689:, attention was devoted to avoiding the number being dialed accidentally by errant interruptions of the circuits by making them involve long sequences of pulses, such as with the UK 999 emergency number. This meant that "111" could not be used: "111" dialing could accidentally take place when phone lines were in too close proximity to each other. Subscribers, as they were called then, were even given instructions on how to find the number "9" on the dial in darkened, or smoke-filled, rooms, by locating and placing the first finger in the "0" and the second in the "9", then removing the first when actually dialling. Some people have reported accidentally dialing 112 by loop-disconnect for various technical reasons, including while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of the 112 emergency number, which takes only four loop-disconnects to activate.
468:(PMG) introduced the Triple Zero (000) number in major population centres and near the end of the 1980s extended its coverage to nationwide. The number Triple Zero (000) was chosen for several reasons: technically, it suited the dialing system for the most remote automatic exchanges, particularly outback Queensland. These communities used the digit 0 to select an automatic trunk line to a centre. In the most remote communities, two 0s had to be used to reach a main centre; thus dialing 0+0, plus another 0 would call (at least) an operator. Zero is closest to the finger stall on Australian rotary dial phones, so it was easy to dial in darkness. The Telecommunications Numbering Plan 1997, also administered by ACMA, specifies that:
68:
136:
1892:
423:
405:, many telephone exchanges were closed at night but it was still possible to make emergency calls. An operator had to connect the emergency calls only. In 1913, an automatic system was set up. It made provision for calling the police by dialing 17 and the fire brigade by dialing 18. As more manual telephone exchanges were converted to dial operation, more and more subscribers had access to these special numbers. The service was not widespread until the 1970s.
3007:
1925:
3017:
1915:
32:
47:
2996:
1904:
3027:
1935:
661:
especially likely to need emergency services. Since 2020, emergency responders have been able to better locate callers who dial 911 on their cellphones from indoors as the U.S. wireless industry improved caller-location for the majority of such calls. The "heightened location accuracy," available to supporting networks and handsets, can find callers through nearby devices connected to
393:" systems were developed that not only would display the caller's number and address at the dispatch center but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of what central office the caller was served from. In the United States, most cities have E911 systems either in use, or in their emergency systems design plans.
175:) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.
148:
traffic, they still may be able to access circuits that other traffic cannot. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to an emergency telephone number, it must be answered. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers and releases the call.
517:
The
International Telecommunication Union has officially set two standard emergency phone numbers for countries to use in the future. AP reports that member states have agreed that either 911 or 112 should be designated as emergency phone numbers – 911 is currently used in North America, while 112 is
297:
numbered in reverse to the UK and most of the world, with the number 1 on New
Zealand rotary phones in the same position as the number 9 on British rotary phones. Dialling 111 would be recognised by the British-built step-by-step exchanges then used as a 999 emergency call, which would route the call
589:
as pre-programmed emergency numbers that are always available. The SIM card issued by the operator can contain additional country-specific emergency numbers that can be used even when roaming abroad. The GSM network can also update the list of well-known emergency numbers when the phone registers to
559:
phone, the special emergency call setup takes place. The actual number is not even transmitted into the network, but the network redirects the emergency call to the local emergency desk. Most GSM mobile phones can dial emergency numbers even when the phone keyboard is locked, the phone is without a
230:
Because numbers were different for every exchange, callers either had to dial the operator or look up the telephone number. This problem was at least partially solved in Canada, the UK, and the US by dialing "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be
218:
When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?". The user then responded with "get me the police", "I'm calling to report a fire", or "I need an ambulance/doctor". Even in
111:
for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country; it is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit.
361:
Electromechanical switching equipment still in use made it difficult to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance. For this reason, there are still county sheriff departments that have toll-free "800" area
340:
911 was chosen instead. The "1" as the second digit was key; it told the switching equipment that this was not a routine call. (At the time, when the second digit was "1" or "0" the equipment handled the call as a long distance or special number call.) The first 911 emergency phone system went into
349:
in 1968. On
February 16, 1968, the first-ever 9-1-1 call was placed by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite, from Haleyville City Hall, to U.S. Rep. Tom Bevill, at the city's police station. However, 911 systems were not in widespread use until the 1980s when the number 911 was adopted as the
597:
instead of another emergency number may be advantageous, since GSM phones and networks give special priority to emergency calls. A phone dialing an emergency service number not recognized by it may refuse to roam onto another network, leading to trouble if there is no access to the home network.
365:
The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North
America, but there are still small, sparsely-populated, or
147:
The emergency telephone number is a special case in the country's telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the emergency telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now often mixed with ordinary telephone
660:
requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed. As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others
357:
The implementation of 911 service in the US was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that they had been connected to the wrong dispatch center
672:
Mobile phones generate additional problems for emergency operators, as many phones will allow emergency numbers to be dialed even while the keypad is locked. Since mobile phones are typically carried in pockets and small bags, the keys can easily be depressed accidentally, leading to
193:
In many parts of the world, an emergency service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the telephone company uses to bill calls, making the number visible even for users who have unlisted numbers or who block
222:
In small towns, operators frequently provided additional services, knowing where to reach doctors, veterinarians, law enforcement personnel and firefighters at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.
449:
number as a standard on 29 July 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about two out of three EU states.
226:
When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.
1521:
652:
with a mobile phone. In those cases the emergency number has to be called by using a landline telephone or with an additional first/last digit (for example 922 or 992 instead of 92 and 003 or 033 instead of 03).
254:
on 30 June 1937 using the number 999, and this was later extended to cover the entire country. When 999 was dialed, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention.
902:
546:
Mobile phones can be used in countries with different emergency numbers. This means that a traveller visiting a foreign country does not have to know the local emergency numbers. The mobile phone and the
464:
Prior to 1969, Australia lacked a national number for emergency services; the police, fire and ambulance services possessed many phone numbers, one for each local unit. In 1961, the office of the
945:
336:
Because of the design of U.S. central office (phone) switches, it was not practical to use the
British emergency number 999 (as was briefly considered). What was up to that time unassigned
182:
systems (CACH). The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform
438:
1830:
1822:
1807:
1768:
1190:
487:
is an emergency telephone number in several countries. For example, it is used for fire emergencies in
Austria, for traffic emergencies in China, and for police emergencies in Egypt.
605:
On some networks, a GSM phone without a SIM card may be used to make emergency calls, and most GSM phones accept a larger list of emergency numbers without SIM card, such as
231:
obtained if the user dialed the full number for the Police or Fire
Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.
1529:
677:. A system has been developed in the UK to connect calls where the caller is sent to an automated system, leaving more operators free to handle genuine emergency calls.
815:
1054:
967:
1325:
644:
The GSM phones may regard some phone numbers with one or two digits as special service codes. It might be impossible to make an emergency call to numbers like
1705:
2271:
1339:
206:
can provide the location of landline callers by looking up the physical address in a database, and mobile callers through triangulation from towers or
274:, mayor of Winnipeg at the time. The city changed the number to 911 in 1972, in order to be consistent with the newly adopted U.S. emergency number.
1447:
942:
1584:
1160:
2979:
2951:
2946:
1971:
1938:
1085:
1194:
1138:
1388:
1473:
1014:
1698:
1116:
637:. However, some GSM networks will not accept emergency calls from phones without a SIM card. For example, to decrease the risk of
1499:
178:
Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner; they can be assisted by
1156:
2973:
1413:
Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS); Service aspects; Service principles (3GPP TS 22.101 version 9.1.0 Release 9)
709:
1412:
2968:
2958:
2938:
2740:
1559:
1384:
1233:
812:
750:
3051:
1928:
1691:
2105:
551:
have a preprogrammed list of emergency numbers. When the user tries to set up a call using an emergency number known by a
408:
France now uses 112, the
European emergency number, as well as 17 and 18 for police and fire brigade, specific to France.
3030:
2963:
2809:
1918:
865:
839:
745:
124:
1837:
2735:
1730:
975:
465:
2829:
1623:
1317:
785:
657:
2614:
2162:
1964:
1868:
1844:
1814:
1800:
1788:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1743:
698:
585:
579:
573:
459:
417:
327:
245:
120:
116:
2725:
527:
20:
2720:
565:
358:
because they had telephone service from one location but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.
2745:
1355:
351:
187:
123:(used mostly in the Americas) will connect callers to emergency services. For individual countries, see the
3020:
2781:
2678:
2221:
2016:
1988:
179:
3010:
2517:
1957:
1443:
1032:
761:
1581:
504:
is an emergency telephone number in
Pakistan. It can be used to call for fire and medical emergencies.
2869:
2791:
2730:
2437:
548:
168:
1651:
2641:
2602:
2447:
2347:
2276:
2209:
2036:
342:
3000:
2242:
2177:
2130:
2090:
1908:
882:
703:
1673:
1659:
2839:
2824:
2668:
2619:
2542:
2442:
2120:
2006:
2001:
1772:
1749:
922:
686:
1078:
2761:
2547:
2362:
2307:
2302:
2115:
2080:
1860:
290:
1635:
2663:
2467:
2432:
2352:
2332:
2254:
2142:
2063:
1377:
1186:
371:
1996:
1469:
2577:
2537:
2507:
2264:
2199:
2021:
739:
531:
152:
67:
1225:
1218:
135:
8:
2587:
2527:
2286:
2248:
2046:
2031:
1725:
1108:
729:
641:, French and British networks typically do not allow emergency calls without a SIM card.
331:
285:
The emergency number 111 was adopted in New Zealand in 1955 and was first implemented in
210:
on the device. This is often specifically mandated in a country's telecommunication law.
2814:
2771:
2702:
2572:
2502:
2477:
2412:
2259:
1980:
1495:
16:
Telephone number that allows caller to contact local emergency services for assistance
2854:
2776:
2690:
2673:
2636:
2482:
2312:
2281:
2147:
2041:
1896:
1852:
1627:
1619:
1347:
1250:
1229:
953:
535:
108:
2522:
2859:
2819:
2799:
2766:
2695:
2653:
2567:
2422:
2407:
2382:
2357:
2317:
2167:
2026:
2011:
1678:
1164:
669:
that are logged with a specific location in a special emergency-services database.
277:
Several other countries besides the UK have adopted 999 as their emergency number.
1551:
2487:
2342:
2110:
2085:
2073:
1663:
1588:
949:
843:
819:
714:
422:
2685:
2557:
2532:
2492:
2462:
2337:
2172:
2125:
2100:
2058:
674:
442:
1683:
1378:"Guidelines to select Emergency Number for public telecommunications networks"
1293:
861:
836:
250:
The first emergency number system to be deployed anywhere in the world was in
3045:
2834:
2607:
2597:
2512:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2372:
2194:
2053:
1351:
1275:
638:
1608:
2712:
2552:
2497:
2427:
2392:
2327:
2226:
2216:
2068:
1848:
390:
271:
219:
large cities, it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.
199:
1674:
The Norwegian National Centre on Emergency Communication in Health (KoKom)
1641:
Mobile Reference (2007). "Chapter: History of emergency services numbers".
1631:
2912:
2562:
2472:
2457:
2417:
2377:
2236:
1875:
756:
496:
311:
294:
172:
164:
98: Other number, no redirection or redirection for mobile phones only
2917:
2624:
2322:
2231:
2187:
2157:
2135:
1616:
The Changing Hospital Industry: Comparing Not-for-Profit and For-Profit
1425:
315:
156:
53:
2902:
2367:
2182:
1949:
1318:"911 and 112 are the world's standard emergency numbers, ITU decides"
927:
907:
887:
786:"911 and 112 are the world's standard emergency numbers, ITU decides"
666:
337:
286:
195:
183:
1079:"Hold, please: Lack of money pauses plans for 911 service in N.W.T."
427:
2897:
2887:
2804:
2629:
2452:
734:
561:
263:
259:
140:
719:
143:
elementary school showing emergency numbers used in Mainland China
2892:
2877:
2095:
996:
367:
346:
1522:"Deal to spur better 911 call locating for U.S. cellphone users"
119:(used in Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and South America) or
2922:
2882:
2204:
883:"Telephone Calls in Emergencies - Plan to Introduce New System"
402:
378:
375:
267:
251:
160:
151:
An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a
40:
is the emergency number used in many countries in the Americas.
518:
standard across the EU and in many other countries worldwide.
2907:
2844:
2152:
724:
662:
602:
forces the phone to try the call with any available network.
431:
1415:, topic 10.1.1 Identification of emergency numbers, clause C
475:
the secondary emergency service numbers are '106' and '112'.
2849:
203:
31:
1792:
593:
Using an emergency number recognized by a GSM phone like
552:
207:
72:
46:
1668:
1656:
1248:
556:
389:
Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "
1276:"Emergency contacts in Egypt: important phone numbers"
1187:"Triple Zero (000) Australia's Emergency Call Service"
1139:"Le numéro de téléphone à 10 chiffres fête ses 25 ans"
1472:. Federal Communications Commission. 8 October 2008.
1215:
350:
standard number across most of the country under the
19:"Emergency call" redirects here. For other uses, see
1591:, European Emergency Number Association, 15-03-2011.
293:
in September 1958. New Zealand telephones had their
1863: (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline)
1498:. Federal Communications Commission. 26 June 2008.
1817: (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina)
1217:
107:is a number that allows a caller to contact local
75:approved emergency telephone numbers in the world:
1015:"First 9‑1‑1 call is placed in the United States"
568:or there is not a network signal (busy network).
472:the primary emergency service number is '000' and
3043:
1713:
1582:EENA Operations Document: False Emergency Calls
1001:Lebanon County Department of Emergency Services
306:Southern California Telephone Co. began using
130:
56:, Germany, with the European emergency number
1965:
1699:
564:, emergency number is entered instead of the
1669:European Emergency Number Association (EENA)
1657:National Emergency Number Association (NENA)
1488:
1462:
943:Just Dial 116 for emergency telephone calls.
680:
213:
2980:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1340:"RFCs prepare for Internet emergency calls"
512:
3016:
1972:
1958:
1914:
1706:
1692:
1224:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Frommer's. p.
1053:Assoc, American Motorcyclist (June 2001).
1618:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1216:Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2009).
1157:"History of the Emergency Call Services"
441:recommended the use of 112 in 1972. The
421:
258:The emergency number 999 was adopted in
134:
66:
3044:
1979:
935:
831:
829:
827:
710:Amateur radio emergency communications
598:Dialing a known emergency number like
234:
1953:
1687:
1609:"999 - Which Service Do You Require?"
1394:from the original on 14 February 2012
1385:International Telecommunication Union
1294:"Punjab Emergency Service Department"
1052:
923:"Choice Of Emergency Number Defended"
807:
805:
751:National Emergency Number Association
3026:
1934:
1552:"Technology tackles bogus 999 calls"
1450:from the original on 20 October 2014
1370:
1076:
877:
875:
742:(ICE) entry in the mobile phone book
1652:112 – The European emergency number
1106:
824:
746:List of emergency telephone numbers
541:
125:list of emergency telephone numbers
13:
1731:Harmonised service of social value
1562:from the original on 13 April 2004
1119:from the original on 4 August 2016
1088:from the original on 30 April 2016
802:
685:As earlier telephone systems used
507:
115:In many countries, dialing either
14:
3063:
1679:Emergency Numbers in Saudi Arabia
1645:
1502:from the original on 7 March 2009
965:
872:
706:(or 'Emergency Location Service')
534:pertaining to emergency calls in
3025:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2994:
2615:Free-space optical communication
1933:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1902:
1890:
1328:from the original on 2017-04-01.
1197:from the original on 15 May 2009
1191:Library of Congress Web Archives
1163:. 27 August 2007. Archived from
868:from the original on 2017-08-14.
699:999 (emergency telephone number)
460:000 (emergency telephone number)
418:112 (emergency telephone number)
328:911 (emergency telephone number)
246:999 (emergency telephone number)
45:
30:
1574:
1544:
1514:
1476:from the original on 7 May 2009
1436:
1418:
1406:
1332:
1310:
1286:
1268:
1242:
1209:
1179:
1149:
1131:
1100:
1070:
1046:
1025:
1007:
989:
959:
528:Internet Engineering Task Force
521:
159:. The nature of the emergency (
21:Emergency Call (disambiguation)
1833: (Mercosur member states)
1791:(Europe and others, worldwide
931:. 1 February 1969. p. 14.
915:
911:. 31 October 1958. p. 10.
895:
854:
848:
778:
1:
1430:European communication office
1251:"Emergency Services in China"
1249:Australian Embassy in China.
1056:Motorcyclist Association p.58
941:Staff report (Aug 19, 1946).
767:
352:North American Numbering Plan
3001:Telecommunication portal
2782:Telecommunications equipment
1909:Telecommunication portal
891:. 19 April 1955. p. 11.
862:"9-1-1 Origin & History"
772:
571:Most GSM mobile phones have
426:112 on a lifeguard tower in
180:computer aided call handling
7:
3052:Emergency telephone numbers
2518:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1871:(Bangladesh, UK and others)
1803:(parts of Asia and Jamaica)
1715:Emergency telephone numbers
1496:"Calls Made From Payphones"
762:Single Non-Emergency Number
692:
131:Configuration and operation
10:
3068:
2222:Telecommunications history
1597:
1387:. 15 May 2008. p. 4.
656:In the United States, the
494:
457:
415:
325:
243:
105:emergency telephone number
71:Implementation of the two
18:
2989:
2931:
2868:
2830:Public Switched Telephone
2790:
2754:
2711:
2652:
2642:telecommunication circuit
2603:Fiber-optic communication
2586:
2348:Francis Blake (telephone)
2295:
2143:Optical telecommunication
1987:
1885:
1739:
1721:
1614:Cutler, David M. (2000).
903:"Dial 111 in Emergencies"
835:British Telecom Archives
813:Why 999 for an emergency?
681:Electro-mechanical issues
445:subsequently adopted the
396:
343:Alabama Telephone Company
310:as an emergency line for
270:in 1959 at the urging of
214:Operator-assisted dialing
202:and similar systems like
2741:Orbital angular-momentum
2178:Satellite communications
2017:Communications satellite
704:Advanced Mobile Location
513:ITU standard: 112 or 911
155:or an emergency service
2620:Molecular communication
2443:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2272:Undersea telegraph line
2007:Cable protection system
1825: (Colombia, Egypt)
1470:"Wireless 911 Services"
687:loop disconnect dialing
490:
381:) that do not have it.
2762:Communication protocol
2548:Charles Sumner Tainter
2363:Walter Houser Brattain
2308:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2116:Information revolution
837:U.K. Telephone History
479:
453:
434:
411:
366:remote areas (such as
321:
301:
280:
239:
144:
100:
2736:Polarization-division
2468:Narinder Singh Kapany
2433:Erna Schneider Hoover
2353:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2333:Alexander Graham Bell
2064:online video platform
1897:Telephones portal
1847:(Iraq, North America
1444:"Russia: Emergencies"
526:In January 2008, the
425:
372:Northwest Territories
138:
70:
2578:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2538:Almon Brown Strowger
2508:Charles Grafton Page
2163:Prepaid mobile phone
2091:Electrical telegraph
1324:. 12 December 2012.
1255:china.embassy.gov.au
997:"THE HISTORY OF 911"
740:In case of emergency
2528:Johann Philipp Reis
2287:Wireless revolution
2249:The Telephone Cases
2106:Hydraulic telegraph
1726:Emergency telephone
1193:. 17 October 2019.
1109:"Money for nothing"
730:Emergency telephone
332:9-1-1 (Philippines)
235:Direct-dial numbers
60:painted on its side
2726:Frequency-division
2703:Telephone exchange
2573:Charles Wheatstone
2503:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2478:Innocenzo Manzetti
2413:Reginald Fessenden
2148:Optical telegraphy
1981:Telecommunications
1662:2005-02-23 at the
1587:2011-09-02 at the
1346:. 8 January 2008.
948:2013-07-19 at the
842:2012-12-13 at the
818:2013-07-19 at the
530:released a set of
466:Postmaster General
435:
153:telephone operator
145:
109:emergency services
101:
3039:
3038:
2777:Store and forward
2772:Data transmission
2686:Network switching
2637:Transmission line
2483:Guglielmo Marconi
2448:Internet pioneers
2313:Mohamed M. Atalla
2282:Whistled language
1947:
1946:
1939:Wikimedia Commons
1758: (Australia)
1746: (Australia)
1298:www.rescue.gov.pk
1235:978-0-470-39897-5
1220:Frommer's Austria
1077:Williams, Ollie.
972:Dispatch Magazine
954:Los Angeles Times
92: 112 and 911
3059:
3029:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2870:Notable networks
2860:Wireless network
2800:Cellular network
2792:Types of network
2767:Computer network
2654:Network topology
2568:Thomas A. Watson
2423:Oliver Heaviside
2408:Philo Farnsworth
2383:Daniel Davis Jr.
2358:Charles Bourseul
2318:John Logie Baird
2027:Data compression
2022:Computer network
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1878: (Pakistan)
1872:
1864:
1856:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1804:
1796:
1795:mobile networks)
1784:
1776:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:on 23 March 2018
1528:. Archived from
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:"ECC Report 324"
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
974:. Archived from
968:"History of 911"
963:
957:
939:
933:
932:
919:
913:
912:
899:
893:
892:
879:
870:
869:
858:
852:
846:
833:
822:
809:
800:
799:
797:
796:
782:
675:unintended calls
542:Mobile telephony
97:
91:
85:
79:
52:A fire truck in
49:
34:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
2995:
2993:
2985:
2927:
2864:
2786:
2750:
2707:
2656:
2648:
2589:
2582:
2488:Robert Metcalfe
2343:Tim Berners-Lee
2291:
2111:Information Age
1983:
1978:
1948:
1943:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1867:
1859:
1843:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1799:
1787:
1779:
1775:, Japan, China)
1767:
1735:
1717:
1712:
1664:Wayback Machine
1648:
1600:
1595:
1589:Wayback Machine
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1558:. 23 May 2002.
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1358:on 26 July 2011
1338:
1337:
1333:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1107:Shanoff, Alan.
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1033:"Villager p.13"
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
995:
994:
990:
981:
979:
964:
960:
950:Wayback Machine
940:
936:
921:
920:
916:
901:
900:
896:
881:
880:
873:
860:
859:
855:
849:
844:Wayback Machine
834:
825:
820:Wayback Machine
810:
803:
794:
792:
784:
783:
779:
775:
770:
715:Distress signal
695:
683:
544:
524:
515:
510:
508:Standardisation
499:
493:
482:
462:
456:
420:
414:
399:
345:in Haleyville,
334:
326:Main articles:
324:
304:
283:
248:
242:
237:
216:
133:
99:
95:
93:
89:
87:
83:
81:
77:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
50:
42:
41:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Space-division
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Camille Tissot
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Claude Shannon
2530:
2525:
2523:Tivadar Puskás
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Antonio Meucci
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Charles K. Kao
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Harold Hopkins
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Emile Berliner
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Videotelephony
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2173:Radiotelephone
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Internet video
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1841:
1840: (Brazil)
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1785:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1654:
1647:
1646:External links
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1612:
1611:, 30 June 2017
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1543:
1513:
1487:
1461:
1435:
1417:
1405:
1369:
1331:
1309:
1285:
1267:
1241:
1234:
1208:
1178:
1167:on 15 May 2009
1148:
1130:
1099:
1069:
1045:
1024:
1006:
988:
958:
934:
914:
894:
871:
853:
847:
823:
801:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
748:
743:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
701:
694:
691:
682:
679:
639:nuisance calls
543:
540:
523:
520:
514:
511:
509:
506:
495:Main article:
492:
489:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
458:Main article:
455:
452:
443:European Union
416:Main article:
413:
410:
398:
395:
387:
386:
362:code numbers.
323:
320:
303:
300:
282:
279:
244:Main article:
241:
238:
236:
233:
215:
212:
132:
129:
94:
88:
82:
76:
51:
44:
43:
36:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:Code-division
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Time-division
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:and switching
2655:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2608:optical fiber
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Coaxial cable
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Radia Perlman
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Lee de Forest
2401:
2399:
2398:Thomas Edison
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Donald Davies
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Claude Chappe
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Smoke signals
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:Semiconductor
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:Digital media
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1810: (China)
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:(New Zealand)
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764: (India)
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752: (India)
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:9780226132198
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:blog.anta.net
1341:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1002:
998:
992:
978:on 2018-09-23
977:
973:
969:
966:Allen, Gary.
962:
956:
955:
951:
947:
944:
938:
930:
929:
924:
918:
910:
909:
904:
898:
890:
889:
884:
878:
876:
867:
863:
857:
851:
845:
841:
838:
832:
830:
828:
821:
817:
814:
808:
806:
791:
787:
781:
777:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
690:
688:
678:
676:
670:
668:
664:
659:
654:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
596:
591:
588:
587:
582:
581:
576:
575:
569:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
539:
537:
533:
532:RFC documents
529:
519:
505:
503:
498:
488:
486:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
461:
451:
448:
444:
440:
433:
429:
424:
419:
409:
406:
404:
394:
392:
384:
383:
382:
380:
377:
373:
369:
363:
359:
355:
353:
348:
344:
339:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
299:
298:accordingly.
296:
292:
288:
278:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
253:
247:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
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2713:Multiplexing
2588:Transmission
2553:Nikola Tesla
2543:Henry Sutton
2498:Samuel Morse
2428:Robert Hooke
2393:Amos Dolbear
2328:John Bardeen
2247:
2227:Telautograph
2131:Mobile phone
2086:Edholm's law
2069:social media
2002:Broadcasting
1919:List article
1849:E-911 system
1714:
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1564:. Retrieved
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1530:the original
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385:Enhanced 911
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295:rotary dials
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272:Stephen Juba
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200:Enhanced 911
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2913:NPL network
2625:Radio waves
2563:Alfred Vail
2473:Hedy Lamarr
2458:Dawon Kahng
2418:Elisha Gray
2378:Yogen Dalal
2303:Nasir Ahmed
2237:Teleprinter
2101:Heliographs
1853:Philippines
1636:p. 118
1536:15 November
1280:tripmydream
1171:19 November
1113:Toronto Sun
757:Phone fraud
497:Rescue 1122
341:use by the
312:Los Angeles
173:coast guard
2959:Antarctica
2918:Toasternet
2840:Television
2323:Paul Baran
2255:Television
2239:(teletype)
2232:Telegraphy
2210:transistor
2188:Phryctoria
2158:Photophone
2136:Smartphone
2126:Mass media
1454:13 October
1303:2024-09-06
1260:18 January
1201:17 October
1062:13 October
1038:13 October
982:2019-11-04
795:2018-07-26
768:References
538:networks.
316:California
157:dispatcher
54:Ennigerloh
2943:Americas
2932:Locations
2903:Internet2
2664:Bandwidth
2368:Vint Cerf
2265:streaming
2243:Telephone
2183:Semaphore
2074:streaming
1632:848656697
1605:Seriously
1362:8 January
1352:1797-1993
1143:Le Figaro
928:The Press
908:The Press
888:The Press
790:The Verge
773:Citations
667:Bluetooth
338:area code
318:in 1946.
291:Carterton
287:Masterton
196:caller ID
184:first aid
86: 911
80: 112
3046:Category
3011:Category
2898:Internet
2888:CYCLADES
2805:Ethernet
2755:Concepts
2679:terminal
2630:wireless
2453:Bob Kahn
2296:Pioneers
2121:Internet
2012:Cable TV
1929:Category
1660:Archived
1607:podcast
1585:Archived
1560:Archived
1556:BBC News
1500:Archived
1474:Archived
1448:Archived
1389:Archived
1326:Archived
1195:Archived
1117:Archived
1086:Archived
1082:CBC News
946:Archived
866:Archived
840:Archived
816:Archived
735:Helpline
693:See also
562:SIM card
549:SIM card
376:Canada's
370:and the
264:Manitoba
260:Winnipeg
141:Shenzhen
3031:Commons
3021:Outline
2974:Oceania
2893:FidoNet
2878:ARPANET
2691:circuit
2260:digital
1989:History
1598:Sources
1526:Reuters
1506:5 April
1480:5 April
1019:HISTORY
368:Nunavut
347:Alabama
169:medical
2969:Europe
2939:Africa
2923:Usenet
2883:BITNET
2820:Mobile
2696:packet
2205:MOSFET
2200:device
1997:Beacon
1630:
1622:
1580:EENA.
1350:
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753:(NENA)
633:, and
428:Pájara
403:France
397:17, 18
379:Arctic
268:Canada
252:London
161:police
96:
90:
84:
78:
2952:South
2947:North
2908:JANET
2845:Telex
2835:Radio
2674:Nodes
2669:Links
2590:media
2168:Radio
2153:Pager
2081:Drums
2047:video
2042:image
2032:audio
1566:1 May
1398:6 May
1392:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1123:2 May
1092:2 May
725:eCall
663:Wi-Fi
432:Spain
2964:Asia
2850:UUCP
2810:ISDN
1876:1122
1773:Iran
1628:OCLC
1620:ISBN
1603:BBC
1568:2010
1538:2014
1508:2009
1482:2009
1456:2014
1400:2012
1364:2008
1348:ISSN
1262:2024
1230:ISBN
1203:2019
1173:2007
1161:ACMA
1125:2016
1094:2016
1064:2014
1040:2014
720:E112
590:it.
583:and
502:1122
491:1122
439:CEPT
437:The
330:and
289:and
204:E112
165:fire
2855:WAN
2825:NGN
2815:LAN
2096:Fax
2037:DCT
1869:999
1861:988
1845:911
1838:190
1831:128
1823:123
1815:122
1808:120
1801:119
1793:GSM
1789:112
1781:111
1769:110
1762:108
1756:106
1750:102
1744:000
1226:482
665:or
658:FCC
648:or
635:999
627:110
623:000
619:119
615:118
611:911
607:112
600:112
595:112
586:911
580:999
574:112
566:PIN
555:or
553:GSM
485:122
480:122
454:000
447:112
412:112
401:In
374:in
322:911
308:116
302:116
281:111
240:999
208:GPS
188:CPR
186:or
121:911
117:112
103:An
73:ITU
58:112
38:911
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