National Weather Service

295: 1283:(NHC), a guidance center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). The NWS defines a warning as a "hazardous weather or hydrologic event is occurring, is imminent, or has a very high probability of occurring" and an advisory as " special weather conditions that are less serious than a warning for events that may cause significant inconvenience, and if caution is not exercised, could lead to situations that may threaten life and/or property." In earnest, they indicate that hazardous weather conditions are occurring that may pose a risk to life and property, and are intended to direct the general public to take immediate action and heed safety precautions; it also has the side purpose of directing emergency management personnel to be on standby in case the weather situation leads to property damage or casualties. Severe thunderstorm and flood warnings indicate that organized severe thunderstorms or flooding are occurring, whereas tornado warnings are issued if a storm is indicated to be producing an observed tornado or exhibits strong, low-level rotation. 1694: 1179:, respectively. As the radiosonde rises at about 300 meters/minute (1,000 ft/min), sensors on the radiosonde measure profiles of pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. These sensors are linked to a battery-powered radio transmitter that sends the sensor measurements to a ground receiver. By tracking the position of the radiosonde in flight, information on wind speed and direction aloft is also obtained. The flight can last longer than two hours, and during this time the radiosonde can ascend above 35 km (115,000 ft) and drift more than 200 km (120 mi) from the release point. When the balloon has expanded beyond its elastic limit and bursts (about 6 m or 20 ft in diameter), a small parachute slows the descent of the radiosonde, minimizing the danger to lives and property. Data obtained during the flights is coded and disseminated, at which point it can be plotted on a 1580:, is a data rich website operated by the NWS that serves as a portal to hundreds of thousands of webpages and more than 300 different NWS websites. Through its homepage, users can access local forecasts by entering a place name in the main forecast search bar, view a rapidly updated map of active watches and warnings, and select areas related to graphical forecasts, national maps, radar displays, river and air quality data, satellite images and climate information. Also offered are XML data feeds of active watches and warnings, ASOS observations and digital forecasts for 5x5 kilometer (3 x 3 mile) grids. All of NWS local weather forecast offices operate their own region-tailored web pages, which provide access to current products and other information specific to the office's local area of responsibility. Weather.gov superseded the 1037: 628: 783:

issued by local WFOs each day when thunderstorms producing such phenomena occur in a given area, and formats the data into text and graphical products. It also provides forecasts on convective activity through day eight of the forecast period (most prominently, the threat of severe thunderstorms, the risk of which is assessed through a tiered system conveyed among six categories – general thunderstorms, marginal, slight, enhanced, moderate, or high – based mainly on the expected number of storm reports and regional coverage of thunderstorm activity over a given forecast day), and is responsible for issuing fire weather outlooks, which support local WFOs in the determination of the need for Red Flag Warnings.

1014:(ASOS). The ASOS program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), automatic weather station(AWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). ASOS stations are designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities. ASOS was especially designed for the safety of the aviation community, therefore the sites are almost always located near airport runways. The system transmits routine hourly observations along with special observations when conditions exceed aviation weather thresholds (e.g. conditions change from 1372:; the pilot project – which would expand to 80 Weather Forecast Offices overseen by the Central, Eastern, Southern and Western Region Headquarters by the spring of 2015 – incorporate message tags within the main body of the product describing the source of the hazard report, damage potential, and if applicable, radar indications or physical observations of tornadoes or the possibility of a tornado; hazards are also summarized at the close of the product text (describing estimated maximum hail size and wind gusts, and if applicable, if a storm has the potential to produce a tornado or in the event of a tornado warning, the basis of the warning or its damage threat). The wording " 1003: 1247:– A special weather statement is issued when something rare or unusual is occurring. These are usually triggered by sudden changes in meteorological conditions. The statements are to be taken as warnings for residents of a specific area. Significant Weather Advisories are often issued for storms not severe enough for Severe Thunderstorm Warnings, but for strong winds and small hail. The warning generally states that an area might be at risk for a slight weather danger, though not all weather statements are warnings. Other times, statements describe informative facts about a weather system (such as local snowfall). 1235:– A watch is used when the risk of a hazardous weather or hydrologic event has increased significantly, but its occurrence, location or timing is still uncertain. It is intended to provide enough lead time so those who need to set their safety plans in motion can do so in advance if a forecasted event should occur. A watch means that hazardous weather is possible, but not imminent. People should have a plan of action in case a storm threatens and monitor various avenues that provide NOAA-disseminated data to listen for later information and possible warnings, especially when planning travel or outdoor activities. 1135:(WMO) marine auspices, the VOS has 49 countries as participants. The United States program is the largest in the world, with nearly 1,000 vessels. Observations are taken by deck officers, coded in a special format known as the "ships synoptic code", and transmitted in real-time to the NWS. They are then distributed on national and international circuits for use by meteorologists in weather forecasting, by oceanographers, ship routing services, fishermen, and many others. The observations are then forwarded for use by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in 675: 3950: 814: 36: 938:. In addition to releasing routine outlooks and discussions, the guidance center initiates advisories and discussions on individual tropical cyclones, as needed. If a tropical cyclone threatens the United States or its territories, individual WFOs begin issuing statements detailing the expected effects within their local area of responsibility. The NHC and CPHC issue products including tropical cyclone advisories, forecasts, and formation predictions, and warnings for the areas in the Atlantic and parts of the Pacific. 942: 619:, and communications equipment, used for gathering and displaying weather data such as satellite imagery or numerical forecast model output. Remote weather stations are also used to gather specific data for the point of interest, and often receive direct support from the local WFO during such crises. IMETs, approximately 70 to 80 of which are employed nationally, can be deployed anywhere a disaster strikes and must be capable of working long hours for weeks at a time in remote locations under rough conditions. 1600: 2003: 1406:

communities and interstate highways) that will be impacted. For severe thunderstorm, tornado and flash flood warnings, the estimated population count of the warned area and approximate totals of public schools and hospitals within the warning area as well as the maximum forecast intensity of hail size, wind gusts and potential tornadoes; tornado warnings referenced in the impact product also denote whether the warning was issued based on radar indication or ground confirmation.

2015: 1148: 1099: 514: 1420: 852: 1486:, promoted as "The Voice of the National Weather Service", is a special radio system that transmits uninterrupted weather watches, warnings and forecasts 24 hours a day directly from a nearby NWS office, with the broadcasts covering across 95–97% of the United States' population. The system – which is owned and operated by the NWS – consists of 1,030 transmitters, covering all 50 states; adjacent coastal waters; 1336:

any warnings or weather statements that may be issued by their local National Weather Service office. A statement may be issued as a follow-up message to a warning, watch, or emergency, which may update, extend, or cancel the previously issued product or be used as a notification of significant weather for which no type of alert is currently in effect for a given location or is expected to be in effect.

655:, and winter weather watches and warnings, some aviation products, and local forecast grids. The forecasts issued by a WFO are available on their individual pages within the Weather.gov website, which can be accessed through either forecast landing pages (which identify the office that disseminates the weather data) or via the alert map featured on the main page of the National Weather Service website. 591: 1376:" (PDS), which originated by the Storm Prediction Center for use in tornado watch products during expected high-end severe weather outbreaks, is subjectively issued. It is occasionally issued with tornado warnings, normally if a large tornado capable of producing EF3 to EF5 damage or staying on the ground for long-duration – sometimes uninterrupted – paths has been reported (although a 1591:, which is accessible via dedicated telecommunications access lines in the Washington, D.C., area. All FOS data services are driven by the NWS Telecommunication Gateway computer systems located at NWS headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland. Users may obtain any of the individual services from NWS for a one-time connection charge and an annual user fee. 806:

official rainfall forecast for areas within their warning area of responsibility. These products can and do emphasize different hydrologic issues depending on geographic area, land use, time of year, as well as other meteorological and non-meteorological factors (for example, during the early spring or late winter a Flood Warning can be issued for an

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smoke management for the next 12 to 48 hours, such as wind direction and speed, and precipitation. The appropriate crews use this information to plan for staffing and equipment levels, the ability to conduct scheduled controlled burns, and assess the daily fire danger. Once per day, NWS meteorologists issue a coded fire weather forecast for specific

1214:– Hazardous Weather Outlooks are issued daily by individual Weather Forecast Offices to address potentially hazardous weather or hydrologic events that may occur over the next seven days. The outlook will include information about the potential of convective thunderstorm activity (including the potential for severe thunderstorms), heavy rain or 1885:

forecasts of agricultural and economic importance would be eliminated. NOAA also proposed outsourcing weather observation stations, NOAA Weather Radio, and computerized surface analysis to private companies. The proposal was met with negative reactions among the public, members of Congress, and consumer advocacy groups (including most notably,

1889:), objecting to the possibility of weather information intended for the public domain being sold to private entities that would profit from the sale of the data. The proposal to sell the satellite network failed in a Congressional vote, while other aspects of the proposal to dismantle portions of NOAA's agencies were eventually scuttled. 1911:, a bill which would have prohibited the NWS from freely distributing weather data. The bill was widely criticized by users of the NWS's services, especially by emergency management officials relying on the National Weather Service for information during fires, flooding, or severe weather. Groups such as the 627: 1405:

office's WeatherReady Nation initiative. The product provides a graphical depiction of short-fuse warnings and watches (specifically, tornado and severe thunderstorm watches and warnings, and flash flood warnings), showing a map of the warning area (outlined as a red polygon) and locations (including

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included in the warning polygon, especially if they encompass a small geographical area. Warnings can be expanded, contracted (by removing jurisdictions where SPC and NWS forecasters no longer consider there to be a viable threat of severe weather, in which case, the storm-based warning may take on a

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issues fire weather analyses for days one and two of the forecast period that provide supportive information to the local WFO forecasts regarding particular critical elements of fire weather conditions. These include large-scale areas that may experience critical fire weather conditions including the

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issues severe thunderstorm and tornado watches in cooperation with local WFOs which are responsible for delineating jurisdictions affected by the issued watch, and SPC also issues mesoscale discussions focused upon possible convective activity. SPC compiles reports of severe hail, wind, or tornadoes

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incidents, by providing on-site support through Incident Meteorologists (IMET). IMETs are NWS forecasters specially trained to work with Incident Management Teams during severe wildfire outbreaks or other disasters requiring on-site weather support. IMETs travel quickly to the incident site and then

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and how to situate crews during the controlling phase. Officials send in a request, usually during the early morning, containing the position coordinates of the proposed burn, the ignition time, and other pertinent information. The WFO composes a short-term fire weather forecast for the location and

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as a science after becoming Weather Bureau chief. While a debate went on between the Signal Service and Congress over whether the forecasting of weather conditions should be handled by civilian agencies or the Signal Service's existing forecast office, a Congressional committee was formed to oversee

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is responsible for all of the NWS's climate-related forecasts. Their mission is to "serve the public by assessing and forecasting the impacts of short-term climate variability, emphasizing enhanced risks of weather-related extreme events, for use in mitigating losses and maximizing economic gains."

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The National Weather Service is divided into 122 local branches, known as Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs), to issue products specific to those areas. The NWS is divided into six regions. Each WFO maintains a specific area of responsibility spanning multiple counties, parishes or other jurisdictions

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shapes in map-based weather hazard products, which outline the specified sections of government sub-jurisdictions that the warning covers, based on the projected path of a storm as determined by Doppler radar at the time of the warning's issuance; however, entire counties/parishes may sometimes be

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and estimated speed and direction), associated hazards, impacts, municipalities and designated land areas (and, if applicable, highway mile markers) covered by the alert, and boilerplate action messages informing the public of safety precautions they need to take or advising them to be vigilant of

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within the United States – which, in some areas, cover multiple states – or individual possessions; the local offices handle responsibility of composing and disseminating forecasts and weather alerts to areas within their region of service. Some of the products that are only issued by the WFOs are

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The National Weather Service issues many products relating to wildfires daily. For example, a Fire Weather Forecast, which have a forecast period covering up to seven days, is issued by local WFOs daily, with updates as needed. The forecasts contain weather information relevant to fire control and

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send their graphical forecasts to a national server to be compiled in the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). The NDFD is a collection of common weather observations used by organizations and the public, including precipitation amount, temperature, and cloud cover among other parameters. In

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Abbe was appointed as the Bureau's first chief meteorologist. In his earlier role as the civilian assistant to the chief of the Signal Service, Abbe urged the Department of War to research weather conditions to provide a scientific basis behind the forecasts; he would continue to urge the study of

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activation to trigger public alert messages via television, radio stations, NOAA Weather Radio, and smartphone apps and messaging services. For local storm events, the warning or advisory product also outlines a meteorological summary of the most recent storm location or local storm report issued

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Additionally, Weather Forecast Offices issue daily and monthly climate reports for official climate stations within their area of responsibility. These generally include recorded highs, lows and other information (including historical temperature extremes, fifty-year temperature and precipitation

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Daily river forecasts are issued by the thirteen River Forecast Centers (RFCs) using hydrologic models based on rainfall, soil characteristics, precipitation forecasts, and several other variables. The first such center was founded on September 23, 1946. Some RFCs, especially those in mountainous

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The NWS, through a variety of sub-organizations, issues different forecasts to users, including the general public. Although, throughout history, text forecasts have been the means of product dissemination, the NWS has been using more forecast products of a digital, gridded, image or other modern

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in their jurisdiction. TAFs are concise, coded 24-hour forecasts (30-hour forecasts for certain airports) for a specific airport, which are issued every six hours with amendments as needed. As opposed to a public weather forecast, a TAF only addresses weather elements critical to aviation; these

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professor Cliff Mass have claimed that NWS forecasts are not as accurate as they could be, and that this has resulted in inaccurate daily weather forecasts and dangerously bad predictions concerning the location and intensity of extreme weather events like blizzards and hurricanes. In 2016, the

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In situations where a forecaster indicates a significant threat of extremely severe and life-threatening weather with an ongoing local weather event, enhanced wording may be used to note the heightened threat by a significant local storm event. In April 2012, the NWS introduced the Impact Based

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provides guidance for future precipitation amounts and areas where excessive rainfall is likely, while local NWS offices are responsible for issuing Flood Watches, Flash Flood Watches, Flood Warnings, Flash Flood Warnings, and Flood Advisories for their local County Warning Area, as well as the

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event that is either occurring at present (through radar imagery, reports from local television and radio stations, or ground observations by local law enforcement, civil defense officials, media outlets or storm spotters) or is forecast to occur within 12 to 24 hours. If after collaboration a

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and advisories issued by local NWS forecast offices are generally less than 500–5,000 square miles (1,300–12,900 km) in area. Warnings for severe local storms are intended to be issued preceding the arrival of severe weather at a particular locale by one hour or less; the NWS also issues

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officially lifted the agency's ban on public tornado alerts in a Circular Letter, noting to all first order stations that "Weather Bureau employees should avoid statements that can be interpreted as a negation of the Bureau's willingness or ability to make tornado forecasts", and that a "good

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announced a proposal to sell all of the agency's weather satellites at auction with the intent to repurchase the weather data from private contractors that would acquire the satellites. Under the proposal, 30% of NOAA's workforce would be reviewed for potential layoffs, and certain specialty

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is a satellite data collection and dissemination system operated by the National Weather Service, which was established in October 2000. Its purpose is to provide state and federal government, commercial users, media and private citizens with timely delivery of meteorological, hydrological,

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Until September 30, 2007, local offices of the National Weather Service issued warnings for severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, flash flooding and marine hazards using geopolitical boundaries. The implementation of storm-based warnings on October 1, 2007, saw alerts for these meteorological or

1229:– An advisory is issued when a hazardous weather or hydrologic event is occurring, imminent, or likely. Advisories are for less serious conditions than warnings, that cause significant inconvenience and if caution is not exercised, could lead to situations that may threaten life or property. 821:

In recent years, the NWS has enhanced its dissemination of hydrologic information through the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS). The AHPS allows anyone to view near real-time observation and forecast data for rivers, lakes and streams. The service also enables the NWS to provide

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The Next Generation Global Prediction System project at NWS aims to address some of these criticisms by running a unified high-quality model that takes advantage of more recent research results. In 2016, the NOAA announced to develop The Next Generation Global Prediction System.

415:" from being used in any of its weather products out of concern for inciting panic (a move contradicted in its intentions by the high death tolls in past tornado outbreaks due to the lack of advanced warning) until 1938, when it began disseminating tornado warnings exclusively to 713:. Their main responsibility is to provide up-to-the-minute weather information and briefings to the Traffic Management Units and control room supervisors. Special emphasis is given to weather conditions that could be hazardous to aviation or impede the flow of air traffic in the 756:

Convective – Issued for an area of thunderstorms affecting an area of 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) or greater, a line of thunderstorms at least 60 nmi (110 km) long, or severe or embedded thunderstorms affecting any area that are expected to last 30 minutes or

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condemned the bill's restrictions on weather forecasting as threatening the safety of air traffic, noting that 40% of all aviation accidents are at least partially weather-related. The bill attracted no cosponsors, and died in committee during the 2005 Congressional session.

717:. Besides scheduled and unscheduled briefings for decision-makers in the ARTCC and other FAA facilities, CWSU meteorologists also issue two unscheduled products. The Center Weather Advisory (CWA) is an aviation weather warning for thunderstorms, icing, turbulence, and low 431:

probability of verification" exist when issuing such forecasts due to the difficulty in accurately predicting tornadic activity. However, it would not be until it faced criticism for continuing to refuse to provide public tornado warnings and preventing the release of the

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Non-convective – Issued for severe turbulence over a 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) area, severe icing over a 3,000 square miles (7,800 km), or instrument meteorological conditions over a 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) area due to dust, sand, or volcanic

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sites in operation in the U.S., its various territorial possessions and selected overseas locations. This technology, because of its high resolution and ability to detect intra-cloud motions, is now the cornerstone of the agency's severe weather warning operations.

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proposed to auction off all of the weather satellites, to repurchase data from private buyers, outsourcing weather observation stations, NOAA Weather Radio and computerized surface analysis to private companies but the proposal failed in a Congressional vote.

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Getting more information on the atmosphere, more frequently, and from more locations is the key to improving forecasts and warnings. Due to the large installation and operating costs associated with ASOS, the stations are widely spaced. Therefore, the

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Their products cover time scales from a week to seasons, extending into the future as far as technically feasible, and cover the land, the ocean and the atmosphere, extending into the stratosphere. Most of the products issued by the center cover the

1052:, a network of approximately 11,000 mostly volunteer weather observers, provides much of the meteorological and climatological data to the country. The program, which was established in 1890 under the Organic Act, currently has a twofold mission: 1568:

is a one-way broadcast communication system which provides NOAA environmental data and information in near real-time to NOAA and external users. This broadcast service is implemented by a commercial provider of satellite communications utilizing

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may be issued in such cases if the tornado is expected to track into a densely populated area). PDS warnings for other alerts occur with even less frequency, and their criteria varies depending on the alert type to which the wording is applied.

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operates a network of about 90 buoys and 60 land-based coastal observing systems (C-MAN). The stations measure wind speed, direction, and gust; barometric pressure; and air temperature. In addition, all buoy and some C-MAN stations measure

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Provide observational meteorological data, usually consisting of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, snowfall, and 24-hour precipitation totals, required to define the climate of the United States and to help measure long-term climate

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as needed, in addition to issuing the daily fire weather forecasts for the local service area. These products alert the public and other agencies to conditions which create the potential for extreme fires. On the national level, the NWS

1241:– A warning is issued when a hazardous weather or hydrologic event is occurring, imminent or likely. A warning means weather conditions pose a threat to life or property. People in the path of the storm need to take protective action. 250:

that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weather-related products to organizations and the public for the purposes of protection, safety, and general information. It is a part of the

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NWS forecasters need frequent, high-quality marine observations to examine conditions for forecast preparation and to verify their forecasts after they are produced. These observations are especially critical to the output of

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Coastal Waters Forecast (CWF) – a text product issued by all coastal WFOs to explicitly state expected weather conditions within their marine forecast area of responsibility through day five; it also addresses expected wave

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is a system designed to provide the emergency management community with access to a set of NWS warnings, watches, forecasts and other products at no recurring cost. It can receive data via radio, internet, or a dedicated

391:. Under the oversight of that branch, the Bureau began issuing flood warnings and fire weather forecasts, and issued the first daily national surface weather maps; it also established a network to distribute warnings for 4520: 1222:

agencies on the recommendation of activation during severe weather situations in areas prone to such events. Other outlooks are issued on an event-driven basis, such as the Flood Potential Outlook and Severe Weather

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and thus available to anyone for free under United States law. From time to time, the situation receives official review to ascertain if a leaner, more efficient approach may be had by some degree of privatization.

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with a mission to "provide for taking meteorological observations at the military stations in the interior of the continent and at other points in the States and Territories... and for giving notice on the northern

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climatological and geophysical information. All products in the NWWS data stream are prioritized, with weather and hydrologic warnings receiving the highest priority (watches are next in priority). NWWS delivers

1218:, winter weather, and extremes of heat or cold. It is intended to provide information to those who need considerable lead time to prepare for the event, including notification to storm spotter groups and local 1941:

Lack of sufficient computing power to run simulations known to be better (including higher-resolution simulations and "ensemble" forecasts where multiple runs tweak variables slightly to detect low-confidence

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Map of NWS Weather Forecast Offices. Colors indicate area of responsibility, letters indicate each office's call sign. Alaska, Pacific and Puerto Rico offices are only indicated with call sign letters in the

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Offshore Waters Forecast (OFF) – a text product issued by the OPC that provides forecast and warning information to mariners who travel on the oceanic waters adjacent to the U.S. coastal waters through day

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because large bodies of water have a profound impact on the weather. Other users rely on the observations and forecasts for commercial and recreational activities. To help meet these needs, the NWS's

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Since 1983, the NWS has provided external user access to weather information obtained by or derived from the U.S. Government through a collection of data communication line services called the

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State and federal forestry officials sometimes request a forecast from a WFO for a specific location called a "spot forecast", which are used to determine whether it will be safe to ignite a

4500: 3683: 2181: 1937:(ECMWF), and the Northwest Regional Modeling Consortium in Seattle have been cited as producing more accurate predictions in certain circumstances. According to critics, causes include: 1033:

METAR KNXX 121155Z 03018G29KT 1/4SM +TSSN FG VV002 M05/M07 A2957 RMK PK WND 01029/1143 SLP026 SNINCR 2/10 RCRNR T2 SET 6///// 7//// 4/010 T10561067 11022 21056 55001 PWINO PNO FZRANO

3399:"Enhanced Product – Tornado Warnings and Associated Follow-up Statements Modified to Emphasize Impacts, Intensity, and Recommended Actions via Bulleted Messages and Coded Tag Lines" 4351: 4328: 101: 4425: 1634:), to complete their work. These workstations allow them to easily view a multitude of weather and hydrologic information, as well as compose and disseminate products. The NWS 1522:

have begun to take advantage of NWR's ability to efficiently reach a large portion of the U.S. population. When necessary, the system can also be used (in conjunction with the

4515: 3768: 1506:. NWR requires a scanner or special radio receiver capable of picking up the signal. Individual NWR stations broadcast any one of seven allocated frequencies centered on 162 1542:

and storm warnings to users in ten seconds or less from the time of their issuance, making it the fastest delivery system available. Products are broadcast to users via the

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NAVTEX forecast – a text forecast issued by the OPC (combining data from the Coastal Waters and Offshore Waters Forecasts) designed to accommodate broadcast restrictions of

1526:) to broadcast civil, natural and technological emergency and disaster alerts and information, in addition to those related to weather – hence the addition of the phrasing 1630:

National Weather Service meteorologists use an advanced information processing, display and telecommunications system, the Advance Weather Interactive Processing System (

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and Major Ernest Fawbush) beyond military personnel that the Bureau issued its first experimental public tornado forecasts in March 1952. In 1957, the Bureau began using

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High Seas Forecast (HSF) – routine text product issued every six hours by OPC to provide warning and forecast information to mariners who travel on the oceanic waters.

1817: 637: 523: 279: 4179: 566:(NFDRS). This computer model outputs the daily fire danger that is then conveyed to the public in one of five ratings: low, moderate, high, very high, or extreme. 1622:, was developed by the National Weather Service during the mid-1980s, and fully deployed throughout the majority of the United States by 1997. There are 158 such 486:. At this time, the Weather Bureau became the National Weather Service. At the beginning of the 1980s the NWS used the same radar equipment as in the 1950s, and 721:

and visibilities. The Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) is a two- to 12-hour forecast that outlines weather conditions expected to impact ARTCC operations.

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warning or advisory is deemed necessary, the Weather Forecast Office will generate a bulletin product via the Advance Weather Interactive Processing System (

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addition to viewing gridded weather data via the internet, users can download and use the individual grids using a "GRIB2 decoder" which can output data as

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as Congress felt "military discipline would probably secure the greatest promptness, regularity, and accuracy in the required observations." Within the

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in 2005 as competing unfairly with the private sector. National Weather Service forecasts and data, being works of the federal government, are in the

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for areas that are within the national waters of the United States. NWS national centers or Weather Forecast Offices issue several marine products:

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program. It is organized for the purpose of obtaining weather and oceanographic observations from transiting ships. An international program under

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In 2016, the NWS significantly increased the computational power of its supercomputers, spending $ 44 million on two new supercomputers from

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assemble a mobile weather center capable of providing continuous meteorological support for the duration of the incident. The kit includes a

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The NWS supports the aviation community through the production of several forecasts. Each area's WFO has responsibility for the issuance of

4459: 426:. In 1941, Margaret Smagorinsky (née Knoepfel) was hired as the Weather Bureau's first female statistician. On July 12, 1950, Bureau chief 4784: 3714: 1207:

The National Weather Service has developed a multi-tier concept for forecasting or alerting the public to all types of hazardous weather:

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deployed to improve the detection and warning time of severe local storms, replaced the WSR-57 and WSR-74 systems between 1988 and 1997.

4525: 3875: 1124:, and wave height and period. Conductivity and water current are measured at selected stations. All stations report on an hourly basis. 831:

regions, also provide seasonal snow pack and peak flow forecasts. These forecasts are used by a wide range of users, including those in

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accounts maintained by local forecast offices as well as the Enhanced Data Display (EDD), an experimental pilot project created by the

1257: 1196: 1022:). The basic weather elements observed are: sky condition, visibility, present weather, obstructions to vision, pressure, temperature, 3554: 1295:) and then disseminate the alert through various communication routes accessed by the media and various agencies, on the internet, to 1060:

Provide observational meteorological data in near real-time to support forecast, warning and other public service programs of the NWS.

4608: 4313: 1441: 3776: 3587: 2069:"Kenneth Graham selected as next director of NOAA's National Weather Service | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 411:

in 1937, which prompted a switch from routine aircraft observation to radiosondes within two years. The Bureau prohibited the word "

375:. General Myer gave the National Weather Service its first name: The Division of Telegrams and Reports for the Benefit of Commerce. 4935: 4739: 4055: 3398: 1859:

While respected as one of the premier weather organizations in the world, the National Weather Service has been perceived by some

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the matter, recommending that the office's operations be transferred to the Department of War following a two-year investigation.

4387: 4270: 4189: 4088: 3658: 2522: 1673:' model predicted landfall correctly at seven days. The new supercomputers increased computational processing power from 776 tera 388: 247: 85: 753:(Significant Meteorological Information) – Issued for significant weather that may affect an airport of flight path in an area: 4764: 4222: 2629: 1912: 1026:, wind direction and speed, precipitation accumulation, and selected significant remarks. The coded observations are issued as 3816: 4628: 4576: 3086: 2808: 2732: 2668: 2554: 2498: 2454: 2413: 2368: 2246: 1276: 4824: 4663: 4556: 4551: 4113: 3004: 1019: 744: 423: 256: 4709: 4618: 4613: 4566: 4300: 4078: 4023: 1515: 1073: 1036: 4510: 3130: 2898: 467:), with a network of WSR systems being deployed nationwide through the early 1960s; some of the radars were upgraded to 4779: 4623: 4535: 4158: 3210: 569:

The local Weather Forecast Offices of the NWS also, under a prescribed set of criteria, issue Fire Weather Watches and

563: 3969: 3051: 728:, is a central aviation support facility operated by the National Weather Service, which issues two primary products: 4925: 4904: 4896: 4490: 4226: 4131: 4073: 2604:"Transcript of Oral History Interview of Margaret Smagorinsky - American Meteorological Society Oral History Project" 1860: 1467: 1132: 483: 342:

introduced a bill to provide the funding. In 1870, the Weather Bureau of the United States was established through a

1449: 1275:, intense heat or cold, fire weather and marine hazards, which vary in timepsan depending on the weather situation ( 4945: 4724: 4648: 4593: 4495: 4435: 4361: 2033: 1373: 1319: 1311: 1069: 1015: 919: 1394:

representation in map-based watch products) or canceled before their set time of expiration by local NWS offices.

4744: 4714: 4583: 4093: 3445: 3342: 2030:– known for proving the practicality of using a network of coastal radio stations to transmit weather information 1839: 1759: 707: 539:, float files, and comma-separated value files. Specific points in the digital database can be accessed using an 364: 198: 3524: 2776: 2578: 810:

that occurs on a river, while in the summer a Flood Warning will most likely be issued for excessive rainfall).

4699: 4658: 4653: 4449: 3476: 1833: 1445: 1326:). Some products – particularly for severe thunderstorm, tornado and flood warnings – include a tag requesting 1183:

or Stuve diagram for analysis. In recent years, the National Weather Service has begun incorporating data from

360: 3912: 2290: 1665:

model, compared to other global weather models. This was most notable in the GFS model incorrectly predicting

1167:. A small, expendable instrument package is suspended below a 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide balloon filled with 4870: 4598: 4464: 4382: 4308: 4197: 4126: 2617: 1847: 1738: 1635: 986: 443:

for short-term forecasting of local storms and hydrological events, using modified versions of those used by

4950: 4865: 4804: 4318: 4237: 4217: 3156: 2356: 1662: 1491: 1108: 559: 268: 2868: 2843: 4855: 4809: 4603: 4454: 4037: 1824: 1116: 683: 644: 2270: 395:

as well as a data exchange service that relayed European weather analysis to the Bureau and vice versa.

4212: 1993: 1967: 1176: 874: 278:

The NWS performs its primary task through a collection of national and regional centers, and 122 local

2111: 4260: 4098: 4068: 3215: 1771: 1744: 1732: 1604: 1402: 1280: 1136: 1112: 1002: 961: 955: 915: 909: 890: 798: 792: 1584:, the agency's early internet service which provided NWS data from the 1990s through the mid-2000s. 4719: 4323: 4103: 4063: 2530: 2230: 1925: 1503: 1430: 970: 714: 4485: 4232: 4044: 3835:"Air Traffic Services Brief – National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 – Santorum Bill S. 786" 2625: 2048: 1765: 1750: 1726: 1706: 1434: 1365: 1121: 866: 860: 773: 575: 432: 299: 260: 95: 3715:"Emergency center now ready to weather storm / The high-tech facility is built higher, stronger" 1966:

Lack of focus on a small number of high-quality models compared to the Met Office and the ECMWF

1010:

The primary network of surface weather observation stations in the United States is composed of

282:(WFOs). As the NWS is an agency of the U.S. federal government, most of its products are in the 4754: 4734: 4136: 3772: 2360: 2348: 1658: 1643: 1523: 1327: 1307: 1306:

The product outlines the alert type, the issuing WFO, the sections of government subdivisions (

965: 870: 802: 478:

when that agency was formed. The Environmental Science Services Administration was renamed the

368: 331: 1155:

Upper air weather data is essential for weather forecasting and research. The NWS operates 92

4850: 4571: 4083: 4004: 2800: 2792: 2722: 2660: 2652: 2490: 2482: 2446: 2438: 2405: 2393: 1877: 1361: 1353: 1202: 725: 580: 427: 2603: 318:

began developing probabilistic forecasts using daily weather data sent via telegraph by the

140: 3561: 2763: 2007: 1286:

The process of issuing a warning or advisory begins with observations of a hydrological or

1219: 1180: 1047: 416: 311: 2978: 822:

long-range probabilistic information which can be used for long-range planning decisions.

359:

and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms." The agency was placed under the

8: 4207: 3409: 2401: 2318:"In the Nineteenth Century, Scientists Set Out to Solve the "Problem of American Storms"" 1357: 710: 674: 652: 502: 4403: 3949: 2767: 606:

The NWS assists officials at the scene of large wildfires or other disasters, including

435:

Severe Weather Warning Center's tornado forecasts (pioneered in 1948 by Air Force Capt.

3999: 3955: 3724: 2177: 2037: 2027: 1481: 1300: 1267:

warnings and advisories for various hydrological and non-hydrological events including

444: 327: 310:

Calls for the creation of a government weather bureau began as early as 1844, when the

3272: 1956:

data from commercial airliners. (Due to budget cuts, this could not be purchased from

1697:

Specially designed hurricane-proof building constructed to house joint offices of the

4729: 4174: 3791: 3719: 3298: 2814: 2804: 2728: 2674: 2664: 2560: 2550: 2504: 2494: 2460: 2450: 2419: 2409: 2374: 2364: 2252: 2242: 1949: 1377: 243: 3531:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 26, 2008. Archived from 2621: 813: 3820: 3324: 2771: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2234: 1511: 927: 836: 779: 736: 570: 436: 392: 347: 343: 339: 387:

The agency first became a civilian enterprise in 1890, when it became part of the

334:

to create such a service, having witnessed the destructive power of storms in the

3959: 3081: 2949: 2928: 2019: 1666: 1341: 1287: 1263: 941: 840: 718: 648: 616: 603:

sends it back to the officials, usually within an hour of receiving the request.

599: 35: 3894: 1187:

in its numerical models (however, the raw data is not available to the public).

1064:

The National Weather Service also maintains connections with privately operated

855:

The National Weather Service areas of marine weather forecasting responsibility.

3108: 1612: 1559: 1539: 1495: 1345: 931: 923: 612: 372: 315: 4749: 16:

U.S. forecasting agency of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

4919: 3134: 3059: 2906: 1904: 1881: 1864: 1615: 1599: 1570: 1397:

The NWS also releases Experimental Severe Weather Impact products for use on

1164: 1160: 935: 491: 408: 323: 116: 103: 3350: 3224: 2148:"Final FY21 Appropriations: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 326:, which he convinced to back the collection of such information. Meanwhile, 3745: 3246: 2317: 1543: 1398: 1332: 1272: 1093: 1089: 706:

Twenty-one NWS Center Weather Service Units (CWSU) are collocated with the

3607:"The European forecast model already kicking America's butt just improved" 1945:

Not using techniques shown to improve accuracy by recent academic research

3792:"Education privatization: causes, consequences and planning implications" 3633:"National Weather Service will boost its supercomputing capacity tenfold" 3469:"National Weather Service introduces impact-based warnings for tornadoes" 3440: 1973: 1886: 1487: 832: 380: 352: 335: 3899:

Office of Science and Technology Integration - Modeling Program Division

2227:

Large-scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Research

2014: 1514:

band. In recent years, national emergency response agencies such as the

1147: 1098: 4860: 4829: 4819: 4099:

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs

2521: 1930: 1322:) covered by the alert, and its time of expiration (based on the local 1156: 1102:

3-metre (9.8 ft) discus buoy located off the Southeast U.S. coast.

982: 740: 700: 692: 513: 404: 319: 202: 154: 3532: 2693: 1813:

6 Regions (Eastern, Central, Southern, Western, Alaska & Pacific)

1957: 1702: 1507: 1391: 1323: 1023: 985:). This information is considered preliminary until certified by the 528: 356: 2749: 2294: 1419: 590: 3502: 3372: 3253:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 28, 2009 2527:

Aviation Weather Services: A Call For Federal Leadership and Action

2238: 2086: 1369: 1331:

prior to the product's issuance (including the approximate area in

1168: 552: 487: 264: 3848: 2818: 2678: 2579:"Obituary of Margaret Smagorinsky | The Mather-Hodge Funeral Home" 2538: 2508: 2464: 2423: 2256: 1713:

As of 2016, the National Weather Service was organized as follows

3769:"Taking the Initiative: Public/Private Weather Debate Continues…" 3505:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 18, 2004 3408:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 3349:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 1698: 1646:(GFS) is one of the applications that is built on the framework. 1386: 1315: 1065: 851: 807: 687: 412: 3188: 3166: 2876: 2564: 2378: 2133: 658: 4633: 3659:"Supercomputer quietly puts U.S. weather resources back on top" 3029: 1953: 1685: 1619: 1349: 1172: 1080:

volunteer weather observer network through parent agency NOAA.

974: 893: 750: 732: 607: 532: 498: 468: 448: 3436:"'CATASTROPHIC': Experimental Tornado Warnings to be Explicit" 1669:

turning out to sea until four days before landfall; while the

579:

occurrence of "dry thunderstorms", which usually occur in the

1674: 1631: 1623: 1552: 1292: 1268: 1215: 1184: 1027: 696: 584: 536: 440: 2875:. National Weather Service. November 8, 2008. Archived from 4030: 3943: 3684:"NOAA completes weather and climate supercomputer upgrades" 2777:

10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<1669:twatwo>2.0.co;2

2203: 1650: 1639: 1499: 1245:

Special Weather Statement (or Significant Weather Advisory)

1127:

Supplemental weather observations are acquired through the

136: 3876:"Why Isn't the U.S. Better at Predicting Extreme Weather?" 3588:"The US weather model is now the fourth best in the world" 3503:"Storm Prediction Center Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" 2750:"The WSR-88D and the WSR-88D Operational Support Facility" 216: 4433: 2112:"Guide to Federal Records: Records of the Weather Bureau" 1854: 1654: 930:, are responsible for monitoring tropical weather in the 638:

List of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices

540: 1175:, then released daily at or shortly after 1100 and 2300 678:

Meteorologists preparing a forecast, early 20th century.

3965:

National Weather Service Employees Organization (NWSEO)

3052:"AWC – Center Weather Service Unit Products (CWA, MIS)" 2036:– a Canadian weather forecasting agency operated under 1657:. This was driven by relatively lower accuracy of NWS' 1562:, depending on the needs and capabilities of the user. 735:(Airmen's Meteorological Information) – Information on 594:

NWS IMET Chris Gibson taking observations in the field.

4393:

White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy

4104:

Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement

3817:"S.786 – National Weather Services Duties Act of 2005" 474:

In August 1966, the Weather Bureau became part of the

2691: 1991: 482:(NOAA) on October 1, 1970, with the enactment of the 275:

from 1890 until it adopted its current name in 1970.

19:"Weather Bureau" redirects here. For other uses, see 3964: 2973: 2971: 2748:

Crum, Timothy D.; Alberty, Ron L. (September 1993).

2353:

Scanning the Skies: A History of Tornado Forecasting

4291:

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

3022: 4892:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 3895:"Next Generation Global Prediction System (NGGPS)" 3874: 3347:NWS Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services 2935:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2044:NOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network 1935:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 1671:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 1340:Warning system at its Weather Forecast Offices in 1251: 4887:Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology 3525:"Storm-Based Warnings: Why Storm-Based Warnings?" 3433: 3379:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3305:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3279:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2985:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2968: 2956:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2716: 2714: 1892: 1705:National Weather Service Forecast Office and the 1277:inland and coastal warnings for tropical cyclones 4917: 4281:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4167:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 3746:"Organization - NOAA's National Weather Service" 3247:"The WMO Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) Scheme" 3005:"15 advantages and disadvantages of remote work" 2476: 2474: 1979:Resistance to change by powerful employee unions 1551:Emergency Managers Weather Information Network ( 583:, and are not accompanied by any rain due to it 490:for communication. In 1983, NOAA administrator 4122:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3391: 3221:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2755:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2225:Nass, Sharyl J.; Stillman, Bruce, eds. (2003). 1963:Lack of updated equipment on weather satellites 1871: 1040:A Cooperative Observer Program weather station. 562:observation sites that are then input into the 480:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 253:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 169:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2711: 2285: 2283: 2114:. National Archives and Records Administration 1582:Interactive Weather Information Network (IWIN) 1510:(known collectively as "weather band") in the 743:, mountain obscuration, low-level wind shear, 724:The Aviation Weather Center (AWC), located in 4419: 4378:Environmental Science Services Administration 4031:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3985: 3872: 3789: 3555:"Experimental Severe Weather Impact Graphics" 3466: 3335: 3162:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 2784: 2644: 2471: 2430: 2385: 2340: 1721:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 1074:Meteorological Assimilated Data Ingest System 1006:An Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). 665:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 659:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 517:Sample maximum temperature map from the NDFD. 508: 476:Environmental Science Services Administration 182:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 4180:National Laboratories and Technology Centers 3790:Belfield, Clive R.; Levin, Henry M. (2002). 3760: 2825: 2797:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2724:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2720: 2657:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2487:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2443:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2398:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2224: 1780:Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) 1707:Galveston County Emergency Management Office 1129:United States Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) 949: 903: 786: 4357:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate 3712: 3517: 2747: 2280: 1909:National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 1899:National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 1805:Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL) 1448:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 622: 4426: 4412: 4352:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation 4286:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4203:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 3992: 3978: 3948: 3913:"NOAA to develop new global weather model" 3560:. National Weather Service. Archived from 3325:"Watch vs. Warning: What's the Difference" 3165:. National Weather Service. Archived from 3133:. National Weather Service. Archived from 3058:. National Weather Service. Archived from 2944: 2942: 2905:. National Weather Service. Archived from 2842:. National Weather Service. Archived from 2515: 2328:(4). National Endowment for the Humanities 2293:. National Weather Service. Archived from 1258:Severe weather terminology (United States) 1197:Severe weather terminology (United States) 1072:for data collection, in part, through the 846: 767: 4314:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 2775: 2087:"History of the National Weather Service" 1468:Learn how and when to remove this message 1142: 1076:(MADIS). Funding is also provided to the 945:Sample CPC 3.5-month temperature outlook. 825: 711:Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) 422:The Bureau would in 1940 be moved to the 4941:1870 establishments in the United States 3809: 3766: 3706: 3181: 3101: 3074: 3044: 2891: 2861: 2346: 1692: 1684: 1598: 1409: 1190: 1146: 1097: 1035: 1001: 940: 850: 812: 673: 589: 512: 293: 4931:Government agencies established in 1870 4388:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 4329:Combat Capabilities Development Command 4089:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 3630: 3149: 3123: 2939: 2741: 2523:United States National Research Council 2134:"About NOAA's National Weather Service" 1960:Weather Solutions on an ongoing basis.) 997: 585:evaporating before reaching the surface 4918: 4223:Natural Resources Conservation Service 3604: 3585: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3299:"National Weather Service Glossary: A" 3273:"National Weather Service Glossary: W" 3203: 2790: 2650: 2525:(1995). "Current Roles and Missions". 2480: 2436: 2391: 2315: 2196: 2166: 1913:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 1855:Privatization and dismantling attempts 1494:; and the U.S. Pacific Territories of 1385:hydrological threats be delineated by 1083: 4407: 3973: 3819:. Library of Congress. Archived from 3529:NOAA Warning Decision Training Branch 3087:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 2921: 778:The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in 708:Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 501:(Next Generation Radar), a system of 3956:Operations, Research, and Facilities 3827: 3656: 3239: 2929:"National Fire Danger Rating System" 2218: 1952:from all available sources, such as 1919: 1642:common modeling infrastructure. The 1446:adding citations to reliable sources 1413: 1020:instrument meteorological conditions 745:instrument meteorological conditions 3490: 3434:y Jillian MacMath (April 5, 2012). 3365: 2632:from the original on March 26, 2018 2616: 1810:Climate, Water and Weather Services 1607:, composed of many regional radars. 1603:A NWS composite radar image of the 1516:Federal Emergency Management Agency 1012:Automated Surface Observing Systems 992: 524:122 Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) 13: 4256:Science and Technology Directorate 4171:Office of Environmental Management 3873:Michael Behar (October 17, 2016). 3748:. Nws.noaa.gov. September 19, 2016 3631:Kravets, David (January 5, 2015). 3223:. February 4, 2008. Archived from 2903:National Digital Forecast Database 2873:National Digital Forecast Database 1638:was one of the early users of the 1151:A radiosonde shortly after launch. 626: 564:National Fire Danger Rating System 14: 4962: 4905:World Meteorological Organization 4897:European Severe Storms Laboratory 4339:Executive Office of the President 4227:National Water and Climate Center 4074:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 4001:United States government agencies 3935: 3657:Rice, Doyle (February 22, 2016). 3444:. AccuWeather Inc. Archived from 2833:"NWS Strategic Plan PDF Overview" 2692:US Department of Commerce, NOAA. 2204:"NOAA's National Weather Service" 1133:World Meteorological Organization 484:National Environmental Policy Act 4362:Council on Environmental Quality 4142:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 3467:Nick Luchetti (April 15, 2013). 2277:, v. 8, n. 3, March 1897, p. 67. 2275:The National Geographic Magazine 2034:Meteorological Service of Canada 2013: 2001: 1535:NOAA Weather Wire Service (NWWS) 1418: 1374:Particularly Dangerous Situation 1070:Citizen Weather Observer Program 1016:visual meteorological conditions 920:Central Pacific Hurricane Center 355:and on the seacoast by magnetic 346:of Congress signed by President 248:United States federal government 86:United States federal government 34: 4936:Organizations based in Maryland 4248:Department of Homeland Security 4094:United States Geological Survey 4017:Environmental Protection Agency 3905: 3887: 3866: 3841: 3783: 3738: 3676: 3650: 3624: 3605:Berger, Eric (March 11, 2016). 3598: 3579: 3547: 3460: 3427: 3317: 3291: 3265: 3030:"AWC – Aviation Weather Center" 2997: 2983:NWS Western Region Headquarters 2933:NWS Western Region Headquarters 2685: 2610: 2596: 2571: 2309: 1840:National Tsunami Warning Center 1830:13 River Forecast Centers (RFC) 1777:Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) 1760:Space Weather Prediction Center 1680: 1520:Department of Homeland Security 1271:, non-thunderstorm high winds, 1252:Weather warnings and advisories 546: 398: 4024:Global Change Research Program 3586:Berger, Eric (June 21, 2016). 3477:American Geosciences Institute 2727:. Touchstone. pp. 90–91. 2263: 2140: 2126: 2104: 2079: 2061: 1903:In 2005, Pennsylvania Senator 1893:Failed Santorum proposal, 2005 1834:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center 1783:Technical Support Branch (TSB) 1482:NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards 922:(CPHC), respectively based in 286:and available free of charge. 271:. The agency was known as the 1: 4383:United States Fish Commission 4309:Air Force Research Laboratory 4198:Agricultural Research Service 2349:"Tornado Forecasting to 1940" 2174:"Silver Spring CDP, Maryland" 2054: 1848:Spaceflight Meteorology Group 1739:Environmental Modeling Center 1689:Typical forecast office (WFO) 1636:Environmental Modeling Center 1594: 1576:The agency's online service, 987:National Climatic Data Center 865:The National Weather Service 21:Meteorological Administration 4436:meteorological organizations 4319:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 4218:Foreign Agricultural Service 3713:Kevin Moran (May 23, 2005). 3343:"NWS Dissemination Services" 2357:University of Oklahoma Press 2316:Foster, Alyson (Fall 2023). 2271:Storms and Weather Forecasts 1872:Aborted Byrne proposal, 1983 1825:Center Weather Service Units 1663:numerical weather prediction 684:Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts 560:United States Forest Service 305: 273:United States Weather Bureau 269:Washington metropolitan area 73:United States Weather Bureau 7: 4038:National Science Foundation 1987: 1117:Hancock County, Mississippi 747:, and strong surface winds. 669: 10: 4969: 4213:Food and Nutrition Service 4056:Department of the Interior 3767:J. Gratz (June 21, 2005). 3191:. National Weather Service 3111:. National Weather Service 3032:. National Weather Service 2347:Bradford, Marlene (2001). 2206:. National Weather Service 1968:Integrated Forecast System 1896: 1255: 1200: 1194: 1087: 1030:and look similar to this: 953: 934:, and central and eastern 907: 858: 790: 771: 662: 635: 550: 509:Forecast sub-organizations 471:models beginning in 1974. 289: 259:, and is headquartered in 18: 4879: 4843: 4687: 4544: 4473: 4442: 4370: 4337: 4299: 4269: 4261:United States Coast Guard 4246: 4190:Department of Agriculture 4188: 4157: 4112: 4069:Bureau of Land Management 4054: 4011: 3849:"Cliff Mass Weather Blog" 3251:National Data Buoy Center 3216:National Data Buoy Center 3157:"Ocean Prediction Center" 2840:NWS Strategic Plan – 2011 1772:National Hurricane Center 1745:Weather Prediction Center 1733:Climate Prediction Center 1717:Chief Information Officer 1605:Continental United States 1403:Charleston, West Virginia 1281:National Hurricane Center 1137:Asheville, North Carolina 1113:National Data Buoy Center 962:Climate Prediction Center 956:Climate Prediction Center 950:Climate Prediction Center 916:National Hurricane Center 910:National Hurricane Center 904:National Hurricane Center 799:Weather Prediction Center 793:Weather Prediction Center 787:Weather Prediction Center 403:The first Weather Bureau 389:Department of Agriculture 367:, it was assigned to the 314:was introduced. In 1869, 228: 223: 211: 190: 174: 164: 147: 132: 91: 81: 65: 47: 42: 33: 4926:National Weather Service 4324:Office of Naval Research 4132:Marine Fisheries Service 4064:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3406:National Weather Service 3377:National Weather Service 3303:National Weather Service 3277:National Weather Service 2899:"NDFD Database Contents" 2622:"The Online Tornado FAQ" 2531:National Academies Press 2231:National Academies Press 2091:National Weather Service 1926:University of Washington 1818:Weather Forecast Offices 1589:Family of Services (FOS) 1504:Northern Mariana Islands 1109:numerical weather models 715:National Airspace System 623:Weather Forecast Offices 428:Francis W. Reichelderfer 371:under Brigadier General 369:U.S. Army Signal Service 322:Chamber of Commerce and 280:Weather Forecast Offices 236:National Weather Service 29:National Weather Service 4946:Silver Spring, Maryland 4233:Rural Utilities Service 4045:Smithsonian Institution 3881:New York Times Magazine 3837:. AOPA. April 28, 2005. 3373:"Impact Based Warnings" 3056:Aviation Weather Center 2954:Storm Prediction Center 2799:. Touchstone. pp. 2626:Storm Prediction Center 2547:2027/ien.35556021395504 2489:. Touchstone. pp. 2049:Radar Operations Center 1880:and NOAA administrator 1799:Science and Technology 1790:Chief Financial Officer 1766:Storm Prediction Center 1756:NCEP Central Operations 1751:Ocean Prediction Center 1727:Aviation Weather Center 1122:sea surface temperature 867:Ocean Prediction Center 861:Ocean Prediction Center 847:Ocean Prediction Center 774:Storm Prediction Center 768:Storm Prediction Center 576:Storm Prediction Center 447:aircraft to create the 338:region. Representative 300:Silver Spring, Maryland 96:Silver Spring, Maryland 53:; 154 years ago 4114:Department of Commerce 3853:Cliffmass.blogspot.com 3796:UNESCO Digital Library 3773:University of Colorado 2950:"SPC and its Products" 2791:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2659:. Touchstone. p. 2651:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2481:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2445:. Touchstone. p. 2437:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2392:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 1796:Hydrologic Development 1710: 1690: 1659:Global Forecast System 1644:Global Forecast System 1608: 1524:Emergency Alert System 1328:Emergency Alert System 1152: 1143:Upper air observations 1103: 1041: 1007: 966:College Park, Maryland 946: 871:College Park, Maryland 856: 826:River Forecast Centers 818: 803:College Park, Maryland 679: 633: 595: 518: 424:Department of Commerce 302: 257:Department of Commerce 4347:Climate Policy Office 4301:Department of Defense 4271:Department of Health 4084:National Park Service 4079:Bureau of Reclamation 4005:environmental science 3779:on September 7, 2005. 3211:"Moored Buoy Program" 2721:Nancy Mathis (2007). 1878:Reagan administration 1696: 1688: 1602: 1410:Product dissemination 1203:Valid Time Event Code 1191:Event-driven products 1150: 1101: 1039: 1005: 944: 854: 816: 726:Kansas City, Missouri 677: 630: 593: 516: 330:of Wisconsin lobbied 297: 255:(NOAA) branch of the 117:38.99167°N 77.03000°W 51:February 9, 1870 4674:United Arab Emirates 4159:Department of Energy 3353:on December 12, 2012 3062:on December 26, 2012 2879:on December 16, 2008 2483:"A Tornado Forecast" 2439:"A Tornado Forecast" 2394:"A Tornado Forecast" 1618:system, also called 1442:improve this section 1220:emergency management 1048:Cooperative Observer 998:Surface observations 522:format. Each of the 417:emergency management 312:electrical telegraph 4951:Weather forecasting 4208:Farm Service Agency 3958:account of NOAA on 3694:on January 14, 2016 3567:on February 8, 2017 3535:on January 24, 2010 3137:on January 24, 2003 2768:1993BAMS...74.1669C 1793:Operational Systems 1677:to 5.78 petaflops. 1492:U.S. Virgin Islands 1299:satellites, and on 1084:Marine observations 645:severe thunderstorm 122:38.99167; -77.03000 113: / 30: 4273:and Human Services 3823:on August 6, 2013. 3725:Hearst Corporation 3227:on January 3, 2011 3189:"NWS ASOS Program" 3169:on October 6, 2007 3131:"History of OHRFC" 2178:U.S. Census Bureau 2154:. January 27, 2021 2038:Environment Canada 2028:Reginald Fessenden 1802:Programs and Plans 1711: 1691: 1609: 1320:independent cities 1301:NOAA Weather Radio 1279:are issued by the 1153: 1104: 1042: 1008: 947: 857: 819: 817:National AHPS map. 680: 634: 596: 519: 328:Increase A. Lapham 303: 28: 4913: 4912: 4401: 4400: 4175:Office of Science 3720:Houston Chronicle 3415:on April 13, 2012 2849:on April 25, 2012 2810:978-0-7432-8053-2 2734:978-0-7432-8053-2 2670:978-0-7432-8053-2 2556:978-0-309-05380-8 2500:978-0-7432-8053-2 2456:978-0-7432-8053-2 2415:978-0-7432-8053-2 2370:978-0-8061-3302-7 2269:Moore, Willis L. 2248:978-0-309-08912-8 2040:, founded in 1876 1950:assimilating data 1920:Accuracy problems 1478: 1477: 1470: 1378:tornado emergency 1163:and ten sites in 837:hydroelectric dam 651:warnings, flood, 571:Red Flag Warnings 393:tropical cyclones 365:Department of War 232: 231: 4958: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4405: 4404: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3944:Official website 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3775:. 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Archived from 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3448:on April 4, 2012 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2909:on July 31, 2004 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2869:"NDFD Home Page" 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2837: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2287: 2278: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2180:. 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2233:. p. 224. 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184:on June 7, 2011 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2024: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1972:Organizational 1922: 1907:introduced the 1901: 1895: 1874: 1857: 1683: 1667:Hurricane Sandy 1597: 1518:(FEMA) and the 1474: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1439: 1423: 1412: 1288:extreme weather 1260: 1254: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1145: 1096: 1086: 1034: 1000: 995: 971:Contiguous U.S. 958: 952: 912: 906: 875:marine products 863: 849: 839:operation, and 828: 795: 789: 776: 770: 672: 667: 661: 640: 625: 617:laptop computer 600:prescribed burn 555: 549: 511: 401: 308: 292: 215: 207: 186: 160: 139:1.204 billion ( 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 98: 77: 72: 57: 55: 52: 43:Agency overview 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4966: 4965: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4880: 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