33:
76:, especially early on in the war, arousing the hatred of Czech patriots. Also, Jews were blamed for profiteering and black marketing during the wartime shortages. Another cause of the violence was the breakdown in Habsburg authority and weakness of the new Czechoslovak state, which had not yet established a
153:
The violence continued from the disintegration of the
Habsburg monarchy to the Paris peace treaties signed in 1919 and 1920. It was not nearly as severe as in Poland and Ukraine, where tens of thousands of Jews were murdered. After 1920, the violence died down. Interwar Czechoslovakia was the safest
180:, have placed the violence within a Czech nationalist discourse that excluded Jews from the Czechoslovak national community. According to American historian Michael Miller, the violence has been forgotten because it clashes with the
386:
136:
portrayed
Czechoslovakia as a liberal and tolerant country, relatively free of the antisemitism that plagued neighboring countries. A Czech Agrarian newspaper claimed that the violence was engineered by
17:
64:
The main accusations leveled against Jews in
Slovakia were that they were Hungarian-speakers and agents of the hated Hungarian state, from which Slovakia was trying to break free. In
116:
on 3–4 December. Jewish-owned houses and shops were robbed, the synagogue and community offices were vandalized, and two Jews were murdered. Eventually the army intervened.
145:
expressed concern about the violence, noting that it was "in complete contrast to the avowed Czech policy in Paris, and also to the public utterance of
Minister Beneš".
552:
Kučera, Rudolf (2016). "Exploiting
Victory, Sinking into Defeat: Uniformed Violence in the Creation of the New Order in Czechoslovakia and Austria, 1918–1922".
104:
8,880 in 1920). Bands of former soldiers roamed the countryside looking for shops to rob, most of which belonged to Jews due to pre-existing economic patterns.
169:
490:
168:
Many Czech historians have presented the violence as an aberration on the otherwise tolerant and democratic First
Czechoslovak Republic.
141:... organizing and hiring provocateurs" in order to ruin Czechoslovakia's reputation abroad. In 1919, the international Zionist activist
154:
and least antisemitic country in central Europe for Jews, and it was the only one to retain a democratic government into the mid-1930s.
523:
Konrád, Ota (2019). "Two post-war paths: Popular violence in the
Bohemian lands and in Austria in the aftermath of World War I".
653:
400:
375:
298:
133:
610:Šmidrkal, Václav (2019). "'What a Republic It Was!' Public Violence and State Building in the Bohemian Lands after 1918".
581:
Lichtenstein, Tatjana (21 May 2014). "Jewish power and powerlessness: Prague
Zionists and the Paris Peace Conference".
648:
673:
658:
668:
663:
129:
32:
96:), David Büchler's general store was robbed and destroyed on 5 November, causing damage of 300,000
502:
Hahn, Fred (1983). "The
Dilemma of the Jews in the Historic Lands of Czechoslovakia, 1918-38".
461:"Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in Czechoslovak Silesia during the First Republic (1918–1938)"
89:
288:
112:
In
December 1918, the most severe pogroms occurred in Bohemia and Moravia. The worst was in
392:
77:
8:
97:
494:
460:
627:
598:
569:
540:
427:
631:
602:
573:
544:
482:
431:
396:
371:
294:
181:
163:
177:
619:
590:
561:
532:
511:
472:
419:
536:
594:
441:""Poles, Czechoslovaks and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1921: A Comparative Study"
125:
142:
49:
623:
172:
called Holešov the "last pogrom" and the end of a dark era. Others, including
642:
486:
173:
515:
388:
Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation
477:
423:
45:
290:
Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948
113:
37:
73:
440:
93:
565:
56:
was unleashed against Jews and their property, especially stores.
69:
65:
214:
212:
53:
209:
236:
101:
410:
Miller, Michael L. (2019). "The Forgotten Pogroms, 1918".
331:
199:
197:
27:
Wave of anti-Jewish rioting and violence in Czechoslovakia
307:
224:
343:
40:, Moravia. Two Jews were killed in a pogrom in the town.
270:
268:
266:
253:
251:
194:
18:
Post-World War I anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia
263:
248:
119:
88:
In Slovakia, violence occurred in November 1918. In
319:
80:. Riots between Czechs and Germans also occurred.
640:
368:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
365:
218:
580:
438:
337:
242:
230:
132:, and other Czechoslovak politicians at the
476:
370:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
609:
439:Polonsky, Antony; Riff, Michael (1981).
31:
384:
349:
325:
313:
293:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
203:
14:
641:
551:
522:
458:
447:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 63–101.
409:
286:
274:
257:
501:
107:
83:
24:
452:
25:
685:
157:
120:Effect on international relations
124:While the violence was ongoing,
54:anti-Jewish rioting and violence
445:Germany in the Age of Total War
366:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2015).
280:
72:, many Jews had supported the
13:
1:
654:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe
612:Contemporary European History
554:The Journal of Modern History
537:10.1080/00905992.2017.1354362
187:
595:10.1080/13501674.2014.904583
583:East European Jewish Affairs
148:
48:and during the formation of
7:
10:
690:
359:
161:
624:10.1017/S0960777319000080
59:
649:Aftermath of World War I
338:Polonsky & Riff 1981
243:Polonsky & Riff 1981
231:Polonsky & Riff 1981
674:Interwar Czechoslovakia
516:10.1163/187633083X00047
465:Central European Papers
287:Orzoff, Andrea (2009).
659:1918 in Czechoslovakia
134:Paris Peace Conference
130:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
41:
669:Jewish Slovak history
478:10.25142/cep.2015.003
385:Láníček, Jan (2013).
35:
664:Jewish Czech history
525:Nationalities Papers
459:Dvořák, Jan (2015).
424:10.1017/slr.2019.226
78:monopoly on violence
504:East Central Europe
316:, pp. 6–7, 10.
98:Czechoslovak crowns
36:Jewish cemetery in
219:Klein-Pejšová 2015
42:
402:978-1-137-31747-6
377:978-0-253-01562-4
352:, pp. 10–11.
300:978-0-19-970995-3
245:, pp. 84–85.
221:, pp. 23–24.
206:, pp. 6, 10.
182:Czechoslovak myth
164:Czechoslovak myth
90:Považská Bystrica
16:(Redirected from
681:
635:
606:
577:
548:
519:
498:
480:
448:
435:
406:
381:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
304:
284:
278:
272:
261:
255:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
207:
201:
140:
108:December pogroms
84:November pogroms
21:
689:
688:
684:
683:
682:
680:
679:
678:
639:
638:
455:
453:Further reading
403:
378:
362:
357:
356:
348:
344:
336:
332:
324:
320:
312:
308:
301:
285:
281:
273:
264:
256:
249:
241:
237:
229:
225:
217:
210:
202:
195:
190:
166:
160:
151:
138:
122:
110:
86:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
687:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
637:
636:
618:(3): 303–318.
607:
578:
566:10.1086/688969
560:(4): 827–855.
549:
531:(5): 759–775.
520:
510:(1–2): 24–39.
499:
454:
451:
450:
449:
436:
418:(3): 648–653.
407:
401:
382:
376:
361:
358:
355:
354:
342:
330:
318:
306:
299:
279:
277:, p. 650.
262:
260:, p. 652.
247:
235:
223:
208:
192:
191:
189:
186:
178:Miloslav Szabó
159:
158:Historiography
156:
150:
147:
143:Chaim Weizmann
137:"Judeo-Germans
121:
118:
109:
106:
85:
82:
61:
58:
50:Czechoslovakia
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
686:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
456:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Slavic Review
408:
404:
398:
394:
390:
389:
383:
379:
373:
369:
364:
363:
351:
346:
340:, p. 92.
339:
334:
327:
322:
315:
310:
302:
296:
292:
291:
283:
276:
271:
269:
267:
259:
254:
252:
244:
239:
233:, p. 88.
232:
227:
220:
215:
213:
205:
200:
198:
193:
185:
183:
179:
175:
174:Michal Frankl
171:
165:
155:
146:
144:
135:
131:
127:
117:
115:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
615:
611:
586:
582:
557:
553:
528:
524:
507:
503:
471:(1): 36–50.
468:
464:
444:
415:
411:
391:. New York:
387:
367:
350:Láníček 2013
345:
333:
328:, p. 6.
326:Láníček 2013
321:
314:Láníček 2013
309:
289:
282:
238:
226:
204:Láníček 2013
170:Zdeňek Fišer
167:
152:
126:Edvard Beneš
123:
111:
87:
63:
52:, a wave of
43:
29:
589:(1): 2–20.
275:Miller 2019
258:Miller 2019
46:World War I
643:Categories
188:References
162:See also:
632:202286879
603:143998973
574:151929724
545:135086951
487:2336-3312
432:211676325
149:Aftermath
74:Habsburgs
393:Springer
360:Sources
114:Holešov
70:Moravia
66:Bohemia
38:Holešov
630:
601:
572:
543:
495:559576
493:
485:
430:
399:
374:
297:
139:
94:Žilina
92:(near
60:Causes
44:After
628:S2CID
599:S2CID
570:S2CID
541:S2CID
491:CEEOL
428:S2CID
483:ISSN
397:ISBN
372:ISBN
295:ISBN
176:and
102:US$
68:and
620:doi
591:doi
562:doi
533:doi
512:doi
473:doi
420:doi
645::
626:.
616:28
614:.
597:.
587:44
585:.
568:.
558:88
556:.
539:.
529:46
527:.
508:10
506:.
489:.
481:.
467:.
463:.
443:.
426:.
416:78
414:.
395:.
265:^
250:^
211:^
196:^
184:.
128:,
634:.
622::
605:.
593::
576:.
564::
547:.
535::
518:.
514::
497:.
475::
469:3
434:.
422::
405:.
380:.
303:.
100:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)