149:
604:
636:
microstructure, grain shape, grain size (mm), snow density (kg/m), snow hardness, liquid water content, snow temperature (°C), impurities (mass fraction), and layer thickness (cm). The grain shape is further characterized, using the following categories (with code): precipitation particles (PP), machine-made snow (MM), decomposing and fragmented precipitation particles (DF), rounded grains (RG), faceted crystals (FC), depth hoar (DH), surface hoar (SH), melt forms (MF), and ice formations (IF). Other measurements and characteristics are used as well, including a snow profile of a vertical section of the snowpack. Some snowpack features include:
560:
429:
62:
582:
286:
643:– A variety of processes can create a crust, a layer of snow on the surface of the snowpack that is stronger than the snow below, which may be powder snow. Crusts often result from partial melting of the snow surface by direct sunlight or warm air followed by re-freezing, but can also be created by wind or by surface water. Snow travelers consider the thickness and resulting strength of a crust to determine whether it is "unbreakable", meaning that they will support the weight of the traveler or "breakable", meaning that it will not.
648:
294:
549:
538:
615:
593:
40:
51:
571:
925:– Freshly fallen, uncompacted snow. The density and moisture content of powder snow can vary widely; snowfall in coastal regions and areas with higher humidity is usually heavier than a similar depth of snowfall in an arid or continental region. Light, dry (low moisture content, typically 4–7% water content) powder snow is prized by skiers and snowboarders. It is often found in the
341:, that result in irregular spherical particles, which typically bounce upon impact. Sleet comprises grains of ice that form from refreezing of largely melted snowflakes when falling through into a frozen layer of air near the surface. Small hail forms from snow pellets encased in a thin layer of ice caused either by accretion of droplets or by refreezing of each particle's surface.
960:– Crud covers varieties of snow that all but advanced skiers find impassable. Subtypes are (a) windblown powder with irregularly shaped crust patches and ridges, (b) heavy tracked spring snow re-frozen to leave a deeply rutted surface strewn with loose blocks, (c) a deep layer of heavy snow saturated by rain (although this may go by another term).
258:– Occurs when a snowstorm generates lightning and thunder. It may occur in areas that are prone to a combination of wind and moisture triggers that promote instability, often downwind of lakes or in mountainous terrain. It may occur with intensifying extratropical cyclones. Such events are often associated with intense snowfall.
1027:
Not surprisingly, in languages and cultures where snow is common, having different words for distinct weather conditions and types of snowfall is desirable for efficient communication. Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Russian, and
Swedish have multiple words and phrases relating to snow and snowfall,
688:
on a snow surface that is colder than the air. Crystals grow rapidly by transfer of moisture from the atmosphere onto the snow surface, which is cooled below ambient temperature by radiational cooling. Subsequent snowfall can bury layers of surface hoar, incorporating them into the snowpack where
466:
developed a crystal morphology diagram, relating crystal shape to the temperature and moisture conditions under which they formed. Magono and Lee devised a classification of freshly formed snow crystals that includes 80 distinct shapes. They are summarized in the following principal snow crystal
698:
In addition to having material properties, snowpacks have structure which can be characterized. These properties are primarily determined through the actions of wind, sun, and temperature. Such structures have been described by mountaineers and others encountering frozen landscapes, as follows:
99:
or atmospheric instability near mountains. Falling snow takes many different forms, depending on atmospheric conditions, especially vapor content and temperature, as it falls to the ground. Once on the ground, snow crystals metamorphose into different shapes, influenced by wind, freeze-thaw and
666:
comprises faceted snow crystals, usually poorly or completely unbonded (unsintered) to adjacent crystals, creating a weak zone in the snowpack. Depth hoar forms from metamorphism of the snowpack in response to a large temperature gradient between the warmer ground beneath the snowpack and the
309:
Frozen precipitation includes snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail. Falling snow comprises ice crystals, growing in a hexagonal pattern and combining as snowflakes. Ice crystals may be "any one of a number of macroscopic, crystalline forms in which ice appears,
635:
describes snow crystal classification, once it is deposited on the ground, that include grain shape and grain size. The system also characterizes the snowpack, as the individual crystals metamorphize and coalesce. It uses the following characteristics (with units) to describe deposited snow:
371:) – Flattened and elongated agglomerations of crystals, typically less than 1 mm diameter, that include a range of crystal sizes and complexities to include a rime core and glaze coating. They typically originate in stratus clouds or from fog and fall in small quantities, not in showers.
533:
Classification of snow on the ground comes from two sources: the science community and the community of those who encounter it in their daily lives. Snow on the ground exists both as a material with varying properties and as a variety of structures, shaped by wind, sun, temperature, and
1061:. Boas, who lived among Baffin islanders and learnt their language, reportedly included "only words representing meaningful distinctions" in his account. A 2010 study follows the sometimes questionable scholarship regarding the question whether these languages have many more
391:) – Spherical or conical ice particles, based on a snowlike structure, with diameters between 2 mm and 5 mm. They form by accretion of supercooled droplets near or slightly below the freezing point and rebound off hard surfaces upon landing.
763:– A layer of relatively stiff, hard snow formed by deposition of wind blown snow on the leeward side of a ridge or other sheltered area. Wind slabs can form over weaker, softer freshly fallen powder snow, creating an avalanche hazard on steep slopes.
176:– Characterized by sustained wind or frequent gusts of 56 kilometres per hour (35 mph) or greater and falling or blowing snow that frequently lowers visibility to less than 400 metres (0.25 mi) over a period of 3 hours or longer.
139:
Snow events reflect the type of storm that generates them and the type of precipitation that results. Classification systems use rates of deposition, types of precipitation, visibility, duration and wind speed to characterize such events.
276:– May constitute any combination of sleet, snow, ice, and wind that accumulates 18 centimetres (7 in) or more of snow in 12 hours or less; or 23 centimetres (9 in) or more in 24 hours or 1.3 centimetres (0.5 in) of ice.
757:– A layer of relatively stiff, hard snow formed by deposition of wind blown snow on the windward side of a ridge or other sheltered area. Wind crusts generally bond better to snowpack layers below and above them than wind slabs.
824:
are snow formations, found at high elevations, which form of elongated, thin blades of hardened snow or ice up to 5 meters in height, closely spaced and pointing towards the general direction of the sun. They are evolved
986:– Snirt is an informal term for snow covered with dirt, especially where strong winds pick up topsoil from uncovered farm fields and blow it into nearby snowy areas. Also, dirty snow left over from plowing operations.
2258:
2623:
677:
has two classifications: round, polycrystalline particles, which are produced by the freezing of water droplets expelled from a snow cannon, and shard-like ice plates, which are produced by the shaving of
667:
surface. The relatively high porosity (percentage of air space), relatively warm temperature (usually near freezing point), and unbonded weak snow in this layer can allow various organisms to live in it.
94:
Snowfall arises from a variety of events that vary in intensity and cause, subject to classification by weather bureaus. Some snowstorms are part of a larger weather pattern. Other snowfall occurs from
79:-generating weather events, including the individual crystals both in the air and on the ground, and the deposited snow pack as it changes over time. Snow can be classified by describing the
91:, how it collects on the ground, and thereafter how it changes form and composition. Depending on the status of the snow in the air or on the ground, a different classification applies.
1639:
Bishop, Michael P.; Björnsson, Helgi; Haeberli, Wilfried; Oerlemans, Johannes; Shroder, John F.; Tranter, Martyn (2011). Singh, Vijay P.; Singh, Pratap; Haritashya, Umesh K. (eds.).
310:
including hexagonal columns, hexagonal platelets, dendritic crystals, ice needles, and combinations of these forms". Terms that refer to falling snow particles include:
725:– A finger drift is a narrow snow drift (30 cm to 1 metre in width) crossing a roadway. Several finger drifts in succession resemble the fingers of a hand.
2104:
966:– Packing snow is at or near the melting point, so that it can easily be packed into snowballs and thrown or used in the construction of a snowman, or a
1155:
Building
Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Shifting Perspectives. Proceedings from the 2nd IPSSAS Seminar. Nunavut, Canada: May 26-June 6, 2003
731:– A pillow drift is a snow drift crossing a roadway and usually 3 to 4.5 metres (10–15 feet) in width and 30 cm to 90 cm (1–3 feet) in depth.
1035:
of Norway, Sweden and
Finland, conclude that the languages have anywhere from 180 snow- and ice-related words and as many as 300 different words for
496:(CP): Snow crystals may be a column with plane crystal at both ends, a bullet with plane crystals, a plane crystal with spatial extensions at ends.
1815:
2009:
502:(S): Snow crystals may have extended side planes, some scalelike side planes, and some a combination of side planes, bullets, and columns.
741:
are snow surface features sculpted by wind into ridges and grooves up to 3 meters high, with the ridges facing into the prevailing wind.
2692:
131:
originates from controversial scholarship on a topic that is difficult to define, because of the structures of the languages involved.
1712:
1177:
2660:
Fierz, C., Armstrong, R.L., Durand, Y., Etchevers, P., Greene, E., McClung, D.M., Nishimura, K., Satyawali, P.K. and
Sokratov, S.A.;
524:(G): Crystals may be a minute column, hexagonal plate, stellar crystal, assemblage of plates, irregular germ, or other skeletal form.
490:), a crystal with irregular number of branches, crystal with 12 branches, malformed crystal, radiating assemblage of plane branches.
2597:
462:
lattice in different forms that include columnar growth in the axis perpendicular to the hexagonal plane to form snow crystals.
1983:
2624:"Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the "Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax""
1650:
839:
surface that form patterns with sharp narrow ridges separating smoothly concave quasi-periodic hollows. They form during the
798:
which has been partially melted, refrozen and compacted, yet precedes the form of ice. This type of snow is associated with
1925:
Snow
Engineering V: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Snow Engineering, 5-8 July 2004, Davos, Switzerland
1842:
1788:
2562:"Traditional ecological knowledge among Sami reindeer herders in northern Sweden about vascular plants grazed by reindeer"
1762:
932:
Spring conditions – A variety of melting snow surfaces, including mushy powder or granular snow, which refreeze at night.
2077:
1242:
148:
2150:
2635:
2236:
2209:
2087:
1993:
1963:
1933:
1879:
1852:
1825:
1798:
2119:
518:(I): Snow crystals include ice particles, rimed particles, broken pieces from a crystal, and miscellaneous crystals.
250:– A brief but intense period of moderate to heavy snowfall with strong, gusty surface winds and measurable snowfall.
220:) – Occurs when relatively cold air flows over warm lake (or ocean) water to cause localized, convective snow bands.
400:
In the US, the intensity of snowfall is characterized by visibility through the falling precipitation, as follows:
164:
2654:
2399:
115:
There is a long history of northern and alpine cultures describing snow in their different languages, including
2697:
2226:
1923:
101:
2199:
2167:
1953:
325:) – Suspended in the atmosphere as needles, columns or plates at very low temperatures in a stable atmosphere.
1869:
878:
Ski resorts use standardized terminology to describe their snow conditions. In North
America terms include:
780:
is dense, granular snow, which has been in place for multiple years but which has not yet consolidated into
684:– Surface hoar is manifest as striated, usually flat, sometimes needle-like crystals, usually deposited as
2561:
1089: – Format for weather reports commonly used in aviation – a format for reporting weather information
603:
204:
when in the North
Atlantic) – May cause snow in the winter, especially in its northwest quadrant (in the
17:
108:
classifications both by scientists and by ski resorts. Those who work and play in snowy landscapes have
2373:
1043:
821:
104:. Snow on the ground forms a variety of shapes, formed by wind and thermal processes, all subject to
2626:, in Krupnik, Igor; Aporta, Claudio; Gearheard, Shari; Laidler, Gita J.; Holm, Lene Kielsen (eds.),
231:
947:
Skiers and others living with snow provide informal terms for snow conditions that they encounter.
459:
455:
160:
242:– An intermittent, light snowfall event of short duration with only a trace level of accumulation.
2687:
2657:– contains an extensive taxonomy of show terminology borrowed from Inuit and some other languages
2013:
1551:
Knight, C.; Knight, N. (1973). Snow crystals. Scientific
American, vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 100–107.
2664:. IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology N°83, IACS Contribution N°1, UNESCO-IHP, Paris, 2009.
1666:
Magono, Choji; Lee, Chung Woo (1966). "Meteorological
Classification of Natural Snow Crystals".
2682:
1092:
2533:
Magga, Ole Henrik (March 2006). "Diversity in Saami terminology for reindeer, snow, and ice".
2508:
1611:
1022:
1008:
559:
433:
428:
194:
187:
128:
361:– Grows from a single ice crystal and may have agglomerated with other crystals as it falls.
2661:
2326:
2315:"Languages Support Efficient Communication about the Environment: Words for Snow Revisited"
2267:
2048:
1904:
1703:
486:(P): Snow crystals may be a regular crystal in one plane, a plane crystal with extensions (
8:
1615:
1054:) have an unusually large number of words for "snow", has been attributed to the work of
205:
61:
2330:
2271:
2052:
1908:
992:– Spring snow describes a variety of temperature and moisture conditions with corn snow.
581:
2349:
2314:
1702:
Fierz, C.; Armstrong, R.L.; Durand, Y.; Etchevers, P.; Greene, E.; et al. (2009),
487:
285:
2290:
2253:
1895:
Leonard, K. C.; Tremblay, B. (December 2006). "Depositional origin of snow sastrugi".
2631:
2546:
2492:
2475:
2354:
2295:
2251:
2232:
2205:
2083:
1989:
1959:
1929:
1875:
1848:
1821:
1794:
1711:, IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology, vol. 83, Paris: UNESCO, p. 80,
1646:
1502:
1344:
1318:
1292:
1248:
1238:
1203:
866:
451:
1032:
647:
441:
2573:
2542:
2487:
2460:
2456:
2344:
2334:
2285:
2275:
2056:
1675:
1420:
1129:
230:
causes moist air to rise upslope on mountains to where freezing temperatures cause
212:
124:
120:
116:
96:
2252:
William E. Williams; Holly L. Gorton & Thomas C. Vogelmann (21 January 2003).
2339:
1640:
1235:
Meteorology today : an introduction to weather, climate, and the environment
1051:
1047:
999:
926:
719:. Cornices present a hazard to mountaineers, because they are prone to break off.
619:
564:
544:
on the snow surface from crystallized water vapor emerging on a cold, clear night
463:
413:: visibility between 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) and 0.5 kilometres (550 yd)
289:
Wilson
Bentley micrograph showing two classes of snow crystals, plate and column.
227:
186:– The leading edge of unstable cold air, replacing warmer, circulating around an
548:
2259:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1266:
1055:
597:
293:
2061:
2036:
1114:
2677:
2671:
1237:(8th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. pp. 298–300, 352.
1036:
916:
832:
537:
508:(R): Rimed crystals may be densely rimed crystals, graupel-like crystals, or
200:
159:
The following terms are consistent with the classifications of United States
2280:
1252:
2358:
2299:
1586:
1476:
1134:
1077: – Persistent body of ice that is moving downhill under its own weight
781:
716:
321:
272:
84:
80:
2425:
2374:"Snow in Kuusamo or Why the Finnish language has countless words for snow"
1561:
1527:
1395:
1369:
297:
Snow crystal with a column capped with plates, which are growing rime ice.
152:
Blizzard conditions with heavy snow, high winds and reduced visibility in
1922:
Bartelt, P.; Adams, E.; Christen, M.; Sack, R.; Sato, A. (15 June 2004).
1736:
1003:
851:, sometimes enhanced by the insulating presence of dirt along the ridges.
751:
are wind-driven accumulations of snow deposited downwind of obstructions.
329:
315:
254:
238:
2578:
614:
1058:
858:
844:
674:
663:
541:
265:
246:
182:
153:
1028:
in some cases dozens or even hundreds, depending upon how one counts.
27:
Methods for describing snowfall events and the resulting snow crystals
2313:
Regier, Terry; Carstensen, Alexandra; Kemp, Charles (13 April 2016).
1679:
1062:
967:
791:
748:
712:
592:
357:
88:
1955:
Backcountry Avalanche Safety: Skiers, Climbers, Boarders, Snowshoers
693:
39:
1448:
903:– Produced by snow cannons, and typically denser than natural snow.
848:
840:
807:
803:
738:
172:
2630:, Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 377–99,
2628:
SIKU: Knowing Our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use
1150:
1074:
799:
652:
626:
608:
586:
509:
447:
375:
44:
2662:
The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground
1705:
The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground
1638:
2447:
Trube, L.L. (1978). "The Various Russian Words for Snowstorm".
1871:
The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English
575:
553:
66:
55:
50:
1396:"National Weather Service Expanded Winter Weather Terminology"
1701:
1086:
977:
954:– Corn snow is coarse, granular snow, subject to freeze-thaw.
862:
685:
480:(C): Snow crystals may be simple or a combination of columns.
474:(N): Snow crystals may be simple or a combination of needles.
633:
International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground
349:– Forms in cumulonimbus clouds as irregular spheres of ice (
836:
811:
795:
777:
570:
345:
264:– Snow may fall as warm air initially over-rides cold in a
76:
31:
301:
Precipitation may be characterized by type and intensity.
1787:
The Mountaineers (25 August 2010). Eng, Ronald C. (ed.).
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1080:
1921:
528:
450:
symmetry in most of its atmospheric manifestations of a
2428:[Norwegian words for/about snow] (in Norwegian)
2378:
Nordic Wanders: Wandering Scandinavia & the Nordics
1645:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1253.
909:– Snow that has fallen since the previous day's report.
1686:
980:
is substantially melted snow with visible water in it.
419:: visibility of less than 0.5 kilometres (550 yd)
407:: visibility of 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) or greater
190:, which may cause instability snow showers or squalls.
1393:
1039:, tracks in snow, and conditions of the use of snow.
2312:
2112:
Seppyo (Journal of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice)
1500:
1342:
1316:
1290:
1201:
1095: – Byword for euphemistic and pointless excuses
43:
Snow accumulation on ground and in tree branches in
2621:
2476:"Snow in the Russian Language Picture of the World"
1151:"Inuit Snow Terms: How Many and What Does It Mean?"
711:– Wind blowing over a ridge can create a compacted
618:Packing snow being rolled into a large snowball in
1632:
694:Classifications of snowpack surface and structure
2669:
2397:
1786:
134:
1894:
1817:Home Ground: Language for an American Landscape
1814:Lopez, Barry; Gwartney, Debra (14 April 2011).
1793:. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 540–8.
2254:"Surface gas-exchange processes of snow algae"
2185:How to build an igloo: And other snow shelters
1674:(4) (Geophysics ed.). Hokkaido: 321–335.
1083: – Frozen water: the solid state of water
929:of North America and in most regions in Japan.
627:Classification of snowpack material properties
423:
268:, circulating around an extratropical cyclone.
1888:
1813:
1760:
1620:. Boston: American Tract Society. p. 164
1617:Snowflakes: a chapter from the book of nature
885:– Snow that has been thoroughly consolidated.
767:
2622:Krupnik, Igor; Müller-Wille, Ludger (2010),
2598:"Are there really 50 Eskimo words for snow?"
873:
2197:
1175:
891:– Snow whose granules have frozen together.
2473:
2096:
2034:
2028:
1659:
942:
915:– Powder snow that has been compressed by
814:, which is both older and slightly denser.
208:) where the wind comes from the northeast.
75:describe and categorize the attributes of
2591:
2589:
2577:
2491:
2348:
2338:
2289:
2279:
2182:
2169:Crud: Stay light and centered on the edge
2102:
2060:
1958:. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. p. 138.
1820:. Trinity University Press. p. 136.
1665:
1157:. Montreal: Alaska Native Language Center
1133:
1002:is reddish pink, caused by a red-colored
938:– Warm snow with a high moisture content.
432:An early classification of snowflakes by
129:the multiplicity of Eskimo words for snow
2559:
2423:
1981:
1790:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
646:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
547:
536:
427:
292:
284:
147:
143:
60:
49:
38:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2506:
2400:"Icelandic oddities: 85 words for snow"
2165:
2105:"Discovery and reunion with yukimarimo"
1951:
1545:
353:) with a diameter of 5 mm or more.
83:that is producing it, the shape of its
14:
2670:
2586:
2424:Ertesvåg, Ivar S. (19 November 1998).
2398:Lella Erludóttir (13 September 2020).
2231:. HarperCollins Christian Publishing.
2075:
1982:Paterson, W. S. B. (31 January 2017).
1844:Canada, I Love You: The Canadian Dream
1718:from the original on 29 September 2016
1642:Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers
1610:
1232:
1148:
1112:
1065:for "snow" than the English language.
1016:
806:. Névé that survives a full season of
596:Penitentes under the night sky of the
2532:
2446:
2371:
2228:Help! I'm Laughing and I Can't Get Up
2224:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2010:"Geol 33 Environmental Geomorphology"
1977:
1975:
1947:
1945:
1867:
1840:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1761:Tejada-Flores, Lito (December 1982).
1471:
1469:
1443:
1441:
1421:"Frozen precipitation - AMS Glossary"
1176:Environment, Canada (10 March 2010).
529:Classifications of snow on the ground
2535:International Social Science Journal
2012:. Hofstra University. Archived from
1228:
1226:
1224:
865:, formed at low temperatures on the
1952:Daffern, Tony (14 September 2009).
24:
2648:
2595:
2507:Shipley, Neil (28 February 2018).
2204:. Human Kinetics. pp. 80–81.
2137:
1972:
1942:
1771:
1466:
1438:
1115:"Why and how to study a snowcover"
715:with an overhanging top, called a
25:
2709:
2693:Classification systems by subject
2560:Berit, Inga; Öje, Danell (2013).
2198:Yacenda, John; Ross, Tim (1998).
1874:. Csiro Publishing. p. 297.
1841:Avery, Martin (2 February 2016).
1668:Journal of the Faculty of Science
1394:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
1267:"Lake-effect snow - AMS Glossary"
1221:
802:formation through the process of
454:lattice as snow. Temperature and
54:Snow blowing across a highway in
2655:Why and How to Study a Snowcover
2547:10.1111/j.1468-2451.2006.00594.x
2493:10.15388/RESPECTUS.2013.24.29.10
2372:Brune, Vanessa (18 March 2018).
1501:National Weather Service, NOAA.
1343:National Weather Service, NOAA.
1317:National Weather Service, NOAA.
1291:National Weather Service, NOAA.
1202:National Weather Service, NOAA.
897:– Snow with incohesive granules.
280:
165:Meteorological Service of Canada
2615:
2553:
2526:
2500:
2467:
2440:
2417:
2391:
2365:
2306:
2245:
2218:
2191:
2176:
2166:Delaney, Brian (January 1998).
2159:
2069:
2002:
1915:
1861:
1834:
1807:
1754:
1729:
1604:
1579:
1554:
1520:
1494:
1413:
1387:
1362:
1113:Pruitt, William O. Jr. (2005).
835:are polygonal depressions in a
702:
651:Snow Crust about 6 cm thick in
442:Snowflake § Classification
2461:10.1080/00385417.1978.10640252
1336:
1310:
1284:
1259:
1195:
1178:"Skywatchers weather glossary"
1169:
1142:
1106:
13:
1:
2187:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2076:Knight, Peter (13 May 2013).
1928:. CRC Press. pp. 193–8.
1767:. Backpacker. pp. 28–34.
1587:"Snow pellets - AMS Glossary"
1293:"Glossary - Lake effect snow"
1099:
794:is a young, granular type of
135:Classification of snow events
65:Spring snow on a mountain in
2340:10.1371/journal.pone.0151138
2172:. Snow Country. p. 106.
2118:(3): 403–407. Archived from
1562:"Snow grains - AMS Glossary"
1528:"Ice pellets - AMS Glossary"
1477:"Ice crystal - AMS Glossary"
1370:"Thundersnow - AMS Glossary"
843:(melting away) of snow from
494:Column and plate combination
458:determine the growth of the
395:
7:
2474:Kazimianec, Jelena (2013).
2183:Yankielun, Norbert (2007).
1764:Become a backcountry expert
1737:"Snow crust - AMS Glossary"
1068:
869:during light or calm winds.
689:they can form a weak layer.
424:Snow crystal classification
10:
2714:
2225:Higgs, Liz Curtis (1998).
2037:"The origin of penitentes"
1897:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1868:Hince, Bernadette (2000).
1233:Ahrens, C. Donald (2007).
1020:
768:Sun or temperature-induced
467:categories (with symbol):
439:
127:. However, the lore about
112:classifications, as well.
29:
2082:. Routledge. p. 65.
2062:10.1017/S0022143000025181
1122:Canadian Field-Naturalist
874:Ski resort classification
1503:"Glossary - ice crystal"
1345:"Glossary - Snow squall"
1319:"Glossary - Snow flurry"
845:incident solar radiation
161:National Weather Service
2426:"Norske ord for/om snø"
2281:10.1073/pnas.0235560100
2201:High-performance Skiing
2035:Lliboutry, L. (1954b).
1985:The Physics of Glaciers
943:Informal classification
304:
73:Classifications of snow
2480:Respectus Philologicus
2149:Staff (January 1975).
1612:Warren, Israel Perkins
1149:Kaplan, Larry (2003).
1135:10.22621/cfn.v119i1.90
1093:The wrong type of snow
1044:Eskimo–Aleut languages
655:
623:
611:
600:
589:
578:
567:
556:
545:
437:
333:– Two manifestations,
298:
290:
156:
69:
58:
47:
2698:Weather-related lists
2041:Journal of Glaciology
1449:"Snow - AMS Glossary"
1023:Eskimo words for snow
1009:Chlamydomonas nivalis
650:
617:
606:
595:
584:
573:
562:
552:Cornice on an alp in
551:
540:
434:Israel Perkins Warren
431:
296:
288:
195:Extratropical cyclone
188:extratropical cyclone
151:
144:Snow-producing events
64:
53:
42:
2509:"50 Words for Snow!"
2125:on 13 September 2016
1741:glossary.ametsoc.org
1591:glossary.ametsoc.org
1566:glossary.ametsoc.org
1532:glossary.ametsoc.org
1481:glossary.ametsoc.org
1453:glossary.ametsoc.org
1425:glossary.ametsoc.org
1374:glossary.ametsoc.org
1271:glossary.ametsoc.org
1204:"Glossary: Blizzard"
2579:10.7557/2.32.1.2233
2513:Watching the Swedes
2331:2016PLoSO..1151138R
2272:2003PNAS..100..562W
2053:1954JGlac...2..331L
1909:2006AGUFM.C21C1170L
1017:In various cultures
206:Northern Hemisphere
2155:. Ski. p. 42.
2103:T. Kameda (2007).
919:or by ski traffic.
861:are balls of fine
656:
624:
612:
601:
590:
579:
568:
557:
546:
438:
299:
291:
157:
70:
59:
48:
1652:978-90-481-2641-5
867:Antarctic Plateau
460:hexagonal crystal
446:Ice approximates
218:ocean-effect snow
16:(Redirected from
2705:
2642:
2640:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2449:Soviet Geography
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
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2369:
2363:
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2310:
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2293:
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2243:
2242:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
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1811:
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1784:
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1733:
1727:
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1657:
1656:
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1627:
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1608:
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1601:
1599:
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1583:
1577:
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1574:
1572:
1558:
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1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
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1515:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1464:
1463:
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1459:
1445:
1436:
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1431:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
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1366:
1360:
1359:
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1340:
1334:
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1331:
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1308:
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1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1119:
1110:
849:sunny conditions
213:Lake-effect snow
21:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2668:
2667:
2651:
2649:Further reading
2646:
2645:
2638:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2596:Robson, David.
2594:
2587:
2558:
2554:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2486:(29): 121–130.
2472:
2468:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2366:
2325:(4): e0151138.
2311:
2307:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2047:(15): 331–338.
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2016:on 3 March 2016
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1735:
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1721:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1687:
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1660:
1653:
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1623:
1621:
1609:
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1595:
1593:
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1555:
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1521:
1511:
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1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1400:www.weather.gov
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
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1285:
1275:
1273:
1265:
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1260:
1245:
1231:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1143:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1071:
1046:(specifically,
1042:The claim that
1031:Studies of the
1025:
1019:
1000:Watermelon snow
996:Watermelon snow
945:
927:Rocky Mountains
889:Frozen granular
876:
770:
705:
696:
675:artificial snow
673:– Machine-made
629:
620:Oxford, England
585:Alpine firn in
565:Gloucestershire
534:precipitation.
531:
464:Ukichiro Nakaya
444:
426:
398:
307:
283:
232:orographic snow
228:Orographic lift
146:
137:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Forms of water
2685:
2680:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2614:
2585:
2552:
2541:(187): 25–34.
2525:
2499:
2466:
2455:(8): 572–575.
2439:
2416:
2390:
2364:
2305:
2266:(2): 562–566.
2244:
2237:
2217:
2210:
2190:
2175:
2158:
2136:
2095:
2088:
2068:
2027:
2001:
1994:
1971:
1964:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1853:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1770:
1753:
1728:
1685:
1658:
1651:
1631:
1603:
1578:
1553:
1544:
1519:
1507:w1.weather.gov
1493:
1465:
1437:
1412:
1386:
1361:
1349:w1.weather.gov
1335:
1323:w1.weather.gov
1309:
1297:w1.weather.gov
1283:
1258:
1244:978-0495011620
1243:
1220:
1208:w1.weather.gov
1194:
1168:
1141:
1128:(1): 118–128.
1104:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1056:anthropologist
1033:Sámi languages
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
993:
987:
981:
971:
961:
955:
944:
941:
940:
939:
933:
930:
920:
910:
904:
898:
895:Loose granular
892:
886:
875:
872:
871:
870:
852:
826:
815:
785:
769:
766:
765:
764:
758:
752:
742:
732:
726:
720:
704:
701:
695:
692:
691:
690:
679:
668:
645:
644:
628:
625:
598:Atacama Desert
530:
527:
526:
525:
519:
513:
503:
497:
491:
481:
475:
456:vapor pressure
440:Main article:
425:
422:
421:
420:
414:
408:
397:
394:
393:
392:
372:
362:
354:
342:
326:
306:
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282:
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269:
259:
251:
243:
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221:
209:
191:
179:
145:
142:
136:
133:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Precipitation
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2639:
2637:9789048185870
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2603:
2602:New Scientist
2599:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2514:
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2470:
2462:
2458:
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2450:
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2420:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2379:
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2277:
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2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2238:9781418558758
2234:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2211:9780880117135
2207:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2089:9781134982240
2085:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1995:9781483293738
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1965:9781897522547
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1935:9789058096340
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1911:. #C21C-1170.
1910:
1906:
1903:: C21C–1170.
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1881:9780957747111
1877:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1854:9781329874862
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1827:9781595340887
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1800:9781594854088
1796:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1781:
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1742:
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1714:
1707:
1706:
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1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
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1619:
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1607:
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1533:
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1508:
1504:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1472:
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1422:
1416:
1401:
1397:
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1371:
1365:
1350:
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1339:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
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1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:types of snow
1034:
1029:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
948:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:Packed powder
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
879:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
772:
771:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
714:
710:
707:
706:
700:
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
658:
657:
654:
649:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
621:
616:
610:
605:
599:
594:
588:
583:
577:
572:
566:
563:Snowdrift in
561:
555:
550:
543:
539:
535:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
435:
430:
418:
415:
412:
411:Moderate snow
409:
406:
403:
402:
401:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
373:
370:
369:granular snow
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
348:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
331:
327:
324:
323:
318:
317:
313:
312:
311:
302:
295:
287:
281:Precipitation
275:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
224:Mountain snow
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
196:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
178:
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174:
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168:
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162:
155:
150:
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:weather event
78:
74:
68:
63:
57:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2627:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2502:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:
2367:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2227:
2220:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2161:
2151:
2127:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2115:
2111:
2098:
2078:
2071:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2004:
1988:. Elsevier.
1984:
1954:
1924:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1847:. Lulu.com.
1843:
1836:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1763:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1720:, retrieved
1704:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1641:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1616:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1234:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1007:
995:
989:
983:
973:
964:Packing snow
963:
957:
951:
946:
935:
922:
912:
906:
901:Machine-made
900:
894:
888:
882:
877:
854:
828:
817:
787:
773:
760:
754:
744:
734:
729:Pillow drift
728:
723:Finger drift
722:
708:
703:Wind-induced
697:
682:Surface hoar
681:
671:Machine-made
670:
659:
640:
632:
630:
574:Sastrugi in
532:
521:
515:
505:
499:
493:
483:
477:
471:
445:
416:
410:
404:
399:
389:tapioca snow
388:
384:
380:
376:Snow pellets
374:
368:
364:
356:
350:
344:
338:
334:
328:
322:diamond dust
320:
316:Ice crystals
314:
308:
300:
273:Winter storm
271:
261:
253:
245:
237:
223:
217:
211:
199:
193:
181:
177:
171:
158:
138:
114:
109:
105:
97:lake effects
93:
85:ice crystals
72:
71:
36:
2572:(1): 1–17.
2404:Hey Iceland
2152:Handy Facts
2129:30 December
2020:19 December
1746:2 September
1722:25 November
1624:25 November
1596:29 December
1571:29 December
1537:29 December
1512:29 December
1486:29 December
1458:28 December
1430:28 December
1405:29 December
1379:28 December
1354:29 December
1328:29 December
1302:29 December
1276:29 December
1213:29 December
1187:29 December
1004:green algae
990:Spring snow
810:turns into
782:glacial ice
607:Suncups in
330:Ice pellets
255:Thundersnow
239:Snow flurry
102:sublimation
18:Powder snow
2672:Categories
2518:31 January
2432:31 January
2409:31 January
2383:31 January
1100:References
1063:root words
1059:Franz Boas
1021:See also:
859:Yukimarimo
855:Yukimarimo
847:in bright
822:Penitentes
818:Penitentes
755:Wind crust
749:Snowdrifts
664:Depth hoar
660:Depth hoar
542:Hoar frost
500:Side plane
417:Heavy snow
405:Light snow
365:Snow grain
351:hailstones
339:small hail
266:warm front
262:Warm front
247:Snowsquall
201:nor'easter
183:Cold front
154:New Jersey
2607:2 January
1680:2115/8672
1161:2 January
968:snow fort
952:Corn snow
883:Base snow
761:Wind slab
745:Snowdrift
713:snowdrift
516:Irregular
488:dendrites
448:hexagonal
396:Intensity
381:soft hail
358:Snowflake
2566:Rangifer
2359:27073981
2319:PLOS ONE
2300:12518048
2079:Glaciers
1713:archived
1614:(1863).
1253:66911677
1069:See also
917:grooming
907:New snow
841:ablation
825:suncups.
808:ablation
804:nivation
739:Sastrugi
735:Sastrugi
173:Blizzard
163:and the
110:informal
2350:4830456
2327:Bibcode
2268:Bibcode
2049:Bibcode
1905:Bibcode
1075:Glacier
1006:called
833:Suncups
829:Suncups
800:glacier
717:cornice
709:Cornice
653:Austria
609:England
587:Austria
510:graupel
452:crystal
385:graupel
125:Finnish
121:Russian
117:Inupiat
45:Germany
2634:
2357:
2347:
2298:
2291:141035
2288:
2235:
2208:
2086:
1992:
1962:
1932:
1878:
1851:
1824:
1797:
1649:
1251:
1241:
923:Powder
576:Norway
554:France
478:Column
472:Needle
379:(also
367:(also
319:(also
216:(also
198:(also
106:formal
89:flakes
67:France
56:Canada
2123:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
1716:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1670:. 7.
1118:(PDF)
1087:METAR
1052:Inuit
1048:Yupik
984:Snirt
978:Slush
974:Slush
863:frost
686:frost
641:Crust
484:Plate
335:sleet
2678:Snow
2632:ISBN
2609:2019
2520:2021
2434:2021
2411:2021
2385:2021
2355:PMID
2296:PMID
2233:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2131:2018
2084:ISBN
2022:2017
1990:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1901:2006
1876:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1748:2018
1724:2016
1647:ISBN
1626:2016
1598:2018
1573:2018
1539:2018
1514:2018
1488:2018
1460:2018
1432:2018
1407:2018
1381:2018
1356:2018
1330:2018
1304:2018
1278:2018
1249:OCLC
1239:ISBN
1215:2018
1189:2018
1163:2019
1050:and
958:Crud
837:snow
812:firn
796:snow
792:Névé
788:Névé
778:Firn
774:Firn
678:ice.
631:The
522:Germ
506:Rime
346:Hail
337:and
305:Type
123:and
77:snow
32:Snow
2574:doi
2543:doi
2488:doi
2457:doi
2345:PMC
2335:doi
2286:PMC
2276:doi
2264:100
2057:doi
1676:hdl
1182:aem
1130:doi
1126:119
1081:Ice
936:Wet
87:or
2674::
2600:.
2588:^
2570:32
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