1284:
1331:
2735:
172:
1231:
2607:
1425:
62:
1137:
1774:
658:
1027:
charges brought against them, let alone granting them a fair hearing or a right to appeal." In June 2004, for example, Paddy
Ashdown dismissed 58 public officials in a single day. Politicians and judges have been subject to potential removal. Some of those dismissed were allegedly banned for life from holding public office and their bank accounts been frozen as well. Doubts about the legality of both the OHR's interpretation of its mandate and particular actions have been expressed by the Council of Europe and others.
1265:
1184:
883:
1090:
1378:
1359:
1406:
1212:
1453:
1312:
51:
1118:
1165:
2241:"For every other country the EU is very keen to have democracy, human rights and rule of law, but in Bosnia there is a Special Representative with the power to sack elected officials, to take away people's bank accounts, to dismiss them without any court of appeal and to impose legislation. You can see there is a slight element of double standards there."
2669:
1026:
In addition to the potential consideration of imposing legislation on contentious issues, the OHR "developed the practice of dismissing public officials from their offices and banning them from holding any public employment again ... often without even admitting the dismissed persons to confront the
1475:
since 2007. For many years, the individual filling that role has been an official of the United States
Government, in most cases a career Foreign Service Officer of the U.S. Department of State. Throughout much of OHR's earlier history, there were also individuals who held the title of "Deputy High
831:
Until 2004, the OHR had dismissed a total of 139 officials, including judges, ministers, civil servants and members of parliaments, sometimes along with freezing their bank accounts. After the 2002 elections, the OHR scrutinised all political candidates for major ministerial positions at entity and
1038:
had joined in 2002, voiced complaints against OHR's actions, and expressed the need "to define a clear strategy for transferring responsibilities from the High
Representative to domestic authorities." Russia and China have rejected the continuation of the office and have tried at the UN to have it
902:
set the conditions for closure of the OHR. The most critical issues will be considered objectives to be achieved by the BiH authorities before transition from OHR to a
European Union presence can take place. From a long list of known priorities the PIC selected the key ones for transition, for
999:
has been considered by some as a potential cause of the allegedly low commitment of citizens towards the state, as perceived by the low voter turnout, and of the purported low accountability of politicians, whose actions may be subject to the OHR's review.
1964:
866:
decided to end the High
Representative's mandate on 30 June 2008. The EU decision to shut down the OHR by June 2007 unexpectedly aroused disappointment and concern in the Bosnian population, NGOs, and politicians. However, since the
728:. The purpose of the High Representative and the OHR is to oversee the civilian implementation of the Dayton agreement. They also serve to represent the countries involved in the implementation of the Dayton Agreement through the
994:
In the many years attempting to facilitate the integration of a stable federal
Bosnian state, it has been argued that the OHR posed challenges in accomplishing its principal task. The OHR's prolonged intervention in the
804:
agreed in granting further substantial powers to the OHR, in order to avoid the implementation of the Dayton
Agreement being delayed or obstructed by local nationalist politicians. The OHR was requested to:
1043:, during his tenure as high representative, declared: "We have to wait for the moment that BosniaāHerzegovina is irreversibly on its way to Euro-Atlantic integration, then we should shut down the Office."
824:
were extensively used by the OHR in the following decade. Some examples include the adoption of the
Defence reform in April 2003, with the suppression of the Supreme Defence Council of the
555:
543:
2617:
522:
239:
251:
270:
2100:
Dijkstra, G.; Raadschelders, J. (2022). "The High
Representative in BosniaāHerzegovina: The Unusual Institutional Arrangement of a Non-Authoritarian, Yet Controlled, Democracy".
1655:
508:
340:
605:
695:
538:
1826:
472:
2769:
874:
The "double hatting" between EUSR and OHR was discontinued in 2011, when the EU representative post was fused between the EUSR and the head of the EU delegation.
1804:
2034:
Press conference by the High
Representative Miroslav LajÄĆ”k following the Peace Implementation Council Steering Board session in Brussels on 26ā27 February 2008
1471:
The second-ranking official at the Office of the High Representative carries the title of "Principal Deputy High Representative (PDHR)", who also serves as the
1039:
terminated. They argue that it violates BiH's sovereignty, and they claim that the West persists with the setup so it can remain the "guardian" of the country.
2774:
533:
517:
504:
459:
441:
437:
421:
261:
2050:
37th Report of the High Representative for Implementation of the Peace Agreement on Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
550:
401:
1730:
642:
632:
318:
2613:
Reports of the High Representative for Implementation of the Peace Agreement on Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
1674:
1599:
17:
2004:
2764:
1846:
1637:
688:
308:
293:
2129:
2052:
954:
An additional non-written condition to be enforced through the "assessment by the PIC Steering Board" final condition, was adopted later by the
325:
298:
192:
2418:
17 July 1999 ā 17 July 2001...Principal Deputy High Representative, Ralph Johnson, a US diplomat, took up his duties with the OHR in July 1999
2159:
2759:
490:
2310:
2754:
2288:
2266:
681:
589:
477:
414:
2734:
2612:
313:
2624:
report, 11 January 2011; on the scenarios of closure of the OHR and the transfer of EUSR powers to the EU delegation in Sarajevo.
2195:
2082:
1007:
noted the High Representative has "powers that ought to make any liberal blush." Criticisms of the action of the OHR through its
938:
871:
February 2008 review, it was decided to extend that mandate indefinitely until a set of positive benchmarks have been fulfilled.
967:
782:
to oversee the civilian implementation of the agreement, representing the countries involved in the Dayton Accords through the
575:
449:
185:
668:
2668:
1877:
841:
464:
1758:
in October 2006 (appointed in September) before taking another role as Principal Deputy High Representative in January 2007.
1472:
744:
627:
2463:
600:
498:
232:
334:
360:
1981:
638:
2649:
1812:
1755:
996:
162:
2251:
2175:
2573:
2540:
2504:
2471:
2438:
2406:
2372:
2193:
Banning, Tim (2014). "The 'Bonn Powers' of the High Representative in Bosnia Herzegovina: Tracing a Legal Figment".
393:
388:
2070:
1895:
454:
1938:
2723:
1431:
971:
584:
214:
69:
2157:
Matthew Parish, Demise of the Dayton Protectorate, J.Intervention and Statebuilding, Vol. 1 Special Supplement
2238:
2232:
1779:
662:
571:
376:
371:
2339:
859:
and a growing EU involvement. The number of OHR legislative initiatives and of dismissed officials lowered.
2430:
1860:
1283:
1016:
983:
979:
899:
868:
863:
801:
783:
729:
202:
330:
2705:
1330:
1290:
852:
2565:
2049:
1711:
2496:
2156:
955:
2627:
1847:"Interview: Christian Schwarz-Schilling, High Representative for BiH: 'The Last Bosnian Viceroy'"
80:
2642:
2134:
1035:
845:
717:
275:
2336:: "he goal remains the same: a stable and prosperous BiH, irreversibly on its way to the EU";
593:
256:
2711:
2553:
Principal Deputy High Representative and Brcko Supervisor, 20 September 2010 ā October 2013
1912:
1693:
1337:
244:
33:
427:
8:
887:
171:
100:
2693:
2606:
2315:
1580:
1526:
1190:
526:
95:
2086:
812:
Remove from office public officials who violate legal commitments or, in general, the
778:
created the legal basis for the OHR. Its Annex 10 provides for the institution of the
754:
Due to the vast powers of the High Representative over Bosnian politics and essential
609:
2687:
2635:
2364:
1618:
1143:
1031:
856:
763:
914:
748:
619:
344:
2332:
2204:
2111:
1798:
959:
825:
813:
775:
721:
565:
197:
124:
2208:
877:
2230:
2163:
2056:
1816:
1504:
1424:
1230:
1136:
61:
1861:
A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good
2717:
2009:
1923:
1808:
1791:
1384:
1270:
1040:
736:
512:
2115:
2748:
2699:
2102:
1237:
1004:
740:
579:
1934:
1015:
the lack of accountability of the position, which is answerable only to the
2517:
appointed Brcko Supervisor and Deputy High Representative in September 2006
2083:"CommuniquƩ of the Steering Board of the Peace Implementation Council]"
1865:
1794:
1787:
809:
Adopt binding decisions when local parties seem unable or unwilling to act;
1183:
855:, the OHR seemed to soften its invasiveness, thanks to pressures from the
2398:
725:
2532:
1089:
947:
Positive assessment of the situation in BiH by the PIC Steering Board ā
882:
2681:
1096:
114:
87:
2464:"High Representative Appoints Raffi Gregorian as New BrÄko Supervisor"
1377:
2231:
House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee (1 February 2005).
739:
countries, and their principal deputies have typically been from the
2252:"Honouring of obligations and commitments by Bosnia and Herzegovina"
2176:"Honouring of obligations and commitments by Bosnia and Herzegovina"
2037:
Office of the High Representative, 27 Feb 2008, accessed 8 June 2016
1022:
the lack of due process available to those affected by HR decisions.
2657:
2267:"Russia, China fail at U.N. in bid to shut down Bosnia peace envoy"
1364:
891:
104:
978:
The closure of the OHR is considered by the Steering Board of the
840:
Between 2002 and 2011, the High Representative also served as the
1458:
1411:
1317:
1217:
780:
Office of the High Representative (OHR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
759:
1466:
50:
1820:
1123:
933:
In addition to these objectives there are also two conditions:
878:
Conditions for closure of the Office of the High Representative
2289:"U.N. extends EU-force in Bosnia after Russia, China appeased"
2033:
1170:
769:
735:
So far, all of the High Representatives named have been from
720:, were created in 1995 immediately after the signing of the
2130:"Paddy Ashdown: Why the World will never be the same again"
797:
755:
2600:
2005:"Cypriot threats could affect role of top envoy in Bosnia"
1827:
Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo
928:
completed as of May 2010, should be continuously sustained
922:
completed as of May 2010, should be continuously sustained
789:
1797:
force for overseeing the military implementation of the
2431:"High Representative welcomes new PDHR, Donald S. Hays"
1805:
European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2672:
Logo of High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2099:
1982:"EU Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina"
1476:
Representative," a rank just below that of the PDHR.
743:. The Principal Deputy High Representative serves as
145:
2451:
Hays has been a US diplomat for almost three decades
1769:
758:
powers, the position has been compared to that of a
828:, and the amendment of Entity Constitutional Laws.
2566:"High Representative Welcomes PDHR Roderick Moore"
1878:"Carlos Westendorp, Bosnia's Euro-Spanish viceroy"
1053:
747:, representing the international community in the
2746:
2770:High Representatives for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2659:High Representatives for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2393:
2391:
2389:
2337:
2330:See also an interview several years later with
2256:See: Section II, paragraphs 101, 102.
2188:
2186:
2066:
2064:
1046:
2570:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2537:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2501:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2484:become the fifth BrÄko Supervisor on 1 October
2468:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2435:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2403:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2369:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
732:(PIC), which chooses the High Representative.
710:High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
2775:1995 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2643:
2311:"Is another conflict looming in the Balkans?"
1913:Bosnia's new colonial governor - The Guardian
1467:List of Principal Deputy High Representatives
949:to be assessed after all others are completed
689:
2386:
2183:
2071:EU to end visa regime for Bosnia in November
2061:
835:
2045:
2043:
1754:Raffi Gregorian already assume the role of
1030:In 2004, the Parliamentary Assembly of the
2650:
2636:
2605:
2029:
2027:
770:Legal basis in the Dayton Peace Agreements
696:
682:
60:
32:"OHR" redirects here. For other uses, see
2180:See: Section III, paragraph 99.
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1807:ā Police mission in the framework of the
2527:
2525:
2319:. 6 January 2013. Event occurs at 18:18
2224:
2040:
881:
2765:Foreign relations of the European Union
2196:Goettingen Journal of International Law
2192:
2024:
1941:from the original on 14 September 2023.
939:Stabilisation and Association Agreement
14:
2747:
2533:"Roderick W. Moore - Curriculum Vitae"
1945:
1748:
2631:
2522:
2002:
1996:
1066:
1063:
1056:
920:Fiscal Sustainability of the State ā
842:European Union Special Representative
2760:Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2497:"Raffi Gregorian - Curriculum Vitae"
499:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
926:Entrenchment of the Rule of Law ā
24:
2755:Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2667:
2399:"Ralph Johnson - Curriculum Vitae"
2340:"Interview with HR Valentin Inzko"
2338:Dejan Å ajinoviÄ (6 October 2017).
2233:Third Report of the 2004ā5 Session
1813:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1756:International Supervisor for Brcko
1473:International Supervisor for BrÄko
1242:Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon
997:politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
745:International Supervisor for BrÄko
163:Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
85:Mr. High Representative (informal)
25:
2786:
2592:
2574:Office of the High Representative
2541:Office of the High Representative
2505:Office of the High Representative
2472:Office of the High Representative
2439:Office of the High Representative
2407:Office of the High Representative
2373:Office of the High Representative
2254:. Council of Europe. 4 June 2004.
2178:. Council of Europe. 4 June 2004.
2085:. 8 February 2013. Archived from
714:Office of the High Representative
663:Bosnia and Herzegovina portal
18:Office of the High Representative
2733:
2237:See David Chandler's remarks at
1984:. European Union External Action
1772:
1451:
1423:
1404:
1376:
1357:
1329:
1310:
1282:
1263:
1229:
1210:
1182:
1163:
1135:
1116:
1088:
796:At its December 1997 meeting in
656:
170:
49:
2558:
2489:
2456:
2423:
2357:
2303:
2281:
2259:
2244:
2215:
2168:
2150:
2122:
2093:
2075:
1969:Modelling States from Brussels?
2618:"Bosnia: Europe's time to act"
1974:
1927:
1917:
1906:
1888:
1870:
1853:
1839:
910:Resolution of Defence Property
13:
1:
2209:10.3249/1868-1581-6-2-banning
1832:
1780:Bosnia and Herzegovina portal
1400:12 years, 152 days
989:
1815:, helping local police with
1259:3 years, 249 days
1206:2 years, 281 days
1047:List of High Representatives
1017:Peace Implementation Council
980:Peace Implementation Council
907:Resolution of State Property
900:Peace Implementation Council
802:Peace Implementation Council
790:The "Bonn Powers" of the OHR
784:Peace Implementation Council
730:Peace Implementation Council
203:Peace Implementation Council
7:
2003:Vogel, Toby (9 July 2009).
1935:"PIC Bonn 1997 conclusions"
1765:
1447:3 years, 46 days
1353:1 year, 242 days
1306:1 year, 149 days
1291:Christian Schwarz-Schilling
1159:2 years, 60 days
1112:1 year, 185 days
853:Christian Schwarz-Schilling
422:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
2791:
2622:International Crisis Group
2291:. Reuters. 4 November 2021
2239:Section VI, paragraph 166:
2221:Banning 2014, p. 268.
1539:
982:to be a pre-condition for
724:which ended the 1992ā1995
31:
2731:
2677:
2665:
2116:10.1177/00438200221087971
1492:
974:decision of December 2009
943:completed on 16 June 2008
862:On 27 February 2008, the
836:Fusion with the EUSR post
442:in Bosnia and Herzegovina
140:
132:
120:
110:
94:
79:
57:
48:
41:
2235:(Report). UK Government.
1896:"Two visions for Bosnia"
628:International Supervisor
544:House of Representatives
319:House of Representatives
74:since 1 August 2021
2269:. Reuters. 22 July 2021
42:High Representative for
2673:
2135:Liberal Democrat Voice
1036:Bosnia and Herzegovina
898:In February 2008, the
895:
846:Bosnia and Herzegovina
718:Bosnia and Herzegovina
438:Diplomatic missions of
44:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2671:
2365:"HR and his deputies"
885:
1694:Dennis Walter Hearne
712:, together with the
326:Council of Ministers
193:Constitutional Court
136:24,000 EUR per month
34:Ohr (disambiguation)
2576:. 22 September 2010
2543:. 20 September 2010
2089:on 8 February 2013.
1884:. 3 September 1998.
1480:
491:Political divisions
210:High Representative
2674:
2474:. 3 September 2010
2162:2015-01-13 at the
2055:2011-02-28 at the
1626:20 September 2010
1581:Lawrence E. Butler
1527:Jacques Paul Klein
1479:
1191:Wolfgang Petritsch
913:Completion of the
896:
27:Political position
2742:
2741:
2706:Schwarz-Schilling
1744:
1743:
1656:David M. Robinson
1619:Roderick W. Moore
1464:
1463:
1432:Christian Schmidt
1350:28 February 2009
1144:Carlos Westendorp
1106:14 December 1995
1032:Council of Europe
857:Council of Europe
764:colonial governor
706:
705:
601:National Assembly
460:Visa requirements
428:Elmedin KonakoviÄ
415:Foreign relations
402:Political parties
276:Željka CvijanoviÄ
215:Christian Schmidt
156:
155:
70:Christian Schmidt
16:(Redirected from
2782:
2737:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2601:Official website
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2529:
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2507:. 5 October 2006
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2333:Nezavisne novine
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2138:. 22 August 2012
2126:
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2090:
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2047:
2038:
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2017:
2000:
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1993:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1902:. 13 April 2011.
1892:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:. 31 March 2006.
1843:
1799:Dayton agreement
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1759:
1752:
1731:Jonathan Mennuti
1481:
1478:
1457:
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1300:1 February 2006
1297:
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1256:31 January 2006
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1166:
1150:
1139:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1103:
1092:
1061:
1051:
1050:
903:closure of OHR:
886:OHR building in
826:Republika Srpska
776:Dayton Agreement
722:Dayton Agreement
698:
691:
684:
661:
660:
659:
635:
633:Jonathan Mennuti
631:
622:
594:Radovan ViÅ”koviÄ
568:
566:Republika Srpska
539:House of Peoples
501:
314:House of Peoples
265:
217:
213:
198:Dayton Agreement
174:
158:
157:
152:
149:
147:
128:14 December 1995
125:Dayton Agreement
111:Inaugural holder
64:
53:
39:
38:
21:
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2191:
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2173:
2169:
2164:Wayback Machine
2155:
2151:
2141:
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2057:Wayback Machine
2048:
2041:
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2013:
2001:
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1971:, December 2007
1963:
1946:
1933:
1932:
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1918:
1911:
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1894:
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1835:
1817:organized crime
1778:
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1768:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1712:Michael Scanlan
1682:September 2015
1675:Bruce G. Berton
1666:September 2015
1663:September 2014
1600:Raffi Gregorian
1564:Donald S. Hays
1505:Michael Steiner
1493:Term of Office
1469:
1452:
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2569:
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2536:
2516:
2509:. Retrieved
2500:
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2476:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2450:
2443:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2417:
2410:. Retrieved
2402:
2376:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2349:27 September
2347:. Retrieved
2343:
2331:
2323:12 September
2321:. Retrieved
2314:
2305:
2295:12 September
2293:. Retrieved
2283:
2273:12 September
2271:. Retrieved
2261:
2246:
2226:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2170:
2152:
2142:12 September
2140:. Retrieved
2133:
2124:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2087:the original
2077:
2014:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1976:
1968:
1929:
1919:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1866:Google Books
1864:, p. 25, at
1859:
1855:
1841:
1795:peacekeeping
1788:EUFOR Althea
1750:
1647:August 2014
1470:
1430:
1418:
1383:
1371:
1347:1 July 2007
1336:
1324:
1289:
1277:
1253:27 May 2002
1241:
1236:
1224:
1203:26 May 2002
1189:
1177:
1142:
1130:
1095:
1083:
1075:Left office
1072:Took office
1029:
1025:
1008:
1002:
993:
977:
968:constitution
960:EU countries
953:
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942:
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861:
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839:
830:
821:
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773:
753:
734:
713:
709:
707:
473:EU accession
252:Croat member
209:
186:Constitution
90:(diplomatic)
29:
2720:(2009ā2021)
2696:(1999ā2002)
1988:23 November
1819:and police
1588:March 2005
1572:March 2005
1248:(1941ā2018)
1009:Bonn powers
917:Final Award
822:Bonn powers
726:Bosnian War
643:Zijad NiÅ”iÄ
465:Visa policy
387:Municipal:
271:Serb member
2749:Categories
2688:Westendorp
2580:26 October
2547:26 October
2511:26 October
2478:26 October
2445:26 October
2412:26 October
2378:26 October
2316:Al Jazeera
1833:References
1740:Incumbent
1737:June 2022
1722:June 2022
1569:July 2001
1537:July 1999
1534:July 1997
1515:July 1997
1444:Incumbent
1097:Carl Bildt
1003:Former HR
990:Criticisms
585:Government
556:Assemblies
534:Parliament
518:Government
426:Minister:
341:Chairwoman
309:Parliament
294:Parliament
233:Presidency
115:Carl Bildt
2714:(2007ā09)
2708:(2006ā07)
2702:(2002ā06)
2694:Petritsch
2690:(1997ā99)
2684:(1995ā97)
2016:2 October
1437:(b. 1957)
1390:(b. 1949)
1343:(b. 1963)
1296:(b. 1930)
1196:(b. 1947)
1149:(b. 1937)
1102:(b. 1949)
1054:Portrait
1011:include:
958:and some
716:(OHR) in
572:President
505:President
370:General:
361:elections
299:Executive
121:Formation
96:Residence
67:Incumbent
2160:Archived
2053:Archived
1939:Archived
1792:European
1766:See also
1518:Germany
1496:Country
1365:Slovakia
1067:Country
1034:, which
892:Sarajevo
888:Grbavica
762:or of a
455:Passport
262:Chairman
105:Sarajevo
101:Grbavica
2726:(2021ā)
2724:Schmidt
2700:Ashdown
2344:ohr.int
1459:Germany
1412:Austria
1318:Germany
1218:Austria
760:viceroy
606:Speaker
551:Cantons
359:Recent
331:Cabinet
141:Website
2712:LajÄĆ”k
1821:reform
1456:
1409:
1362:
1315:
1268:
1215:
1168:
1124:Sweden
1121:
851:Under
800:, the
133:Salary
2718:Inzko
2682:Bildt
1716:1961
1679:1961
1660:1955
1623:1964
1604:1964
1585:1953
1531:1939
1509:1949
1490:Born
1171:Spain
1078:Span
915:BrÄko
639:Mayor
81:Style
2582:2023
2549:2023
2513:2023
2480:2023
2447:2023
2414:2023
2380:2023
2351:2023
2325:2023
2297:2023
2275:2023
2144:2023
2018:2010
1990:2012
1057:Name
972:ECHR
820:The
798:Bonn
774:The
756:veto
708:The
576:list
509:list
394:2020
389:2016
377:2022
372:2018
335:list
150:.int
148:.ohr
2205:doi
2112:doi
2108:185
1811:'s
1727:13
1708:12
1690:11
1671:10
869:PIC
864:PIC
844:to
814:DPA
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