Bosnian War - Knowledge

73: 3152:, the JNA and Serb paramilitaries used Bosnian territory to mount attacks on Croatia. The JNA armed Bosnian Serbs, and the Croatian Defence Force armed Herzegovinian Croats during the war in Croatia. The Bosnian Muslim Green Berets were already established in the autumn of 1991, and drew up a defense plan in February 1992. It was estimated that 250–300,000 Bosnians were armed, and that some 10,000 were fighting in Croatia. By March 1992, perhaps three-quarters of the country were claimed by Serb and Croat nationalists. On 4 April 1992, Izetbegović ordered all reservists and police in Sarajevo to mobilise, and SDS called for evacuation of the city's Serbs, marking the "definite rupture between the Bosnian government and Serbs". Bosnia and Herzegovina received international recognition on 6 April 1992. The most common view is that the war started that day. 5704: 5225:. This entailed intimidation, forced expulsion, or killing of the unwanted ethnic group as well as the destruction of the places of worship, cemeteries and cultural and historical buildings of that ethnic group. Due to this, tens of thousands were killed, between one and 1.3 million deported or forcibly resettled, and 12,000 to 20,000 women raped. Academics Matjaž Klemenčič and Mitja Žagar argue that: "Ideas of nationalistic ethnic politicians that Bosnia and Herzegovina be reorganised into homogenous national territories inevitably required the division of ethnically mixed territories into their Serb, Croat, and Muslim parts". According to numerous ICTY verdicts and indictments, Serb and Croat forces performed ethnic cleansing of their territories to create ethnically pure states ( 918: 3258:. Bosnian forces attacked JNA barracks in the city, which was followed by heavy shelling. On 5 and 6 June the last JNA personnel left the city during street fighting and shelling. The 20 June ceasefire, executed in order for UN takeover of the Sarajevo airport for humanitarian flights, was broken as both sides battled for the territory between the city and airport. The airport crisis led to Boutros-Ghali's ultimatum on 26 June, that the Serbs stop attacks on the city, allow the UN to take the airport, and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision. Meanwhile, media reported that Bush considered the use of force in Bosnia. World public opinion was "decisively and permanently against the Serbs" following media reports on the sniping and shelling of Sarajevo. 4703:

174,914 wounded on the territory under the control of the Bosnian army. Mustafa Imamovic gave a figure of 144,248 perished (including those who died from hunger or exposure), mainly Muslims. The Red Cross and the UNHCR have not, to the best of our knowledge, produced data on the number of persons killed and injured in the course of the war. A November 1995 unclassified CIA memorandum estimated 156,500 civilian deaths in the country (all but 10,000 of them in Muslim- or Croat-held territories), not including the 8,000 to 10,000 then still missing from Srebrenica and Zepa enclaves. This figure for civilian deaths far exceeded the estimate in the same report of 81,500 troops killed (45,000 Bosnian government; 6,500 Bosnian Croat; and 30,000 Bosnian Serb).

5207: 5299: 2333: 1095: 1086: 681: 664: 647: 630: 613: 862: 838: 950: 342: 21191: 18140: 482: 365: 256: 1023: 591: 460: 5591: 1114: 1105: 812: 799: 781: 3467: 3594:. The town was defended by both the HVO and the ARBiH, but the lack of cooperation, as well as an advantage in troop size and firepower for the VRS, led to the fall of the town. Croat refugees from Jajce fled to Herzegovina and Croatia, while around 20,000 Bosniak refugees settled in Travnik, Novi Travnik, Vitez, Busovača, and villages near Zenica. Despite the October confrontations, and with each side blaming the other for the fall of Jajce, there were no large-scale clashes and a general military alliance was still in effect. Tuđman and Izetbegović met in Zagreb on 1 November 1992 and agreed to establish a Joint Command of HVO and ARBiH. 21873: 21426: 18822: 18375: 575: 444: 21276: 18225: 495: 385: 269: 5280: 4671: 2558:'s memoirs show that on 5 December 1991 Milošević ordered the JNA troops in BiH to be reorganised and its non-Bosnian personnel to be withdrawn, in case recognition would result in the perception of the JNA as a foreign force; Bosnian Serbs would remain to form the nucleus of a Bosnian Serb army. Accordingly, by the end of the month only 10–15% of the personnel in the JNA in BiH were from outside the republic. Silber and Little note that Milošević secretly ordered all Bosnian-born JNA soldiers to be transferred to BiH. Jović's memoirs suggest that Milošević planned for an attack on Bosnia well in advance. 845: 23369: 24243: 22575: 2473:

that Army... Until now, we did not have problems with the Army, and we will not have problems later." Izetbegović had a testy exchange with Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić in parliament on that day. After Karadžić wagered that the Bosnian muslims could not defend themselves if a state of war developed, Izetbegović observed that he found Karadžić's manner and speech offensive and it explained why the Bosniaks felt unwelcome, that his tone might explain why the others federated by Yugoslavia felt repelled, and that the threats of Karadžić were unworthy of the Serbian people.

3235:, which had been blockaded since 4 March. There were efforts to halt violence. On 27 April, the Bosnian government ordered the JNA to be put under civilian control or expelled, which was followed by conflicts in early May between the two. Prijedor was taken over by Serbs on 30 April. On 2 May, the Green Berets and local gang members fought back a disorganised Serb attack aimed at cutting Sarajevo in two. On 3 May, Izetbegović was kidnapped at the Sarajevo airport by JNA officers, and used to gain safe passage of JNA troops from downtown Sarajevo. However, Bosnian forces 64: 2605:, which proposed the independent state of Bosnia to be divided into three constituent units. Agreement was denounced by the Bosniak leadership on 25 February. On 28 February 1992, the Constitution of the SR BiH declared that the territory of that Republic included "the territories of the Serbian Autonomous Regions and Districts and of other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the regions in which the Serbian people remained in the minority due to the genocide conducted against it in World War II", and it was declared to be a part of Yugoslavia. 1040: 976: 4917:, a database that initially revealed a minimum of 97,207 names of Bosnia and Herzegovina's citizens confirmed as killed or missing during the 1992–1995 war. The head of the UN war crimes tribunal's Demographic Unit, Ewa Tabeau, has called it "the largest existing database on Bosnian war victims", and it is considered the most authoritative account of human losses in the Bosnian war. More than 240,000 pieces of data were collected, checked, compared and evaluated by an international team of experts in order to produce the 2007 list of 97,207 victims' names. 562: 431: 328: 314: 3262: 4691:

The variations are partly the result of the use of inconsistent definitions of who can be considered victims of the war, as some research calculated only direct casualties of military activity while other research included those who died from hunger, cold, disease or other war conditions. Early overcounts were also the result of many victims being entered in both civilian and military lists because little systematic coordination of those lists took place in wartime conditions. The death toll was originally estimated in 1994 at around 200,000 by

25607: 1133: 1124: 899: 882: 5442: 5825:, meanwhile, argues that it is possible to characterise the Bosnian War as a civil war, without necessarily agreeing with the narrative of Serb and Croat nationalists. He states that while "all episodes of severe violence have been sparked by 'external' events and forces, local society too has been deeply implicated in that violence" and therefore argues that "it makes relatively more sense to regard the 1992–95 conflict in Bosnia as a 'civil war' – albeit obviously with a vital dimension that is territorially external to Bosnia". 1064: 93: 3937: 44: 84: 21336: 18285: 548: 417: 300: 2297: 5451: 3399: 4683: 3891:, and of HVO commander Živko Totić near Zenica by the mujahideen. The ARBiH representatives denied any involvement and a joint ARBiH-HVO commission was formed to investigate. The HVO personnel were subsequently exchanged in May for POWs that were arrested by the HVO. The April incidents escalated into an armed conflict on 15 April in the area of Vitez, Busovača, Kiseljak and Zenica. The outnumbered HVO in the Zenica municipality was quickly defeated, followed by an exodus of Croat civilians. 3989: 2578: 2618: 3192: 1001: 5428:), and in Grbavica during the siege of Sarajevo. Women and girls were kept in various detention centres where they had to live in intolerably unhygienic conditions and were mistreated in many ways including being repeatedly raped. A notorious example was "Karaman's house" in Foča. Common complications among surviving women and girls include psychological, gynaecological and other physical disorders, as well as unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. 5291: 3463:, put the number of refugees in Croatia into a proper perspective in an interview on 8 November 1993. He said the situation would be the equivalent of the US taking in 30,000,000 refugees. The number of Bosnian refugees in Croatia, was surpassed only by the number of the internally displaced persons within Bosnia and Herzegovina itself, at 588,000. Serbia took in 252,130 refugees from Bosnia, while other former Yugoslav republics received a total of 148,657 people. 3625: 25726: 24546: 22902: 22878: 22294: 21102: 19243: 5715: 5913:

liberalization and democratization, not ordinary people. In disputing the common assessment by Western academics, politicians and journalists of an ethnic war and of the Balkans as a region antithetical to Western values, Gagnon cites high intermarriage rates, the high percentage of draft-resisters, resistance to nationalist movements and favourable views of inter-ethnic relations in polling conducted in the late 1980s in Yugoslavia among other factors.

4277: 3821: 3308:. 92nd Motorised JNA Brigade received orders to leave Tuzla and Bosnia-Herzegovina, and enter Serbia. An agreement was made with the Bosnian government that JNA units would be allowed until 19 May to leave Bosnia peacefully. Despite the agreement, the convoy was attacked in Tuzla's Brčanska Malta district with rifles and rocket launchers; mines were placed along its route. 52 JNA soldiers were killed and over 40 were wounded, most ethnic Serbs. 761: 744: 727: 5086:, headed by Ewa Tabeau, pointed to errors in earlier figures and calculated the minimum number of victims as 89,186, with a probable figure of around 104,732. Tabeau noted the numbers should not be confused with "who killed who", because, for example, many Serbs were killed by the Serb army during the shelling of Sarajevo, Tuzla and other multi-ethnic cities. The authors of this report said that the actual death toll may be slightly higher. 507: 397: 281: 4153: 2755: 3312: 53: 3760: 4564: 700: 523: 3809: 3530:, which held out during August and September. The VRS managed to break through their lines in early October and capture Bosanski Brod. Most remaining Croat forces withdrew north to Croatia. The HV–HVO continued to hold the Orašje enclave and were able to repel an VRS attack in November. On 21 June 1992, Bosniak forces entered the Bosnian Serb village of Ratkovići near Srebrenica and murdered 24 Serb civilians. 4444: 25738: 22914: 22306: 21114: 19255: 4635:, widespread airstrikes against Bosnian Serb positions supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks. On 14 September 1995, the NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of an agreement with Bosnian Serbs for the withdrawal of heavy weapons from around Sarajevo. Twelve days later, on 26 September, an agreement of further basic principles for a peace accord was reached in 3878:, commander of HVO's Operative Zone Central Bosnia, had a meeting on 13 February where a joint ARBiH-HVO commission was formed to resolve incidents. The January ceasefire in central Bosnia held through to early April, despite minor incidents. The Croats attributed the escalation of the conflict to the increased Islamic policy of the Bosniaks, while Bosniaks accused the Croat side of separatism. 2910:, HVO) was founded as the "supreme body of Croatian defence in Herzeg-Bosnia". The HVO was organised in four Operative Zones with headquarters in Mostar, Tomislavgrad, Vitez and Orašje. In February 1993, the HVO Main Staff estimated the strength of the HVO at 34,080 officers and men. Its armaments included around 50 main battle tanks, mainly T-34 and T-55, and 500 various artillery weapons. 5329:, stated that genocide was occurring. The telegram cited "constant and indiscriminate shelling and gunfire" of Sarajevo by Karadzic's Yugoslav People Army; the harassment of minority groups in Northern Bosnia "in an attempt to force them to leave"; and the use of detainees "to do dangerous work on the front lines" as evidence that genocide was being committed. In 2005, the 5653:, political leader of Croats in Central Bosnia, was convicted of the crimes against humanity in Central Bosnia i.e. ethnic cleansing and sentenced to 25 years in prison. On 29 May 2013, in a first instance verdict, the ICTY sentenced Prlić to 25 years in prison. The tribunal also convicted five other war time leaders of the joint trial: defence minister of Herzeg-Bosnia 2574:

be placed before the not yet established Council of National Equality. The referendum proposal was adopted in the form as proposed by Muslim deputies, in the absence of SDS members. As Burg and Shoup note, "the decision placed the Bosnian government and the Serbs on a collision course". The upcoming referendum caused international concern in February.

11179: 2646:". Arrest warrants were issued against him and another suspected assailant. SDS denounced the killing and claimed the failure to arrest him was due to SDA or Bosnian government complicity. A SDS spokesman stated it was evidence that Serbs were in mortal danger and would be further so in an independent Bosnia, which was rejected by 2877:"unnatural" as the only Muslim nation in Europe. He said they favored the embargo precisely because it locked in Bosnia's disadvantage. When I expressed shock at such cynicism, reminiscent of the blind-eye diplomacy regarding the plight of Europe's Jews during World War II, President Clinton only shrugged. He said President 11242: 4234:, mediated by the US, was concluded on 2 March by representatives of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Herzeg-Bosnia. The agreement was signed on 18 March 1994 in Washington. Under this agreement, the combined territory held by the HVO and the ARBiH was divided into autonomous cantons within the 4144:

issued the Serbs an ultimatum, which they were forced to comply with. Under the conditions of the ultimatum, the Serbs had to withdraw all militias to 3 km from the town by 23 April 1994, and all of their artillery and armored vehicles 20 km (12 mi) from the town by 26 April 1994. The VRS complied.

2795:, Chief of Staff of the Bosnian Territorial Defense, claimed in June 1992 that his forces were 70% Muslim, 18% Croat and 12% Serb. The percentage of Serb and Croat soldiers in the Bosnian Army was particularly high in Sarajevo, Mostar and Tuzla. The deputy commander of the Bosnian Army's Headquarters, was general 4658:) was deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina. This 80,000 strong unit, was deployed in order to enforce the peace, as well as other tasks such as providing support for humanitarian and political aid, reconstruction, providing support for displaced civilians to return to their homes, collection of arms, and mine and 2250:, gained control over three out of eight votes in the Yugoslav presidency. With additional votes from Montenegro, Serbia was thus able to heavily influence the decisions of the federal government. This situation led to objections from the other republics and calls for the reform of the Yugoslav federation. 11171: 5089:

These figures were not based solely on "battle deaths", but included accidental deaths taking place in battle conditions and acts of mass violence. Specifically excluded were "non-violent mortality increases" and "criminal and unorganised violence increases". Similarly "military deaths" included both

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and captured several towns, including Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Petrovac, Ključ and Sanski Most. A VRS counteroffensive against the ARBiH in western Bosnia was launched on 23/24 September. Within two weeks the VRS was in the vicinity of the town of Ključ. The ARBiH requested Croatian assistance and on

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On 5 August, at the request of UNPROFOR, NATO aircraft attacked a target within the Sarajevo Exclusion Zone after weapons were seized by Bosnian Serbs from a weapons collection site near Sarajevo. On 22 September 1994, NATO aircraft carried out an air strike against a Bosnian Serb tank at the request

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A similar development took place in Novi Travnik. On 9 June, the ARBiH attacked HVO units positioned east of the town, facing the VRS in Donji Vakuf, and the next day fighting followed in Novi Travnik. By 15 June, the ARBiH secured the area northwest of the town, while the HVO kept the northeast part

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In the first week of June, the ARBiH attacked the HVO headquarters in Travnik and HVO units positioned on the front lines against the VRS. After three days of street fighting the outnumbered HVO forces were defeated, with thousands of Croat civilians and soldiers fleeing to nearby Serb-held territory

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northeast of Travnik and killed four Croat civilians. The rest of the captured civilians were taken to the Poljanice camp. However, the conflict did not spread to Travnik and Novi Travnik, though the HVO and the ARBiH brought in reinforcements from this area. On 25 April, Izetbegović and Boban signed

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had convicted forty-five Serbs, twelve Croats, and four Bosniaks of war crimes in connection with the war in Bosnia. Estimates suggest over 100,000 people were killed during the war. Over 2.2 million people were displaced, making it, at the time, the most violent conflict in Europe since the end

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Importantly, the objectives remained the same: to create an ethnically pure Serb State by uniting Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and extending that State from the FRY to the Croatian Krajina along the important logistics and supply line that went through opstina Prijedor, thereby necessitating the

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In the Busovača municipality, the ARBiH gained some ground and inflicted heavy casualties on the HVO, but the HVO held the town of Busovača and the Kaonik intersection between Busovača and Vitez. The ARBiH failed to cut the HVO held Kiseljak enclave into smaller parts and isolate the town of Fojnica

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on the Busovača–Kiseljak road, thus isolating Kiseljak from Busovača. In the Kiseljak area, the ARBiH secured the villages northeast of the town of Kiseljak, but most of the municipality and the town itself remained in HVO control. On 26 January, six POWs and a Serb civilian were killed by the ARBiH

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that was shared by both armies escalated into armed conflict in the town centre. The situation worsened after HVO Commander Ivica Stojak was killed near Travnik on 20 October. On the same day, fighting escalated on an ARBiH roadblock set on the main road through the Lašva Valley. Spontaneous clashes

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In June 1992, the UNPROFOR, originally deployed in Croatia, had its mandate extended into Bosnia and Herzegovina, initially to protect the Sarajevo International Airport. In September, the role of UNPROFOR was expanded to protect humanitarian aid and assist relief delivery in the whole of Bosnia and

3132:, Saudi Arabia provided $ 300 million in weapons to government forces in Bosnia with the knowledge and tacit cooperation of the United States, a claim denied by US officials. Foreign Muslim fighters also joined the ranks of the Bosnian Muslims, including from the Lebanese guerrilla organisation 2573:

On 25 January 1992, an hour after the session of parliament was adjourned, the parliament called for a referendum on independence on 29 February and 1 March. The debate had ended after Serb deputies withdrew after the majority Bosniak–Croat delegates turned down a motion that the referendum question

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gave a televised proclamation of neutrality, it included the statement "it is not our war". Izetbegović made a statement before the Bosnian parliament on 14 October with regard to the JNA: "Do not do anything against the Army. (...) the presence of the Army is a stabilizing factor to us, and we need

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Significantly, the Trial Chamber held that a reasonable Trial Chamber, could make a finding beyond any reasonable doubt that all of these acts were committed to carry out a plan aimed at changing the ethnic balance of the areas that formed Herceg-Bosna and mainly to deport the Muslim population and

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adopted a declaration "condemning in strongest terms the crime committed in July 1995 against Bosniak population of Srebrenica" and apologizing to the families of the victims, the first of its kind in the region. The initiative to pass a resolution came from President Boris Tadić, who pushed for it

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There are no statistics dealing specifically with the casualties of the Croat-Bosniak conflict along ethnic lines. However, according to The RDC's data on human losses in the regions, in Central Bosnia 62 percent of the 10,448 documented deaths were Bosniaks, while Croats constituted 24 percent and

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Civilian deaths were established as 38,239, which represented 37.9 percent of total deaths. Bosniaks accounted for 81.3 percent of those civilian deaths, compared to Serbs 10.9 percent and Croats 6.5 percent. The proportion of civilian victims is, moreover, an absolute minimum because the status of

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The figure of 200,000 (or more) dead, injured, and missing was frequently cited in media reports on the war in Bosnia as late as 1994. The October 1995 bulletin of the Bosnian Institute for Public Health of the Republic Committee for Health and Social Welfare gave the numbers as 146,340 killed, and

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was signed by the President and stated that if the Bosnian Serbs had not accepted the Contact Group proposal by 15 October the President should introduce a UN Security Council proposal to end the arms embargo, and that if it was not passed by 15 November, only funds required by all UN members under

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planes carried out air strikes against Serb tanks and outposts. However, these attacks did little to stop the overwhelming Bosnian Serb Army. The Bosnian Serb Army surrounded 150 UNPROFOR soldiers taking them hostage in Goražde. Knowing Goražde would fall unless there was foreign intervention, NATO

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for a ceasefire and discussed a demarcation between a Croat and Serb territorial unit, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the ceasefire was broken the following day, when the JNA and Bosnian Serb forces mounted an attack on Croat-held positions in Mostar. In June 1992, Bosnian Serb forces attacked

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Calculating the number of deaths resulting from the conflict has been subject to considerable, highly politicised debate, sometimes "fused with narratives about victimhood", from the political elites of various groups. Estimates of the total number of casualties have ranged from 25,000 to 329,000.

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The forced deportations of Bosniaks from Serb-held territories and the resulting refugee crisis continued to escalate. Thousands of people were being bused out of Bosnia each month, threatened on religious grounds. As a result, Croatia was strained by 500,000 refugees, and in mid-1994 the Croatian

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Despite these attempts, tensions steadily increased throughout the second half of 1992. An armed conflict occurred in Busovača in early May and another one on 13 June. On 19 June, a conflict between the units of the TO on one side, and HVO and HOS units on the other side broke out in Novi Travnik.

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Outside of Sarajevo, the combatants' successes varied greatly in 1992. Serbs had seized Muslim-majority cities along the Drina and Sava rivers and expelled their Muslim population within months. A joint Bosnian–HVO offensive in May, having taken advantage of the confusion following JNA withdrawal,

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At the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, on 20 January 1990, the delegations of the republics could not agree on the main issues facing the Yugoslav federation. As a result, the Slovene and Croatian delegates left the Congress. The Slovene delegation, headed by

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From the perspective of international diplomacy and law...the international decision to recognize the independence of Bosnia-Herzegovina and grant it membership in the United Nations provided a basis for defining the war as a case of external aggression by both Serbia and Croatia. With respect to

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Clinton said U.S. allies in Europe blocked proposals to adjust or remove the embargo. They justified their opposition on plausible humanitarian grounds, arguing that more arms would only fuel the bloodshed, but privately, said the president, key allies objected that an independent Bosnia would be

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region of northeastern Bosnia. In response, local Croats and Bosniaks set up barricades and machine-gun posts. They halted a column of 60 JNA tanks, but were dispersed by force the following day. More than 1,000 people had to flee the area. This action, nearly seven months before the start of the

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in turn praised relations with Croatia, remarks that starkly contrasted with his harsh criticism of Serbia the day before. "I'm deeply sorry that the Republic of Croatia has contributed to the suffering of people and divisions which still burden us today", Josipović told Bosnia and Herzegovina's

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also issued an ultimatum to the Bosnian Serbs demanding the removal of heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20–21 February, or they would face air strikes. On 12 February, Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty free day since April 1992. The large-scale removal of Bosnian-Serb heavy weapons

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The HVO and the ARBiH continued to fight side by side against the VRS in some areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the Bihać pocket, Bosnian Posavina and the Tešanj area. Despite some animosity, an HVO brigade of around 1,500 soldiers fought along with the ARBiH in Sarajevo. In other areas

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The Croat–Bosniak alliance, formed at the beginning of the war, was often not harmonious. The existence of two parallel commands caused problems in coordinating the two armies against the VRS. An attempt to create a joint HVO and TO military headquarters in mid-April failed. On 21 July 1992, the

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of France had been especially blunt in saying that Bosnia did not belong, and that British officials also spoke of a painful but realistic restoration of Christian Europe. Against Britain and France, he said, German chancellor Helmut Kohl among others had supported moves to reconsider the United

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Professor V.P. Gagnon challenges the widely accepted belief in the West that the Bosnian War (and the other Yugoslav wars) were a product of ethnic hatred between the warring factions. Gagnon argues that the wars were caused by power-hungry political elites who resisted political and economical

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was charged with one count of violation of the laws and customs of war on the basis of superior criminal responsibility of the incidents during Operation Neretva '93 and found not guilty. Serbs have accused Sarajevo authorities of practicing selective justice by actively prosecuting Serbs while

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against the HVO in Herzegovina and central Bosnia, on a 200 km long front. It was one of their largest offensives in 1993. The ARBiH expanded its territory west of Jablanica and secured the road to eastern Mostar, while the HVO kept the area of Prozor and secured its forces rear in western

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In the Vitez area, Blaškić used his limited forces to carry out spoiling attacks on the ARBiH, thus preventing the ARBiH from cutting of the Travnik–Busovača road and seizing the SPS explosives factory in Vitez. On 16 April, the HVO launched a spoiling attack on Ahmići, east of Vitez. After the

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By June 1992, refugees and internally displaced persons had reached 2.6 million. By September 1992, Croatia had accepted 335,985 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly Bosniak civilians (excluding men of military age). The number of refugees significantly strained the Croatian economy and

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Serbia provided logistical support, money and supplies to the VRS. Bosnian Serbs had made up a substantial part of the JNA officer corps. Milošević relied on the Bosnian Serbs to win the war themselves. Most of the command chain, weaponry, and higher-ranked military personnel, including General

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The Bosnian Serb assembly members advised Serbs to boycott the referendums held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. The turnout to the referendums was reported as 64%, with 93% of voters voting in favour of independence (implying that Bosnian Serbs, who made up approximately 34% of the population,

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Journalist Giuseppe Zaccaria summarised a meeting of Serb army officers in Belgrade in 1992, reporting they had adopted an explicit policy to target women and children as the vulnerable portion of the Muslim social structure. According to some sources, the RAM plan was crafted in the 1980s. Its

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The RDC 2007 figures stated that these were confirmed figures and that several thousand cases were still being examined. All of the RDC figures are believed to be a slight undercount as their methodology is dependent on a family member having survived to report the missing relative, though the

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airfield in Serb-held Croatia on 21 November, in response to attacks launched from that airfield against targets in the Bihac area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 23 November, after attacks launched from a surface-to-air missile site south of Otoka (north-west Bosnia and Herzegovina) on two NATO

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What was said and by whom remains unclear. Zimmerman denies that he told Izetbegovic that if he withdrew his signature, the United States would grant recognition to Bosnia as an independent state. What is indisputable is that Izetbegovic, that same day, withdrew his signature and renounced the

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Some 30 categories of information existed within the database for each individual record, including basic personal information, place and date of death, and, in the case of soldiers, the military unit to which the individual belonged. This has allowed the database to present deaths by gender,

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authorities forbade entry to a group of 462 refugees fleeing northern Bosnia, forcing UNPROFOR to improvise shelter for them. Between 30 March and 23 April 1994, the Serbs launched another major offensive against the town with the primary objective of overrunning Goražde. On 9 April 1994, the

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Meetings were held in early 1991 between the leaders of the six Yugoslav republics, and the two autonomous regions, to discuss the crisis. The Serbian leadership favoured a federal solution, whereas the Croatian and Slovenian leadership favoured an alliance of sovereign states. Bosnian leader

5404:, most of them Bosnian Muslims with the majority of cases committed by Serb forces. This has been referred to as "Mass rape", particularly with regard to the coordinated use of rape as a weapon of war by members in the VRS and Bosnian Serb police. For the first time in judicial history, the 4924:

The RDC published periodic updates of its figures until June 2012, when it published its final report. The 2012 figures recorded a total of 101,040 dead or disappeared, of whom 61.4 percent were Bosniaks, 24.7 percent were Serbs, 8.3 percent were Croats and less than 1 percent were of other

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The war attracted foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries. Volunteers came to fight for a variety of reasons, including religious or ethnic loyalties and in some cases for money. As a general rule, Bosniaks received support from Islamic countries, Serbs from Eastern Orthodox

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was chosen as its president. Its founding document said: "The Community will respect the democratically elected government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina for as long as exists the state independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to the former, or any other, Yugoslavia".

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In the Motion, the Prosecution submits that both the existence and implementation of the plan to create an ethnically pure Bosnian Serb state by Bosnian Serb political and military leaders are facts of common knowledge and have been held to be historical and accurate in a wide range of

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according to the international law, but that these acts did not, in themselves, constitute genocide per se. The Court further decided that, following Montenegro's declaration of independence in May 2006, Serbia was the only respondent party in the case, but that "any responsibility for

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command of the Yugoslav army and was therefore an instrument of external aggression. With respect to Croatia, regular Croatian army forces violated the territorial integrity of Bosnia-Herzegovina, lending further evidence in support of the view that this was a case of aggression.

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attacking units breached the ARBiH lines and entered the village, groups of irregular HVO units went from house to house, burning them and killing civilians. When Croat forces arrived in Ahmići, they left all Croats alone, and massacred the Muslims who could not flee in time. The

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personnel during the course of the force's mandate, from February 1992 to March 1995. Of those who died, three were military observers, 159 were other military personnel, one was a member of the civilian police, two were international civilian staff and two were local staff.

2539:(HDZ). While it called for the independence of the country, there was a split in the party with some advocating secession of Croat-majority areas. In November 1991, the Croat leadership organised autonomous communities in areas with a Croat majority. On 12 November 1991, the 14878: 3434:

in May 1992 which had earlier been blocked by Serb forces. Of the 700 prisoners, at least 13 died while in captivity. Detainees were subjected to torture, sexual assaults, beatings and other cruel and inhuman treatment. Certain prisoners were shot, or beaten to death.

5807:

Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats enjoyed substantial political and military backing from Serbia and Croatia, and the decision to grant Bosnia diplomatic recognition also had implications for the international interpretation of the conflict. As Burg and Shoup state:

2098:, targeting the positions of the Army of the Republika Srpska, which proved key in ending the war. The war ended after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Paris on 14 December 1995. Peace negotiations were held in 2841:

groups, to smuggle weapons to Bosnian-Muslim forces, as well as allowed Iranian-supplied arms to transit through Croatia to Bosnia. However, in light of widespread NATO opposition to American (and possibly Turkish) endeavors in coordinating the "black flights of

2441:. The embargo had a significant impact in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the start of the Bosnian War. The Serb forces inherited the armaments and the equipment of the JNA, while the Croat and Bosniak forces obtained arms through Croatia in violation of the embargo. 2411:. This would leave SR Bosnia and Herzegovina in a state union with SR Serbia and SR Montenegro. The agreement was denounced by Croat political parties. Although initially welcoming the initiative, the Izetbegović administration later dismissed the agreement. 13322: 11212: 5325:. The ICJ concluded, however, that Serbia failed to prevent genocide committed by Serb forces and failed to punish those responsible, and bring them to justice. A telegram sent to the White House on 8 February 1994 and penned by U.S. Ambassador to Croatia, 3915:. The Bosnian Government made a monument dedicated to all 116 victims. Elsewhere in the area, the HVO blocked the ARBiH forces in the Stari Vitez quarter of Vitez and prevented an ARBiH advance south of the town. On 24 April, mujahideen forces attacked the 18078:(dedicated to the study, research, and documentation of the destruction and damage of historic heritage during the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. The website contains judicial documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)). 5187:, while all sides committed war crimes during the conflict, Serbian forces were responsible for ninety percent of them, whereas Croatian forces were responsible for six percent, and Bosniak forces four percent. The report echoed conclusions published by a 3575:

Incidents were also recorded in Konjic in July, and in Kiseljak and the Croat settlement of Stup in Sarajevo during August. On 14 September, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the proclamation of Herzeg-Bosnia unconstitutional.

4056:. It was used as an excuse for an ARBiH attack on the HVO-held Vareš enclave at the beginning of November. Croat civilians and soldiers abandoned Vareš on 3 November and fled to Kiseljak. The ARBiH entered Vareš on the following day, which was looted. 4197:—at the request of the UN—against artillery and mortar positions in or around Sarajevo determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets. Only Greece failed to support the use of air strikes, but did not veto the proposal. 5884:

decided that Ganić should be released after ruling that Serbia's request was "politically motivated". In his decision, he characterised the Bosnian War to have been an international armed conflict as Bosnia had declared independence on 3 March 1992.

4008:

as they were cut off from HVO-held positions. The ARBiH offensive continued east of Travnik to secure the road to Zenica, which was achieved by 14 June. On 8 June, 24 Croat civilians and POWs were killed by the mujahideen near the village of Bikoši.

2345:

proposed an asymmetrical federation in February, where Slovenia and Croatia would maintain loose ties with the four remaining republics. Shortly after, he changed his position and opted for a sovereign Bosnia as a prerequisite for such a federation.

4944:

military unit, year and region of death, in addition to ethnicity and "status in war" (civilian or soldier). The category intended to describe which military formation caused the death of each victim was the most incomplete and was deemed unusable.

3231:. After the capture of Zvornik, Bosnian Serb troops killed several hundred Muslims and forced tens of thousands to flee. All of Bosnia was engulfed in war by mid-April. On 23 April, the JNA evacuated its personnel by helicopter from the barracks in 5495:

According to legal experts, as of early 2008, 45 Serbs, 12 Croats and 4 Bosniaks were convicted of war crimes by the ICTY in connection with the Balkan wars of the 1990s. Both Serbs and Croats were indicted and convicted of systematic war crimes

5790:

is critical of narratives about "civil war", which he argues often involve what he terms "moral levelling", in which all sides are "said to be equally guilty of atrocities", and "emphasise credible Serb fears as a rationale for their actions".

6597:

about Harlan Draka, half human, half vampire, who wages war on the multifaceted forces of Evil. The first two episodes are located in Bosnia and Herzegovina (#1 Il figlio del Diavolo) i.e. Sarajevo (#2 La stirpe della note) during the Bosnian

5155:

reported that the fate of an estimated 10,500 people, most of whom were Bosnian Muslims, remained unknown at that time. Bodies of victims are still being unearthed two decades later. In July 2014 the remains of 284 victims, unearthed from the

9236:

Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the

3966:

began on 9 May when both the east and west parts of the city came under artillery fire. Street battles followed, despite a ceasefire signed on 13 May by Milivoj Petković and Sefer Halilović, until 21 May. The HVO established prison camps in

3886:

The beginning of April was marked by incidents in central Bosnia between Bosniak and Croat civilians and soldiers, including assaults, murders and armed confrontations. The most serious were the kidnapping of four members of the HVO outside

2621:

The 1992 Carrington-Cutillero plan: Serbian cantons shown in red, Bosniak cantons in green, Croat cantons in blue; Bosniak and Serb cantons would have each covered 44% of the country's territory, with the Croat canton covering the remaining

2532:(SDA), led by Alija Izetbegović, was determined to pursue independence and was supported by Europe and the US The SDS made it clear that if independence was declared, Serbs would secede as it was their right to exercise self-determination. 2654:, who stated it was not a wedding but a provocation and accused the wedding guests of being SDS activists. Barricades appeared the following morning at key transit points across the city and were manned by armed and masked SDS supporters. 8582: 21086: 4238:. Tuđman and Izetbegović also signed a preliminary agreement on a confederation between Croatia and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croat-Bosniak alliance was renewed, although the issues dividing them were not resolved. 3702:

during the war. Republika Srpska claimed that the ARBiH forces torched Serb homes and massacred civilians. However, this could not be verified during the ICTY trials, which concluded that many homes were already destroyed and that the

4321:

jets. This was the first time in NATO's history it had conducted air strikes. In retaliation, Serbs took 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April. On 15 April the Bosnian government lines around Goražde broke, and on 16 April a British

9872: 3794:, showed a map that would set the stage for Bosnia to be partitioned into 3 ethnic states. Bosnian-Serbs would be given 52% of Bosnia's territory, Muslims 30% and Bosnian-Croats 18%. Alija Izetbegović rejected the plan on 29 August. 2657:

Following Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992, sporadic fighting broke out between Serbs and government forces all across the territory. On 18 March 1992, all three sides signed the

16331: 4299:(UNPROFOR) made its first request for NATO air support, but close air support was not deployed, owing to a number of delays associated with the approval process. On 20 March an aid convoy with medical supplies and doctors reached 3707:

caused hunger, forcing Bosniaks to attack nearby Serb villages to acquire food to survive. In 2006, Orić was found guilty by the ICTY on the charges of not preventing murder of Serbs, but was acquitted of all charges on appeal.

4477:

On 27 May 1995, a confrontation occurred across the Vrbanja Bridge. During the battle, elements of the Bosnian Serb army stormed French-built UNPROFOR observation posts, taking hostage 10 French troops. The French Army, led by

19567: 16687: 6227:

is a 1998 TV film, directed by David Attwood, shown on BBC and HBO in 1998, which covers the Siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War from the perspective of two Olympic-level Yugoslavian marksmen, one whom becomes a sniper.

2065:

The Serbs, although initially militarily superior due to the weapons and resources provided by the JNA, eventually lost momentum as the Bosniaks and Croats allied against the Republika Srpska in 1994 with the creation of the

3556:

On 12 August 1992, the name of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was changed to Republika Srpska (RS). By November 1992, 1,000 square kilometres (400 sq mi) of eastern Bosnia was under Muslim control.

4940:'s demographic unit applied statistical techniques to identify possible duplication caused by a given victim being recorded in multiple primary lists, the original documents being then hand-checked to assess duplication. 10682:, p. 189: "The essential difference was that many of those sent to camp run by the Bosnian Serbs never made it out, whereas the Bosnian government released or exchanged their prisoniers|access-date=23 December 2023" 9205:

Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the

5779:

From the outset, the nature of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was subject to conflicting interpretations. These were rooted not only in objective facts on the ground, but in the political interests of those articulating

4249:

in southwestern Bosnia. After a month of fighting, Croat forces had taken around 200 square kilometres (77 square miles) of VRS-held territory and directly threatened the main supply route between Republika Srpska and

3045:

countries, and Croats from Catholic countries. The presence of foreign fighters is well documented, however none of these groups comprised more than 5 percent of any of the respective armies' total manpower strength.

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concluded in a March 1995 report that Bosnian Serb forces had been responsible for 90 percent of the ethnic cleansing committed up to that time and that leading Serb politicians almost certainly knew of the crimes.

5143:

and sociocide". However, Silajdžić and others have been criticised for inflating the number of fatalities to attract international support. An ICRC book published in 2010 cites the total number killed in all of the

3567: 11202: 6169:, depicts the romance of a pacific Serb station caretaker and a Muslim Bosniak young woman entrusted to him as a hostage in the context of Bosniak-Serb border clashes; it was nominated at the 2004 Cannes Festival. 3570:

was signed by Tuđman and Izetbegović, establishing a military cooperation between the two armies. At a session held on 6 August, the Bosnian Presidency accepted HVO as an integral part of the Bosnian armed forces.

2818:, to be a member of Bosnian Army's Headquarters, seven days before Kraljević's assassination, in order to assemble a multi-ethnic pro-Bosnian defense front. This diversity was to reduce over the course of the war. 2234:

province, has historically been a multi-ethnic state. According to the 1991 census, 44% of the population considered themselves Muslim (Bosniak), 33% Serb, and 17% Croat, with 6% describing themselves as Yugoslav.

3583:

spread throughout the region and resulted in almost 50 casualties until a ceasefire was negotiated by the UNPROFOR on 21 October. On 23 October, a major battle between the ARBiH and the HVO started in the town of

9511: 6763:

was inspired by the poor living conditions and wartime atrocities that Bosnian civilians endured during the Siege of Sarajevo where the player controls a group of civilian survivors in a makeshift-damaged house.

5844:). Hence, even after 19 May 1992 the armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Bosnian Serbs and the central authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina must be classified as an international armed conflict. 1975:(17%) – passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992. Political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs boycotted the referendum and rejected its outcome. Anticipating the outcome of the referendum, the 7052: 5669:(20 years), and head of prisoner exchanges and detention facilities Berislav Pušić (10 years). The Chamber ruled, by majority, with the presiding judge Jean-Claude Antonetti dissenting, that they took part in a 2609:

largely boycotted the referendum). The Serb political leadership used the referendums as a pretext to set up roadblocks in protest. Independence was formally declared by the Bosnian parliament on 3 March 1992.

2569:

in its 11 January 1992 Opinion No. 4 on Bosnia and Herzegovina stated that the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina should not be recognised because the country had not yet held a referendum on independence.

2913:

At the beginning of the war, the Croatian government helped arm both the Croat and Bosniak forces. Logistics centres were established in Zagreb and Rijeka for the recruitment of soldiers for the ARBiH. The

3928:, met on a weekly basis to solve issues and implement the ceasefire. However, the truce was not respected on the ground and the HVO and ARBiH forces were still engaged in the Busovača area until 30 April. 8556: 3979:

and in a school in eastern Mostar. The battle was renewed on 30 June. The ARBiH secured the northern approaches to Mostar and the east of the city, but their advance to the south was repelled by the HVO.

3866:, together with representatives from UNPROFOR and other foreign observers, and signed a ceasefire in the area of central Bosnia, which came into effect the following day. The situation was still tense so 15278: 12179: 7308: 5191:

estimate in 1995. In October 2019, a third of the war crime charges filed by the Bosnian state prosecution during the year were transferred to lower-level courts, which sparked criticism of prosecutors.

5115:

river, of 6,717 casualties, 54 percent were Bosniaks, 24 percent Serbs and 21 percent Croats. The casualties in those regions were mainly, but not exclusively, the consequence of Croat-Bosniak conflict.

4929:

5,100 victims was unestablished and because relatives were believed to have registered their dead loved ones as military victims in order to obtain veteran's financial benefits or for "honour" reasons.

15382: 10209: 2492:

parties and the positioning of arms and ammunition. The plan was meant to prepare the framework for a third Yugoslavia in which all Serbs with their territories would live together in the same state.

24117: 22449: 15923:"Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: Topical Digests of the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia" 3752:"that an international tribunal shall be established for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law". On 15–16 May, the Vance-Owen peace plan was 5175:

stated that the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina forced more than 2.2 million people to flee their homes, at that time, the largest displacement of people in Europe since the end of World War II.

2781:. Forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina were divided into five Corps. 1st Corps operated in the region of Sarajevo and Goražde, while the stronger 5th Corps was positioned in the western 6330:, covers the collapse of Yugoslavia from the roots of the conflict in the 1980s to the subsequent wars and peace accords, and a BBC book was issued with the same title. Other documentaries include 5681:. However, on 19 July 2016 the Appeals Chamber in the case announced that the "Trial Chamber made no explicit findings concerning participation in the JCE and did not find guilty of any crimes." 15949: 5795:

In contrast to the civil war explanation, Bosniaks, many Croats, western politicians and human rights organizations claimed that the war was a war of Serbian and Croatian aggression based on the

2524:

for such issues. The Memorandum was debated anyway, leading to a boycott of the parliament by the Bosnian Serbs, and the legislation was passed. The Serb political representatives proclaimed the

8586: 2361:. The meeting was controversial due to claims by some Yugoslav politicians, the two presidents agreed to the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 6 June, Izetbegović and Macedonian president 7274: 24239: 22571: 24312: 22644: 4381:

Resolution 713 could be used to enforce the embargo, which would effectively end the embargo. On 12–13 November, the US unilaterally lifted the arms embargo against the government of Bosnia.

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in northern Bosnia against HV–HVO forces, to secure an open road between Belgrade, Banja Luka, and Knin. The reported deaths of 12 newborn babies in Banja Luka hospital due to a shortage of

5321:. The ICJ ruling of 26 February 2007 indirectly determined the war's nature to be international, though clearing Serbia of direct responsibility for the genocide committed by the forces of 15532: 15356: 16323: 9493:

Cerwyn Moore & Paul Tumelty (2008) Foreign Fighters and the Case of Chechnya: A Critical Assessment, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31:5, 412–433, DOI: 10.1080/10576100801993347

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The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognised by the European Union on 6 April. On the same date, Bosnian Serb nationalists began the siege of Sarajevo, and the Bosnian war began

5237:

towards the end of the war. Although comparatively rare, there were also cases of Bosniak forces forcing other ethnic groups to flee during the war. According to The New York Times, the

2853:

secretly supplied the Muslim fighters with arms, ammunition and guided anti-tank missiles to give them a chance against the Serbs. Pakistan was thus defying the UN arms embargo. General

25634: 25554: 23768: 21321: 19618: 18270: 6147:, starring Dennis Quaid tells the story of a hardened mercenary in the Foreign Legion who begins to find his own humanity when confronted with atrocities during the fighting in Bosnia. 5864:

or purposes of the application of the grave breaches provisions of Geneva Convention IV, the significant and continuous military action by the armed forces of Croatia in support of the

5718:

A cemetery in Mostar flying the flag of Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (left), the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the flag of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

3419: 2598: 1992: 10434: 6618:

Shrader, Charles R. (2003). The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-261-4.

6117:, tells the story of a boy from a home for abandoned children who tries to find the truth about his origins, it being implied that he is the child of a rape. The film premiered at the 4254:, the capital of Republic of Serbian Krajina. The primary objective of relieving pressure on the Bihać pocket was not achieved, although the ARBiH repelled VRS attacks on the enclave. 24994: 16215: 10396: 2659: 16365: 14368: 11659: 8689: 3293:. Serb forces suffered a costly defeat in eastern Bosnia in May, when according to Serbian accounts Avdo Palić's force was ambushed near Srebrenica, killing 400. From May to August, 25028: 14866: 2437:, imposing an arms embargo on all former Yugoslav territories. The embargo had little effect on the JNA and Serb forces. Croatian forces had seized weaponry from the JNA during the 14258: 14078: 14032: 3498:, stating that Banja Luka had 2 bottled oxygen production plants in its immediate vicinity and was self-reliant in that respect. Operation Corridor began on 14 June 1992, when the 3490:

was cited as an immediate cause for the action, but the veracity of these deaths has been questioned. Borisav Jović, a contemporary high-ranking Serbian official and member of the

2857:

later claimed that the ISI had airlifted anti-tank guided missiles to Bosnia, which ultimately turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege.

24794: 14226: 4396:

On 19 November 1994, the North Atlantic Council approved the extension of Close Air Support to Croatia for the protection of UN forces in that country. NATO aircraft attacked the

3103: 2246:. Until then, Kosovo and Vojvodina's decision-making was independent, and each autonomous province had a vote at the Yugoslav federal level. Serbia, under newly elected President 15007:"Opening Statement of Senator Dick Durbin Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law Hearing on "Rape as a Weapon of War: Accountability for Sexual Violence in Conflict"" 10354: 9153: 6469:, by Major Vaughan Kent-Payne is an account of UN operations in Bosnia written by A British Army infantry officer who was based in Vitez, Central Bosnia for seven months in 1993. 3239:, which embittered all sides. A ceasefire and agreement on evacuation of the JNA was signed on 18 May, and on 20 May the Bosnian presidency declared the JNA an occupation force. 2821:

The Bosnian government lobbied to have the arms embargo lifted, but that was opposed by the United Kingdom, France and Russia. U.S. proposals to pursue this policy were known as

24962: 5968:, is a story about a US Army colonel and a White House nuclear expert investigating stolen Russian nuclear weapons obtained by a revenge-fueled Yugoslav diplomat, Dušan Gavrić. 3871: 2872:, made public more than 70 recorded sessions with the president during his presidency from 1993 through 2001. According to a session taped on 14 October 1993, it is stated that: 15751: 15006: 24231: 24129: 23510: 22563: 22461: 13415: 11155: 3629: 1980: 14403: 5840:

or the period material to this case (1992), the armed forces of the Republika Srpska were to be regarded as acting under the overall control of and on behalf of the FRY (the

21436: 19794: 18385: 16482: 16245: 14426: 4015:

The HVO in the town of Kakanj was overran in mid June and around 13–15,000 Croat refugees fled to Kiseljak and Vareš. In the Kiseljak enclave, the HVO held off an attack on

3730: 2238:

In March 1989, the crisis in Yugoslavia deepened after the adoption of amendments to the Serbian Constitution allowing the government of Serbia to dominate the provinces of

1067: 16035: 13605: 3962:

By mid-April, Mostar had become a divided city with the majority-Croat western part dominated by the HVO, and the majority-Bosniak eastern part dominated by the ARBiH. The

25242: 25068: 24972: 24723: 24199: 22531: 19542: 2566: 2426: 12627: 12101: 5992:, based on a book by Margaret Mazzantini. It tells the story of a mother who brings her teenage son to Sarajevo, where his father died in the Bosnian conflict years ago. 5626:, a general of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was sentenced to 3.5 years for authority over acts of murder and wanton destruction in Central Bosnia. 25249: 24919: 23557: 9774: 9744: 9503: 4223: 15847: 13970:

Tabeau, Ewa; Bijak, Jakub (2005). "War-related Deaths in the 1992–1995 Armed Conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Critique of Previous Estimates and Recent Results".

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between the foreign ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the FRY. A 60-day ceasefire came into effect on 12 October, and on 1 November peace talks began in

4544:. With this, the Bosniak-Croat alliance gained the initiative in the war, taking much of western Bosnia from the VRS in several operations in September and October. In 1171: Between 1994 and 1995, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was supported and represented by both Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. This was primarily because of the 25090: 25085: 22952: 21607: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 20805: 19837: 18556: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 13297: 10415: 6748:

based on the siege, describing the life of a couple trying to survive in Sarajevo contrasted with the singer's family, safely watching the events unfold on television.

5784:

On the one hand, the war could be viewed as "a clear-cut case of civil war – that is, of internal war among groups unable to agree on arrangements for sharing power".

3236: 1335: 16949: 16125: 14593: 7470: 1907:

between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following several earlier violent incidents. It ended on 14 December 1995 when the

25075: 25016: 24433: 23748: 23188: 22765: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21077: 18325: 18320: 18315: 15823: 15721: 15631: 15595: 15310: 15245: 15206: 5473: 5405: 5139:

data, 200,000 people were killed, 12,000 of them children, up to 50,000 women were raped, and 2.2 million were forced to flee their homes. This was a veritable

5083: 4937: 4514: 4064:

In an attempt to protect civilians, the role of UNPROFOR was extended in May 1993 to protect the "safe havens" the UN Security Council had declared around Sarajevo,

3776: 2122:

Clashes between Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs in Bosnia started in late February 1992, and "full-scale hostilities had broken out by 6 April", the same day the US and

2106: 14283: 25259: 25232: 24984: 24949: 9655: 4536:

took place in western Bosnia. The HV-HVO force gained control of Glamoč and Bosansko Grahovo and isolated Knin from Republika Srpska. On 4 August, the HV launched

8930: 2742:

The three ethnic groups predominantly supported their respective ethnic or national faction: Bosniaks mainly the ARBiH, Croats the HVO, Serbs the VRS. There were

2520:" by a simple majority. The Memorandum was hotly contested by the Bosnian Serb members of parliament, arguing the Constitution required procedural safeguards and 25180: 25011: 24907: 24158: 23246: 22490: 21632: 19572: 18581: 9704: 8560: 6305: 3305: 1391: 15274: 12187: 11732:

Serbian Voters Express Contempt for Peace Plan : Bosnia: In two-day referendum, they are expected to defy outside pressure and continue the deadly struggle

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committed during this operation, specifically the killing of 40 civilians in the Bosanska Dubica area by troops of the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Guards Brigade.

3359:, where they endured months of inhumane treatment and torture. A significant number were killed or disappeared, marking the gravest crime in the war until the 24944: 23798: 22256: 21734: 20430: 19664: 19205: 18683: 11635: 10280: 9839: 9267:

Pakistan's notorious Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate violated the UN embargo and provided Bosnian Muslims with sophisticated antitank guided missiles.

8741:

Cannon, P., The Third Balkan War and Political Disunity: Creating A Cantonal Constitutional System for Bosnia-Herzegovina, Jrnl. Trans. L. & Pol., Vol. 5-2

5872:

on the territory of the latter was sufficient to convert the domestic conflict between the Bosnian Croats and the Bosnian Government into an international one.

5336:

Despite the evidence of many kinds of war crimes conducted simultaneously by different Serb forces in different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in

4108:

where the alliance collapsed, the VRS occasionally cooperated with both the HVO and ARBiH, pursuing a local balancing policy and allying with the weaker side.

3753: 3041:), etc. The Serb and Croat paramilitaries involved volunteers from Serbia and Croatia, and were supported by nationalist political parties in those countries. 18020: 16540: 25815: 19740: 16513: 12999:

President Clinton ordered U.S. warships in the Adriatic to stop intercepting vessels suspected of smuggling arms for the Muslims beginning midnight Saturday.

10206: 8839: 3726: 1976: 25621: 24176: 22508: 21456: 18405: 16301: 16275: 15378: 2932:, the Croatian government provided arms for the HVO and organised the sending of units of volunteers, with origins from Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the HVO. 24410: 24404: 23552: 22742: 22736: 20949: 17549:

Baker, Catherine. "Between the round table and the waiting room: Scholarship on war and peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo after the 'Post-Cold War'."

11267: 9097: 5618:, chief of staff of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who was sentenced to three years' imprisonment on 15 September 2008 for his failure to prevent the 14787: 9127: 2365:

proposed a weak confederation between Croatia, Slovenia, and a federation of the other four republics. That was rejected by the Milošević administration.

23537: 21356: 19747: 18305: 9322: 6435: 2457:

Bosnian War, caused the first casualties of the Yugoslav Wars in Bosnia. In the first days of October, the JNA attacked and leveled the Croat village of

2274: 1203: 15674: 24224: 22556: 14209: 13218: 8804: 5746:

even though the issue was politically controversial. In the past, only human rights groups and non-nationalistic parties had supported such a measure.

4921:

undercount is not thought to be statistically significant. At least 30 percent of the 2007 confirmed Bosniak civilian victims were women and children.

14185: 13870: 7266: 7082: 5833: 4414: 3052:

countries. These included hundreds of Russians, around 100 Greeks, and some Ukrainians and Romanians. Some estimate as many as 1,000 such volunteers.

2846:", the United Kingdom and Norway expressed disapproval of these measures and their counterproductive effects on NATO enforcement of the arms embargo. 2642:, a gangster who had become a brazen criminal since the fall of communism and was stated to have been a member of the Bosniak paramilitary group the " 25480: 21944: 21361: 18893: 18310: 14717: 6798: 2388: 1305: 14900: 5796: 4179:, when a 120 millimeter mortar shell landed in the centre of the crowded marketplace, killing 68 people and wounding another 144. On 6 February, UN 3331:

was admitted as a member state of the UN on 22 May 1992. World public opinion was shaken by the existence of concentration camps established by the

3301:(HVO) entered Orašje and, according to Croatian sources, began a campaign of harassment against Serb civilians, including torture, rape and murder. 2358: 2015:(JNA), mobilised their forces inside Bosnia and Herzegovina to secure ethnic Serb territory. The war soon spread across the country, accompanied by 24679: 23778: 23532: 23172: 20514: 19497: 9436:

Blic, N1, Srna: Hrvatski pukovnik Vinko Štefanek: "Ja sam komandovao HVO na području Orašja", 5. studenoga 2016. (pristupljeno 26. studenoga 2016.)

6773: 6646:

Canadian author Steven Galloway's book "The Cellist of Sarajevo" follows three characters living through the siege and the impacts it has on them.

5673:(JCE) against the non-Croat population of Bosnia and Herzegovina and that the JCE included the Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, Defence Minister 5614:

investigation of Izetbegović had been in progress which ended with his death. Bosniaks who were convicted of or were tried for war crimes include

24716: 24012: 23309: 22346: 19854: 15340: 15063: 15010: 14699: 12986: 8862: 6640: 17987: 14151: 10509:"Final report of the United Nations commission of experts established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), S/1994/674 , p. 40,41" 5217:

was a common phenomenon in the war. Large numbers of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats were forced to flee their homes or were expelled by the

25629: 24194: 23505: 23085: 22945: 22526: 21461: 21201: 19735: 19624: 18410: 18150: 17225: 13211: 13182: 6793: 6449:, which chronicles her life in Sarajevo from 1991 to 1993. Because of the diary, she is sometimes referred to as "The Anne Frank of Sarajevo". 6371: 4454:

On 25 May 1995, NATO bombed VRS positions in Pale due to their failure to return heavy weapons. The VRS then shelled all safe areas, including

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who volunteered to serve as a UN Peacekeeper in the latter stages of the war, and during the first stages of the NATO led Dayton Peace Accord.

24684: 24217: 24099: 23673: 23473: 22549: 22431: 21381: 21118: 19821: 18330: 14498: 13746: 12666: 10644:

Susica (pronounced sue-SEE-chah), where about 3,000 Muslims died and thousands more were imprisoned before exile, began its work in June 1992

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at Srebrenica is the most serious war crime that any Serbs were convicted of. Crimes against humanity is the most serious war crime that any

4933: 4910: 4714: 3976: 3959:, north of Jablanica. The battles of Konjic and Jablanica lasted until May, with the ARBiH taking control of both towns and nearby villages. 72: 16207: 15133: 13742: 10431: 10393: 3842:

in central Bosnia. A temporary ceasefire was reached after days of fighting, with UNPROFOR mediation. The war spread from Gornji Vakuf into

3048:

The Bosnian Serbs received support from Christian Slavic fighters from various countries in Eastern Europe, including volunteers from other

2626:

During the referendum on 1 March, Sarajevo was quiet except for a Serbian wedding being fired upon. The brandishing of Serbian flags in the

25443: 24330: 23587: 23329: 22662: 20987: 19360: 16185: 15956: 15635: 14365: 11651: 8693: 7418: 6604:

by Atka Reid and Hana Schofield and published in 2011, is the story of two sisters from Sarajevo and their separate experiences of the war.

3947:

The Croat–Bosniak War spread from central Bosnia to northern Herzegovina on 14 April with an ARBiH attack on a HVO-held village outside of

3395:. Bosniaks and Croats set up camps, with significantly fewer prisoners. The ICTY convicted about 20 individuals for crimes in these camps. 2281: 1951: 17784: 15314: 14118: 11300: 5107:

are geographically located in Central Bosnia (known as Gornje Povrbasje region), but the 1,337 region's documented deaths are included in

2547:. It covered 8 municipalities in northern Bosnia. On 18 November 1991, the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia was established in Mostar. 24868: 24706: 23831: 23522: 23430: 23239: 22261: 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 19398: 19210: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 16647: 16617: 16447: 15210: 14255: 14234: 14075: 14021: 12704: 12068: 10875: 10467: 10030: 9950: 9911: 9813: 8364: 7169: 7010: 6778: 6015:

portrays the encounter between English families and arriving Bosnian refugees at the height of the Bosnian War. The film was awarded the

17880: 16595: 15556: 15168: 14639: 12140: 11040:"Croatian coast straining under 200,000 refugees: Yigan Chazan in Split finds room running out for the many escaping from war in Bosnia" 9991: 4458:. Approximately 70 civilians were killed and 150 were injured. During April and June, Croatian forces conducted two offensives known as 2288:, and the prime minister was a Croat. Separatist nationalist parties attained power in other republics, including Croatia and Slovenia. 24924: 24336: 22668: 21882: 20423: 18831: 14848: 14601:"Prosecutor v. Vujadin Popovic, Ljubisa Beara, Drago Nikolic, Ljubomir Borovcanin, Radivoje Miletic, Milan Gvero, and Vinko Pandurevic" 13172: 13013: 12896: 9290: 9149: 4027:, leading to the departure of 15,000 Croats. A prison camp was established in the football stadium, where around 800 Croats were sent. 3098:

The Bosnians received support from Muslim groups. Pakistan supported Bosnia while providing technical and military support. Pakistan's

2418:" (SAOs). This was in response to the Bosniaks' steps toward seceding from Yugoslavia. Similar steps were taken by the Bosnian Croats. 1255: 13411: 12878: 5703: 3786:

In late July, representatives of Bosnia's three warring factions entered into a new round of negotiations. On 20 August, UN mediators

25063: 24586: 23773: 23527: 23435: 23413: 23282: 22938: 21246: 19778: 18195: 18066:"Quest For War, and One Green Beret's Subsequent Evolution" contains insights on postwar activities by "Joint Commissioned Observers" 17793: 17689:"Forced Migration and Refugee Flows in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Early Warning, Beginning and Current State of Flows" 15759: 14952: 14607: 13639: 11540: 11049: 10377: 3756:. The peace plan was viewed by some as one of the factors leading to the escalation of the Croat–Bosniak conflict in central Bosnia. 3018: 2651: 17970:"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić – Judgement Summary" 15249: 14731: 11516: 9865:"After the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in Syria" 24929: 24295: 24289: 24242: 23920: 23457: 23400: 23385: 23324: 22627: 22621: 22574: 18054: 16417: 14395: 13945: 11152: 5836:, the ICTY concluded that the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an international one: 5136: 3535: 2943:, fought against the Serb forces together with the HVO and ARBiH. The HOS was disbanded shortly after the death of their commander 2265:

in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in November 1990, votes were cast largely according to ethnicity, leading to the success of the Bosniak

2204: 1947: 639: 333: 16478: 7466: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 24757: 24674: 24620: 24271: 23636: 23425: 23408: 23272: 22603: 21969: 19594: 19293: 18918: 16237: 16031: 15014: 14810: 12559: 7782: 7244: 6354:

constructed by the besieged citizens of Sarajevo to link Sarajevo with Bosnian government territory; and the British documentary

6189: 4180: 4132: 2034:(HVO) on the other side. Tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased throughout late 1992, resulting in the escalation of the 1196: 18015: 17996: 16777: 12092: 11570: 3903:

resulted in more than 100 killed Bosniak civilians. The massacre was discovered by UN peacekeeping troops of the 1st Battalion,

24647: 24581: 24427: 24259: 23721: 23696: 23661: 23646: 23631: 23577: 23495: 23490: 23232: 22759: 22591: 14028: 12617: 6808: 6783: 5333:

passed a resolution declaring that "the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide".

3495: 2504:, an ethnic Croat from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The existence and possible implementation of it alarmed the Bosnian government. 2227:

was the centralisation of Yugoslavia, other nationalities aspired to the federalisation and the decentralisation of the state.

15412: 14925: 14762: 13769: 13272: 7130: 6515:, written in 2005 by Len Biser, follows the efforts of three people who unite to assassinate Karadzic to stop Serb atrocities. 3250:, in a new phase of the war. Shellings on Sarajevo on 24, 26, 28 and 29 May were attributed to Mladić by UN Secretary-General 25193: 24265: 24041: 23656: 23395: 22597: 22374: 22286: 21877: 21154: 21106: 20416: 20349: 19467: 19235: 18826: 18103: 18048: 17531: 17486: 17465: 17444: 17377: 17356: 17314: 17293: 17209: 17160: 17137: 17051: 17030: 17006: 16982: 16926: 16905: 16882: 16861: 16840: 16720: 15990: 15524: 15047: 14347: 14322: 13778: 13702: 13680: 13568: 13505: 13452: 13292: 13110: 12945: 12756: 12698: 11603: 11294: 11088: 10987: 10625: 10184: 10061: 9766: 9736: 9597: 9577: 9000: 8646: 8358: 7967: 7940: 7868: 7838: 7813: 7618: 7573: 7348: 7004: 6104: 4367:, to unilaterally lift the arms embargo against the Bosnians, but it was repudiated by President Clinton. On 5 October 1994, 4318: 4012:

of the municipality and the town of Novi Travnik. The battle continued into July with only minor changes on the front lines.

3607: 2525: 1298: 871: 579: 448: 25741: 16940: 15926: 15109: 13304: 13295: 7624: 7108: 5642:

Appeals Chamber on 8 April 2003 for murder and torture of the prisoners and for raping two Serbian women. Bosnian commander

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On 4 August 1992, the IV Knight Motorised Brigade of the ARBiH attempted to break through the circle surrounding Sarajevo,

3254:. Civilian casualties of a 27 May shelling led to Western intervention, in the form of sanctions imposed on 30 May through 2154: 2067: 622: 23691: 18026:

Summary of the ICTY verdicts related to the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

16117: 15819: 15729: 13287:"Under The UN Flag; The International Community and the Srebrenica Genocide" by Hasan Nuhanović, pub. DES Sarajevo, 2007; 13080: 10207:

http://niskevesti.info/izvedena-za-samo-75-minuta-godisnjica-operacije-spasavanja-vojnika-iz-opkoljene-kasarne-u-capljini/

7538: 6209:, in which a devastated Yugoslav man plots to take revenge on the United Nations by exploding a nuclear bomb in New York. 4303:, a city of 100,000 people, which had been under siege since May 1993 and had been surviving off food supplies dropped by 2561:

On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serbs proclaimed the "Republic of the Serbian People in Bosnia-Herzegovina" (SR BiH, later

24657: 24342: 24005: 23651: 23641: 23597: 23517: 23377: 23346: 22674: 22339: 22271: 22246: 22225: 21251: 19772: 19220: 19195: 19174: 18200: 17818: 16748: 15573: 13533: 13474: 13306: 11979: 10945: 10901: 8959: 7902: 6535:, by Daoud Sarhandi and Alina Boboc, presents 180 posters created by Bosnian artist which plastered walls during the war. 5201: 5111:

regional statistics. Approximately 70–80 percent of the casualties from Gornje Povrbasje were Bosniaks. In the region of

4292: 3364: 3026: 2996: 2743: 2643: 24318: 23157: 22650: 19354: 17849: 16661: 15844: 15783: 14206: 9647: 6205:, based on Frederick Forsyth's novel in which a mercenary tracks down a Serbian warlord responsible for war crimes, and 5157: 1267: 25656: 24762: 24070: 23668: 23542: 23336: 23040: 22402: 22266: 21541: 21521: 21499: 19652: 19461: 19434: 19403: 19215: 18490: 18470: 18448: 17917: 14867:"Prosecutor v. Karadzic (ICTY, Case No IT-95-5/18): the indictment, English language and Holbrooke Agreement decisions" 14468: 10656: 10609: 10461: 9807: 6557:

by Vladimir Kecmanović, a story of a Bosnian Serb boy in the part of Sarajevo held by Bosnian Muslim forces during the

6459:

chronicles the war through the eyes of a Bosnian refugee returning home for the first time after 18 years in New York.

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for fear of creating a rift between the US and the aforementioned countries. Nonetheless, the United States used both "

2778: 2722: 2716: 2540: 2216: 1932: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1189: 1113: 1104: 1094: 1085: 844: 811: 798: 790: 780: 680: 663: 646: 629: 612: 500: 487: 390: 370: 274: 261: 211: 163: 25527: 21577: 20689: 19725: 18526: 10392:

Večernji.hr: "Potvrđena optužnica protiv deset pripadnika HVO s područja Orašja", accessed on 21=Nov-17 (in Croatian)

4337:, was ambushed when trying to relieve a Swedish observation post (Tango 2) that was under heavy artillery fire by the 3207:

began between the JNA and a combined HV-HVO force that ended in a JNA victory. On 6 April, Serb forces began shelling

2258:, demanded democratic changes and a looser federation, while the Serbian delegation, headed by Milošević, opposed it. 24669: 23788: 23683: 23592: 23569: 23440: 23420: 23390: 23264: 23025: 21800: 20619: 20519: 18749: 18057:

Imperial War Museum – Online Exhibition (Including images, video and interviews with refugees from the war in Bosnia)

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made an apology in Bosnia and Herzegovina to all those who suffered crimes committed in the name of the Serb people.

4545: 3952: 709: 194: 20774: 10525: 10272: 9836: 24893: 24521: 23621: 22853: 21505: 20724: 20704: 18454: 17715: 16536: 16505: 16155: 16065: 14748:

other non-Croat population out of Herceg-Bosna to create an ethnically pure Croatian territory within Herceg-Bosna.

14725:"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlic, Bruno Stojic, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petkovic, Valentin Coric and Berislav Pusic" 11632: 10508: 9024: 8481: 6571:), written by Momir Krsmanović, is a depiction of war that mainly focuses on the crimes committed by Muslim people. 5322: 5226: 5206: 4295:

four Serb aircraft over central Bosnia on 28 February 1994 for violating the UN no-fly zone. On 12 March 1994, the

3729:

were proposed by the UN, US and European Community (EC), but they had little impact on the war. These included the

3648: 3415: 2825:. The U.S. Congress passed two resolutions calling for the embargo to be lifted, but both were vetoed by President 2325: 2219:, lost ideological potency. Meanwhile, ethnic nationalism experienced a renaissance in the 1980s after violence in 1996: 1972: 1920: 1343: 1291: 1245: 1132: 1123: 898: 881: 553: 422: 305: 21627: 18576: 10490: 10273:"Bridging the Gap in Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia" 8831: 7515: 6279: 5250: 4463: 4459: 2332: 1772: 1723: 25780: 25004: 24875: 24664: 23824: 23758: 23625: 23193: 23030: 21954: 19849: 18903: 16297: 16267: 15089: 14503: 12877:, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica, un.org, 6313: 6297: 5860:, the ICTY concluded that the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia was also an international one: 5128: 4502: 4296: 3745: 3658: 2590: 2430: 2316: 2173: 1965: 25596: 21704: 18653: 17891: 12527: 12260: 11264: 10491:"Concentration Camps - The Horrors Of A Camp Called Omarska and the Serb Strategy - The World's Most Wanted Man" 5500:), while Bosniaks were indicted and convicted of individual ones. Most of the Bosnian Serb wartime leadership – 2380:(JNA) abandoned efforts to reassert control over Slovenia in July while fighting in Croatia intensified until a 2372:

in Slovenia ensued, while clashes in areas of Croatia with substantial ethnic Serb populations escalated into a

1548: 1401: 25785: 25292: 25042: 24786: 24696: 24550: 24392: 23998: 23942: 23763: 23726: 23304: 22991: 22918: 22882: 22724: 22332: 20820: 19444: 17688: 16571: 14779: 12035: 9542: 9119: 5972: 5942: 5841: 5528: 5310: 4389:

was an UNPROFOR mission led by Danish peacekeeping troops, with the aim of recovering an observation post near

4241:

The first military effort coordinated between the HVO and the ARBiH following the Washington Agreement was the

4230:, on 23 February 1994 in Zagreb. The agreement went into effect on 25 February. A peace agreement known as the 4139:, threatened airstrikes on the Serbian forces which were attacking the Goražde enclave. For the next two days, 3859:

in the village of Dusina, north of Busovača. The fighting in Busovača also led to Bosniak civilian casualties.

3584: 3499: 2968: 861: 837: 596: 465: 346: 21815: 18764: 16625: 16148:"Dino Mustafić novo je veliko ime evropske kinematografije: Njegov film "Remake" najgledaniji je u Rotterdamu" 15671: 4222:

The Croat-Bosniak war ended with the signing of a ceasefire agreement between the HVO Chief of Staff, general

3771:, calling on member states to enforce a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. On 12 April 1993, NATO commenced 3698:. 46 Serbs died in the attack: 35 soldiers and 11 civilians. 119 Serb civilians and 424 Serb soldiers died in 3106:

program during the Bosnian War which started in 1992 lasting until 1995. Executed and supervised by Pakistani

1446: 25775: 25589: 25584: 25579: 25095: 24769: 23701: 21897: 21592: 21046: 19600: 18846: 18541: 17436: 17285:

Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-state Building and Provision of In/security in Twentieth-century Balkans

16087: 14022:"The 1992–95 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Census-based multiple system estimation of casualties undercount" 9312: 8777: 6499:, depicts a teenage girl in Sarajevo, once a basketball player on her high school team, who becomes a sniper. 6486: 5928: 5481: 5298: 4532:

signed between Tuđman and Izetbegović on 22 July, a joint military offensive by the HV and the HVO codenamed

4323: 3846:

in the second half of January. Busovača was the main intersection point of the lines of communication in the

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on 1–2 April. On 5 April, after protesters approached a barricade, a demonstrator was killed by Serb forces.

1606: 891: 753: 25729: 25520: 20599: 17523:

Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape: A multidisciplinary response to an international problem

17120:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

15699: 14059: 12855:

Economides, Spyros & Taylor, Paul (2007). "Former Yugoslavia" Mats Berdal & Spyro Economides (eds),

10716: 8808: 5733:

apologised in April 2010 for his country's role in the Bosnian War. Bosnia and Herzegovina's then-president

3281:

and central Bosnia. The offensive continued southwards, besieging Doboj, thereby cutting off Serb forces in

2207:. A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia as a result of the weakening of the confederation system at the end of the 1704: 25790: 24652: 24374: 24324: 24146: 23162: 23130: 22706: 22656: 22478: 22310: 21652: 20439: 20288: 19784: 19328: 19259: 18601: 17834: 16395: 15599: 15067: 14661: 14177: 14097: 6151: 6052: 5284: 5210:

Ethnic distribution at the municipal level in Bosnia and Herzegovina before (1991) and after the war (1998)

4193:

authorised the Commander of Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH), US Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch

3523: 3149: 3122: 2674:

for the Croats. However, on 28 March 1992, Izetbegović, after meeting with the US ambassador to Yugoslavia

2501: 2373: 2198: 1709: 1272: 1230: 932: 826: 715: 17932: 5936:

as journalist Simon Hunt in his bid to apprehend suspected war criminal and former Bosnian Serb president

5590: 4482:, sent about 100 UN-peacekeeping troops to the bridge, retaking the post and soon after the VRS withdrew. 4186:

formally requested NATO to confirm that future requests for air strikes would be carried out immediately.

3715:

after stopping the UN convoy transporting him from the airport. On 16 January 1993, soldiers of the ARBiH

2928:, HV) was engaged in Bosnian Posavina, Herzegovina and Western Bosnia against the Serb forces. During the 2678:

in Sarajevo, withdrew his signature and declared his opposition to any type of ethnic division of Bosnia.

25639: 25080: 24967: 23741: 23095: 22996: 22965: 22282: 22251: 21396: 19693: 19491: 19286: 19231: 19200: 18345: 16992: 16968: 16936: 15082: 14904: 12976: 11731: 10432:

http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/11/region/1102510/dve-decenije-od-napada-na-tuzlansku-kolonu.html

10394:

https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/potvrdena-optuznica-protiv-deset-pripadnika-hvo-s-podrucja-orasja-1146287

9089: 7719:

Neither recognition nor UN membership, however, saved Bosnia from the JNA, the war there began on April 6

6526: 6184:, which contrasts 10 minutes of life of a Japanese tourist in Rome with a Bosnian family during the war. 5742: 5401: 5395: 5238: 5188: 4541: 3099: 3002: 2850: 2422: 2404: 2123: 2111: 1680: 567: 436: 319: 25606: 21759: 21744: 20674: 18708: 18693: 17958: 17869: 13895:

Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict

11075:

Anatomy of Deceit: An American Physician's First-Hand Encounter with the Realities of the War in Croatia

10547: 2581:

Carrington-Cutillero plan: Serbian cantons shown in red, Bosniak cantons in green, Croat cantons in blue

1451: 25835: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25571: 25226: 25198: 25058: 24979: 24728: 24634: 24627: 24613: 24606: 24593: 23888: 23817: 23319: 23277: 23147: 23060: 22986: 22072: 22030: 21677: 20639: 20604: 19021: 18979: 18626: 13862: 13829: 7074: 5956: 4632: 4455: 4426: 4368: 4037:

Mostar. During the night of 8/9 September, at least 13 Croat civilians were killed by the ARBiH in the

3466: 3339:(RS), where thousands of Bosnian Muslims and Croat civilians were tortured, and killed. Following the 2882:

Nations arms embargo, failing in part because Germany did not hold a seat on the U.N. Security Council.

2687:

In late March 1992, there was fighting between Serbs and combined Croat and Bosniak forces in and near

2529: 2266: 2095: 1834: 1440: 1055: 992: 968: 532: 20197: 14692: 14140: 10788: 9593: 25276: 24809: 24422: 22981: 22754: 21602: 21147: 20769: 20283: 19588: 19547: 18551: 18096: 13636:"Bosnia Implementation Force (IFOR) and Stabilization Force (SFOR): Activities of the 104th Congress" 13189: 6375: 6109: 5787: 5670: 5635: 5623: 5568: 5497: 4628: 4624: 4521:

case. On 25 July 1995, Serbs launched "Operation Stupčanica 95" to occupy the second UN "safe area",

3867: 3542: 3340: 3332: 3166: 2536: 2485: 2377: 2150: 2012: 1829: 1434: 1386: 1369: 1027: 685: 17906: 17554: 11814: 11812: 11624: 10764: 6135: 5947: 5622:

members of the Bosnian army from committing crimes against captured civilians and enemy combatants.

4647:

signed on 21 November 1995; the final version of the peace agreement was signed 14 December 1995 in

1616: 1151: From 1992 to 1994, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not supported by the majority of 25408: 25367: 24849: 24735: 24711: 23035: 22097: 22057: 22035: 21855: 21840: 21406: 21346: 21286: 20830: 20734: 20554: 19642: 19630: 19530: 19046: 19006: 18984: 18804: 18789: 18355: 18295: 18235: 9677: 8888: 7372: 6380: 6245: 6061: 5218: 4486: 4348:. The ambush was dispersed when the UN forces retaliated with heavy fire in what would be known as 4032: 3611: 3603: 3491: 3298: 3243: 3118: 2956: 2940: 2901: 2822: 2083: 2046:, mainly perpetrated by Serb, and to a lesser extent, Croat and Bosniak forces. Events such as the 2031: 2023: 1808: 1767: 1589: 1581: 1519: 1044: 981: 908: 821: 21572: 21041: 18521: 17969: 10740: 10586:

In three months that year, nearly 2,000 Muslim and Croat men died in detention camps in this area.

10497:. excerpt from Danner's, "America and the Bosnia Genocide," The New York Review of Books, 12/4/97. 9176: 9059: 8894:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 27 September 2006. pp. 113–118. 7301:"Conflict in the Balkans: The overview; NATO presses Bosnia bombing, vowing to make Sarajevo safe" 7131:"ICJ: The genocide case: Bosnia v. Serbia – See Part VI – Entities involved in the events 235–241" 6420: 5575:

was charged with war crimes in connection with the war in Bosnia, including grave breaches of the

5548: 5421: 5279: 4245:, which was retaken from the VRS on 3 November 1994. On 29 November, the HV and the HVO initiated 3388: 3071:

Some individuals from other European countries volunteered to fight for the Croat side, including

2488:(JNA) with the purpose of organizing Serbs outside Serbia, consolidating control of the fledgling 2448:. This was protested by the local government. On 20 September 1991, the JNA transferred troops to 2022:

The conflict was initially between Yugoslav Army units in Bosnia which later transformed into the

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A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995

14314: 13899: 13750: 11809: 10812: 6828: 6326: 6075: 6007: 5981: 5580: 5572: 5559:. Mladić was found guilty and also sentenced to life imprisonment by The Hague in November 2017. 5536: 5378: 4670: 4605: 4568: 4533: 4418: 4314: 4246: 4242: 4125: 3204: 3034: 3010: 2936: 2915: 2811: 2635: 2429:

in an attempt to prevent Bosnia and Herzegovina from sliding into war. On 25 September 1991, the

2415: 2400: 2354: 2247: 2131: 2043: 2008: 1962: 1892: 1872: 1815: 1760: 1715: 1692: 1349: 849: 20649: 20112: 15126: 14114: 13365:Šoštarić, Eduard (14 August 2006). "Otvorena istraga zbog akcije "Una"" . Nacional (in Croatian) 11153:

http://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/drustvo/Sluzen-parastos-za-24-ubijenih-Srba-iz-Ratkovica/311230

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later became iconic of the conflict. The massacre of over 8,000 Bosniak males by Serb forces in

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Summary of the ICTY verdicts related to the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

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about Bosnian resistance against well equipped Serbian troops at the beginning of the war; the

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case that by April 1993 Croat leadership had a common design or plan conceived and executed to

4330: 4117: 4101: 3741:. It envisioned Bosnia and Herzegovina as a decentralised state with ten autonomous provinces. 3591: 3170: 2438: 1955: 1673: 1553: 1482: 1463: 1413: 1396: 229: 21939: 20684: 18888: 17476: 17409: 16872: 16455: 15300: 15196: 14643: 13823: 13672: 13666: 13662: 13590: 13558: 12935: 12688: 12052: 11080: 10837: 10451: 10014: 9934: 9895: 9797: 9250: 9219: 8663: 8609: 8348: 8306: 8279: 8180: 7858: 6992: 5466:(right), former Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republika Srpska, both sentenced by the ICTY 4349: 4267: 4104:, began and continued until it was lifted in June 1996 on termination of the UN arms embargo. 2878: 2146:

give 6 April. Philip Hammond claimed the most common view is that the war started on 6 April.

1659: 25673: 25475: 25403: 25372: 24882: 24599: 24526: 24064: 24035: 24021: 23986: 23925: 23871: 23314: 23167: 23140: 23075: 23008: 22858: 22396: 22368: 22355: 22025: 21995: 21892: 21775: 21724: 21714: 21662: 21657: 21526: 21486: 20784: 20699: 20509: 20499: 20354: 20107: 20007: 19932: 19757: 19382: 19340: 18974: 18944: 18841: 18724: 18673: 18663: 18611: 18606: 18475: 18435: 17500: 16587: 14230: 13893: 13606:"A flawed recipe for how to end a war and build a state: 20 years since the Dayton Agreement" 13444: 13438: 13169: 12746: 12124: 12025: 11593: 9973: 9353: 8990: 8716: 8636: 8252: 7957: 7664: 7162: 6694: 6301: 6199:

A number of Western films have used the Bosnian conflict as their background – these include

6193: 6156: 5937: 5524: 5459: 5314: 5274: 5152: 4183: 4093: 3835: 3828: 3803: 3772: 3691: 3619: 3479: 3471: 3251: 3174: 3057: 2972: 2929: 2667: 2392: 2194: 2035: 2004: 1939: 1857: 1779: 1750: 1740: 1530: 1504: 1457: 1420: 1250: 1225: 886: 704: 341: 21709: 21672: 21637: 20840: 20589: 20317: 20226: 19937: 18658: 18621: 18586: 17850:"Prosecutor v. Ćurić Enes, Demirović Ibrahim, Kreso Samir, Čopelja Habib and Kaminić Mehmed" 17325: 17306:

Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Hague Tribunal's Impact in a Postwar State

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Nezavisne novine: "Služen parastos za 24 ubijenih Srba iz Ratkovića", accessed on 06-Apr-17

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Nezavisne novine "Tuzlanska kolona teška mrlja na obrazu Tuzle" retrieved on 21 August 2016

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to ethnically cleanse large areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina of non-Serbs. The Serbian president

5425: 5357: 4479: 3430:, many were elderly, arrested during operations intended to de-block routes to Sarajevo and 1379: 25770: 25458: 25398: 25208: 25155: 24501: 24491: 23964: 22833: 22823: 22298: 21928: 21835: 21476: 21401: 21140: 20914: 20749: 20744: 20549: 20161: 20026: 20021: 19993: 19816: 19704: 19612: 19520: 19507: 19429: 19247: 18877: 18784: 18425: 18350: 18089: 17236:

Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union

11824: 10054:

Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union

8308:

Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union

6356: 6266: 5853: 5734: 5564: 5501: 5132: 4501:(most women were expelled to Bosniak-held territory). The United Nations Protection Force ( 4356: 4231: 4213: 4092:

authorising use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of the safe zones. On 15 June 1993,

4020: 3875: 3787: 3487: 2071: 1646: 1499: 1172: 736: 634: 25689: 25543: 21749: 20764: 20714: 20709: 20614: 20231: 20097: 19912: 18698: 17801: 17672:"Expert Opinion: On the War Connections of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991–1995)" 15090:"The Society for Threatened Peoples (GfbV): Documentation about war crimes – Tilman Zülch" 14944: 13635: 11544: 11039: 10374: 9178:

Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history

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On 15 October 1991, the parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in

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Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization

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The Bosnian War has been depicted in a number of films including Hollywood films such as

5708: 5684: 5666: 5595: 5556: 5371: 5234: 5184: 4692: 4659: 4584: 4498: 4430: 4410: 4263: 4157: 3704: 3360: 3129: 3061: 2944: 2807: 2224: 2051: 1841: 1791: 1785: 1697: 1621: 1601: 1563: 1494: 854: 770: 22052: 22005: 21699: 21612: 21391: 20939: 20569: 20117: 20082: 19762: 19001: 18954: 18648: 18561: 18340: 17779: 17640:[Bosnia and Herzegovina from the first elections to international recognition]. 17601:"Mobilizing the Will to Prosecute: Crimes of Rape at the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals" 14724: 13938: 12874: 10413:

http://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/bih/Tuzlanska-kolona-teska-mrlja-na-obrazu-Tuzle/192218

7340: 7334: 5662: 5509: 4317:, resulting in the bombing of a Serbian military command outpost near Goražde by two US 3955:. On 16 April, 15 Croat civilians and 7 POWs were killed by the ARBiH in the village of 3925: 3553:. The VRS repelled the attack, but failed to take Hrasnica in a decisive counterattack. 3294: 1803: 1745: 1428: 816: 25463: 25418: 25413: 25309: 25115: 25110: 24856: 23969: 23935: 23913: 23898: 23198: 23065: 23055: 23020: 22169: 21913: 21887: 21865: 21860: 21754: 21536: 21531: 21261: 20866: 20800: 20754: 20679: 20634: 20544: 20504: 20384: 20273: 19902: 19789: 19710: 19473: 19118: 18862: 18836: 18814: 18809: 18703: 18485: 18480: 18210: 17624: 17587: 17579: 17219: 17149: 15889: 15881: 14821: 14463: 14381: 14307: 13995: 13578: 11207: 11203:"CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS; U.N. Takes Control of Airport At Sarajevo as Serbs Pull Back" 10630: 10599: 9849: 9317: 9285: 8220: 7925: 7711: 6629:

is a memoir of Loyd's time spent covering the conflict as a photojournalist and writer.

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who help a pair of journalists tracked by a local warlord whose crimes they had taped.

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Based on the evidence of numerous HVO attacks, the ICTY Trial Chamber concluded in the

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The HV-HVO secured over 2,500 square kilometres (970 square miles) of territory during

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by the VRS, until the siege was broken by the ARBiH on 1 September. In April 1992, the

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The Croats started organizing their military forces in late 1991. On 8 April 1992, the

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on 24 October 1991, declaring that the Serb people wished to remain in Yugoslavia. The

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was agreed in January 1992. The JNA also attacked Croatia from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

2162: 2158: 2039: 1735: 1638: 1631: 1596: 1575: 1570: 21805: 21790: 20779: 20659: 20077: 19897: 19887: 18754: 18739: 17912:. The Hague: International Criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 24 March 2016. 16998:

Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 2

16974:

Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 1

16425: 14977: 13023: 12563: 7236: 7105:"ICTY: Conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" 6446: 5880:

was detained in London on a Serbian extradition request for alleged war crimes. Judge

5643: 5408:(ICTY) declared that "systematic rape", and "sexual enslavement" in time of war was a 4698:

Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup, writing in 1999, observed about early high figures:

3921: 3900: 3712: 2792: 2647: 2631: 2627: 1538: 1514: 1489: 651: 25666: 25345: 25203: 25150: 25021: 24689: 24152: 24111: 23930: 23356: 23297: 23045: 23003: 22484: 22443: 22067: 21918: 21845: 21692: 21682: 21562: 21351: 20969: 20861: 20835: 20810: 20669: 20629: 20584: 20574: 20559: 20534: 20369: 20253: 20102: 19907: 19016: 18867: 18794: 18641: 18631: 18511: 18300: 18044: 18000: 17797: 17752: 17727: 17527: 17506: 17482: 17461: 17440: 17415: 17394: 17373: 17352: 17331: 17310: 17289: 17268: 17240: 17205: 17177: 17173:

Violence and Abuse Issues: Cross-Cultural Perspectives for Health and Social Services

17156: 17133: 17098: 17070: 17063: 17047: 17026: 17002: 16978: 16922: 16901: 16894: 16878: 16874:

Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention: Crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1990-93

16857: 16836: 16815: 16769: 16567: 15986: 15893: 15348: 15043: 14343: 14318: 13999: 13987: 13903: 13833: 13676: 13663:"Research and repercussions of death tolls: The case of the Bosnian Book of the Dead" 13564: 13448: 13288: 12981: 12941: 12752: 12694: 12622: 12130: 12058: 12031: 11599: 11566: 11290: 11084: 11073: 10843: 10605: 10552: 10457: 10057: 10020: 9981: 9940: 9901: 9803: 9709: 9573: 9569: 9357: 9346: 9256: 9225: 9182: 8996: 8722: 8669: 8642: 8615: 8354: 8312: 8285: 8258: 8231: 8186: 7963: 7936: 7864: 7834: 7809: 7778: 7722: 7674: 7614: 7569: 7410: 7354: 7344: 7330: 7045:"Spolna i nacionalna struktura žrtava i ljudski gubitci vojnih formacija (1991–1996)" 7000: 6701: 6669: 6558: 6542: 6401: 6385: 6366: 6232: 6211: 6161: 6100: 6018: 6002: 5980:; the film was Jolie's directorial debut and it depicts a love story set against the 5772: 5576: 5552: 5345: 5341: 5222: 4556:

and entered Bosnia. In 2006, Croatian authorities began investigating allegations of

4176: 4172: 4161: 4024: 3992:

The front lines in the Lašva Valley in 1993 between the ARBiH and the HVO, including

3904: 3178: 2675: 2449: 2047: 1652: 1558: 1329: 1063: 926: 134: 22930: 21051: 20959: 20759: 20664: 20399: 20187: 20135: 20092: 20036: 19998: 17628: 17591: 14759: 14141:"Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina" 8585:. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1992. p. 19. Archived from 8254:

Genocide at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Darfur

6509:, is a novel following the stories of four people living in Sarajevo during the war. 6159:, presents a bleak yet darkly humorous account of the Bosnian War. The Serbian film 6134:, tells the story of two boys during the Siege of Sarajevo and was awarded with the 6131: 5599: 5441: 5386:

events involved at the relevant time the composite State of Serbia and Montenegro".

4377: 3527: 2602: 2280:

Parties divided power along ethnic lines, so the president of the Presidency of the

2038:

in early 1993. The Bosnian War was characterised by bitter fighting, indiscriminate

1354: 803: 43: 25644: 25326: 25297: 25188: 25167: 25160: 25145: 24774: 24466: 24416: 24369: 24188: 23881: 23706: 23582: 23483: 23351: 23292: 23013: 22798: 22748: 22701: 22520: 22234: 22102: 22010: 22000: 21974: 21964: 21810: 21785: 21667: 21647: 21622: 21597: 21587: 21031: 21026: 20944: 20919: 20897: 20815: 20719: 20564: 20326: 20305: 20258: 20243: 20235: 20206: 20170: 20140: 20126: 19983: 19514: 19183: 19051: 18959: 18949: 18923: 18913: 18759: 18734: 18616: 18596: 18571: 18546: 18536: 17879: 17700: 17614: 17571: 16712: 15873: 15404: 13979: 13766: 13269: 13072: 11818: 10373:

Portal Novosti: "Kako su "harali" nasi dečki", accessed on 21-Nov017 (in Croatian)

7137: 6759: 6729: 6614:), published in 1997 is his account as a reporter at the height of the Bosnian War. 6441: 6300:(ISPR), the series showed several active battlefield events and the involvement of 6216: 6029:

shows the story of a Spanish TV crew during the siege of Sarajevo. The Polish film

5954:

pilot who uncovers a massacre while on the run from Serb troops who want him dead;

5829: 5775:

on Bosnia by neighbouring states. Academics Steven Burg and Paul Shoup argue that:

5674: 5658: 5513: 5353: 5349: 5270: 5214: 5140: 4644: 4513:, failed to prevent the town's capture by the VRS and the subsequent massacre. The 4471: 4448: 4438: 4386: 4271: 4121: 3956: 3716: 3543:

and a fierce battle ensued between the ARBiH and the VRS in and around the damaged

3363:

3 years later. Other camps for non-Serbs were established throughout Bosnia in the

3336: 3282: 3049: 2782: 2732: 2562: 2169: 2114:, mainly carried out by Serb forces, with most of the victims being Bosniak women. 2087: 2016: 1685: 1666: 1543: 1406: 1364: 748: 225: 126: 22179: 21780: 21740:

Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

20278: 20156: 20031: 19972: 19962: 19952: 19922: 19128: 18729: 18689:

Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

15106: 13695: 13495: 13102: 10902:"Appeals Chamber to render its Judgement in the Celebici Case on 20 February 2001" 10176: 9504:"Bosnian Muslim Ex-Commander Jailed 10 Years Over War Crimes by Islamist Fighters" 6047: 5989: 5730: 5361: 4613: 4576: 3452: 3376: 3265: 3186: 3076: 2800: 2639: 2555: 2497: 2350: 1798: 1509: 731: 92: 25357: 25333: 25314: 24476: 24461: 24456: 24093: 24076: 24058: 23445: 23203: 23117: 22808: 22793: 22788: 22425: 22408: 22390: 22062: 22015: 21820: 21795: 21687: 21481: 21082: 21056: 21011: 20934: 20929: 20907: 20902: 20609: 20494: 20389: 20344: 19525: 19439: 19011: 18964: 18769: 18744: 18636: 18430: 17562: 17521: 17455: 17430: 17388: 17367: 17346: 17304: 17283: 17258: 17234: 17171: 17127: 17092: 17041: 17020: 17016: 16996: 16972: 16916: 16851: 16830: 16809: 15922: 15851: 15806: 15787: 15678: 15560: 15113: 15037: 14852: 14766: 14372: 14262: 14213: 14101: 14082: 14063: 13773: 13706: 13668:

Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict

13310: 13301: 13276: 13176: 13017: 12882: 12531: 12469: 12005: 11639: 11628: 11520: 11271: 11159: 10438: 10419: 10400: 10381: 10213: 9843: 9684: 7608: 6707: 6687: 6506: 6451: 6397: 6351: 6283: 6220: 6066: 5881: 5377:

The court concluded the crimes committed during the 1992–1995 war, may amount to

5366: 5290: 4537: 4529: 4422: 4042: 3963: 3895:

from Kiseljak. Many Bosniak civilians were detained or forced to leave Kiseljak.

3615: 3460: 3427: 2830: 2296: 2212: 1822: 1524: 83: 23224: 22129: 20087: 19957: 19872: 19078: 15799: 15494: 15464: 15434: 15275:"Bosnia-Herzegovina: Karadžić life sentence sends powerful message to the world" 13792: 13243: 13137: 13042: 10567: 8583:"The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina: 29 February–1 March 1992" 7440: 6370:

is a 1995 documentary film shot on the occasion of the third anniversary of the

5896:, which are neither civil nor inter-state, but rather combine elements of both. 5857: 5813:

Serbia, the further case could be made that the Bosnian Serb army was under the

5654: 5650: 5544: 5463: 5450: 5258: 5254: 4490: 3936: 3847: 3398: 3356: 3320: 3247: 2984: 2971:, the Serbian-populated portion of Bosnia which did not wish to break away from 2444:

On 19 September 1991, the JNA moved extra troops to the area around the city of

922: 903: 122: 25362: 25350: 25140: 24954: 24936: 24471: 24398: 24170: 24105: 23976: 22973: 22803: 22730: 22502: 22437: 22194: 22159: 22082: 21850: 21642: 21617: 20694: 20654: 20579: 20529: 20524: 20463: 20312: 20016: 19843: 19377: 19316: 19143: 19108: 19031: 18799: 18591: 18566: 17990: 17875:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008. 15653: 15628: 15577: 15307: 15242: 15203: 14901:"Sense Tribunal: SERBIA FOUND GUILTY OF FAILURE TO PREVENT AND PUNISH GENOCIDE" 14279: 14147: 13392: 12613: 11263:

Veteran.ba: "Obiljezena 22. godisnjica bitke za FAMOS", accessed on 06-Apr-17,

10905: 7959:

Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation

7542: 6425: 6293: 6241: 6201: 6166: 5977: 5961: 5909: 5865: 5800: 5532: 4600: 4434: 4046: 3972: 3534:

Herzegovina, as well as to help protect civilian refugees when required by the

3483: 3447: 3348: 3088: 2976: 2231: 2079: 1908: 1900: 1849: 1755: 1626: 1470: 1374: 1152: 219: 150: 130: 110: 24750: 22164: 21036: 20301: 20263: 20072: 19947: 19927: 19917: 19877: 19113: 18060: 17927:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 17 December 2004. 17901:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 November 2005. 17826: 17619: 17600: 16742: 15877: 15780: 14340:

Cultural Formations of Postcommunism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation and War

13983: 13527: 13468: 12660: 11973: 10939: 10430:

RTS "Dve decenije od napada na Tuzlansku kolonu", retrieved on 21 August 2016

9016: 8967: 7896: 5849: 5723: 5627: 5615: 4682: 4401:

aircraft, air strikes were conducted against air defence radars in that area.

4329:

Around 29 April 1994, a Danish contingent (Nordbat 2) on peacekeeping duty in

4227: 3380: 3113:, the program provided logistics and ammunition supplies to various groups of 2803:, an ethnic Croat was the second deputy commander. Izetbegović also appointed 2630:

was seen by Muslims as a deliberate provocation on the day of the referendum.

2255: 668: 25764: 25302: 24837: 24363: 23208: 23090: 22695: 22209: 22189: 22154: 22087: 21173: 21021: 20954: 20539: 20449: 20394: 20192: 20122: 20057: 19988: 19720: 19698: 19302: 19158: 19138: 19103: 19036: 18122: 18030: 18025: 17916: 17853: 17756: 17731: 17705: 17496: 16896:

The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention

16665: 15379:"Serbia: Conviction of war criminal delivers long overdue justice to victims" 15352: 15035: 13991: 13825:

Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict

11830: 11265:

http://www.veteran.ba/clanak/614/obiljezena_22_godisnjica_bitke_za_famos.html

10056:. Solna, Sweden Oxford New York: SIPRI Oxford University Press. p. 206. 9714: 9221:

Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror

7414: 6725: 6676: 6657: 6456: 6143: 6036: 6031: 6012: 5965: 5822: 5678: 5230: 5145: 5108: 4636: 4609: 4549: 4341: 4304: 3988: 3850:. By 26 January, the ARBiH seized control of villages in the area, including 3723:. 69 people were killed, 185 were wounded.Among the victims were 6 children. 3683: 3451:

and pounded the Bosnian village of Žepa, which would lead to the 3-year long

3384: 3352: 3216: 2919: 2865: 2789:. The Bosnian government forces were poorly equipped and unprepared for war. 2736: 2688: 2577: 2544: 2521: 2362: 2000: 1864: 1213: 1156: 1006: 765: 30: 21006: 20248: 16918:

Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990s

15845:"Serbian Declaration on Srebrenica Massacre an Imperfect but Important Step" 14458: 9120:"House Report 105-804 – INVESTIGATION INTO IRANIAN ARMS SHIPMENTS TO BOSNIA" 7358: 7104: 5877: 5364:, the judges ruled that the criteria for genocide with the specific intent ( 4616:, while HVO units came within 25 kilometres (16 miles) south of Banja Luka. 3711:

On 8 January 1993, Serb forces killed the deputy prime minister of the RBiH

3687: 3686:, 8th Operational Unit Srebrenica, a unit of the ARBiH under the command of 3290: 3191: 2617: 2535:

The HDZ BiH was established as a branch of the ruling party in Croatia, the

2414:

Between September and November 1991, the SDS organised the creation of six "

25748: 25338: 24486: 23213: 22818: 22184: 22149: 21825: 21729: 21491: 21411: 21001: 20484: 20364: 20219: 20202: 20182: 20067: 19976: 19826: 19715: 19535: 19133: 19098: 18774: 18678: 18440: 18360: 17942:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 19 April 2004. 17886:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 March 2006. 17432:

The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994

17254: 15064:"ICTY: The attack against the civilian population and related requirements" 12370: 12126:

The Muslim-Croat civil war in Central Bosnia: a military history, 1992–1994

11044: 11021: 11019: 11017: 10205:

Niške Vesti "Izvedena za samo 75 minuta", 24-Apr-15, accessed on 13-Nov-17

9689: 6626: 6275: 6096: 5933: 5560: 5100: 4686:

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Percent Change of Ethnic Bosniaks from 1991 to 2013

4640: 4506: 4338: 4281: 4097: 3993: 3968: 3908: 3888: 3839: 3824: 3579: 3344: 3092: 2869: 2834: 2826: 2796: 2177: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2099: 2059: 2058:

is the only incident in Europe to have been recognized as a genocide since

1984: 24118:

8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia

22450:

8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia

20062: 17844:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 July 2004. 17411:

Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure

7779:"15 years ago, Dayton Peace Accords: a milestone for NATO and the Balkans" 6593:, created by Mauro Boselli and Maurizio Colombo and published in Italy by 2975:. Bosnian Serb political leader Radovan Karadžić stated "Our optimum is a 24531: 24380: 23959: 23731: 23450: 23125: 22863: 22712: 22199: 22174: 22144: 22134: 20468: 20379: 20359: 20322: 20052: 19502: 19322: 19148: 19123: 19093: 19083: 17975:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013. 17151:

Framing Post-Cold War Conflicts: The Media and International Intervention

16832:

Bosnia After Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention

14459:"War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina: U.N. Cease-Fire Won't Help Banja Luka" 14376: 10839:

Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century

7296: 6741: 6680: 6611: 6522: 6496: 6405: 6396:

is a 2017 documentary directed by Tarik Hodzic about a concert played by

5889: 5767:, there has been a long-standing debate as to whether the conflict was a 4023:

began that ended with an ARBiH defeat on 30 June. In late July the ARBiH

3734: 3392: 3372: 3110: 2854: 2815: 2369: 2135: 1987:(which gained international recognition) and following the withdrawal of 1924: 1235: 24745: 18065: 17964:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 8 May 2006. 17583: 17520:

Wood, Elisabeth J. (2013). Miranda A.H Horvath, Jessica Woodhams (ed.).

16147: 16095: 16057: 15885: 11014: 8918: 8916: 8496: 8482:"Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union" 4390: 4030:

At the beginning of September, the ARBiH launched an operation known as

4001: 3916: 3843: 3624: 3522:

on 12 July. The HV–HVO forces were reduced to isolated positions around

3343:

region, Muslim civilians were captured and transported to camps such as

3232: 3224: 2453: 25452: 24569: 24123: 23947: 23849: 23840: 23152: 23070: 22455: 22204: 22124: 20729: 20374: 19882: 19348: 19153: 19073: 16770:"A Review of "This War of Mine" by a Survivor of the Siege of Sarajevo" 15036:

Stiglmayer, Alexandra; Marion Faber; Cynthia Enloe; Roy Gutman (1994).

7507: 7403:"Karadzic Sent to Hague for Trial Despite Violent Protest by Loyalists" 6718: 6590: 6476: 6249: 5714: 5517: 5420:. Rape was most systematic in Eastern Bosnia (e.g. during campaigns in 4553: 4494: 4276: 4194: 4069: 3791: 3738: 3733:, revealed in January 1993. The plan was presented by UN Special Envoy 3720: 3289:

and Serbia. In mid-May, Srebrenica was retaken by Bosnian forces under

3084: 3072: 3065: 2671: 2548: 2055: 1983:

on 28 February 1992. Following Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of

1262: 785: 23809: 17740: 17671: 15854:, International Center for Transitional Justice; accessed 19 May 2015. 15093: 14490: 7508:"Jolie highlights the continuing suffering of the displaced in Bosnia" 7163:"From Lisbon to Dayton: International Mediation and the Bosnia Crisis" 4599:. At the same time, the ARBiH engaged the VRS further to the north in 4311: 4065: 4016: 3820: 3511: 3001:

Various paramilitary units operated during the Bosnian War: the Serb "

25100: 22139: 21016: 19088: 17654: 17637: 17575: 17560:

Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (1993). "A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing".

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Campbell, David (1998). "Metabosnia: Narratives of the Bosnian War".

12524: 12493: 12268: 11109: 8913: 6636: 6580: 5768: 5638:, which detained Serb civilians. He was sentenced to 18 years by the 5489: 5477: 5413: 4557: 3855: 3368: 3286: 3133: 2243: 105:

The Executive Council Building burns after being hit by tank fire in

25512: 23908: 23736: 17199: 15752:"ICTY denies Croatia's request to be included in Prlic et al appeal" 14634: 14632: 14117:. Department of Public Information, United Nations. 31 August 1996. 13936: 11567:"Former commander of Bosnian Muslim forces acquitted by UN tribunal" 9534: 6392:(1999) looks at the wider context of the ex-Yugoslavian civil wars. 5082:

Research conducted in 2010 for the Office of the Prosecutors at the

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ethnicities, with a further 5 percent whose ethnicity was unstated.

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published extensive research on the Bosnian war deaths, also called

4730:(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns") 4592: 4152: 3851: 3311: 2754: 24182: 23903: 23617: 23613: 22962: 22514: 21466: 20876: 20292: 18415: 18071: 17881:"Summary of the Judgement for Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura" 17794:"The Kontraktniki : Russian mercenaries at war in the Balkans" 15955:. City of Westminster Magistrates' Court. p. 3. Archived from 15592:"Celebici case: the Judgement of the Trial Chamber – press release" 14687: 14685: 14683: 14309:

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing

12728: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12023: 11480: 9707:[Swede confesses to war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina]. 7806:

The fragmentation of Yugoslavia: nationalism and war in the Balkans

6734: 6339: 6071: 5893: 5688: 5584: 5540: 5417: 5318: 5303: 5164:, were laid to rest in a mass ceremony in the northwestern town of 5161: 5120: 4675: 4510: 4364: 4345: 4310:

On 10–11 April 1994, UNPROFOR called in air strikes to protect the

4168: 3759: 3699: 3695: 3668: 3638: 3515: 3507: 3316: 3278: 3208: 3196: 3137: 2838: 2513: 2477: 2307: 2208: 2075: 2030:(ARBiH), largely composed of Bosniaks, and the Croat forces in the 1969: 1958: 1943: 1160: 180: 106: 52: 15999: 15341:"Ratko Mladić convicted of genocide and war crimes at UN tribunal" 13745:[Human losses in Bosnia and Herzegovina 91–95]. Sarajevo: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12050: 10355:"Washington Post – SERB FORCES VACATE GORAZDE AFTER 4-MONTH SIEGE" 9060:"Richard J Aldrich: America used Islamists to arm Bosnian Muslims" 8169:

Tape record of the BiH Parliament, 88/3. – 89/2. AG, 89/3. – 90/4.

7927:

National deconstruction: Violence, identity, and justice in Bosnia

4563: 4081: 3519: 3269: 2786: 24740: 19730: 17890: 17833: 17655:"Deconstructing a myth: Franjo Tuđman and Bosnia and Herzegovina" 17369:

The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005

16713:"MoreThanThis.org – JACKOPIERCE Song Meanings & Explanations" 15659: 14629: 12475: 12027:

Britain, NATO, and the lessons of the Balkan conflicts, 1991–1999

12011: 11703: 11701: 10548:"Serbs Have Slain Over 1,000 in 2 Bosnia Camps, Ex-Prisoners Say" 7566:

The Power of Dependence: NATO-UN Cooperation in Crisis Management

6999:. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. pp. 139–140. 6847:) and the "Civil War in Bosnia and Herzegovina" (Serbo-Croatian: 6439:

are among the best known books written during the war in Bosnia.

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and won the Special Award. The Bosnian War is a central focus in

6271: 6178:, about a father who murders his son during the Bosnian War, and 5760: 5631: 5317:

by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro alleging

5257:, as the local political leader, was found to be the planner and 5165: 5112: 5104: 4654:

Following the Dayton Agreement, a NATO-led Implementation Force (

4505:), represented on the ground by a 400-strong contingent of Dutch 3808: 3443: 3220: 2804: 2726: 2712: 1928: 760: 743: 726: 512: 402: 286: 19271: 17931: 17905: 15691: 14680: 14366:"C.I.A. Report on Bosnia Blames Serbs for 90% of the War Crimes" 14094: 14056: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13143: 13029: 12719: 9469: 7267:"'It's getting out of hand': genocide denial outlawed in Bosnia" 4522: 4077: 3228: 2368:

On 25 June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence. An

1181: 17638:"Bosna i Hercegovina od prvih izbora do međunarodnog priznanja" 16387: 15917: 15915: 15591: 14657: 13860: 13323:"Bosnian Serbs, Muslims threaten Ukrainian U.N. forces at Zepa" 12915: 12792: 12765: 12214: 10657:"ICTY: Milan Lukić & Sredoje Lukić, case information sheet" 7860:

The former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook

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Mourners at the reburial ceremony for an exhumed victim of the

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signing the final peace agreement in Paris on 14 December 1995.

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in eastern Bosnia where more than 8,000 men were killed in the

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aircraft. A second convoy on 23 March was hijacked and looted.

4300: 3948: 3941: 3431: 3407: 3080: 3053: 2799:, the highest-ranking ethnic Serb in the Bosnian Army. General 2594: 2445: 2239: 2220: 2180:

between 1-21 November 1995 and signed in Paris on 14 December.

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General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1142:

additional 5,100 killed whose ethnicity and status are unstated

113:

in 1992; Bosnian refugees reunited in a military camp; Serbian

24130:

Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

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Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

18081: 17946: 17390:

Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad

16358:

Film by Bosnia Director Jasmila Zbanic on the Venice Biennale"

16011: 14227:"Balkans: Thousands still missing two decades after conflicts" 13937:

Patrick Ball; Ewa Tabeau & Philip Verwimp (17 June 2007).

13398: 12322: 11749: 11698: 11031: 6997:

Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative

6643:

team caught between sides during the NATO peacekeeping effort.

3117:

during the war. The ISI Bosnian contingent was organised with

1981:

Constitution of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

1283: 218:

Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the

197:

to oversee the civilian implementation of the peace agreement.

21437:

National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia

20268: 18386:

National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia

17868: 17648:(1). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 107–140. 14521: 14019: 13711: 12376: 11121: 10980:"UNHCR and ICRC in the former Yugoslavia: Bosnia-Herzegovina" 10230: 7511: 6711: 6602:

Goodbye Sarajevo – A True Story of Courage, Love and Survival

6078:

by Serbian troops during the war, won the Golden Bear at the

6035:(1998), set during the Bosnian conflict, portrays a group of 5567:

was on trial from 2007 to 2018, accused of being a part of a

5285:

Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial and Cemetery to Genocide Victims

5172: 4695:, head of the UN expert commission investigating war crimes. 4648: 4596: 4588: 4467: 4334: 4088:

of 6 May 1993. On 4 June 1993 the UN Security Council passed

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being hoisted in Srebrenica when the town fell to the Serbs.

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Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia

22532:

Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia

15912: 15236:"Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić – Second Amended Indictment" 14396:"Bosnian Prosecution Criticised over War Crimes Indictments" 13529:

The Death Of Yugoslavia 6 of 6 Pax Americana BBC Documentary

12570: 12283: 11378: 10856: 10526:"ICTY: Bridging the Gap in Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina" 10337: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10177:"Kako su Ukrajinci u Bosni spasili hiljade ljudi od masakra" 10119: 10117: 10115: 8992:

Through Bosnian Eyes: The Political Memoir of a Bosnian Serb

6091:, directed by Bosnian director Dino Mustafić and written by 5976:, is a 2011 American film written, produced and directed by 5892:

argues that the Bosnian War is an example of what she terms

2567:

Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia

19811: 19767: 17852:. The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2015. Archived from 17687:

Meznaric, Silva; Zlatkovic Winter, Jelena (February 1993).

16290: 15584: 13500: 13440:

The changing rules on the use of force in international law

12358: 12243: 12241: 12202: 11896: 11366: 10102: 10100: 10087: 10085: 9564:

Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav; Pavlović, Darko (2006).

9439: 9039: 8718:

Sarajevo's Holiday Inn on the Frontline of Politics and War

8536: 8534: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8396: 8394: 8379: 7587: 7585: 7467:"Bosnia's dark days – a cameraman reflects on war of 1990s" 6665: 6040: 5639: 5611: 4655: 4466:. With these offensives, they secured the remainder of the 4288: 4251: 4200: 4190: 4140: 3439: 3246:

was newly established and put under the command of General

2285: 2091: 699: 528: 187: 114: 25555:

Bosniak Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing

17741:"Prikaz i analiza borbi na bosanskoposavskom bojištu 1992" 13347: 13335: 12782: 12780: 12411: 12409: 11913: 11911: 11470: 11468: 9612: 8611:

The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia

8330: 8328: 8182:

The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia

8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 7192: 7190: 6827:

Also known as the "Aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina" (

1911:

were signed. The main belligerents were the forces of the

154:(3 years, 8 months, 1 week and 6 days) 24999: 24434: