Knowledge

Slobodan Praljak

Source šŸ“

138: 897:"With regards to the investigation concerning assistance in the commission of suicide, the Dutch authorities conducted a thorough investigation of how Praljak could get hold of the cyanide. Witnesses were interviewed, video materials watched, rooms in which Praljak stayed were checked and numerous materials inspected. However, no information was found concerning the question on how Praljak came into possession of that substance", the prosecutors' report said. The report added that video surveillance recordings did not show if Praljak carried the vial of poison with him or if it was handed to him. 523: 848: 674: 648:
him guilty, and although some parts of his conviction were overturned, the judge did not reduce the initial sentence of 20 years. He was charged with crimes against "humanity, violations of the laws or customs of war, and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions", also "extensive appropriation of property not justified by military necessity" and "plunder of public or private property through the third category of joint criminal enterprise liability", on which given his
125: 44: 894:. How the poison was obtained and brought into the courtroom is to be the subject of an official investigation. Praljak's lawyer Nika Pinter suggested that he may have committed suicide because he could not accept being convicted as a war criminal and that the act had long been planned. The cyanide that Praljak took was not listed as a prohibited substance under Dutch law. 610:. On 5 April 2004, he voluntarily surrendered and was transferred to the ICTY. In his indictment it was alleged that Praljak as a senior military official commanded, directly and indirectly, the Herceg-Bosna/HVO armed forces which committed mass war crimes against Bosnian Muslim population in 8 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina during a 542:
ruled had "caused disproportionate damage to the Muslim civilian population". However, ICTY agreed that the bridge was a legitimate military target. During the trial, Praljak denied the accusation because in the same month when the destruction occurred, he came into conflict with the commander of the
593:
made an enforcement charge of 435 thousand kunas. In total, he authored 25 works. Since 2012, The Hague Tribunal's secretariat requested Praljak to recover defence costs of around ā‚¬2.8ā€“3.3 million, as they estimated that he had assets and shares worth ā‚¬6.5 million which allowed him to fund the costs
833:
President Grabar-Kitarović has been pressured to take away wartime decorations from Praljak and other convicted officials, but she refused to do so stating that they received it for defence against Serbian aggression, adding that "such practice has not been implemented so far, except in the case of
767:
issued a joint statement declaring that ICTY's verdict did not respect the "historical truths, facts and evidence", and that it was "unjust and unacceptable", adding that Praljak symbolically warned of all the verdicts' injustice with his suicide. They expressed their condolences to the families of
647:
The trial began on 26 April 2006. On 29 May 2013 the Trial Chamber judgement sentenced him to 20 years of imprisonment (the sentence took into account the time he had already spent in detention), and on 28 June 2013, Praljak filed an appeal. On 29 November 2017, the ICTY trial was concluded finding
614:
between 1992 and 1994. In his role as a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Defence, he was closely involved in all aspects of not only the Herceg-Bosna/HVO military planning and operations but the actions of the Herceg-Bosna/HVO civilian police too. On 6 April, he appeared before ICTY and
571:
After the war, Praljak became a businessman. In 1995, Praljak co-founded a company with his brother Zoran called Oktavijan. His company initially produced films, video, and television programs and published Praljak's books. It later engaged in real estate business by managing a business complex
327:
population during the Croatā€“Bosniak War alongside five other Bosnian Croat officials, and was sentenced to 20 years in jail (minus the time he had already spent in detention). Upon hearing the guilty verdict upheld in November 2017, Praljak stated that he rejected the verdict of the court, and
386:
At first, Praljak worked as a professor and manager of the electronics laboratory at the Nikola Tesla Vocational High School in Zagreb, then lectured on philosophy and sociology, and after 1973 was a freelance artist. Praljak was also a theatre director in theatres in Zagreb,
686:
On 29 November 2017, during the pronouncement of the appeal judgment against him, Praljak addressed the judges, saying: "Judges, Slobodan Praljak is not a war criminal. With disdain, I reject your verdict!" He then drank what he said was poison, leading presiding judge
744:, noting that in both cases the verdict nevertheless "stands for all history in establishing the facts and in showing that the perpetrators of atrocities will be held to account". Praljak, like Gƶring, just managed to thwart the due process of law at its climax. 1265: 618:
The indictment charged on the basis of their individual and superior criminal responsibility, but subsequently in judgment only on the basis of individual criminal responsibility. Praljak was found guilty on (taken from the UN press release 2004, 2017):
806:
said he would not mock Praljak's suicide but has criticized the reaction of Croatian officials, stating that it would have been unacceptable for him to praise a convicted war criminal as a hero or to denounce an ICTY verdict. The Serbian politician
691:
to suspend the hearings. ICTY medical staff transported Praljak to nearby HMC Hospital, where he died. The Dutch authorities declared the courtroom a crime scene and launched an investigation. His body was cremated in Zagreb in a private ceremony.
733:, journalist Harry de Quetteville opined that the defiant suicide was "the most dramatic proof possible of a very uncomfortable reality: many in the Balkans refuse to accept that the horrific ethnic cleansing of the 1990s was wrong". Former 628:(willful killing; unlawful deportation, transfer and confinement of a civilian; inhuman treatment; extensive destruction of property and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly). 2277: 905:
Praljak married KaćuÅ”a Babić, the former wife of his close friend and poet Goran Babić. The couple had no children, but Praljak was close to his stepchildren, NataÅ”a and Nikola, the latter adding the last name Praljak to his birth name.
635:(cruel treatment; unlawful labour; destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion or education; plunder of public or private property; unlawful attack on civilians; unlawful infliction of terror on civilians) 2523: 550:
which resulted in his resignation from the positions of HVO's Chief of Staff, one day before the destruction of the bridge. He said that the bridge was demolished by activation of the explosive charge set on the left bank of the
1125:
Ironically, Praljak, who surrendered to the tribunal in April 2004 and had already been jailed for 13 years, could have soon walked free because those who are convicted are generally released after serving two-thirds of their
1232: 1518: 2508: 1879: 318:
in 1991. Before and after the war he was an engineer, a television and theatre director, and a businessman. Praljak was indicted by, and voluntarily surrendered to, the ICTY in 2004. In 2013, he was convicted for
2513: 588:
deemed that 18 of his works about the Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War, and relations between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were not books but brochures of worthless literature, and in 2013 the
498:
Praljak was accused of failing to prevent the armed forces from committing many crimes of which he was informed and that he could foresee, including removing and placing in detention the Muslim population of
2503: 2198: 1635: 2131:[President: The Croatian people first resisted the Greater Serbia aggression by defending its survival and the survival of BiH] (in Serbo-Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. 30 November 2017 1550: 2285: 475:
but his propositions were rejected. From 24 July to 8 November 1993, Praljak was the Chief of Staff of the Croatian Defence Council. In spite of the conflict between Croats and Muslims in the
708:
commented that "it is a tragedy that someone in such a situation has taken their own life". Goldstone added: "In a way, the victims are deprived of this deed. They did not get full justice."
784: 826:
party, and some retired army officers that participated in the 1990s war. In the evening, a religious ceremony was also held at a Catholic church. During the same day, members of the
818:
to pay respect to Praljak. On 11 December 2017, a commemoration for Slobodan Praljak was held in Zagreb. The event was attended by two thousand people, including Government ministers
2548: 1268:[Who was General Praljak? He had three diplomas, he was also a 'free artist', and '91. he voluntarily goes to the battlefield; His private life marked an incredible story]. 755:
stated that Praljak's suicide illustrated the "deep moral injustice towards the six Croats from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian people". All the party caucuses of the
2483: 1607: 1235:[Who was Slobodan Praljak: He had three diplomas, a controversial war trail, and an incredible family story with his wife and great friend...] (in Serbo-Croatian). 1887: 1297: 1266:"Tko je bio general Praljak? Imao je tri diplome, bio je i 'slobodni umjetnik', a '91. dragovoljno odlazi na ratiÅ”te; Privatni život obilježila mu je nevjerojatna priča" 603: 539: 304: 1139: 2498: 734: 2109:[Jandroković read a joint statement: The judgments do not respect the historical truths] (in Serbo-Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. 30 November 2017 1429: 2150: 1112: 2533: 1521:[Most unusual story from the region: Owes three million euros to the Hague Tribunal, and in Zagreb is building a big center worth 14 million euros]. 1663: 796: 1824: 2553: 656:. As he had already served more than two-thirds of the sentence in jail (around 13 years and several months), he would probably have been released soon. 2055: 811:
commented that, although he was an enemy, it was a "heroic move worthy of respect" and there should have been more such strong blows to the tribunal.
2558: 2543: 1374: 594:
of his defence. Praljak and his lawyer refused the estimation statement because he had no property in his name even from the beginning of the trial.
2365: 1233:"Tko je bio Slobodan Praljak: Imao je tri diplome, kontroverzan ratni put, ali i nevjerojatnu obiteljsku priču sa suprugom i velikim prijateljem..." 776:
expressed her condolences to Praljak's family, calling him "a man who preferred to die rather than live as a convict for crimes he did not commit".
376: 1928: 1638:[An Unusual Request from the Hague Tribunal: "Can you help us locate the property of General Praljak ... he owes us 2.8 million euros!"]. 559:
was located. In addition to the responsibility and whether it was a legitimate military target, ICTY also examined whether the earlier siege by
2563: 2172: 688: 556: 459:(UNPROFOR). He was the High Representative of the Ministry of Defence, and since 13 May 1993, representative of the Ministry of Defence in the 484: 455:, and became one of the 14 members of the Croatian National Defence Council and a member of the Croatian State Commission for Relations with 2106: 2390: 563:
and Bosnian Serb forces contributed to the bridge's collapse. Praljak retired from military service at his own request on 1 December 1995.
2310:[The Republic of Croatia decorations have not been taken away either from Tihomir BlaÅ”kić, Darijo Kordic...] (in Serbo-Croatian). 1044: 2334: 2153:[Izetbegović: Praljak was ruined by the project of a joint criminal enterprise] (in Serbo-Croatian). Tportal.hr. 29 November 2017 2080: 2003: 368: 1714: 2251: 1980: 1578: 503:
from July to August 1993, murders in Mostar municipality, the destruction of buildings in East Mostar (including the mosques and the
2225: 1193: 1519:"Najneobičnija Priča S Ovih Prostora: HaaŔkom sudu duguje tri milijuna eura, a u Zagrebu gradi velebni centar od 14 milijuna eura" 432: 2538: 2128: 1010: 780:
stated it was a "consequence of his moral position not to accept the verdict that has nothing to do with justice or reality".
576:
in Zagreb. Since 2005, the company is owned and managed by his stepson Nikola Babić Praljak. In 2011 it had around 22 million
1636:"Neobični Zahtjev S HaÅ”kog Suda: 'Možete li nam pomoći locirati imovinu generala Praljka... dužan nam je 2,8 milijuna eura!'" 2201:[Heroic move for respect! Å eÅ”elj for Espreso comments suicide of Croatian general in the middle of Hague tribunal]. 1189: 788: 971: 2029: 1458: 760: 607: 460: 284: 143: 2435: 2488: 1797:[At the pronouncement of the verdict Slobodan Praljak drank the poison and passed away] (in Serbo-Croatian). 1494: 1399: 1300:[Who was Slobodan Praljak? A guilty war criminal who has earned millions after the war] (in Serbo-Croatian). 827: 1763: 1664:"Press Release: Jadranko Prlic, Bruno Stojic, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petkovic, Valentin Coric and Berislav Pusic" 751:
offered condolences to Praljak's family and said the ICTY misrepresented its officials in the 1990s. Prime Minister
2307: 1551:"Ministarstvo generalu Praljku: VaÅ”e knjige o ratu spadaju u Å”und i pornografiju, platit ćete 628.726 kuna poreza!" 1104: 272: 2528: 2493: 2478: 1794: 717: 456: 2199:"Junački čin za poÅ”tovanje! Å eÅ”elj za Espreso komentariÅ”e samoubistvo hrvatskog generala usred HaÅ”kog tribunala" 724:
might evoke respect or sympathy", but "individual perceptions of honor don't always coincide with correctness".
507:), attacking and wounding of members of international organisations, the destruction and looting of property in 500: 380: 2129:"Predsjednica: Hrvatski narod prvi se odupro velikosrpskoj agresiji braneći svoju opstojnost i opstojnost BiH" 1610:[Luxury Empire of General: Praljak all assets transferred to his son and says that he has nothing!]. 590: 585: 452: 440: 70: 1689: 1489:. Contributions by Richard Carlton, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Valery Perry, Tina Wik. Routledge. p. 315. 642:(persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds; murder; deportation; imprisonment; inhumane acts) 436: 315: 200: 938: 1162: 773: 1950: 1849: 915: 830:
made a commemoration for the victims of Croatian forces urging condemnation of that period policies.
823: 611: 560: 2518: 1798: 464: 439:. He formed a unit composed of the Zagreb artists and intellectuals with whom he held positions in 280: 166: 2335:"The Container That Croat War Criminal Praljak Drank From Held a Deadly Chemical, Prosecutor Says" 547: 639: 292: 267: 17: 678:
War Criminal Dies After Drinking 'Poison' In Court After Judge Confirmed 20-Year Sentence - TIME
444: 2468: 2429: 1342: 1140:"UN war crimes tribunal convicts 6 Bosnian Croats of persecution of Muslims during Bosnian war" 1052: 764: 649: 74: 2342: 1909: 1484: 2084: 1105:"'I am not a war criminal,' convicted Bosnian Croat cries as he takes a fatal dose of poison" 1079: 819: 803: 652:
he failed to act and prevent. He was acquitted of some charges related to the destruction of
476: 345: 311: 300: 210: 2175:[Vucic about Praljak: I would not mock and called it cowardly] (in Serbo-Croatian). 1608:"Luksuzno Carstvo Generala: Praljak svu imovinu prebacio na sina i tvrdi da nema baŔ niŔta!" 431:
Praljak drew public attention in September 1991 when he voluntarily joined the newly formed
2473: 2463: 1825:"Former Bosnian Croat Official on Trial For War Crimes Dies After Drinking Poison in Court" 1322: 808: 329: 974:[Who was Slobodan Praljak? He sent weapons to Bosnians in the besieged Sarajevo]. 792: 468: 8: 2056:"Praljak and Goering: the suicides of two war criminals raise questions and tell a story" 1581:[Who was Slobodan Praljak? He was in three armies and finished three faculties]. 1298:"Tko je bio Slobodan Praljak? Osuđeni ratni zločinac koji je zaradio milijune nakon rata" 756: 748: 729: 522: 364: 1454: 861:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
752: 1270: 701: 625: 296: 1953:[Goldstone: 'Praljak has denied justice to the victims'] (in Serbo-Croatian). 802:
stated that Praljak had sacrificed his life to prove his innocence. Serbian President
777: 2448: 2424: 1954: 1490: 887: 883: 815: 799: 795:, said that Praljak was led to suicide by the joint criminal enterprise, while Croat 705: 480: 247: 741: 1583: 357: 2311: 1768: 976: 580:
of revenue. Praljak was also a co-owner of Liberan, a company that has a share in
353: 287:, between 1992 and 1995. Praljak was found guilty of committing violations of the 2524:
People convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1929:"ICTY Hague Tribunal ends prosecutions of Yugoslav war crimes but legacy lingers" 1736: 1197: 814:
Almost a thousand Bosnian Croats gathered in the Mostar and Čapljina squares to
2107:"Jandroković pročitao zajedničku izjavu: Presude ne uvažavaju povijesne istine" 1685: 740:
compared Praljak's suicide by poisoning to that of another war crimes convict,
2004:"Balkans suicide: the poison is not just in court but across the whole region" 712:
described Praljak as a "theatrical character" who "died in a theatrical way".
677: 2457: 1640: 1612: 1554: 1523: 1236: 1165:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 November 2017 972:"Tko je bio Slobodan Praljak? Slao je oružje BoŔnjacima u opkoljeno Sarajevo" 944:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 November 2017 891: 584:
Tobacco Factory, and owned other shares in few other companies. In 2008, the
577: 448: 276: 161: 2509:
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb alumni
1766:[If he did not drank the poison, Praljak would soon be at liberty]. 379:, majoring in philosophy and sociology. In 1972, Praljak graduated from the 2151:"Izetbegović: Praljka je upropastio projekt udruženog zločinačkog pothvata" 1880:"Bosnian Croat war crimes convict dies after taking 'poison' in U.N. court" 1006: 737: 713: 516: 508: 1082:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 2 March 2004. 2081:"PM: Praljak's act speaks of deep moral injustice towards Bosnian Croats" 1370: 769: 709: 288: 205: 95: 1375:"The day I came face to face with General Slobodan Praljak in The Hague" 822:
and Tomo Medved (as private citizens), a number of MPs, mostly from the
581: 341: 66: 2444: 653: 632: 535: 527: 504: 2514:
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
1715:"The ICTY renders its final judgement in the Prlić et al. appeal case" 2504:
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina convicted of crimes against humanity
2308:"Odlikovanja RH nisu oduzeta ni Tihomiru BlaÅ”kiću, Dariju Kordiću..." 1430:"Bosnian Croat war criminal dies after taking poison in UN courtroom" 512: 320: 91: 1877: 492: 1579:"Tko je Slobodan Praljak? Bio u tri vojske i zavrÅ”io tri fakulteta" 1301: 515:
in October 1993. During 1993, General Praljak was in charge of the
472: 363:
Praljak held three university degrees. In 1970, he graduated as an
43: 1981:"War criminal Slobodan Praljak dies after taking poison in court" 879: 721: 615:
pleaded not guilty. He chose to defend himself without a lawyer.
552: 324: 243: 187: 130: 488: 392: 388: 107: 2419: 1795:"Na izricanju presude Slobodan Praljak popio otrov i preminuo" 1690:"Croatian War Criminal Dies After Swallowing Poison in Court" 519:
where Bosniak men were brutalized, starved, and some killed.
2391:"Slobodan Praljak Court Suicide: Source of Poison Not Found" 1400:"War Criminal Dies After 'Taking Poison' In Hague Courtroom" 534:
Praljak was accused of ordering the destruction of Mostar's
2030:"UN court closes under cloud of Slobodan Praljak's suicide" 1878:
Stephanie van den Berg; Bart H. Meijer (29 November 2017).
349: 2366:"Lawyer: Convicted Croat general might have planned death" 2278:"Croat nationalists honor general convicted of war crimes" 1910:"Report: Croat war criminal cremated after death at Hague" 2226:"Slobodan Praljak's suicide reopens old wounds in Bosnia" 2176: 604:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
372: 305:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
231:
Professor, film and theatre director, businessman, writer
2549:
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina convicted of war crimes
2173:"Vučić o Praljku: Ne bih se rugao i nazivao kukavičkim" 1764:"Da nije popio otrov, Praljak bi uskoro bio na slobodi" 1295: 2252:"War Criminal Praljak's Death Commemorated in Croatia" 2484:
Academy of Dramatic Art, University of Zagreb alumni
1328:. ICTY. 31 March 2011. pp. 42ā€“43, 86, 177ā€“178. 348:. His father Mirko worked for the security agency 1951:"Goldstone: 'Praljak je uskratio pravdu žrtvama'" 1737:"Praljak: Police investigate Hague trial suicide" 2455: 2223: 1157: 1155: 1153: 377:Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences 2499:Croatian military personnel who died by suicide 1605: 1544: 1542: 1486:Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage 1323:"Slobodan Praljak's Redacted Final Trial Brief" 451:, received a number of responsibilities in the 340:Slobodan Praljak was born on 2 January 1945 in 2001: 1926: 1516: 1190:"Preliminary results autopsy Slobodan Praljak" 1852:[Slobodan Praljak died in hospital]. 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1482: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1150: 511:in January 1993, RaÅ”tani in August 1993, and 2534:People who died by suicide in prison custody 2363: 1539: 1427: 1296:Oriana Ivković Novokmet (29 November 2017). 1005: 310:Praljak voluntarily joined the newly formed 1423: 1421: 1365: 1363: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 369:Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Zagreb 271:; 2 January 1945 ā€“ 29 November 2017) was a 2554:Croatian people who died in prison custody 2002:de Quetteville, Harry (29 November 2017). 1978: 1873: 1871: 1822: 1503: 1337: 1335: 1251: 1163:"Statement on passing of Slobodan Praljak" 965: 963: 961: 959: 933: 931: 356:with the future Croatian Defence Minister 42: 1761: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 939:"Trial Judgement Summary for Prlić et al" 375:of 4.5/5. In 1971, he graduated from the 2559:20th-century Croatian military personnel 2544:Drug-related suicides in the Netherlands 2053: 1453: 1418: 1369: 1360: 1291: 1289: 1212: 1194:Public Prosecution Service (Netherlands) 521: 335: 2249: 1868: 1818: 1816: 1573: 1571: 1332: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 956: 928: 834:verdicts made by the Croatian courts". 768:victims of crimes committed during the 14: 2456: 2332: 2275: 2027: 2021: 1974: 1972: 1789: 1787: 1684: 1137: 1115:from the original on 16 September 2019 1074: 1072: 1070: 1028: 483:to help Bosniaks. He also allowed the 2564:Prisoners who died in Dutch detention 2205:(in Serbo-Croatian). 29 November 2017 1979:McGuinness, Alan (29 November 2017). 1856:(in Serbo-Croatian). 29 November 2017 1842: 1762:Ivanković, Davor (29 November 2017). 1587:(in Serbo-Croatian). 29 November 2017 1548: 1343:"Case Information Sheet: Prlić et al" 1286: 1274:(in Serbo-Croatian). 29 November 2017 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 969: 624:four counts of grave breaches of the 602:Praljak was among six accused by the 479:, he sent a truck full of weapons to 266: 2430:Prlić et al.: Case information sheet 2326: 2224:Andrew MacDowall (2 December 2017). 1813: 1568: 1459:"The Cultured Destroyers of Culture" 1177: 992: 841: 789:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina 426: 395:. He directed the television series 1969: 1927:Zoran Arbutina (29 November 2017). 1784: 1678: 1067: 735:US Ambassador for War Crimes Issues 24: 2276:Bandic, Darko (11 December 2017). 2250:Milekic, Sven (11 December 2017). 2054:Chadwick, Paul (3 December 2017). 1644:(in Serbo-Croatian). 22 March 2017 1606:Vanja Nezirović (31 August 2012). 1086: 761:Social Democratic Party of Croatia 608:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia 597: 487:'s humanitarian convoy through to 461:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia 352:. Praljak attended high school in 285:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia 25: 2575: 2413: 1850:"Slobodan Praljak umro u bolnici" 1428:Owen Bowcott (29 November 2017). 1080:"Prlic et al. Initial Indictment" 970:RadoÅ”, Ivica (29 November 2017). 828:Youth Initiative for Human Rights 566: 526:The temporary bridge in place of 27:Bosnian Croat general (1945ā€“2017) 2364:Darko Bandic (5 December 2017). 2333:Corder, Mike (1 December 2017). 1517:Tomislav Kukec (26 March 2017). 900: 846: 837: 672: 631:six counts of violations of the 136: 123: 2383: 2357: 2300: 2269: 2243: 2217: 2191: 2165: 2143: 2121: 2099: 2073: 2047: 1995: 1943: 1920: 1902: 1823:Willa Frej (29 November 2017). 1755: 1729: 1707: 1656: 1628: 1599: 1549:Žabec, KreÅ”imir (4 July 2012). 1476: 1463:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 1447: 1404:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 1392: 1315: 1015:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 718:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 538:in November 1993, an act which 457:United Nations Protection Force 447:, by 3 April 1992, he was made 275:war criminal who served in the 2028:Biddle, Jo (1 December 2017). 1483:Helen Walasek (3 March 2016). 1131: 557:Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina 381:Zagreb Academy of Dramatic Art 13: 1: 2539:Suicides by cyanide poisoning 921: 1138:Corder, Mike (29 May 2013). 1051:. 6 May 2016. Archived from 882:determined that Praljak was 586:Croatian Ministry of Culture 437:Croatian War of Independence 316:Croatian War of Independence 201:Croatian War of Independence 7: 909: 695: 606:(ICTY), in relation to the 10: 2580: 467:(HVO). Praljak petitioned 435:after the outbreak of the 314:after the outbreak of the 916:Joint criminal enterprise 855:This section needs to be 824:Croatian Democratic Union 671: 666: 612:joint criminal enterprise 530:post deconstruction, 1997 419:(both in 1990), and film 268:[slobĒ’danprĒŽĖŹŽak] 253: 239: 235: 227: 219: 193: 183: 175: 152: 115: 101: 81: 53: 41: 34: 2489:Croatian Defence Council 1799:Croatian Radiotelevision 1717:. ICTY. 29 November 2017 774:Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović 659: 465:Croatian Defence Council 330:fatally poisoned himself 281:Croatian Defence Council 167:Croatian Defence Council 2438:at filmski-programi.hr 640:crimes against humanity 491:, which was stopped in 421:Povratak Katarine Kožul 293:crimes against humanity 264:Croatian pronunciation: 2494:Croatian army officers 2479:20th-century criminals 1011:"The Poisoned General" 765:Civic Liberal Alliance 720:noted that "Praljak's 650:command responsibility 645: 633:laws or customs of war 531: 295:, and breaches of the 75:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2085:Government of Croatia 1553:(in Serbo-Croatian). 772:. Croatian president 621: 548:Mladen Naletilić Tuta 525: 433:Croatian Armed Forces 336:Early life and career 312:Croatian Armed Forces 176:Years of service 2529:People from Čapljina 2034:Agence France Presse 1688:(29 November 2017). 1666:. ICTY. 6 April 2004 1457:(29 November 2017). 1373:(29 November 2017). 1111:. 29 November 2017. 1009:(30 November 2017). 545:Punishment Battalion 399:, television dramas 2288:on 11 December 2017 2282:The Washington Post 1890:on 29 November 2017 1772:(in Serbo-Croatian) 1616:(in Serbo-Croatian) 1527:(in Serbo-Croatian) 1049:Trial International 980:(in Serbo-Croatian) 757:Croatian Parliament 749:Croatian government 730:The Daily Telegraph 700:Former ICTY judges 591:Ministry of Finance 453:Ministry of Defence 365:electrical engineer 240:Cause of death 2345:on 1 December 2017 2314:. 12 December 2017 2179:. 30 November 2017 2087:. 29 November 2017 1916:. 9 December 2017. 1854:Al Jazeera Balkans 1801:. 29 November 2017 1743:. 30 November 2017 1694:The New York Times 1406:. 29 November 2017 1271:Slobodna Dalmacija 1239:. 29 November 2017 1200:on 3 December 2017 1055:on 1 December 2017 1045:"Slobodan Praljak" 702:Wolfgang Schomburg 626:Geneva Conventions 532: 445:Sarajevo Agreement 332:in the courtroom. 297:Geneva Conventions 2397:. 2 November 2018 1957:. 1 December 2017 1455:Knezević, Gordana 1109:Los Angeles Times 888:potassium cyanide 876: 875: 793:Bakir Izetbegović 722:samurai final act 706:Richard Goldstone 684: 683: 481:besieged Sarajevo 477:Croatā€“Bosniak War 469:Alija Izetbegović 427:Military activity 301:Croatā€“Bosniak War 283:, an army of the 257: 256: 248:cyanide poisoning 211:Croatā€“Bosniak War 16:(Redirected from 2571: 2445:Slobodan Praljak 2441: 2420:Personal website 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2370:Associated Press 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2341:. Archived from 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2284:. Archived from 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1931:. Deutsche Welle 1924: 1918: 1917: 1914:Associated Press 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1886:. Archived from 1875: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1347: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1293: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1262: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1229: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1196:. Archived from 1186: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1148: 1147: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1101: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1041: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1003: 990: 989: 987: 985: 967: 954: 953: 951: 949: 943: 935: 871: 868: 862: 850: 849: 842: 820:Damir Krstičević 804:Aleksandar Vučić 753:Andrej Plenković 676: 675: 664: 663: 543:HVO's so-called 407:, documentaries 401:Novela od Stanca 397:Blesan i Tulipan 307:(ICTY) in 2017. 270: 265: 260:Slobodan Praljak 154: 142: 140: 139: 129: 127: 126: 88: 85:29 November 2017 63: 61: 46: 36:Slobodan Praljak 32: 31: 21: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2519:Filmed suicides 2454: 2453: 2439: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1921: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1876: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1686:Simons, Marlise 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1515: 1504: 1497: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1426: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1368: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1252: 1242: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1151: 1136: 1132: 1118: 1116: 1103: 1102: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1004: 993: 983: 981: 968: 957: 947: 945: 941: 937: 936: 929: 924: 912: 903: 890:, which caused 872: 866: 863: 860: 851: 847: 840: 809:Vojislav Å eÅ”elj 778:Miroslav Tuđman 698: 680:, YouTube video 673: 667:External videos 662: 638:five counts of 600: 598:ICTY indictment 569: 429: 338: 263: 228:Other work 215: 171: 148: 137: 135: 124: 122: 111: 90: 86: 65: 59: 57: 49: 48:Praljak in 2017 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2577: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2414:External links 2412: 2409: 2408: 2395:Balkan Insight 2382: 2356: 2325: 2299: 2268: 2256:Balkan Insight 2242: 2216: 2190: 2164: 2142: 2120: 2098: 2072: 2046: 2020: 1994: 1968: 1942: 1919: 1901: 1867: 1841: 1812: 1783: 1754: 1728: 1706: 1677: 1655: 1627: 1598: 1567: 1538: 1502: 1495: 1475: 1446: 1417: 1391: 1359: 1331: 1314: 1285: 1250: 1211: 1176: 1149: 1130: 1085: 1066: 1027: 991: 955: 926: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 911: 908: 902: 899: 878:A preliminary 874: 873: 854: 852: 845: 839: 836: 785:Bosniak member 742:Hermann Gƶring 697: 694: 682: 681: 669: 668: 661: 658: 644: 643: 636: 629: 599: 596: 568: 567:Postwar career 565: 428: 425: 337: 334: 255: 254: 251: 250: 241: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 214: 213: 208: 203: 197: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 158: 156: 150: 149: 147: 146: 133: 119: 117: 113: 112: 105: 103: 99: 98: 89:(aged 72) 83: 79: 78: 64:2 January 1945 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2576: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469:2017 suicides 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440:(in Croatian) 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2313: 2312:Večernji list 2309: 2303: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2152: 2146: 2130: 2124: 2108: 2102: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2009: 2008:The Telegraph 2005: 1998: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1771: 1770: 1769:Večernji list 1765: 1758: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1716: 1710: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1665: 1659: 1643: 1642: 1641:Jutarnji list 1637: 1631: 1615: 1614: 1613:Jutarnji list 1609: 1602: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1556: 1555:Jutarnji list 1552: 1545: 1543: 1526: 1525: 1524:Jutarnji list 1520: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1496:9781317172994 1492: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1324: 1318: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1238: 1237:Jutarnji list 1234: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 979: 978: 977:Večernji list 973: 966: 964: 962: 960: 940: 934: 932: 927: 917: 914: 913: 907: 901:Personal life 898: 895: 893: 892:heart failure 889: 885: 881: 870: 867:November 2018 858: 853: 844: 843: 838:Investigation 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:light candles 812: 810: 805: 801: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 736: 732: 731: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 693: 690: 679: 670: 665: 657: 655: 651: 641: 637: 634: 630: 627: 623: 622: 620: 616: 613: 609: 605: 595: 592: 587: 583: 579: 575: 564: 562: 558: 554: 549: 546: 541: 537: 529: 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:major general 446: 442: 438: 434: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:SargaÅ”ko more 402: 398: 394: 390: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 354:Å iroki Brijeg 351: 347: 343: 333: 331: 326: 322: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:Croatian Army 274: 273:Bosnian Croat 269: 261: 252: 249: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 196: 192: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 168: 165: 163: 162:Croatian Army 160: 159: 157: 151: 145: 144:Herzeg-Bosnia 134: 132: 121: 120: 118: 114: 109: 104: 100: 97: 93: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 2425:Bibliography 2399:. Retrieved 2394: 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2369: 2359: 2347:. Retrieved 2343:the original 2338: 2328: 2316:. Retrieved 2302: 2290:. Retrieved 2286:the original 2281: 2271: 2259:. Retrieved 2255: 2245: 2233:. Retrieved 2230:The Guardian 2229: 2219: 2207:. Retrieved 2202: 2193: 2181:. Retrieved 2167: 2155:. Retrieved 2145: 2133:. Retrieved 2123: 2111:. Retrieved 2101: 2089:. Retrieved 2075: 2063:. Retrieved 2060:The Guardian 2059: 2049: 2037:. Retrieved 2033: 2023: 2011:. Retrieved 2007: 1997: 1985:. Retrieved 1959:. Retrieved 1945: 1933:. Retrieved 1922: 1913: 1904: 1892:. Retrieved 1888:the original 1883: 1858:. Retrieved 1853: 1844: 1832:. Retrieved 1828: 1803:. Retrieved 1774:. Retrieved 1767: 1757: 1745:. Retrieved 1740: 1731: 1719:. Retrieved 1709: 1697:. Retrieved 1693: 1680: 1668:. Retrieved 1658: 1646:. Retrieved 1639: 1630: 1618:. Retrieved 1611: 1601: 1589:. Retrieved 1582: 1558:. Retrieved 1529:. Retrieved 1522: 1485: 1478: 1466:. Retrieved 1462: 1449: 1437:. Retrieved 1434:The Guardian 1433: 1408:. Retrieved 1403: 1394: 1382:. Retrieved 1379:The Guardian 1378: 1371:Vulliamy, Ed 1350:. Retrieved 1317: 1305:. Retrieved 1276:. Retrieved 1269: 1241:. Retrieved 1202:. Retrieved 1198:the original 1167:. Retrieved 1143: 1133: 1124: 1117:. Retrieved 1108: 1057:. Retrieved 1053:the original 1048: 1018:. Retrieved 1014: 1007:Andrey Shary 982:. Retrieved 975: 946:. Retrieved 904: 896: 877: 864: 856: 832: 813: 800:Dragan Čović 782: 746: 738:Stephen Rapp 728: 726: 714:Andrey Shary 699: 689:Carmel Agius 685: 646: 617: 601: 573: 570: 555:, where the 544: 533: 517:Dretelj camp 509:Gornji Vakuf 497: 443:. After the 430: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 385: 362: 339: 323:against the 309: 259: 258: 223:KaćuÅ”a Babić 194:Battles/wars 106:Cremated in 87:(2017-11-29) 29: 2474:2017 deaths 2464:1945 births 2318:13 December 2292:13 December 2261:13 December 2209:30 November 2135:30 November 2113:30 November 2091:29 November 2065:15 February 2013:30 November 1987:29 November 1935:30 November 1894:30 November 1805:29 November 1776:29 November 1747:30 November 1721:30 November 1699:29 November 1670:30 November 1560:30 November 1531:30 November 1468:30 November 1439:29 November 1410:30 November 1384:30 November 1307:29 November 1278:30 November 1243:29 November 1169:30 November 1119:29 November 1059:30 November 984:29 November 770:Bosnian War 759:except the 727:Writing in 710:Martin Bell 574:Centar 2000 471:to unblock 358:Gojko Å uÅ”ak 299:during the 289:laws of war 206:Bosnian War 96:Netherlands 2458:Categories 2375:7 December 2349:1 December 2235:2 December 2203:Espreso.rs 2183:2 December 2157:2 December 2039:2 December 1983:. Sky News 1961:1 December 1860:1 December 1834:1 December 1648:1 December 1620:1 December 1591:1 December 1352:2 December 1204:1 December 1126:sentences. 1020:1 December 948:2 December 922:References 654:Stari Most 536:Stari Most 528:Stari Most 505:Stari Most 346:Yugoslavia 321:war crimes 116:Allegiance 71:Yugoslavia 60:1945-01-02 513:Stupni Do 423:(1989) . 411:(1980) , 220:Spouse(s) 179:1991ā€“1995 110:, Croatia 92:The Hague 1955:Nacional 1829:HuffPost 1741:BBC News 1302:Index.hr 1144:News1130 1113:Archived 910:See also 884:poisoned 797:Chairman 696:Reaction 582:LjubuÅ”ki 473:Sarajevo 409:Smrt psa 342:Čapljina 279:and the 153:Service/ 67:Čapljina 2436:Profile 2432:at ICTY 2401:7 March 1884:Reuters 880:autopsy 857:updated 787:of the 553:Neretva 413:Sandžak 371:with a 367:at the 325:Bosniak 303:by the 244:Suicide 188:General 131:Croatia 18:Praljak 1584:24sata 1493:  1348:. ICTY 501:Prozor 493:Čitluk 489:Mostar 393:Mostar 389:Osijek 155:branch 141:  128:  108:Zagreb 102:Buried 1346:(PDF) 1326:(PDF) 942:(PDF) 660:Death 578:kunas 485:UNHCR 441:Sunja 417:Duhan 73:(Now 2449:IMDb 2403:2019 2377:2017 2351:2017 2339:Time 2320:2017 2294:2017 2263:2017 2237:2017 2211:2017 2185:2017 2159:2017 2137:2017 2115:2017 2093:2017 2067:2021 2041:2017 2015:2017 1989:2017 1963:2017 1937:2017 1896:2017 1862:2017 1836:2017 1807:2017 1778:2017 1749:2017 1723:2017 1701:2017 1672:2017 1650:2017 1622:2017 1593:2017 1562:2017 1533:2017 1491:ISBN 1470:2017 1441:2017 1412:2017 1386:2017 1354:2017 1309:2017 1280:2017 1245:2017 1206:2017 1171:2017 1121:2017 1061:2017 1022:2017 986:2017 950:2017 783:The 763:and 747:The 716:for 704:and 540:ICTY 463:and 415:and 403:and 391:and 350:OZNA 184:Rank 82:Died 54:Born 2447:at 2177:B92 886:by 561:JNA 373:GPA 360:. 246:by 2460:: 2393:. 2368:. 2337:. 2280:. 2254:. 2228:. 2083:. 2058:. 2032:. 2006:. 1971:^ 1912:. 1882:. 1870:^ 1827:. 1815:^ 1786:^ 1739:. 1692:. 1570:^ 1541:^ 1505:^ 1461:. 1432:. 1420:^ 1402:. 1377:. 1362:^ 1334:^ 1288:^ 1253:^ 1214:^ 1192:. 1179:^ 1152:^ 1142:. 1123:. 1107:. 1088:^ 1069:^ 1047:. 1030:^ 1013:. 994:^ 958:^ 930:^ 791:, 495:. 383:. 344:, 291:, 94:, 69:, 2405:. 2379:. 2353:. 2322:. 2296:. 2265:. 2239:. 2213:. 2187:. 2161:. 2139:. 2117:. 2095:. 2069:. 2043:. 2017:. 1991:. 1965:. 1939:. 1898:. 1864:. 1838:. 1809:. 1780:. 1751:. 1725:. 1703:. 1674:. 1652:. 1624:. 1595:. 1564:. 1535:. 1499:. 1472:. 1443:. 1414:. 1388:. 1356:. 1311:. 1282:. 1247:. 1208:. 1173:. 1146:. 1063:. 1024:. 988:. 952:. 869:) 865:( 859:. 262:( 77:) 62:) 58:( 20:)

Index

Praljak

Čapljina
Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Hague
Netherlands
Zagreb
Croatia
Herzeg-Bosnia
Croatian Army
Croatian Defence Council
General
Croatian War of Independence
Bosnian War
Croatā€“Bosniak War
Suicide
cyanide poisoning
[slobĒ’danprĒŽĖŹŽak]
Bosnian Croat
Croatian Army
Croatian Defence Council
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
laws of war
crimes against humanity
Geneva Conventions
Croatā€“Bosniak War
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Croatian Armed Forces
Croatian War of Independence

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

ā†‘