to hospital, paramedics told" 1711:

often have staff who are specially trained for dealing with

4025:

10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0208:ALSITW]2.3.CO;2

3272:

Ventura, Christian (20 January 2021). "1: The EMS System".

2842:

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care

1826: 1814: 1509: 813:

Many large factories and other industrial centers, such as

683: 586: 324: 2458:"The Revolutionary Flying Ambulance of Napoleon's Surgeon" 2268:"EU document on European adoption of 112 emergency number" 1737:

who had been shot in the ankle was flown to hospital in a

1085:

drivers and undertakers may transport people to hospital.

1027:(ALS) has a considerably expanded range of skills such as 979:

provides a higher level of care than a regular ambulance.

796:

An ambulance belonging to the Ogawa Red Cross Hospital in

4211:. University Of Maryland Baltimore County. Archived from 4186: 3662:"Fire/EMS Merger: An Examination of Cultural Differences" 1192:) and the victim is transported as fast as possible to a 601:

notable examples of this model in the United States are

178:(BLS). In English-speaking countries, they are known as 4834: 2743:

Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG (July 1960).

2593:. West Virginia Department of Education. Archived from 1411:, oxygen therapy, pain relief and other live-saving or 552:

creating the country's first statewide EMS program, in

4746:

Atls, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors

2973:"IAFC Position: Fire-based Emergency Medical Services" 1870: 741: 5147:

Medicine at the Margins: EMS Workers in Urban America

4189:. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification 3981:"HPC - Health Professions Council - Protected titles" 2330:. Transport News Network. 4 July 2006. Archived from 1604:

In the United Kingdom and South Africa, some serving

529:

One well-known report in the US during that time was

494:

Advances in the 1960s, especially the development of

186:, with the latter having additional training such as 3298:"What Does a Super Paramedic Do? (BBC News website)" 1829:

teams. The equivalent in UK ambulance services is a

510:, led to changes in the tasks of the ambulances. In 107:

are the primary vehicles for delivering EMS, though

2070:, a model for organizing Emergency Medical Services 5085:"University of Utah Wilderness and EMS Fellowship" 4105:The Feasibility of the Advanced Practice Paramedic 3613:(in German). Bundesaerztekammer.de. Archived from 2516: 2354: 4610:"EMS officially recognized as an EM subspecialty" 4499:"Infermier Sapeur-Pompiers (French govt website)" 2930: 2902:"Royal Commission on the National Health Service" 1504:, and other skills such as performing a surgical 1383:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 898: 709:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 628: 597:ambulances are part of a national health system. 502:as the standard form of care for out-of-hospital 6402: 4892: 4890: 3187: 3106:"Design, Origin and Meaning of the Star of Life" 3030:. Order of Malta Ambulance Corps. Archived from 2644:"St John Ambulance in the Industrial Revolution" 2008:Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom 61:emergency medical services unit responding to a 6007:International Federation for Emergency Medicine 4835:Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R (1995). 4796:"Access to trauma centers in the United States" 3421: 2591:"A Brief History of Emergency Medical Services" 2456:Ortiz, Captain Jose M (October–December 1998). 2013:Emergency medical services in the United States 1431: 1317: 1097:Ambulances parked outside an emergency room in 931:. These models are commonly referred to as the 603:Pittsburgh Bureau of Emergency Medical Services 6011:International Conference on Emergency Medicine 5235: 3531: 2615: 1753:. The use of helicopters was pioneered in the 1599: 1458: 6227: 6213: 5764: 5535: 5221: 5019:. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 4887: 4720:40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride 2931:Geneviève Barrier (1992). Odile Jacob (ed.). 2668: 1948:Emergency medical services in the Netherlands 1362:schemes run by ambulance services the UK and 805:whichever hospital may be needed or desired. 775: 6027:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 4991:"Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine" 4787: 4773:(8th Global ed.). Pearson. p. 12. 4633:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4372: 4187:"Board Of Critical Care Transport Paramedic" 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2322: 2320: 2318: 1783: 285: 6133:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient 6022:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine 4922: 4828: 4313:"South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust" 3369: 3355:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3236: 1621:Traditional healthcare professionals in EMS 1419: 1312: 993:, bandaging wounds and saving someone from 853:is demonstrated by the "star of life". The 577:Municipal "third service" ambulance service 6220: 6206: 5771: 5757: 5542: 5528: 5228: 5214: 3351:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3046: 1993:Emergency medical services in South Africa 1865:Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine 1821:situations, building collapses, fires and 1515: 1401: 1389:both provide first aiders in these roles. 4852: 4811: 4665: 4447:"International EMS system Design: Sweden" 4421: 4403: 4337: 4149: 4147: 4071: 4069: 4023: 3557: 3482: 3213: 3170: 3056:. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from 2697:Prehospital Systems and Medical Oversight 2501: 2315: 1953:Emergency medical services in New Zealand 1686:hired medical directors of EMS agencies. 1088: 787: 6017:American College of Emergency Physicians 5173:) is being considered for deletion. See 5053:"Roane State Wilderness First Responder" 4969:"WILDERNESS EMT: TO TAKE OR NOT TO TAKE" 4768: 4762: 4375:"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?" 4120:"Critical Care Paramedic Position Paper" 4108:(MPH thesis). University of Connecticut. 4101: 2352: 1793: 1698: 1652: 1519: 1467: 1440:EMTs loading a patient into an ambulance 1435: 1292: 1281: 1232: 1159:SMUR emergency mobile resuscitation unit 1135:Center to Medicare and Medicaid Services 1092: 1068: 953: 902: 836: 791: 745: 687: 684:Charity/not-for-profit ambulance service 632: 580: 478: 380: 302: 229: 52: 38: 6037:European Society for Emergency Medicine 4654:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 4012:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 3271: 3133: 2996: 2994: 2924: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2401: 2399: 1998:Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka 1918:Emergency medical services in Hong Kong 1883:Emergency medical services in Australia 1188:irculation; external bleeding control; 46:paramedics transporting a patient on a 14: 6403: 6047:American Academy of Emergency Medicine 5778: 4726:, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014. 4144: 4066: 3831:"North Dakota EMT-B Scope of Practice" 3098: 2947:"UK NHS Ambulance Service Information" 2839: 2701:National Association of EMS Physicians 2646:. St John Ambulance UK. Archived from 1973:Emergency medical services in Portugal 1963:Emergency medical services in Pakistan 808: 670:New Orleans Emergency Medical Services 611:New Orleans Emergency Medical Services 447:of ambulances in some areas. Prior to 6201: 5752: 5523: 5306:Advanced emergency medical technician 5209: 4744:American College of Surgeons (2008). 4647: 4608:PA-C, Fred Wu, MHS (5 October 2010). 4444: 4379:Journal of Emergency Medical Services 3605: 3603: 3276:. Springer International Publishing. 3129: 3127: 2689: 2671:Journal of Emergency Medical Services 2455: 2299:. Town of Colonie EMS. Archived from 2003:Emergency medical services in Ukraine 1978:Emergency medical services in Romania 1933:Emergency medical services in Ireland 1923:Emergency medical services in Iceland 1913:Emergency medical services in Germany 1903:Emergency medical services in Finland 1888:Emergency medical services in Belgium 1878:Emergency medical services in Austria 1500:, pericardiocentesis, cardioversion, 1265:. They are only permitted to perform 526:, all of whom were African-American. 474: 27:Services providing acute medical care 6042:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine 5111:"Carolina Wilderness EMS Externship" 4607: 3781:"Dept. of Labor EMT Job Description" 3319:J., Walz, Bruce (2 September 2016). 3082:. First Aid Services. Archived from 2991: 2894: 2636: 2442: 2396: 2363:from the original on 12 January 2022 2353:Donnelly, Laura (10 November 2013). 2216:"Valhalla Volunteer Ambulance Corps" 2113:"Long Hill Township First Aid Squad" 1983:Emergency medical services in Russia 1968:Emergency medical services in Poland 1958:Emergency medical services in Norway 1938:Emergency medical services in Israel 1908:Emergency medical services in France 1898:Emergency medical services in Canada 1893:Emergency medical services in Brazil 1625: 1428:performing 12 lead ECG assessments. 1228: 651:New York City Fire Department (FDNY) 347:, reflecting contemporary medicine. 6127:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics 6032:Royal College of Emergency Medicine 3532:Cantor WJ, Morrison LJ (May 2005). 3372:"CT Statewide EMS Protocols 2017.2" 3004:. British Red Cross. Archived from 3002:"BritishRedCross Ambulance Support" 2616:Nicholas Genes (2 September 2005). 1988:Emergency medical services in Spain 1943:Emergency medical services in Italy 1871:Organization in different countries 1790:Tactical emergency medical services 1392: 1054:Emergency Medical Retrieval Service 982:Examples of level of care include: 742:Private/corporate ambulance service 396:Also in the late 19th century, the 24: 5133: 3670:. 1 September 1998. Archived from 3600: 3424:The American Journal of Cardiology 3318: 3124: 2618:"Disasters and Emergency Medicine" 1928:Emergency medical services in Iran 1331: 1309:is separate to medical authority. 1286:EMT staff at an emergency call in 25: 6427: 5177:to help reach a consensus. › 5156: 5149:(Fordham University Press, 2022) 3911:"Colorado EMT-B IV Certification" 3136:Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2164:"Hennepin County Emergency Squad" 1694: 1689: 1064: 949: 358:after the disastrous fire at the 6180: 6169: 6168: 5824:International emergency medicine 5103: 5077: 5045: 5009: 4983: 4961: 4945:. Journal of EMS. Archived from 4935: 4423:10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x 4373:Wulterkens D (6 December 2005). 4352:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01222.x 4048:"Flight Paramedic Certification" 3509:. Ottawaheart.ca. Archived from 3028:"Order of Malta Ambulance Corps" 2912:from the original on 21 May 2015 2854:10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001 2761:10.1001/jama.1960.03020280004002 2053:List of EMS provider credentials 1657:Prehospital anaesthesia training 1349:automated external defibrillator 1297:A patient arriving at a hospital 915:Although a variety of differing 585:A government-owned ambulance in 439:of patients with leg fractures. 6181: 6121:Pediatric Advanced Life Support 5834:Pre-hospital emergency medicine 4916: 4878: 4869: 4737: 4712: 4690: 4641: 4601: 4575: 4549: 4523: 4491: 4469: 4438: 4397: 4366: 4331: 4305: 4279: 4253: 4235:"Cleveland Clinic CICP program" 4227: 4201: 4179: 4112: 4102:Paquette, Anthony John (2005). 4095: 4040: 3999: 3973: 3961: 3935: 3903: 3879: 3863:"NHTSA EMT-B Scope of Practice" 3855: 3823: 3799: 3773: 3747: 3726: 3700: 3686: 3654: 3629: 3574: 3544:(11): 1425, author reply 1426. 3525: 3499: 3450: 3415: 3406: 3381: 3363: 3312: 3290: 3265: 3230: 3072: 3020: 2965: 2939: 2868: 2833: 2783: 2736: 2706: 2662: 2620:. Medgadget.com. Archived from 2609: 2583: 2561: 2535: 2375: 2346: 1140: 567: 520:Freedom House Ambulance Service 376: 6109:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns 6103:Neonatal Resuscitation Program 4900:. 31 July 2013. Archived from 4697:"Royal Flying Doctor Service." 2745:"Closed-chest cardiac massage" 2521:. New York: Exposition Press. 2289: 2260: 2234: 2208: 2182: 2156: 2139:"FAST Squad | Town of Lyme NH" 2131: 2105: 2091: 1853:Blind Insertion Airway Devices 1761:, and again to 2 hours by the 1725:Air ambulances (also known as 1492:, 12-lead ECG interpretation, 1451:, care of spinal injuries and 1345:cardio-pulmonary resuscitation 899:Strategies for delivering care 841:Six points on the Star of Life 717:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps 692:A volunteer ambulance crew in 655:Baltimore City Fire Department 629:Fire- or police-linked service 13: 1: 6091:Advanced cardiac life support 6074:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 5162: 4854:10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5 3436:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00891-9 3142:(1): 29–35, discussion 35–7. 2084: 1836: 1799:New York City Fire Department 1472:A girl treated by a paramedic 1445:Emergency medical technicians 1110:emergency medical technicians 1009:emergency medical technicians 991:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 958:Bags of medical supplies and 925:emergency medical technicians 674:New Orleans Police Department 234:A drawing of one of Larrey's 221:parable of the Good Samaritan 210: 180:emergency medical technicians 6115:Pediatric basic life support 6097:Advanced trauma life support 6080:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 5829:Pediatric emergency medicine 5301:Emergency medical technician 5291:Emergency medical dispatcher 4748:. Amer College of Surgeons. 3969:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com 3943:"Paramedic: Job description" 3251:10.1016/j.injury.2007.03.028 2949:. NHS Direct. Archived from 2906:Socialist Health Association 2190:"Nottingham Ambulance Squad" 1831:Hazardous Area Response Team 1661: 1463: 1432:Emergency medical technician 1318:Emergency medical dispatcher 1277: 7: 5489:Critical emergency medicine 5407:Kendrick extrication device 5379:Nontransporting EMS vehicle 5369:Light horse field ambulance 5296:Emergency medical responder 4898:"Tactical EMS: an overview" 4709:Retrieved: 4 December 2010. 4504:(in French). Archived from 4487:: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012. 4340:Journal of Clinical Nursing 3807:"NYS EMT-B Job Description" 2695:Kuehl, Alexander E. (Ed.). 2517:Barkley, Katherine (1978). 2019: 1751:Royal Flying Doctor Service 1611:emergency care practitioner 1600:Emergency care practitioner 1578:Umbilical Arterial Catheter 1459:Advanced life support (ALS) 892:Transfer to definitive care 678:New Orleans Fire Department 564:were founded in the 1970s. 10: 6432: 6411:Emergency medical services 6280:Emergency medical services 5799:Emergency medical services 5560:Emergency medical services 5551:Emergency medical services 5237:Emergency medical services 5180:Emergency Medical Services 5017:"Wilderness EMS Institute" 4481:Boletín Oficial del Estado 3321:Foundations of EMS systems 2571:. IA MED. 22 February 2021 1848:Wilderness Medical Society 1807:tactical police operations 1787: 1749:. This service became the 1718: 1526:Toronto Paramedic Services 1335: 966:Logistics Headquarters in 832: 776:Combined emergency service 668:). One notable example is 271:Committee of Public Safety 205: 97:emergency telephone number 69:Emergency medical services 32:Emergency Hospital Service 29: 6235: 6229:Allied health professions 6163: 6142: 6055: 5997: 5946: 5857: 5786: 5702: 5558: 5476: 5450: 5392: 5329: 5276:Certified first responder 5266: 5243: 5037:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3887:"EMT-B additional skills" 3188:Sultan Al-Shaqsi (2010). 3148:10.1017/s1049023x00000650 2935:(in French). p. 141. 2878:. Umm.edu. Archived from 2420:10.1007/s00268-005-0436-8 1784:Tactical (hazardous area) 1574:Umbilical Venous Catheter 1566:Intra-aortic balloon pump 1425:Emergency care assistants 1364:similar volunteer schemes 1360:Community First Responder 1338:Certified first responder 1019:Intermediate Life Support 1013:emergency care assistants 751:American Medical Response 623:Federal Bureau of Prisons 367:St John Ambulance Brigade 286:Early civilian ambulances 59:New South Wales Ambulance 6320:Music and arts therapist 5974:Epinephrine / Adrenaline 5286:Emergency care assistant 5175:templates for discussion 4813:10.1001/jama.293.21.2626 4410:Nursing in Critical Care 3582:"SAMU de France website" 2408:World Journal of Surgery 2297:"EMS Special Operations" 1733:, when a soldier in the 1420:Emergency care assistant 1313:Basic life support (BLS) 880:Good on-scene/field care 331:service provided out of 174:certifications, such as 30:Not to be confused with 6285:Hemodialysis technician 4769:Campbell, John (2018). 4667:10.1136/jramc-132-01-08 4557:"Londons Air Ambulance" 4445:Bom A (February 2012). 3108:. NHTSA. Archived from 3054:"Questions and Answers" 2714:"Miller-Meteor History" 2464:: 17–25. Archived from 2383:"Knights Hospitaller's" 2058:Mass Gathering Medicine 1528:Critical Care ambulance 1516:Critical care paramedic 1486:endotracheal intubation 1402:Non-emergency attendant 1190:endotracheal intubation 1153:aeromedical evacuation 131:service, and some have 92:such as EMAS or EMARS. 44:Chicago Fire Department 6330:Occupational therapist 5145:Prener, Christopher. 4718:Kay, Marcia Hillary. " 4583:"Surrey Air Ambulance" 3534:"Guidelines for STEMI" 2933:La vie entre les mains 2908:. HMSO. 17 July 1979. 2489:Cite journal requires 2063:Medical amnesty policy 1861:Nasogastric Intubation 1802: 1716: 1707:helicopter ambulance. 1658: 1562:mechanical ventilators 1529: 1473: 1441: 1298: 1290: 1241: 1206:myocardial infarctions 1101: 1089:Transport-centered EMS 1081: 971: 912: 842: 801: 788:Hospital-based service 761: 753:ambulances staging in 697: 645: 593: 491: 414:Michael Reese Hospital 393: 316: 238: 65: 50: 6380:Respiratory therapist 6315:Medical transcription 6265:Clinical psychologist 6240:Anesthesia technician 6155:Injury Severity Score 5926:Nasopharyngeal airway 5899:Intraosseous infusion 5258:Advanced life support 3755:"ACA job description" 3507:"UOHI - Heart Attack" 2242:"Sardinia Life Squad" 1797: 1702: 1656: 1523: 1471: 1439: 1296: 1285: 1267:Advanced Life Support 1236: 1131:Emergency Departments 1096: 1072: 1025:Advanced Life Support 957: 906: 840: 795: 749: 727:). Charities such as 691: 636: 619:National Park Service 584: 482: 384: 352:Eduard Lamezan-Salins 306: 247:Dominique Jean Larrey 233: 188:advanced life support 56: 42: 6310:Medical technologist 6260:Cardiac physiologist 5932:Oropharyngeal airway 5809:Emergency psychiatry 5794:Emergency department 5374:Motorcycle ambulance 5337:Air medical services 3714:on 29 September 2008 3550:10.1503/cmaj.1041728 3475:10.1503/cmaj.1041417 3194:Oman Medical Journal 3080:"First Aid Services" 2334:on 22 September 2008 2196:on 26 September 2007 2068:Public utility model 2047:In case of emergency 2026:Battlefield medicine 1721:Air medical services 1666:In countries with a 1615:general practitioner 1568:(IABP) and external 1251:emergency department 1099:Binghamton, New York 1075:motorcycle ambulance 1035:and interpreting an 944:Oman Medical Journal 937:Anglo-American model 907:Training for EMS in 755:Tallahassee, Florida 637:An ambulance of the 156:emergency department 99:(such as 911 in the 6370:Radiation therapist 6345:Pharmacy technician 5911:Tracheal intubation 5905:Intravenous therapy 5509:Wilderness medicine 5316:Emergency physician 5194:24 May 2011 at the 4925:Wilderness Medicine 4730:8 June 2014 at the 4385:on 17 February 2015 3761:on 11 February 2009 3617:on 20 November 2010 3588:on 14 November 2008 3206:10.5001/omj.2010.92 2882:on 24 December 2005 2543:"Cholera carriages" 2119:on 22 December 2005 2079:Wilderness medicine 2036:First Aid Care Team 1857:King Laryngeal Tube 1843:National Ski Patrol 1029:intravenous therapy 933:Franco-German model 809:Internal ambulances 243:ambulances volantes 236:ambulances volantes 225:Knights Hospitaller 6085:Basic life support 5989:Sodium bicarbonate 5787:Emergency medicine 5780:Emergency medicine 5499:Emergency medicine 5427:Spinal precautions 5253:Basic life support 5065:on 7 November 2012 4702:2010-05-04 at the 4648:Dolev, E. (1986). 4589:on 10 October 2017 4531:"The SMUR of Nice" 4404:Suserud B (2005). 4293:on 20 October 2013 4167:on 19 January 2012 4132:on 11 January 2012 3987:on 7 November 2018 3949:on 2 February 2009 3393:innovation.cms.gov 3112:on 15 October 2008 3086:on 22 October 2008 3008:on 10 October 2017 2953:on 6 November 2009 2597:on 1 February 2023 2042:Good Samaritan law 1803: 1717: 1659: 1530: 1490:cardiac monitoring 1474: 1442: 1299: 1291: 1242: 1102: 1082: 1001:Basic Life Support 972: 913: 843: 802: 762: 698: 646: 594: 492: 475:Rise of modern EMS 394: 360:Vienna Ringtheater 339:, a stomach pump, 317: 278:for a campaign in 251:Napoleon Bonaparte 239: 176:basic life support 85:emergency services 81:paramedic services 77:ambulance services 66: 51: 6398: 6397: 6305:Medical physicist 6295:Medical assistant 6290:Massage therapist 6245:Aquatic therapist 6195: 6194: 5984:Magnesium sulfate 5893:Electrocardiogram 5819:Medical emergency 5804:Emergency nursing 5746: 5745: 5517: 5516: 5504:Military medicine 5484:Aviation medicine 5468:Search and rescue 5458:Ambulance station 4971:. 15 October 2013 4943:"Blazing a Trail" 4707:flyingdoctor.net. 4261:"Wake County EMS" 4241:on 22 August 2011 4215:on 11 August 2011 3923:on 24 August 2008 3694:"Free Dictionary" 3674:on 29 August 2018 3370:CT DPH and OEMS. 3283:978-3-030-64395-9 3034:on 9 October 2007 2811:978-0-309-07532-9 2528:978-0-682-48983-6 2303:on 8 January 2008 1823:natural disasters 1801:Haz-Tac Ambulance 1632:registered nurses 1626:Registered nurses 1387:St John Ambulance 1263:scope of practice 1237:Ambulance in the 1229:Physician-led EMS 1037:electrocardiogram 713:St John Ambulance 506:, along with new 389:ambulance during 365:In June 1887 the 333:Bellevue Hospital 309:Bellevue Hospital 141:search and rescue 129:patient transport 75:), also known as 16:(Redirected from 6423: 6390:Speech therapist 6270:Dental hygienist 6250:Athletic trainer 6222: 6215: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6184: 6183: 6172: 6171: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5553:around the world 5544: 5537: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5394:Casualty lifting 5321:Medical director 5230: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5113:. Archived from 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5091:on 7 August 2019 5087:. Archived from 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5058:. Archived from 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4997:on 7 August 2019 4993:. Archived from 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4904:on 7 August 2019 4894: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4815: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4780:978-1292-17084-8 4766: 4760: 4759: 4741: 4735: 4724:Rotor & Wing 4716: 4710: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4669: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4585:. Archived from 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4559:. Archived from 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4537:on 15 April 2013 4533:. Archived from 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4457:on 30 March 2014 4453:. Archived from 4442: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4381:. Archived from 4370: 4364: 4363: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4315:. Archived from 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4289:. Archived from 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4267:on 8 August 2019 4263:. Archived from 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4237:. Archived from 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4079:. Archived from 4073: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4050:. Archived from 4044: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3983:. Archived from 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3945:. Archived from 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3916:. Archived from 3915: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3842: 3836:. Archived from 3835: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3783:. Archived from 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3757:. Archived from 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3710:. Archived from 3704: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3667:Fire Engineering 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3584:. Archived from 3578: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3350: 3342: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3185: 3168: 3167: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2975:. Archived from 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2724:on 14 March 2007 2720:. Archived from 2710: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2545:. Archived from 2539: 2533: 2532: 2514: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2358: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2324: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2273:. Archived from 2272: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2244:. Archived from 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2218:. Archived from 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2192:. Archived from 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2166:. Archived from 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2115:. Archived from 2109: 2103: 2102: 2095: 1739:de Havilland DH9 1683:medical director 1582:surgical airways 1393:Ambulance driver 1307:chain of command 886:Care in transit 535:, also known as 516:Northern Ireland 465:combination cars 429:traction splints 137:technical rescue 63:call for service 21: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6355:Physiotherapist 6231: 6226: 6196: 6191: 6159: 6143:Scoring systems 6138: 6051: 5993: 5942: 5853: 5782: 5777: 5747: 5742: 5698: 5554: 5548: 5518: 5513: 5494:Diving medicine 5472: 5446: 5437:Vacuum mattress 5422:Scoop stretcher 5396: 5388: 5384:Water ambulance 5364:Combination car 5325: 5262: 5239: 5234: 5196:Wayback Machine 5178: 5159: 5136: 5134:Further reading 5131: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5117:on 2 April 2012 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4949:on 18 July 2012 4941: 4940: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4833: 4829: 4806:(21): 2626–33. 4792: 4788: 4781: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4742: 4738: 4732:Wayback Machine 4717: 4713: 4704:Wayback Machine 4695: 4691: 4646: 4642: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4616: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4563:on 23 July 2008 4555: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4511:on 6 March 2012 4508: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4371: 4367: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4209:"CCEMTP Course" 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4083:on 21 June 2008 4075: 4074: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4054:on 19 July 2012 4046: 4045: 4041: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3843:on 3 March 2016 3840: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3787:on 25 July 2008 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3455: 3451: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3344: 3343: 3331: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3270: 3266: 3245:(9): 993–1000. 3235: 3231: 3186: 3171: 3132: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2979:on 18 June 2016 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2788: 2784: 2755:(10): 1064–67. 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2699:, 3rd edition. 2694: 2690: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2650:on 26 June 2007 2642: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2624:on 12 June 2009 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2549:on 22 June 2008 2541: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2515: 2502: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2443: 2404: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2277:on 20 July 2008 2270: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2248:on 22 June 2007 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2170:on 15 June 2007 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2022: 2017: 1873: 1839: 1811:active shooters 1792: 1786: 1723: 1697: 1692: 1664: 1628: 1623: 1602: 1518: 1466: 1461: 1434: 1422: 1404: 1395: 1372:Police officers 1340: 1334: 1332:First responder 1320: 1315: 1280: 1231: 1219:door to balloon 1143: 1091: 1067: 964:York Region EMS 952: 901: 868:Early reporting 862:Early detection 835: 815:chemical plants 811: 790: 778: 744: 729:BASICS Scotland 686: 631: 579: 570: 537:The White Paper 508:pharmaceuticals 477: 379: 288: 213: 208: 154:, typically an 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6429: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6177: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5916:Laryngeal tube 5913: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878:Defibrillation 5875: 5870: 5867:Bag valve mask 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5733:United Kingdom 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5689:United Kingdom 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5477:Related fields 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5186: 5158: 5157:External links 5155: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5102: 5076: 5044: 5008: 4982: 4960: 4934: 4915: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4827: 4786: 4779: 4761: 4755:978-1880696316 4754: 4736: 4711: 4689: 4640: 4600: 4574: 4548: 4522: 4490: 4483:(in Spanish). 4468: 4437: 4396: 4365: 4346:(9): 1141–50. 4330: 4319:on 17 May 2007 4304: 4278: 4252: 4226: 4200: 4178: 4143: 4111: 4094: 4065: 4039: 3998: 3972: 3960: 3934: 3902: 3878: 3854: 3822: 3798: 3772: 3746: 3725: 3699: 3685: 3653: 3628: 3599: 3573: 3524: 3498: 3469:(9): 1039–41. 3449: 3414: 3405: 3380: 3362: 3329: 3311: 3300:. 30 June 2005 3289: 3282: 3264: 3229: 3200:(4): 320–323. 3169: 3123: 3097: 3071: 3060:on 2 July 2007 3045: 3019: 2990: 2964: 2938: 2923: 2893: 2867: 2848:(3): 195–206. 2832: 2810: 2782: 2735: 2705: 2688: 2661: 2635: 2608: 2582: 2560: 2534: 2527: 2500: 2491:|journal= 2468:on 14 May 2008 2441: 2414:(8): 1392–99. 2395: 2374: 2345: 2314: 2288: 2259: 2233: 2222:on 6 July 2008 2207: 2181: 2155: 2143:www.lymenh.gov 2130: 2104: 2099:"What is EMS?" 2089: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1838: 1835: 1785: 1782: 1709:Air ambulances 1696: 1695:Air ambulances 1693: 1691: 1690:Specialist EMS 1688: 1679:air ambulances 1663: 1660: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1601: 1598: 1590:arterial lines 1558:blood products 1535:air ambulances 1517: 1514: 1506:cricothyrotomy 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453:oxygen therapy 1449:defibrillation 1433: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1353:emergency call 1333: 1330: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1279: 1276: 1239:Czech Republic 1230: 1227: 1170:operating room 1142: 1139: 1090: 1087: 1066: 1065:Transport-only 1063: 1062: 1061: 1049: 1033:cricothyrotomy 1022: 1016: 1005:oxygen therapy 998: 960:defibrillators 951: 950:Levels of care 948: 900: 897: 896: 895: 889: 883: 877: 874:Early response 871: 865: 834: 831: 819:oil refineries 810: 807: 798:Ogawa, Saitama 789: 786: 777: 774: 759:Hurricane Irma 743: 740: 685: 682: 630: 627: 578: 575: 569: 566: 550:R Adams Cowley 504:cardiac arrest 500:defibrillation 476: 473: 441:Two-way radios 378: 375: 307:A horse-drawn 287: 284: 212: 209: 207: 204: 190:(ALS) skills. 125:fire apparatus 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6428: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6385:Social worker 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Public health 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6300:Medical coder 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6188: 6187: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5999:Organisations 5996: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Trauma center 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5739: 5738:United States 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5694:United States 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354:Ambulance bus 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5151:online review 5148: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4970: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4881: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4847:(2): 187–92. 4846: 4842: 4841:Ann Emerg Med 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4416:(6): 269–71. 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4287:"MedStar EMS" 4282: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4188: 4182: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4018:(3): 208–15. 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3808: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3735: 3734:"NHS Careers" 3729: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3689: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3513:on 1 May 2015 3512: 3508: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3409: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3330:9781284041781 3326: 3322: 3315: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2802:10.17226/9978 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2718:Miller-Meteor 2715: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2570: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2483: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2384: 2378: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2276: 2269: 2263: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1778:trauma center 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:central lines 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1527: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1470: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:rescue squads 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1329: 1326: 1325:response time 1310: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1289: 1288:New York City 1284: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1194:trauma centre 1191: 1187: 1184:reathing and 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 978: 977:air ambulance 969: 965: 961: 956: 947: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:philosophical 910: 905: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 859: 858: 856: 852: 848: 839: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 799: 794: 785: 783: 773: 769: 765: 760: 756: 752: 748: 739: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 695: 690: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 644: 640: 635: 626: 624: 620: 616: 615:Cleveland EMS 612: 608: 604: 598: 592: 588: 583: 574: 565: 563: 562:SAMU agencies 557: 555: 551: 545: 542: 538: 534: 533: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 489: 488:Miller-Meteor 486: 481: 472: 468: 466: 462: 461:funeral homes 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 392: 388: 383: 374: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 314: 313:New York City 311:ambulance in 310: 305: 301: 299: 298: 293: 283: 281: 277: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249:(1766–1842), 248: 244: 237: 232: 228: 226: 222: 219:contains the 218: 217:New Testament 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 167:qualification 165:Training and 163: 161: 157: 153: 152:point of care 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 133:rescue squads 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101:United States 98: 93: 91: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 64: 60: 55: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6375:Radiographer 6350:Phlebotomist 6325:Nutritionist 6279: 6179: 6167: 6061:Life support 5839:Major trauma 5798: 5674:South Africa 5559: 5550: 5463:Rescue squad 5417:Spinal board 5281:Combat medic 5248:Paramedicine 5236: 5168: 5146: 5139: 5119:. Retrieved 5115:the original 5105: 5093:. Retrieved 5089:the original 5079: 5067:. Retrieved 5060:the original 5047: 5021:. Retrieved 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4995:the original 4985: 4973:. Retrieved 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4947:the original 4937: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4906:. Retrieved 4902:the original 4880: 4871: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4770: 4764: 4745: 4739: 4723: 4714: 4706: 4692: 4660:(1): 34–36. 4657: 4653: 4643: 4617:. Retrieved 4613: 4603: 4591:. Retrieved 4587:the original 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4561:the original 4551: 4539:. Retrieved 4535:the original 4525: 4513:. Retrieved 4506:the original 4493: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4459:. Retrieved 4455:the original 4450: 4440: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4387:. Retrieved 4383:the original 4378: 4368: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4317:the original 4307: 4297:29 September 4295:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4281: 4271:29 September 4269:. Retrieved 4265:the original 4255: 4245:29 September 4243:. Retrieved 4239:the original 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4213:the original 4203: 4193:29 September 4191:. Retrieved 4181: 4171:29 September 4169:. Retrieved 4162:the original 4136:29 September 4134:. Retrieved 4127:the original 4114: 4104: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4081:the original 4056:. Retrieved 4052:the original 4042: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3985:the original 3975: 3963: 3951:. Retrieved 3947:the original 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3918:the original 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3857: 3845:. Retrieved 3838:the original 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3801: 3789:. Retrieved 3785:the original 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3759:the original 3749: 3737:. Retrieved 3728: 3716:. Retrieved 3712:the original 3702: 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3672:the original 3665: 3656: 3644:. Retrieved 3640: 3631: 3619:. Retrieved 3615:the original 3592:19 September 3590:. Retrieved 3586:the original 3576: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3511:the original 3501: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3430:(7): 824–6. 3427: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3392: 3383: 3365: 3320: 3314: 3304:19 September 3302:. Retrieved 3292: 3273: 3267: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3197: 3193: 3139: 3135: 3114:. Retrieved 3110:the original 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3084:the original 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3058:the original 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3032:the original 3022: 3010:. Retrieved 3006:the original 2981:. Retrieved 2977:the original 2967: 2955:. Retrieved 2951:the original 2941: 2932: 2926: 2914:. Retrieved 2905: 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2880:the original 2870: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2825:17 September 2823:. Retrieved 2792: 2785: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2726:. Retrieved 2722:the original 2717: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2648:the original 2638: 2626:. Retrieved 2622:the original 2611: 2599:. Retrieved 2595:the original 2585: 2573:. Retrieved 2563: 2551:. Retrieved 2547:the original 2537: 2518: 2482:cite journal 2470:. Retrieved 2466:the original 2461: 2411: 2407: 2386:. Retrieved 2377: 2365:. Retrieved 2348: 2336:. Retrieved 2332:the original 2305:. Retrieved 2301:the original 2291: 2279:. Retrieved 2275:the original 2262: 2250:. Retrieved 2246:the original 2236: 2224:. Retrieved 2220:the original 2210: 2198:. Retrieved 2194:the original 2184: 2172:. Retrieved 2168:the original 2158: 2146:. Retrieved 2142: 2133: 2121:. Retrieved 2117:the original 2107: 2093: 2074:Star of Life 1840: 1804: 1770:major trauma 1767: 1759:World War II 1724: 1713:major trauma 1676: 1665: 1636: 1629: 1603: 1539: 1531: 1502:thoracostomy 1475: 1443: 1423: 1405: 1396: 1380: 1376:firefighters 1357: 1341: 1321: 1304: 1300: 1255: 1243: 1198: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1163: 1144: 1141:Major trauma 1123: 1103: 1083: 981: 973: 941: 936: 932: 914: 891: 885: 879: 873: 867: 861: 855:Star of Life 844: 827:distilleries 812: 803: 779: 770: 766: 763: 733: 706: 699: 659: 647: 643:fire station 599: 595: 571: 568:Organization 558: 546: 536: 530: 528: 493: 469: 449:World War II 422: 395: 377:Motorization 364: 349: 318: 295: 289: 266: 245:designed by 242: 240: 235: 214: 164: 150:to the next 145: 94: 80: 76: 72: 68: 67: 36: 18:Pre-hospital 6360:Prosthetist 6335:Optometrist 6255:Audiologist 5938:Pocket mask 5814:Golden hour 5639:New Zealand 5634:Netherlands 5163:‹ The 4931:(1): 24–25. 3708:"Union EMS" 3678:15 February 3641:www.bls.gov 2728:23 February 2677:(8): 64–9. 1774:golden hour 1763:Vietnam War 1735:Camel Corps 1703:A Canadian 1644:Netherlands 1630:The use of 1594:chest tubes 1482:cannulation 1347:(CPR), and 1166:Golden Hour 1079:South Sudan 425:World War I 410:electricity 391:World War I 182:(EMTs) and 135:to provide 113:motorcycles 90:initialisms 6416:Lifesaving 6405:Categories 6150:NACA score 5959:Amiodarone 5873:Chest tube 5706:by country 5704:Paramedics 5562:by country 5359:Blood bike 4975:31 October 4908:6 November 2957:1 November 2601:29 October 2575:29 October 2085:References 1837:Wilderness 1788:See also: 1755:Korean War 1719:See also: 1606:paramedics 1542:dobutamine 1498:intubation 1494:ultrasound 1413:palliative 1336:See also: 1271:Ambulances 1223:myocardium 1155:helicopter 1106:paramedics 1045:physicians 1041:Paramedics 929:paramedics 736:Jumbulance 702:volunteers 641:leaving a 607:Boston EMS 524:paramedics 398:automobile 387:Royal Navy 321:Cincinnati 211:Precursors 192:Physicians 184:paramedics 143:services. 109:squad cars 105:Ambulances 6340:Orthotist 6275:Dietitian 6069:First aid 5954:Adenosine 5921:Combitube 5895:(ECG/EKG) 5859:Equipment 5713:Australia 5679:Sri Lanka 5649:Palestine 5609:Hong Kong 5574:Australia 5432:Stretcher 5342:Ambulance 5311:Paramedic 4619:14 August 4541:29 August 4515:29 August 4461:29 August 4323:20 August 4219:11 August 4087:20 August 4058:20 August 3991:20 August 3953:20 August 3927:20 August 3895:20 August 3871:20 August 3847:20 August 3815:20 August 3791:20 August 3765:20 August 3739:20 August 3718:20 August 3398:4 October 3347:cite book 3339:954134197 2876:"History" 2388:20 August 1743:Australia 1672:paramedic 1668:physician 1662:Physician 1576:), UACs ( 1570:pacemaker 1478:paramedic 1464:Paramedic 1278:Personnel 1247:first aid 1126:paramedic 1118:protocols 1114:oversight 987:First aid 921:physician 847:first aid 823:breweries 738:project. 541:standards 453:physician 437:mortality 433:morbidity 297:The Times 259:Prussians 172:first aid 48:stretcher 6174:Category 6135:(CCrISP) 5979:Naloxone 5969:Dopamine 5964:Atropine 5659:Portugal 5442:Weevac 6 5399:movement 5330:Vehicles 5192:Archived 5165:template 5121:30 March 5095:30 March 5069:30 March 5033:cite web 5023:30 March 5001:30 March 4953:30 March 4822:15928284 4728:Archived 4700:Archived 4684:25684014 4629:cite web 4432:16255333 4360:16164532 4077:"CCEMTP" 4034:11990115 3568:15911845 3493:15505262 3444:14516884 3259:17640641 3224:22043368 3164:31020961 3156:14694898 3116:9 August 3090:31 March 2910:Archived 2820:25057729 2769:14411374 2683:15326449 2553:9 August 2472:9 August 2436:42597837 2428:16850154 2361:Archived 2338:7 August 2101:. NHTSA. 2031:CEN 1789 2020:See also 1833:(HART). 1815:bombings 1550:propofol 1546:dopamine 1174:bleeding 1147:hospital 970:, Canada 851:medicine 782:UCLA EMS 725:Hatzalah 721:Hatzalah 664:use and 662:Nalaxone 653:and the 621:and the 554:Maryland 485:Cadillac 445:dispatch 406:gasoline 341:morphine 329:New York 160:hospital 117:aircraft 6186:Outline 6111:(ACoRN) 6057:Courses 5728:Ireland 5723:Germany 5684:Ukraine 5619:Ireland 5614:Iceland 5604:Germany 5594:Finland 5579:Belgium 5569:Austria 5347:history 5167:below ( 4863:7832345 4676:3517313 4593:18 June 4567:18 June 4451:Emsnews 3621:29 July 3517:29 July 3215:3191661 2916:12 June 2886:5 April 2862:5545943 2777:2663379 2703:. 2002. 2654:16 June 2628:5 April 2307:29 June 2281:29 June 2252:18 June 2226:18 June 2200:18 June 2174:18 June 2123:18 June 1747:Outback 1727:medevac 1640:Estonia 1180:irway, 1151:MEDEVAC 1108:and/or 995:choking 968:Ontario 962:at the 909:Estonia 833:Purpose 800:, Japan 757:during 696:, Italy 591:Ukraine 512:Belfast 483:A 1973 457:hearses 423:During 418:Chicago 337:splints 292:cholera 206:History 148:patient 6129:(ALSO) 6123:(PALS) 6117:(PBLS) 6099:(ATLS) 6093:(ACLS) 5849:Triage 5718:Canada 5664:Russia 5654:Poland 5644:Norway 5624:Israel 5599:France 5589:Canada 5584:Brazil 5412:Litter 5268:People 5184:Curlie 5170:Curlie 4861: 4820: 4777: 4752: 4682: 4674: 4430: 4389:15 May 4358: 4032: 3646:10 May 3566: 3559:557963 3556: 3491: 3484:526323 3481: 3442: 3337: 3327: 3280: 3257: 3239:Injury 3222: 3212: 3162: 3154: 3064:2 June 3038:2 June 3012:2 July 2983:27 May 2860: 2818: 2808: 2775: 2767: 2681: 2525: 2434: 2426: 2367:4 July 2148:1 June 1855:(i.e. 1819:hazmat 1731:Turkey 1715:cases. 1648:Sweden 1258:nurses 1202:trauma 1133:),the 1058:nurses 825:, and 715:, the 694:Modena 613:, and 408:, and 371:London 356:Vienna 345:brandy 343:, and 315:, 1895 255:French 200:Europe 196:nurses 83:, are 6105:(NRP) 6087:(BLS) 6076:(CPR) 5947:Drugs 5934:(OPA) 5928:(NPA) 5869:(BVM) 5669:Spain 5629:Italy 5451:Other 5063:(PDF) 5056:(PDF) 4680:S2CID 4614:ALiEM 4509:(PDF) 4502:(PDF) 4165:(PDF) 4158:(PDF) 4130:(PDF) 4123:(PDF) 3921:(PDF) 3914:(PDF) 3890:(PDF) 3866:(PDF) 3841:(PDF) 3834:(PDF) 3810:(PDF) 3375:(PDF) 3160:S2CID 2773:S2CID 2432:S2CID 2271:(PDF) 1705:STARS 1554:blood 1210:STEMI 402:steam 280:Egypt 276:camel 267:after 263:horse 158:of a 121:boats 5907:(IV) 5901:(IO) 5397:and 5123:2012 5097:2012 5071:2012 5039:link 5025:2012 5003:2012 4977:2017 4955:2012 4910:2018 4859:PMID 4818:PMID 4800:JAMA 4775:ISBN 4750:ISBN 4672:PMID 4635:link 4621:2022 4595:2007 4569:2007 4543:2012 4517:2012 4463:2012 4428:PMID 4391:2012 4356:PMID 4325:2008 4299:2011 4273:2011 4247:2011 4221:2011 4195:2011 4173:2011 4138:2011 4089:2008 4060:2008 4030:PMID 3993:2008 3955:2008 3929:2008 3897:2008 3873:2008 3849:2008 3817:2008 3793:2008 3767:2008 3741:2008 3720:2008 3680:2019 3648:2023 3623:2010 3594:2008 3564:PMID 3538:CMAJ 3519:2010 3489:PMID 3463:CMAJ 3440:PMID 3400:2021 3357:link 3353:link 3335:OCLC 3325:ISBN 3306:2008 3278:ISBN 3255:PMID 3220:PMID 3152:PMID 3118:2008 3092:2009 3066:2007 3040:2007 3014:2017 2985:2016 2959:2009 2918:2015 2888:2012 2858:PMID 2827:2011 2816:PMID 2806:ISBN 2765:PMID 2749:JAMA 2730:2007 2679:PMID 2656:2007 2630:2012 2603:2022 2577:2022 2555:2008 2523:ISBN 2495:help 2474:2008 2424:PMID 2390:2008 2369:2018 2340:2008 2309:2007 2283:2007 2254:2007 2228:2007 2202:2007 2176:2007 2150:2016 2125:2007 1827:SWAT 1592:and 1556:and 1510:FP-C 1385:and 1374:and 935:and 719:and 707:The 587:Kyiv 498:and 435:and 325:Ohio 257:and 194:and 5887:ICD 5882:AED 5182:at 4849:doi 4808:doi 4804:293 4662:doi 4658:132 4485:137 4418:doi 4348:doi 4020:doi 3554:PMC 3546:doi 3542:172 3479:PMC 3471:doi 3467:171 3432:doi 3247:doi 3210:PMC 3202:doi 3144:doi 2850:doi 2798:doi 2757:doi 2753:173 2416:doi 1859:), 1580:), 1488:), 1409:AED 1214:PCI 1077:in 1011:or 927:or 666:CPR 496:CPR 354:in 139:or 79:or 73:EMS 6407:: 6059:/ 5035:}} 5031:{{ 4929:29 4927:. 4889:^ 4857:. 4845:25 4843:. 4839:. 4816:. 4802:. 4798:. 4722:" 4678:. 4670:. 4656:. 4652:. 4631:}} 4627:{{ 4612:. 4449:. 4426:. 4414:10 4412:. 4408:. 4377:. 4354:. 4344:14 4342:. 4146:^ 4068:^ 4028:. 4014:. 4010:. 3664:. 3639:. 3602:^ 3562:. 3552:. 3540:. 3536:. 3487:. 3477:. 3465:. 3461:. 3438:. 3428:92 3426:. 3391:. 3349:}} 3345:{{ 3333:. 3253:. 3243:38 3241:. 3218:. 3208:. 3198:25 3196:. 3192:. 3172:^ 3158:. 3150:. 3140:18 3138:. 3126:^ 2993:^ 2904:. 2856:. 2846:11 2844:. 2814:. 2804:. 2796:. 2771:. 2763:. 2751:. 2747:. 2716:. 2675:29 2673:. 2503:^ 2486:: 2484:}} 2480:{{ 2460:. 2444:^ 2430:. 2422:. 2412:30 2410:. 2398:^ 2359:. 2317:^ 2141:. 1817:, 1813:, 1809:, 1765:. 1596:. 1588:, 1584:, 1564:, 1552:, 1548:, 1544:, 1524:A 1496:, 1476:A 1370:. 1196:. 1073:A 1031:, 939:. 821:, 817:, 680:. 657:. 625:. 609:, 605:, 589:, 556:. 514:, 467:. 416:, 404:, 385:A 323:, 282:. 202:. 123:, 119:, 115:, 111:, 57:A 6221:e 6214:t 6207:v 6013:) 6009:( 5889:) 5880:( 5772:e 5765:t 5758:v 5543:e 5536:t 5529:v 5229:e 5222:t 5215:v 5125:. 5099:. 5073:. 5041:) 5027:. 5005:. 4979:. 4957:. 4912:. 4865:. 4851:: 4824:. 4810:: 4783:. 4758:. 4734:. 4686:. 4664:: 4637:) 4623:. 4597:. 4571:. 4545:. 4519:. 4465:. 4434:. 4420:: 4393:. 4362:. 4350:: 4327:. 4301:. 4275:. 4249:. 4223:. 4197:. 4175:. 4140:. 4091:. 4062:. 4036:. 4022:: 4016:7 3995:. 3957:. 3931:. 3899:. 3875:. 3851:. 3819:. 3795:. 3769:. 3743:. 3722:. 3696:. 3682:. 3650:. 3625:. 3596:. 3570:. 3548:: 3521:. 3495:. 3473:: 3446:. 3434:: 3402:. 3377:. 3359:) 3341:. 3308:. 3286:. 3261:. 3249:: 3226:. 3204:: 3166:. 3146:: 3120:. 3094:. 3068:. 3042:. 3016:. 2987:. 2961:. 2920:. 2890:. 2864:. 2852:: 2829:. 2800:: 2779:. 2759:: 2732:. 2685:. 2658:. 2632:. 2605:. 2579:. 2557:. 2531:. 2497:) 2493:( 2476:. 2462:8 2438:. 2418:: 2392:. 2371:. 2342:. 2311:. 2285:. 2256:. 2230:. 2204:. 2178:. 2152:. 2127:. 1208:( 1186:c 1182:b 1178:a 1015:. 997:. 911:. 71:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Emergency medical services

Index