Portuguese maritime exploration

1364: 732: 4198: 715:. While following the same south-westerly route across the Atlantic Ocean as da Gama (to take advantage of the most favorable winds), Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast. This was probably an accidental discovery, but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line. Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled, and two follow-up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503. The land was found to be abundant in 544: 1022: 3641: 200: 1089: 601: 681: 31: 1260: 825: 440: 972:(Dubrovnik). The Portuguese victory was critical for its strategy of control of the Indian Ocean: the Turks and Egyptians withdrew their navies from India, leaving the seas to the Portuguese, setting its trade dominance for almost a century, and greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire. It also marked the beginning of European colonial dominance in Asia. A second 378:, an existing ship type, was used in exploration from about 1440. It had a number of advantageous characteristics. These included shallow draft, which was suitable for approaching unknown coasts, and an efficient combination of hull shape (including a rudder attached to the sternpost, unlike some other contemporary types with side-mounted steering oars) and 318: 2235:, or, according to the alleged existence of gold mentioned by the natives, other descriptions of the people and if they were to south and east in one or two voyages made by Gomes de Sequeira (According to the different interpretations of the Chronicles of Barros, Castanheda and Galvão), raises also the hypothesis of 2147:

in 1516. Solís had left Portugal towards Castile (Spain) in 1506 and would be financed by Christopher de Haro, who had served Manuel I of Portugal until 1516. Serving Charles I of Spain after 1516, Haro believed that Lisboa and Frois had discovered a major route in the Southern New World to west or a

170:

led to severe depopulation: the economy was extremely localized in a few towns, and migration from the country led to the abandonment of agricultural land and an increase in rural unemployment. Only the sea offered opportunities, with most people settling in fishing and trading areas along the coast.

2103:

and German "Holy Roman" Emperor, in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (Maluku Islands) became the first known expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to

2418:

in the South Indian Ocean. The island was mapped, described and painted by members of the crew, among them the Father Manuel Álvares and the chemist Henrique Dias (Álvares and Dias calculated the correct latitude 38° South at the time of discovery). The Nau São Paulo, who also carried women and had

45:

resulted in the numerous territories and maritime routes recorded by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime journeys during the 15th and 16th centuries. Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European exploration, chronicling and mapping the coasts of Africa and Asia, then known

657:

The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, though it has also been speculated that other voyages were, in fact, taking place in secret during

290:

at the time, as Europeans did not know what lay beyond on the African coast, and did not know whether it was possible to return once it was passed. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach the source of the lucrative tran-Saharan

509:), and discovered a thriving overland gold trade between the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders. Gomes established his own trading post there, which became known as “A Mina” ("The Mine"). Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew in the next decade. In 1481, the recently crowned 187:, already known to Genoese seafarers, were officially rediscovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king, but in 1344 Castile disputed ownership of them, further propelling the Portuguese naval efforts. The first victims of slave raids by Portuguese and Spanish were the 2273:) correspond, as far as locality is concerned, to the Arru (Aru) Islands. It would appear then that Gomes de Sequeira's Islands, which are the south-easternmost of those represented, must correspond with the Timor Laut group. In the same year, according to the voyages to the 688:

Vasco da Gama's squadron left Portugal on 8 July 1497, consisting of four ships and a crew of 170 men. It rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of Southeast Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching

588:, stone crosses inscribed with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims, and built forts and trading posts. From these bases, the Portuguese engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades. Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the 2136:, Afonso de Albuquerque and his other voyages, sailing eastward from Lisbon (as Magellan in 1505), and then later, in 1521, sailing westward from Seville, reaching that longitude and region once again and then proceeding still further west. 1338:. Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. 85:

and starting a maritime route from Portugal to India. Portuguese explorations then proceeded to southeast Asia, where they reached Japan in 1542, forty-four years after their first arrival in India. In 1500, the Portuguese nobleman

227:

in 1420, while personally holding profitable monopolies on resources in Algarve, he took the lead role in encouraging Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460. He invested in sponsoring voyages down the coast of

282:

were probably discovered in 1427 by Portuguese ships sailing under Henry's direction, and settled in 1432, suggesting that the Portuguese were able to navigate at least 745 miles (1,200 km) from the Portuguese coast.

263:, and Portuguese settlement of the islands began. There, wheat and later sugarcane were cultivated, as in Algarve, by the Genoese, becoming profitable activities. This helped both them and Prince Henry become wealthier. 812:

in September, where the first trade agreement in India was signed. For a short time a Portuguese factory was installed there, but it was attacked by Muslims on December 16 and several Portuguese, including the scribe

111:

took personal interest in the development of exports and organized the export of surplus production to European countries. On May 10, 1293, he instituted a maritime insurance fund for Portuguese traders living in the

1761:

between Portugal and Spain divided the world into two parts, Spain claiming all non-Christian lands west of a north–south line 370 leagues west of the Azores, Portugal claiming all non-Christian lands east of that

592:

for over a century, exporting around 800 slaves annually. Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon, where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 percent of the population.

6489: 708:

was established in Lisbon to administer the royal monopoly of navigation and trade. Exploration soon lost private support, and took place under the exclusive patronage of the Portuguese Crown.

302:, passed this obstacle. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast. Within two decades of exploration, Portuguese ships had bypassed the 855:. In 1502 Vasco da Gama took the island of Kilwa on the coast of Tanzania, where in 1505 the first fort of Portuguese East Africa was built to protect ships sailing in the East Indian trade. 1049:(modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations between the two kingdoms. In November that year, getting to know the location of the so-called " 2567:

and over a thousand Indians travelled for over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi), in the biggest expedition ever made in the Americas, following the courses of the rivers, most notably the

1041:. To defend the city a strong fort was erected, called the "A Famosa", where one of its gates still remains today. Learning of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque immediately sent 6474: 1193:("hereditary captainships"), that were given to anyone who wanted to administer and explore them, to overcome the need to defend the territory, since an expedition under the command of 1033:

in modern-day Malaysia, the most important eastern point in the trade network, where Malay met Gujarati, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Bengali, Persian and Arabic traders, described by

2120:, among others. Many of them cross almost all longitudes or all longitudes reaching the Philippines, Borneo and the Moluccas, because they had previously visited India, Mallacca, the 1037:

as invaluable. The port of Malacca became then the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia, under the Portuguese rule in India with its capital at

1303:

through an annual payment, creating a warehouse in the triangular trade between China, Japan and Europe. In 1570 the Portuguese bought a Japanese port where they founded the city of

494:, and exceeded the requirement. Under his sponsorship, Portuguese explorers crossed the equator into the Southern Hemisphere and found the islands in the Gulf of Guinea, including 925:, following a strategy intended to close those entrances into the Indian Ocean. That same year, fortresses were built in the Island of Mozambique and Mombasa on the Kenyan coast. 147:

with trade privileges with his homeland in return for twenty warships and crews, with the goal of defending the country against Muslim pirate raids, thus laying the basis for the

998:, it allowed the Portuguese to move on from their initial guest stay in Cochin. Despite constant attacks, Goa became the seat of the Portuguese government, under the name of 658:

this time. Whether or not this was the case, the long-standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a ground-breaking voyage commanded by

159:(Flanders) and England. Genoese and Florentine communities were established in Portugal, which profited from the enterprise and financial experience of these rivals of the 1256:. In 1538 the fortress of Diu was again surrounded by Ottoman ships. Another siege failed in 1547, putting an end to Ottoman ambitions and confirming Portuguese hegemony. 2061:

from 1515 onwards, and Vicente Pegado (1531), among others, in several expeditions and contacts, are the first Europeans ever to contemplate and to describe the ruins of

1174:. Conflict with the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate was inevitable, starting nearly a decade of skirmishes. An agreement was reached only with the 286:

At around the same time as the unsuccessful attack on the Canary Islands, the Portuguese began to explore the North African coast. Sailors feared what lay beyond

38:, made by an anonymous cartographer in 1502, shows the world as it was understood by Europeans after their great explorations at the end of the fifteenth century. 6642: 6672: 723:, from which it later inherited its name, but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India. 749:. Taking advantage of the rivalries that pitted Hindus against Muslims, the Portuguese established several forts and trading posts between 1500 and 1510. In 1221:

and São Vicente, prospered. With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with

274:, which had been partially settled by Spaniards in 1402 was unsuccessful and met with protestations from Castile. Although the exact details are uncertain, 6410: 3939: 2439: 255:

an uninhabited island off the coast of Africa which may have been known to Europeans since the 14th century. In 1419 Zarco and Teixeira made a landfall on

3590: 2971: 6526: 6405: 6534: 6415: 132:, a scarlet dye, were also exported. Portugal imported armor and munitions, fine clothes, and several manufactured products from Flanders and Italy. 2556:, Ecuador, in an expedition of over a thousand men. So Teixeira's expedition became the first simultaneously to travel up and down the Amazon River. 6479: 6369: 2362:

divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.

232:, gathering a group of merchants, shipowners, and other stakeholders interested in new opportunities for maritime trade. Later his brother Prince 6092: 6082: 2193: 1882:

in the fleet of the first viceroy sailed south in the Atlantic to were "water and even wine froze" discovering an island named after him, modern

191:

of the Canary Islands, a people of Berber origin, who put up fierce resistance but were reduced to near extinction by pillaging and enslavement.

415:. It was created to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes traveled in North Africa, starting the chain of Portuguese 6171: 6166: 2419:

sailed from Europe and had scale in Brazil, would be the protagonist of a dramatic and moving story of survival after sinking south of Sumatra.

671: 219:

and provide an outlet for Portuguese nobles looking to gain riches and honor in war. Among the participants of the action was the young Prince

1965:, the financier of the expedition along with D. Nuno Manuel, bears witness of the news of the "White King" and "people of the mountains", the 6539: 6394: 6342: 6260: 6384: 6327: 6295: 6265: 6176: 4197: 2435: 1403:

evolved from the successive expeditions and experience of the Portuguese pilots. It led to a fairly rapid evolution, creating an elite of

6652: 6571: 6332: 6285: 6280: 6235: 6225: 6203: 6191: 6181: 6161: 6146: 2125: 1681:

establishes Portuguese control of the Azores, Guinea, ElMina, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands and Castilian control of the Canary Islands.

3453: 1299:, which would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale. In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in 6596: 6551: 6546: 6374: 6364: 6300: 6275: 6270: 6208: 6186: 3621: 2946: 2297:" ) and probably the Aru Islands (the two archipelagos and the navigator mentioned in the maps of Lázaro Luís, 1563, Bartolomeu Velho, 4491: 1830:

discovered an island they named after St Lawrence after the saint on whose feast day they had first sighted the island later known as

6611: 6606: 6337: 6305: 6290: 6255: 6245: 6240: 874:

for a three-year period, starting the Portuguese government in the east, headquartered at Kochi. That year the Portuguese conquered

6591: 6576: 6379: 6310: 6250: 6230: 6196: 3932: 4587: 4537: 6621: 6559: 6389: 6077: 650:, or 970 miles (1,560 km), west of the Cape Verde islands. However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure 5963: 1143:. In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years. The 1151:

and a hospital were built there. In the Azores, the Armada of the Islands protected ships from the Indies en route to Lisbon.

1009:

and Calicut sent embassies, offering alliances and grants to fortify. Albuquerque began that year in Goa the first Portuguese

6662: 6647: 6422: 5973: 5873: 3734: 3343: 3130: 2733: 2646: 2619: 789:, traveling secretly overland, as early as 1490; a diplomatic mission reached the ruler of that nation on October 19, 1520. 474:. Gomes was also required to explore 100 leagues (480 km) of the coast each year for five years. He employed explorers 6125: 17: 2251:

lie in about 8 degrees of south latitude and in the longitude of the Northern Territory of Australia. In the same map the

5140: 3925: 2491: 634:, which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese. These were eventually settled by the 337:, to mount an overland attack from Ceuta. The Portuguese army was defeated and only escaped destruction by surrendering 6457: 6067: 1222: 151:

and establishment of a Genoese merchant community in Portugal. Forced to reduce their activities in the Black Sea, the

155:

had turned to North Africa for trade in wheat and olive oil and a search for gold – navigating also into the ports of

6511: 6447: 6156: 5653: 3908: 3887: 3866: 3845: 3822: 3799: 3778: 3757: 3713: 3687: 3666: 3577: 3430: 3405: 3376: 3310: 3282: 3225: 3176: 3084: 2896: 2710: 2690: 2670: 2152:

to Asia two years earlier. Later (when returning and after a shipwreck on the coast of Brazil), from Santa Catarina,

6072: 5983: 3526: 116:, which were to pay certain sums according to tonnage, accrued to them when necessary. Wine and dried fruits from 6464: 6062: 2414:

commanded by Rui Melo da Câmara (was part of the Portuguese India Armada commanded by Jorge de Sousa) discovered

5932: 2975: 6359: 3597: 2859: 1123:, however, resisted Albuquerque's expedition in that same year, and another attempt by Albuquerque's successor 1103:

The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf as Portugal contested control of the spice trade with the

233: 215:

to gain a foothold in Morocco and control shipping through the Strait of Gibraltar. They also hoped to extend

6586: 5886: 5847: 3468: 2211:

and were blown off course and driven three hundred leagues in a direction constantly towards the east and to

1868: 1666:. The southern hemisphere was discovered, requiring the sailor to use a new constellation to guide them, the 1546: 737: 349: 345:

on the southern tip of Portugal where he continued to direct Portuguese exploration until his death in 1460.

2487: 1671: 1592:

confirmed the Portuguese explorations and declares that all lands and waters south of Bojador and cape Non (

1197:

in 1503 had found the French making incursions on the land. That same year, there was a new expedition from

495: 6657: 6469: 6452: 5860: 5834: 3146: 792:

In 1500, the second fleet to India (which also made landfall in Brazil) explored the East African coast in

1363: 1132: 1092: 6501: 6484: 6218: 3486: 1400: 1394: 1201:

with orders to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create the first colonial towns:

976:

in 1538 finally ended Ottoman ambitions in India, and confirmed Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean.

3513: 3491: 1528: 6667: 6320: 6213: 3500: 2200: 517:

fort (Elmina Castle) and factory to protect this trade, which was then held again as a royal monopoly.

224: 2385: 2073: 1766: 693:

in western India in May 1498. After some conflict, da Gama got an ambiguous letter for trade with the

314:

in 1427 and in the following years Portuguese mariners discovered and settled the rest of the Azores.

6616: 6601: 6581: 6315: 2765:

The Cambridge World History of Genocide : Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds

2184:), in present-day Bolivia. He was the first European to do so, accomplishing this eight years before 1478: 1453:, a Muslim expedition left in search of legendary islands offshore. They were never heard from again. 1380: 1175: 1124: 852: 338: 244: 3079:

Scammell, G.V. (1997). The First Imperial Age, European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715. Routledge.

2560: 2506:. Queirós landed on a large island which he took to be part of the southern continent, and named it 2227:) according to the geographical notes, distance traveled and physical description of the natives in 6118: 3247: 2096: 1678: 1237: 1155: 994:. Coveted for being the best port in the region, mainly for the commerce in Arabian horses for the 330: 2850:

Elbl, Martin (1994). "The Caravel and the Galleon". In Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W (eds.).

6564: 6494: 6138: 2244: 2144: 2133: 1916: 1233: 1148: 851:

and a trading post that was the first European settlement in India. There in 1503 they built the

61:

Methodical expeditions started in 1419 along West Africa's coast under the sponsorship of prince

3368: 1810: 1511: 1482: 805: 712: 352:, Henry's brother, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war, and trade in the lands south of 248: 87: 5942: 5387: 5033: 2121: 1799: 1578: 1198: 342: 3335: 2609: 2446: 2423: 2366: 1904:

1506—Tristão da Cunha discovered the island that bears his name. Portuguese sailors landed on

1890: 1288: 1202: 898:

and extended the control in coastal areas, where in 1517 was founded the fortress of Colombo.

883: 847:

of Calicut, the Portuguese were well received and seen as allies, getting a permit to build a

814: 6442: 6347: 5741: 4360: 4317: 4247: 2636: 2282: 2032: 1935: 1758: 1655: 1531:

discovered Garnet Bay (Angra dos Ruivos) and the latter reached the Gold River (Rio de Ouro).

1493: 1163: 1108: 906: 635: 475: 260: 172: 3768: 3544: 3327: 2950: 2723: 2702: 2662: 1549:

granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of

5511: 5046: 4258: 2526: 2129: 2081: 1978: 1879: 1625:

1460—Death of Prince Henry, the Navigator. His systematic mapping of the Atlantic, reached

1450: 1432: 1307:, thus creating a trading center that for many years was the port from Japan to the world. 1276: 1272: 1241: 1182: 1144: 941: 863: 859: 778: 643: 627: 608: 589: 574: 459: 398: 383: 1861: 1167: 514: 8: 6111: 5909: 5531: 2511: 2359: 2236: 1962: 1813: 1503:

1422—Cape Nao, the limit of Moorish navigation, is passed as the African Coast is mapped.

1464: 1065:, where a Portuguese fort was allowed. That same year, in Indonesia, the Portuguese took 973: 675: 537: 510: 220: 204: 91: 78: 62: 35: 2638:

Colonialism: an International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. N-Z. Vol. 2

2005: 1985: 1770: 1564: 1367:

Portuguese exploration and discoveries: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese

1240:

with the Portuguese, establishing an alliance to regain the country, giving in exchange

1206: 1058: 1057:, the expedition arrived in early 1512. Abreu went by Ambon, while his deputy commander 1054: 930: 902: 731: 420: 5442: 4023: 3834: 3702: 3394: 3361: 3261: 3235: 2545: 2353: 2117: 2113: 2100: 2051: 1958: 1645: 1630: 1626: 1486: 1335: 1319: 984: 894:. Finding it divided into seven rival kingdoms, he established a defense pact with the 619: 605: 334: 311: 252: 160: 113: 3572:, Bombay : Thacker, 1878, pp. 47–48. Reprinted 1986, Asian Educational Services, 1715: 1641: 700:

Vasco da Gama's voyage to Calicut was the starting point for deployment of Portuguese

483: 325:

was an existing ship type that was prominent in Portuguese exploration from about 1440

291:

caravan gold trade and perhaps to join forces with the long-lost Christian kingdom of

6521: 5328: 4611: 4604: 4558: 4433: 4327: 4069: 4010: 3948: 3904: 3883: 3862: 3841: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3774: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3709: 3683: 3662: 3615: 3573: 3426: 3401: 3372: 3339: 3328: 3306: 3278: 3221: 3172: 3126: 3080: 2925: 2892: 2855: 2729: 2706: 2686: 2666: 2642: 2615: 2341: 2204: 2185: 2040: 2016: 1931: 1894: 1849: 1820: 1734: 1570:

1446—Álvaro Fernandes reached the northern Part of Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau).

1471: 1376: 1296: 1046: 995: 965: 953: 566: 487: 180: 152: 136: 108: 70: 2415: 2232: 2157: 2112:, Álvaro de Mesquita (Magellan's nephew), the pilots João Rodrigues de Carvalho and 1941:

1511–12 – João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis discovered the "Cape of Santa Maria" (

1428: 1194: 1158:'s expedition (1519–1522), Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the 581:, and visited Madagascar. He recommended further exploration of the southern route. 6087: 5577: 5553: 5521: 4973: 4568: 2396: 2327: 2286: 2224: 2168:

using the trail network Peabiru. Aleixo Garcia was the first European to cross the

2109: 1927: 1857: 1838: 1611: 1589: 1339: 1159: 1140: 1042: 999: 969: 895: 871: 793: 554: 367: 125: 55: 3445:

Mohammed Hamidullah (Winter 1968). "Muslim Discovery of America before Columbus",

2465: 2143:

explored the Rio de la Plata in service to Spain as a member of the expedition of

2084:

to sail to China to formally open relations between the Portuguese Empire and the

2047: 1096: 1074: 705: 584:

As the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa, they left behind a series of

458:

As a result of the first meager returns of the African explorations, in 1469 king

5899: 5821: 5175: 4157: 3898: 3877: 3856: 3789: 3724: 3677: 3656: 3554: 2682: 2480: 2404: 2333: 2089: 2058: 2036: 1946: 1730: 1711: 1507: 1446: 1186: 1147:

became a strategic port on the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa, and

879: 704:

posts along the east coast of Africa and in the Indian Ocean. Shortly after, the

562: 491: 471: 317: 307: 207:, generally credited as the driving force behind Portuguese maritime exploration. 148: 140: 66: 2576: 2370: 1853: 1535: 1280: 467: 5452: 5291: 4734: 4694: 4390: 4118: 3997: 2568: 2541: 2450: 2105: 2062: 1942: 1667: 1574: 1539: 1457: 1412: 1343: 1331: 1327: 1268: 1104: 1050: 1021: 945: 762: 463: 428: 371:(1455), granting Portugal a trade monopoly for the newly discovered countries. 271: 237: 184: 167: 1777:. During their voyage they discovered the land to which they gave the name of 543: 6636: 6103: 5301: 5257: 4888: 4775: 4056: 3646: 3481: 2580: 2454: 2427: 2140: 2104:

cross the Pacific. Besides Magellan, also participated in the trip Diogo and

1993: 1912: 1788: 1693: 1659: 1615: 1416: 828: 659: 647: 479: 74: 5652:

1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent

2442:, a southern tributary of the Zambezi. He arrived there on 26 December 1560. 2077: 1358: 1034: 569:

near the southern tip of Africa, disproving the view that had existed since

5478: 4838: 4658: 4370: 3447:

Journal of the Muslim Students' Association of the United States and Canada

3192: 2584: 2549: 2499: 2495: 2475:, was the first known European to travel overland from India to China, via 2216: 2085: 2020: 1997: 1883: 1872: 1823:

made his first voyage to Newfoundland, formerly known as Terras Corte-Real.

1803: 1751: 1738: 1719: 1634: 1593: 1582: 1550: 1372: 1347: 1323: 1214: 918: 818: 615: 549: 424: 361: 353: 292: 287: 267: 216: 129: 2564: 1685: 745:

The aim of Portugal in the Indian Ocean was to ensure the monopoly of the

521: 447: 5764: 5244: 5221: 5208: 4954: 4818: 4724: 3697: 2476: 2260: 2173: 2046:

1513—The first European trading ship to touch the coasts of China, under

1966: 1692:(Congo) and placed a landmark there. Explored 150 km upriver to the 1651:

1461—Diogo Afonso discovered the western islands of the Cabo Verde group.

1619: 1607: 1521:

sailed round Cape Bojador, thus destroying the legends of the ‘Dark Sea’.

1420: 1404: 1368: 1292: 1010: 750: 746: 573:

that the Indian Ocean was separate from the Atlantic. Also at this time,

525: 407:(trading post) was established under Henry's direction, on the island of 275: 51: 47: 4270: 3540:

The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 1, Colonial Latin America

817:, died. After bombarding Calicut as a retaliation, Cabral went to rival 611:

dividing the world between Portugal and Castille/Spain (purple) and the

6032: 6006: 5608: 5558: 4898: 4858: 4481: 4413: 2472: 2431: 2381: 2323: 2256: 2169: 2066: 2028: 1905: 1842: 1831: 1827: 1700: 1557: 1467:, orders the first expeditions to the African Coast and Canary Islands. 1408: 1245: 1218: 1053:" in the Moluccas, Albuquerque sent an expedition to find them. Led by 949: 926: 848: 801: 797: 758: 720: 529: 412: 357: 229: 199: 4281: 3640: 2345: 1974: 1802:

explores the South Atlantic and the South American Coast North of the

1733:, crowning 50 years of effort and methodical expeditions, rounded the 1524:

1434—the 32 point compass-card replaces the 12 points used until then.

1460:

with additional expeditions in 1340 and 1341, though this is disputed.

1088: 121: 6134: 5267: 5077: 4131: 4105: 4033: 3813:

Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil

3658:

The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980

3220:. Goa University publication series. Vol. Issue 6. p. 220. 2634: 2530: 2349: 2337: 2240: 2024: 1954: 1898: 1792: 1774: 1600: 1518: 1259: 1078: 988: 961: 934: 832: 809: 690: 651: 631: 600: 299: 82: 3917: 3171:(2006 ed.). Bangalore: Stark World Publishing. pp. 20–24. 2057:

1514–1531— António Fernandes's voyage and discoveries in 1514–1515,

1178:, which gave the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain. 1119:

at the head of the Persian Gulf, establishing it as a vassal state.

585: 444: 179:

fleet and ordered the first maritime explorations, with the help of

5754: 5501: 5364: 5341: 5318: 5165: 5129: 4749: 4380: 4144: 2208: 2161: 2027:, although he may not have been the first to do so; expeditions by 2009: 1961:

at 42ºS (penetrating 300 km (186 mi) "around the Gulf").

1778: 1723: 1424: 1304: 1077:

came to southern China in 1513. This visit followed the arrival in

1066: 891: 782: 654:, the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777. 612: 403: 390: 188: 27:

Numerous territories and maritime routes recorded by the Portuguese

6019: 2767:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. 2023. pp. 594–595. 2751:

Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400-1800

2588: 1567:

sailed beyond Cabo Verde and reached Cabo dos Mastros (Cape Naze).

638:

in 1494 which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive

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discovered the island that he named St. Lawrence, later known as

786: 777:

were destroyed, or became either subjects or allies of Portugal.

774: 754: 697:

of Calicut, leaving there some men to establish a trading post.

694: 639: 570: 533: 394: 375: 322: 256: 144: 117: 73:

and entering the Indian Ocean in 1488. Ten years later, in 1498,

3423:

The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan

1025:

Anonymous map c.1550 of Eastern Africa, Asia and Western Oceania

1005:, with the conquest triggering compliance of neighbor kingdoms: 5716: 5491: 5185: 5018: 4997: 4848: 4753: 4714: 4704: 4502: 4444: 4304: 4237: 4170: 4092: 3900:

The First Imperial Age, European Overseas Expansion c.1400–1715

3791:

Prelude to empire: Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator

2534: 2469: 2458: 2400: 2153: 1747:

1490—Columbus leaves for Spain after his father-in-law's death.

1310:

Portugal established trading ports at far-flung locations like

1249: 1171: 1136: 1112: 991: 957: 887: 875: 770: 766: 680: 502: 451: 408: 379: 303: 279: 156: 30: 4631: 3296: 3294: 2852:

Cogs, Caravels and Galleons : the sailing ship, 1000–1650

1013:

in India, taking the opportunity to announce the achievement.

824: 684:

The route followed in Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499)

5598: 5234: 5155: 5105: 4984: 4878: 4868: 4785: 4765: 4681: 4671: 4597: 4423: 4291: 3987: 3480:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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by the Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius and in the map of

2124:

or the Moluccas (1511–1512), like Ferdinand Magellan in the

1741:. They had found the "Flat Mountain" of Ptolemy's Geography. 642:

between the Portuguese and the Spanish, along a north–south

439: 128:

was a profitable export to northern Europe, and leather and

4828: 3291: 2039:

named the islands of Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues the

1120: 595: 401:

were reached in 1445. In the same year, the first overseas

211:

In 1415, the Portuguese occupied the North African city of

5656:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. 1852:

set out for New England in search of his brother, Gaspar.

1718:

traveled overland from Lisbon in search of the Kingdom of

240:

of all profits from trading within the areas discovered.

166:

In the second half of the fourteenth century outbreaks of

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Technology in world civilization: a thousand-year history

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and those regions (then referred to by the Portuguese as

1359:

Map of Portuguese exploration and discoveries (1415–1543)

1311: 1038: 980: 2607: 2172:

and even managed to penetrate the outer defenses of the

1837:

1502— Returning from India, Vasco da Gama discovers the

1791:

led the first fleet around Africa to India, arriving in

726: 711:

The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under

665: 183:, under command of admiral Manuel Pessanha. In 1341 the 3726:

Portuguese Trade in Asia Under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640

3570:

Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa

2703:"A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668" 2156:, and leading an expedition of some European and 2,000 1784:

1494—First boats fitted with cannon doors and topsails.

1081:, where trade was established. Later a trading post at 382:

rig, which gave a fast-sailing vessel which had better

306:. Westward exploration continued over the same period: 2891:. Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. p. 33. 1510:

discovered the Azores, which was colonized in 1431 by

1166:, since there was not a set limit to the east. Led by 890:(modern Sri Lanka), where he discovered the source of 3858:

A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668

3542:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 257. 2311:

and also in the 1594 map of the East Indies entitled

1291:, who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at 393:, advancing at an average rate of one degree a year. 5673: 3636: 3193:"European Encroachment and Dominance:The Portuguese" 3121:

Bethencourt, Francisco; Curto, Diogo Ramada (2007).

741:

and other Portuguese Navy ships in the 16th century.

3748:

The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century

3301:Lach, Donald Frederick; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1994). 2587:. Only Tavares, 59 whites and some Indians reached 2510:(The Australian Land of the Holy Spirit), for King 839:Profiting from the rivalry between the Maharaja of 194: 3833: 3810: 3745: 3701: 3626:FATHER ESTEVAO CACELLA'S REPORT ON BHUTAN IN 1627. 3393: 3360: 2035:in 1507 may have encountered the islands. In 1528 1170:, the expedition reached the Moluccas, docking at 389:Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly 295:that was rumoured to exist somewhere to the east. 3305:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 520–521. 2628: 1864:discovered the island which still bears his name. 901:In 1506, a Portuguese fleet under the command of 434: 6634: 3465:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415 -1580 3120: 2663:"Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages" 2635:Melvin Eugene Page; Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). 2281:and according to contemporaneous cartographers, 2264: 1606:1458—Three capes discovered and named along the 1445:1147—Voyage of the Adventurers. Just before the 386:sailing ability than other vessels of the time. 341:. After the defeat at Tangier, Henry retired to 6093:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 6083:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago 5794: 3770:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 3277:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 23. 2683:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 2194:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 1744:1489/92—South Atlantic Voyages to map the winds 1217:. From the 15 original captainships, only two, 331:the failure of an expedition to capture Tangier 329:Henry suffered a serious setback in 1437 after 6643:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery 6133: 3836:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 2601: 2399:as a reward for services rendered against the 1545:1443—Nuno Tristão penetrated the Arguim Gulf. 1387: 1295:, where the locals were impressed by European 672:Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India 6673:History of science and technology in Portugal 6119: 3933: 2753:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29. 1162:, claiming that they were in his zone of the 1016: 462:granted the monopoly of trade in part of the 356:. Later this monopoly would be backed by the 339:Prince Ferdinand, the king's youngest brother 120:were sold in Flanders and England, salt from 3300: 2845: 2843: 2340:islands, that he names after his countryman 2285:(Jusarte) and Garcia Henriques explored the 2247:. In Gastald's map a group of islands named 1263:Portuguese ruler of Pegu riding an Elephant. 3275:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 3125:. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. 135:In 1317, King Dinis made an agreement with 6126: 6112: 3940: 3926: 3439: 2807: 2529:, Jesuit missionary, traveled through the 2430:, on his expedition to the capital of the 1456:1336—Possibly the first expedition to the 1383:(c. 1536) (green); Main Factories (orange) 1131:was captured in 1521, when a force led by 5415: 3420: 3218:Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History 2840: 2685:, p. 210, University of Minnesota Press. 2099:'s expedition at the service of the King 1674:is also attributed to these same sailors. 298:In 1434, one of Prince Henry's captains, 175:granted public funding to raise a proper 77:led the first fleet around Africa to the 3704:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825 3272: 3215: 2748: 2661:A. R. de Oliveira Marques, Vitor Andre, 2614:. Oxford University Press. p. 118. 1949:, exploring its estuary (in present-day 1362: 1258: 1087: 1020: 823: 730: 679: 599: 596:Tordesillas division of the world (1492) 542: 438: 316: 198: 29: 6078:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 3537: 3495:. London and New York: Frederick Warne. 3123:Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800 2938: 2514:(II), or Australia of the Holy Spirit ( 2344:, he explored and named the islands of 1603:discovers the first Cape Verde Islands. 1353: 423:pushed on almost as far as present-day 14: 6635: 4210: 3620:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3139: 2665:, p.9, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1971, 2426:, Jesuit missionary, travelled up the 1500:, which began to be colonized at once. 1279:. At the same time Francisco Zeimoto, 1271:arrived in Goa at the service of King 1093:Monument to the Portuguese Discoveries 333:, having encouraged his brother, King 6107: 5793: 5672: 5414: 4925: 4630: 4209: 3959: 3947: 3921: 3391: 3358: 2964: 2721: 1901:) and established a settlement there. 1431:, who made important observations of 1228:In 1534, Gujarat was occupied by the 1209:near the edge of the inland plateau ( 979:Under the government of Albuquerque, 727:Indian Ocean explorations (1497–1542) 666:Reaching India and Brazil (1497–1500) 5803: 5682: 5424: 4935: 4640: 4600:) and small temporary coastal bases. 4219: 3969: 3485: 3325: 3166: 3160: 2886: 2880: 2849: 2533:and was the first European to enter 2295:Aqui in bernon Martin Afonso de melo 1957:), and traveled as far south as the 1893:made the first Portuguese voyage to 1435:over the entire route around Africa. 1346:, followed the Portuguese to spread 1029:In April 1511 Albuquerque sailed to 940:In 1509, the Portuguese won the sea 3875: 3185: 3169:Kerala: Maps & More, Fort Kochi 2911: 2813:Rafiuddin Shirazi, Tazkiratul Mulk. 2291:aqui invernou Martim Afonso de Melo 1930:is the first European to visit the 944:against the combined forces of the 470:, for an annual payment of 200,000 54:), in what came to be known as the 24: 6653:Lists of inventions or discoveries 6147:Lists of inventions or discoveries 6068:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire 3897:Scammell, Geoffrey Vaughn (1997). 3882:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3632: 2944: 2917: 1919:. On the crossing he also reached 1867:1503—On his return from the East, 1670:. The discovery of the islands of 1596:) belong to the kings of Portugal. 921:in 1507, having failed to conquer 501:In 1471, Gomes' explorers reached 243:In 1418, two of Henry's captains, 25: 6684: 6512:Lists of inventors or discoverers 4492:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 3840:. University of Minnesota Press. 3831: 3773:. University of Minnesota Press. 3752:. University of Minnesota Press. 3696: 3654: 3527:Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt 3108: 3096: 3055: 2974:. Governo de Gana. Archived from 2923: 2854:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 2591:at the mouth of the Amazon River. 2498:and the islands later called the 1423:with studies on how to determine 1287:for the first time. According to 1073:in 1514. Departing from Malacca, 143:(Pessagno), appointing him first 6073:Portuguese colonial architecture 5674:North America and North Atlantic 4538:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 4196: 3960: 3896: 3808: 3722: 3676:Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). 3675: 3639: 3067: 3019: 2995: 2926:"Discoveries After Prince Henry" 2874: 2822: 2508:La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo 2255:seems to correspond with either 1560:reached Cape Green (Cabo Verde). 1393:This section is an excerpt from 310:discovered the Azores island of 266:A Portuguese attempt to capture 195:Atlantic exploration (1418–1488) 6063:Armorial of Portuguese colonies 3879:The Portuguese Empire 1415–1808 3787: 3744:Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1974). 3583: 3562: 3548: 3531: 3520: 3474: 3457: 3414: 3385: 3352: 3319: 3266: 3254: 3209: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2949:(in Portuguese). Archived from 2905: 2889:Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus 2868: 2828: 2816: 2795: 2783: 2434:which appears to have been the 1283:, and other traders arrived in 1045:on a diplomatic mission to the 987:in 1510 with the help of Hindu 785:(via the Indian Ocean coast in 505:on the Gold Coast (present day 43:Portuguese maritime exploration 4926: 3854: 3817:. Cambridge University Press. 3766: 3743: 3682:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3216:De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). 3043: 3031: 3007: 2834: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2771: 2757: 2742: 2715: 2695: 2675: 2655: 2373:and Francisco Zeimoto reached 1750:1492—First exploration of the 1185:organized the colonization of 630:'s discovery for Spain of the 435:Exploration after Prince Henry 13: 1: 5093:Portuguese Paliacate outpost 3876:Russell-Wood, A.J.R. (1998). 3469:University of Minnesota Press 2608:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). 2595: 2305: 2298: 1938:after the conquest of Malaca. 1439: 738:Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai 50:, and Canada and Brazil (the 6663:Maritime history of Portugal 6648:Portuguese history timelines 5835:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 5628: • 1938–1941 5605: • 1890–1999 5595: • 1851–1999 5585: • 1864–1999 5485: • 1578–1650 5472: • 1576–1605 5459: • 1522–1575 5384: • 1779–1954 5361: • 1687–1749 5298: • 1598–1610 5288: • 1579–1632 5264: • 1568–1659 5254: • 1559–1961 5241: • 1548–1658 5231: • 1540–1612 5218: • 1536–1662 5205: • 1535–1739 5182: • 1534–1661 5172: • 1534–1601 5162: • 1531–1571 5152: • 1531–1571 5136: • 1528–1666 5126: • 1523–1662 5102: • 1521–1740 5089: • 1518–1619 5056: • 1510–1961 5043: • 1507–1657 5030: • 1502–1661 5008: • 1502–1658 4994: • 1501–1663 4981: • 1500–1663 3421:Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). 3303:Asia in the Making of Europe 2947:"O Contrato de Fernão Gomes" 1977:Indians and offered to king 1350:to Asia with mixed success. 577:reached India via Egypt and 528:. In 1486, Cão continued to 524:discovered the mouth of the 223:. Appointed governor of the 7: 5795:South America and Caribbean 3855:Newitt, Malyn D.D. (2005). 2516:Australia do Espírito Santo 2289:(the archipelago labelled " 2126:7th Portuguese India Armada 1969:– and the "axe of silver" ( 1688:reached the estuary of the 1465:Prince Henry, the Navigator 1401:Portuguese nautical science 1395:Portuguese nautical science 1388:Portuguese nautical science 804:. This fleet, commanded by 10: 6689: 5943:Nova Colónia do Sacramento 5022:(Coulão / Kollam) 4093:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué 3197:Sri Lanka: A Country Study 2722:Butel, Paul (2002-03-11). 2488:Pedro Fernandes de Queirós 2213:Ilhas de Gomes de Sequeira 2191: 2132:and on the expeditions of 2023:, he also encountered the 1492:1420—The same sailors and 1392: 1342:missionaries, such as the 1267:In 1542 Jesuit missionary 1225:and later African slaves. 1017:Southeast Asia expeditions 757:states along the coast of 669: 450:erected at Cape St. Mary, 431:was reached in the 1460s. 419:along the coast. In 1446, 251:were driven by a storm to 102: 97: 90:became the first European 6510: 6433: 6145: 6058: 5800: 5789: 5679: 5668: 5421: 5410: 5144:(Porto Grande De Bengala) 4932: 4921: 4637: 4626: 4216: 4205: 4194: 3966: 3955: 3661:. Yale University Press. 3655:Abernethy, David (2000). 3568:José Nicolau da Fonseca, 3367:. Lonely Planet. p. 3330:Sacred Space and Holy War 3167:Ayub, Akber, ed. (2006). 2395:given to Portugal by the 2249:Insul de gomes des queria 2160:, Aleixo Garcia explored 1629:on the African Coast and 1577:discovers the Islands of 1496:discovered the island of 1176:Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) 1125:Lopo Soares de Albergaria 960:, the Samoothiri Raja of 3832:McAlister, Lyle (1984). 3809:Lockhart, James (1983). 3723:Boyajian, James (2008). 3538:Bethell, Leslie (1984). 3492:The Nuttall Encyclopædia 3400:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 3273:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 2728:. Taylor & Francis. 2705:, p.9, Routledge, 2005, 2641:. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. 2575:, the Grande River, the 2271:Islands of the White Men 2088:during the reign of the 1971:rio do "machado de prata 1529:Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia 1238:Treaty of Bassein (1534) 5974:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 5893: • 1621–1815 5880: • 1578–1607 5867: • 1572–1578 5854: • 1572–1578 5841: • 1549–1572 5828: • 1534–1549 5195: • 1535 5067: • 1512–1525 4735:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 3794:. U of Nebraska Press. 3788:Diffie, Bailey (1960). 3767:Diffie, Bailey (1977). 3679:The History of Portugal 3260:Indo-Portuguese Issues 2749:Thornton, John (1998). 2681:Diffie, Bailey (1977), 2453:, was one of the first 2386:João Rodrigues Cabrilho 2245:Prince of Wales Islands 2134:Diogo Lopes de Sequeira 2074:Fernão Pires de Andrade 2054:later in the same year. 2019:discover the island of 1917:Diogo Lopes de Sequeira 1699:1484—Diogo Cão reached 1644:discovered more of the 1489:, in the Madeira group. 1236:was forced to sign the 1234:Bahadur Shah of Gujarat 1191:capitanias hereditárias 929:was partly explored by 913:at the entrance of the 443:An illustration of the 5964:Grão-Pará and Maranhão 5388:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3392:Pacey, Arnold (1990). 3359:Singh, Sarina (2003). 3262:Indo-Portuguese Issues 2611:Atlas of World History 2561:António Raposo Tavares 2502:and now the nation of 2266:Ins des hobres blancos 2265: 2122:Indonesian Archipelago 1800:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 1384: 1264: 1199:Martim Afonso de Sousa 1168:García Jofre de Loaísa 1100: 1085:would be established. 1026: 958:Mamlûk Sultan of Cairo 836: 742: 685: 623: 558: 455: 326: 278:evidence suggests the 208: 171:Between 1325 and 1357 39: 5654:invasion by Indonesia 5416:East Asia and Oceania 4588:São Tomé and Príncipe 4361:Portuguese Mozambique 4318:Portuguese Gold Coast 3425:. London: Routledge. 3334:. IB Tauris. p. 2945:Semedo, J. de Matos. 2887:Daus, Ronald (1983). 2563:with 200 whites from 2283:Martim Afonso de Melo 2277:Islands mentioned on 2128:under the command of 2033:Afonso de Albuquerque 1973:") obtained from the 1936:Afonso de Albuquerque 1759:Treaty of Tordesillas 1672:São Tomé and Príncipe 1640:1461—Diogo Gomes and 1494:Bartolomeu Perestrelo 1366: 1262: 1164:Treaty of Tordesillas 1109:Afonso de Albuquerque 1091: 1024: 933:and in the same year 907:Afonso de Albuquerque 827: 734: 683: 636:Treaty of Tordesillas 603: 546: 496:São Tomé and Príncipe 442: 320: 261:Bartolomeu Perestrelo 259:. They returned with 202: 173:Afonso IV of Portugal 33: 6453:multiple discoveries 3698:Boxer, Charles Ralph 3147:"St. Francis Church" 2438:kraal, close by the 2215:– most probably the 2176:on the hills of the 2130:Francisco de Almeida 2082:Manuel I of Portugal 2043:, after Mascarenhas. 1934:(Thailand), sent by 1816:on his way to India. 1811:Pedro Álvares Cabral 1512:Gonçalo Velho Cabral 1483:Tristão Vaz Teixeira 1479:João Gonçalves Zarco 1451:Afonso I of Portugal 1433:magnetic declination 1379:during the reign of 1354:Cartographic history 1277:Apostolic Nunciature 1273:John III of Portugal 1145:island of Mozambique 882:. The Viceroy's son 864:Francisco de Almeida 860:Manuel I of Portugal 806:Pedro Álvares Cabral 713:Pedro Álvares Cabral 628:Christopher Columbus 618:(green), set at the 590:Atlantic slave trade 399:Cape Verde Peninsula 270:, one of the nearby 249:Tristão Vaz Teixeira 245:João Gonçalves Zarco 88:Pedro Álvares Cabral 18:Portuguese explorers 6658:Kingdom of Portugal 6502:Spurious inventions 6465:Historic inventions 4307:(São Jorge da Mina) 4158:São João da Mamora 4000:(El Qsar es Seghir) 3326:Cole, Juan (2007). 2972:"Castelo de Elmina" 2447:António da Madalena 2424:Gonçalo da Silveira 2388:on behalf of Spain. 2367:Fernão Mendes Pinto 2360:Treaty of Saragossa 2304:, Sebastião Lopes, 2243:, maybe one of the 2237:Cape York Peninsula 2118:Henrique of Malacca 2097:Fernão de Magalhães 1992:island and reached 1963:Christopher de Haro 1891:Lourenço de Almeida 1873:Saint Helena Island 1679:Treaty of Alcáçovas 1527:1435—Gil Eanes and 1419:. Among them stood 1377:territories claimed 1289:Fernão Mendes Pinto 1156:Fernão de Magalhães 983:was taken from the 884:Lourenço de Almeida 878:where they founded 815:Pêro Vaz de Caminha 676:Discovery of Brazil 538:Tropic of Capricorn 221:Henry the Navigator 205:Henry the Navigator 79:Indian subcontinent 63:Henry the Navigator 36:Cantino planisphere 6020:Portuguese Guiana 5984:Maranhão and Piauí 5632:Lapa and Montanha 5443:Portuguese Malacca 5329:Portuguese Ceylon 5283:(Portuguese India) 5121:(Portuguese India) 4752: • 4211:Sub-Saharan Africa 3149:. Wonderful Kerala 2380:1542—The coast of 2322:1526—Discovery of 2145:Juan Díaz de Solís 2101:Charles I of Spain 2052:Rafael Perestrello 1959:Gulf of San Matias 1781:(lavrador, farmer) 1769:, the Farmer, and 1646:Cape Verde Islands 1637:) in his lifetime. 1487:Porto Santo island 1427:by the stars, and 1385: 1275:, in charge of an 1265: 1205:on the coast, and 1149:Fort São Sebastião 1101: 1027: 853:St. Francis Church 849:fort (Fort Manuel) 837: 743: 686: 624: 620:Treaty of Zaragoza 606:Tordesillas Treaty 559: 553:claims during the 456: 327: 209: 161:Republic of Venice 114:County of Flanders 92:to discover Brazil 40: 6668:Portuguese Empire 6630: 6629: 6515:by country/region 6150:by country/region 6101: 6100: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6040: 5989: 5988: 5948: 5947: 5915: 5914: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5724: 5723: 5664: 5663: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5622:Portuguese Macau 5614: 5613: 5567: 5566: 5537: 5536: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5378:Portuguese India 5370: 5369: 5355:Portuguese India 5347: 5346: 5310: 5309: 5273: 5272: 5111: 5110: 4965: 4964: 4955:Laccadive Islands 4917: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4801: 4800: 4622: 4621: 4612:Portuguese Angola 4605:Portuguese Guinea 4581: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4559:Portuguese Guinea 4543: 4542: 4509: 4508: 4464: 4463: 4434:Portuguese Angola 4333: 4332: 4328:Mascarene Islands 4192: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4075: 4074: 4043:1487–16th century 3949:Portuguese Empire 3736:978-0-8018-8754-3 3508:Missing or empty 3501:cite encyclopedia 3345:978-1-86064-736-9 3132:978-0-521-84644-8 2735:978-0-203-01044-0 2701:M. D. D. Newitt, 2648:978-1-57607-335-3 2621:978-0-19-521921-0 2403:who infested the 2342:Pedro Mascarenhas 2205:Gomes de Sequeira 2186:Francisco Pizarro 2041:Mascarene Islands 2017:Pedro Mascarenhas 1862:Fernão de Noronha 1850:Miguel Corte-Real 1821:Gaspar Corte-Real 1814:discovered Brazil 1771:Pedro de Barcelos 1735:Cape of Good Hope 1633:in the Atlantic ( 1472:Conquest of Ceuta 996:Deccan sultanates 985:Bijapur sultanate 966:Venetian Republic 954:Sultan of Gujarat 835:on May 20th 1498. 567:Cape of Good Hope 532:, in present-day 515:São Jorge da Mina 513:decided to build 411:off the coast of 153:Republic of Genoa 109:Dinis of Portugal 71:Cape of Good Hope 16:(Redirected from 6680: 6535:African-American 6480:Medieval Islamic 6470:Byzantine Empire 6128: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6088:Portuguese India 6036: 6023: 6010: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5898: 5885: 5872: 5859: 5846: 5833: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5791: 5790: 5745: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5670: 5669: 5635: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5582: 5581: 5578:Portuguese Macau 5575: 5563: 5562: 5554:Portuguese Timor 5546: 5545: 5543: 5490: 5477: 5464: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5332: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5277: 5276: 5248: 5225: 5212: 5189: 5145: 5115: 5114: 5096: 5082: 5071: 5050: 5037: 5036:(Cochin de Cima) 5023: 5012: 5001: 4988: 4978: 4977: 4974:Portuguese India 4971: 4959: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4757: 4685: 4662: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4569:Portuguese Congo 4552: 4551: 4549: 4528: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4505: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4459: 4447: 4394: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4308: 4295: 4273: 4261: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4174: 4161: 4148: 4135: 4122: 4121:(Souira Guedima) 4109: 4096: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4060: 4037: 4014: 4001: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3893: 3872: 3851: 3839: 3828: 3816: 3805: 3784: 3763: 3751: 3740: 3719: 3707: 3693: 3672: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3596:. Archived from 3595: 3587: 3581: 3566: 3560: 3558:The Pioneer Head 3552: 3546: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3478: 3472: 3461: 3455: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3366: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3246:has extra text ( 3245: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2847: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2719: 2713: 2699: 2693: 2679: 2673: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2605: 2492:Henderson Island 2397:Emperor of China 2328:Jorge de Meneses 2310: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2287:Tanimbar Islands 2268: 2225:Caroline Islands 2006:Francisco Serrão 1986:António de Abreu 1928:Duarte Fernandes 1858:Ascension Island 1839:Amirante Islands 1737:and entered the 1656:João de Santarém 1612:Grand Cape Mount 1590:Romanus Pontifex 1588:1455—Papal bull 1565:Álvaro Fernandes 1160:Moluccas islands 1141:Muqrin ibn Zamil 1059:Francisco Serrão 1055:António de Abreu 1043:Duarte Fernandes 1003:(State of India) 970:Ragusan Republic 937:was discovered. 931:Tristão da Cunha 903:Tristão da Cunha 896:kingdom of Kotte 872:Portuguese India 794:Southeast Africa 555:Age of Discovery 476:João de Santarém 421:Álvaro Fernandes 368:Romanus Pontifex 139:merchant sailor 56:Age of Discovery 21: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6514: 6506: 6495:Lost inventions 6490:Native American 6429: 6149: 6141: 6132: 6102: 6097: 6050: 6049: 6034: 6021: 6008: 5993: 5950: 5919: 5896: 5883: 5870: 5857: 5844: 5831: 5808: 5796: 5781: 5780: 5743: 5728: 5687: 5675: 5660: 5659: 5648: 5633: 5621: 5616: 5576: 5571: 5556: 5552: 5539: 5488: 5475: 5462: 5429: 5417: 5402: 5401: 5377: 5372: 5354: 5349: 5330: 5304:(Machilipatnam) 5303: 5246: 5223: 5210: 5187: 5176:Salsette Island 5147: 5143: 5142: 5094: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5048: 5035: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4986: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4940: 4928: 4913: 4912: 4805: 4747: 4683: 4660: 4645: 4633: 4618: 4617: 4614:from the 1920s. 4582: 4545: 4526: 4511: 4501: 4468: 4457: 4443: 4392: 4337: 4306: 4293: 4269: 4257: 4224: 4212: 4201: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4159: 4146: 4133: 4120: 4107: 4094: 4079: 4058: 4035: 4012: 3999: 3998:Alcácer Ceguer 3974: 3962: 3951: 3946: 3911: 3890: 3869: 3848: 3825: 3802: 3781: 3760: 3737: 3716: 3690: 3669: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3633:Further reading 3630: 3613: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3591:"Archived copy" 3589: 3588: 3584: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3549: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3479: 3475: 3467:, Minneapolis, 3462: 3458: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2680: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2527:Estêvão Cacella 2461:(now Cambodia). 2440:M'Zingesi River 2405:South China Sea 2334:Diogo Rodrigues 2313:Insulce Molucoe 2308: 2301: 2229:Décadas da Ásia 2196: 2158:Guaraní Indians 2090:Zhengde Emperor 2080:were chosen by 2059:Sancho de Tovar 2037:Diogo Rodrigues 1932:Kingdom of Siam 1880:Gonçalo Álvares 1869:Estêvão da Gama 1765:1495—Voyage of 1731:Bartolomeu Dias 1716:Pero da Covilhã 1712:Afonso de Paiva 1642:António de Noli 1508:Diogo de Silves 1447:siege of Lisbon 1442: 1437: 1436: 1398: 1390: 1361: 1356: 1232:and the Sultan 1223:Native American 1154:In 1525, after 1133:António Correia 1047:kingdom of Siam 1019: 1001:Estado da India 880:St. Angelo Fort 779:Pêro da Covilhã 729: 678: 670:Main articles: 668: 598: 575:Pêro da Covilhã 563:Bartolomeu Dias 492:Pedro de Sintra 437: 308:Diogo de Silves 225:Order of Christ 197: 149:Portuguese Navy 141:Manuel Pessanha 105: 100: 67:Bartolomeu Dias 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6686: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6399:United States 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6231:Czech Republic 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5874:Rio de Janeiro 5868: 5864: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5744:(Newfoundland) 5739: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5698: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5550: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5044: 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Hutchinson. 3694: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3650: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3582: 3561: 3547: 3530: 3519: 3489:, ed. (1907). 3473: 3463:B. W. Diffie, 3456: 3438: 3431: 3413: 3406: 3384: 3377: 3351: 3344: 3318: 3311: 3290: 3283: 3265: 3253: 3226: 3208: 3184: 3177: 3159: 3138: 3131: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2963: 2937: 2916: 2904: 2897: 2879: 2867: 2860: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2756: 2741: 2734: 2714: 2694: 2674: 2654: 2647: 2627: 2620: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2569:Paraguay River 2557: 2542:Pedro Teixeira 2538: 2523: 2484: 2462: 2451:Capuchin friar 2443: 2420: 2416:Île Saint-Paul 2408: 2389: 2378: 2363: 2356: 2330: 2320: 2233:João de Barros 2203:and his pilot 2201:Diogo da Rocha 2192:Main article: 2190: 2189: 2137: 2106:Duarte Barbosa 2093: 2070: 2063:Great Zimbabwe 2055: 2044: 2013: 1982: 1943:Punta Del Este 1939: 1924: 1909: 1902: 1887: 1876: 1865: 1846: 1835: 1824: 1817: 1807: 1796: 1785: 1782: 1767:João Fernandes 1763: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1727: 1708: 1697: 1682: 1675: 1668:Southern Cross 1652: 1649: 1638: 1623: 1604: 1597: 1586: 1575:Diogo de Teive 1571: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1543: 1532: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1504: 1501: 1490: 1475: 1474:(North Africa) 1468: 1461: 1458:Canary Islands 1454: 1441: 1438: 1429:João de Castro 1413:mathematicians 1399: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1371:routes in the 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1344:Francis Xavier 1328:Maluku Islands 1269:Francis Xavier 1195:Gonçalo Coelho 1111:conquered the 1105:Ottoman Empire 1018: 1015: 858:In 1505, king 728: 725: 667: 664: 597: 594: 484:Lopo Gonçalves 464:Gulf of Guinea 436: 433: 429:Gulf of Guinea 272:Canary Islands 238:royal monopoly 236:granted him a 196: 193: 185:Canary Islands 168:bubonic plague 107:In 1297, King 104: 101: 99: 96: 81:, arriving in 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6685: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5788: 5775: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5302:Masulipatnam 5300: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5258:Daman and Diu 5256: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5247:(Thoothukudi) 5243: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5224:(Kodungallur) 5220: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211:(Vasai-Virar) 5207: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5006: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4958:(Lakshadweep) 4952: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4907: 4900: 4899:Bandar-e Kong 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889:Dibba Al-Hisn 4887: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4529: 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Routledge. 3902: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3889:0-8018-5955-7 3885: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3868:0-415-23979-6 3864: 3861:. Routledge. 3860: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3847:0-8166-1216-1 3843: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3824:0-521-29929-2 3820: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3801:0-8032-5049-5 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3780:0-8166-0782-6 3776: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3759:0-8166-0713-3 3755: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729:. JHU Press. 3728: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3715:0-09-131071-7 3711: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3689:0-313-31106-4 3685: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3668:0-300-09314-4 3664: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3647:Oceans portal 3642: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3603:on 2008-08-29 3599: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3578:81-206-0207-2 3575: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3523: 3515: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3482:public domain 3477: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3434: 3432:0-415-32379-7 3428: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3407:0-262-66072-5 3403: 3398: 3397: 3388: 3380: 3378:1-74059-421-5 3374: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3322: 3314: 3312:0-226-46731-7 3308: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3284:0-333-57689-6 3280: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3249: 3244:|volume= 3237: 3229: 3227:81-7022-226-5 3223: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3178:81-902505-2-3 3174: 3170: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3085:0-415-09085-7 3082: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3046:, p. 176 3045: 3040: 3034:, p. 174 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2978:on 2007-03-05 2977: 2973: 2967: 2953:on 2013-12-03 2952: 2948: 2941: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2900: 2898:3-87294-202-6 2894: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2766: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2711:0-415-23979-6 2708: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2691:0-8166-0782-6 2688: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2671:0-299-05584-1 2668: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:Madeira River 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546:Belém do Pará 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466:Bento de Góis 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Zambezi River 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410:1559—The Nau 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336:explores the 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2141:Aleixo Garcia 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:Estêvão Gomes 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048:Jorge Álvares 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Banda Islands 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:Bay of Bengal 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789:Vasco da Gama 1786: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1694:Yellala Falls 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Pedro Escobar 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616:Cape Mesurado 1613: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:cartographers 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1382: 1381:King John III 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135:defeated the 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1097:Belém, Lisbon 1094: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Jorge Álvares 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Spice Islands 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 997: 993: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 974:Battle of Diu 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Battle of Diu 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 834: 830: 829:Vasco da Gama 826: 822: 820: 816: 811: 808:, arrived at 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 740: 739: 733: 724: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 706:Casa da Índia 703: 698: 696: 692: 682: 677: 673: 663: 661: 660:Vasco da Gama 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 621: 617: 614: 610: 607: 602: 593: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 556: 552: 551: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:Pedro Escobar 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 453: 449: 446: 441: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 369: 364: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 324: 319: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 289: 284: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 206: 201: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 95: 93: 89: 84: 80: 76: 75:Vasco da Gama 72: 69:reaching the 68: 64: 59: 57: 53: 49: 44: 37: 32: 19: 6540:Puerto Rican 6475:Indus Valley 6370:South Africa 6352: 6321:explorations 6042: 5995:19th century 5994: 5992: 5952:18th century 5951: 5949: 5921:17th century 5920: 5918: 5810:16th century 5809: 5807: 5773: 5730:16th century 5729: 5727: 5715: 5714: 5701: 5700: 5689:15th century 5688: 5686: 5641: 5618:20th century 5617: 5615: 5573:19th century 5572: 5570: 5541:17th century 5540: 5538: 5431:16th century 5430: 5428: 5394: 5374:18th century 5373: 5371: 5351:17th century 5350: 5348: 5049:(Nagapatnam) 4969:16th century 4968: 4966: 4942:15th century 4941: 4939: 4905: 4807:17th century 4806: 4804: 4776:Tarut Island 4647:16th century 4646: 4644: 4632:Middle East 4598:Anosy Region 4575: 4547:19th century 4546: 4544: 4513:18th century 4512: 4510: 4470:17th century 4469: 4467: 4371:Saint Helena 4339:16th century 4338: 4336: 4226:15th century 4225: 4223: 4180: 4081:16th century 4080: 4078: 3976:15th century 3975: 3973: 3961:North Africa 3899: 3878: 3857: 3835: 3812: 3790: 3769: 3747: 3725: 3703: 3678: 3657: 3605:. Retrieved 3598:the original 3585: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3556:Rhodesiana: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3522: 3510:|title= 3490: 3476: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3422: 3416: 3395: 3387: 3362: 3354: 3329: 3321: 3302: 3274: 3268: 3256: 3217: 3211: 3200:. Retrieved 3196: 3187: 3168: 3162: 3151:. Retrieved 3141: 3122: 3116: 3111:, p. 76 3104: 3099:, p. 75 3092: 3075: 3070:, p. 13 3063: 3058:, p. 36 3051: 3039: 3027: 3022:, p. 55 3015: 3010:, p. 47 3003: 2998:, p. 59 2991: 2980:. Retrieved 2976:the original 2966: 2955:. Retrieved 2951:the original 2940: 2929:. Retrieved 2924:Thorn, Rob. 2919: 2912:Russell-Wood 2907: 2888: 2882: 2877:, p. 44 2870: 2851: 2837:, p. 68 2830: 2825:, p. 50 2818: 2809: 2804:, p. 60 2797: 2785: 2780:, p. 56 2773: 2764: 2759: 2750: 2744: 2725:The Atlantic 2724: 2717: 2697: 2677: 2657: 2637: 2630: 2610: 2603: 2585:Amazon River 2577:Mamoré River 2552:and reached 2550:Amazon River 2519: 2515: 2507: 2500:New Hebrides 2496:Ducie Island 2457:visitors to 2411: 2384:explored by 2371:António Mota 2316: 2312: 2294: 2290: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2252: 2248: 2228: 2217:Palau Island 2212: 2149: 2086:Ming Dynasty 2021:Diego Garcia 2008:reached the 1998:Ambon Island 1970: 1884:Gough Island 1854:João da Nova 1804:Amazon River 1752:Indian Ocean 1739:Indian Ocean 1720:Prester John 1662:crossed the 1635:Sargasso Sea 1594:Cape Chaunar 1551:Cape Bojador 1547:Prince Pedro 1536:Nuno Tristão 1373:Indian Ocean 1348:Christianity 1309: 1281:António Mota 1266: 1227: 1215:Serra do Mar 1210: 1190: 1180: 1153: 1102: 1061:advanced to 1028: 1000: 978: 939: 909:, conquered 900: 857: 838: 791: 781:had reached 744: 736: 735:The carrack 716: 710: 701: 699: 687: 656: 625: 616:antimeridian 583: 565:rounded the 560: 550:mare clausum 548: 519: 500: 488:Fernão do Pó 468:Fernão Gomes 466:to merchant 457: 425:Sierra Leone 416: 402: 388: 373: 366: 362:Dum Diversas 360: 354:Cape Bojador 350:Prince Pedro 347: 328: 297: 293:Prester John 288:Cape Bojador 285: 276:cartographic 268:Grand Canary 265: 242: 217:Christianity 210: 165: 134: 106: 60: 42: 41: 6587:New Zealand 6423:discoveries 6406:before 1890 6402:inventions 6380:Switzerland 6353:discoveries 6333:Philippines 6316:discoveries 6306:Netherlands 6219:discoveries 6139:discoveries 6033:Upper Peru 6007:Cisplatina 5765:Nova Scotia 5742:Terra Nova 5331:(Sri Lanka) 5222:Cranganore 5081:(Kozhikode) 5034:Pallipuram 4819:Khor Fakkan 4772:1521?–1551? 4596:A factory ( 4134:(El Jadida) 4108:(Essaouira) 4036:(El Jadida) 3487:Wood, James 2914:, p. 9 2490:discovered 2477:Afghanistan 2317:Nova Guinea 2309: 1565 2302: 1560 2261:Aru Islands 2174:Inca Empire 2110:João Serrão 1988:discovered 1967:Inca empire 1947:River Plate 1915:crossed by 1871:discovered 1856:discovered 1703:, south of 1620:Cape Palmas 1608:Grain Coast 1485:discovered 1421:Pedro Nunes 1405:astronomers 1369:spice trade 1293:Tanegashima 1203:São Vicente 1107:. In 1515, 1099:, Portugal. 1069:, reaching 886:arrived in 751:East Africa 747:spice trade 536:, near the 526:Congo River 365:(1452) and 358:Papal bulls 312:Santa Maria 253:Porto Santo 52:West Indies 48:East Indies 6637:Categories 6416:after 1991 6348:inventions 6311:Inventions 6214:inventions 6172:Bangladesh 6167:Azerbaijan 6135:Inventions 5761:1516–1579? 5751:1500–1579? 5738:1500–1579? 5609:Ilha Verde 5559:East Timor 5245:Tuticorin 5141:Chittagong 5047:Negapatam 4998:Cannanore 4927:South Asia 4762:1521–1529? 4731:1515–1633? 4607:from 1879. 4590:from 1753. 4482:Ziguinchor 4414:Madagascar 4248:Cape Verde 4147:(Azemmour) 3607:2010-02-24 3202:2006-12-02 3153:2008-02-21 2982:2006-12-24 2957:2006-12-24 2931:2006-12-24 2861:0851775608 2792:, p. 57–58 2596:References 2559:1648–1651— 2544:went from 2540:1636–1638— 2522:continent. 2512:Philip III 2473:missionary 2464:1602–1606— 2432:Monomotapa 2382:California 2324:New Guinea 2257:Adi Island 2253:Apem insul 2095:1519–1521— 2078:Tomé Pires 2067:Monomotapa 2029:Diogo Dias 1906:Madagascar 1843:Seychelles 1832:Madagascar 1828:Diogo Dias 1701:Walvis Bay 1599:1456—Luis 1558:Dinis Dias 1540:Cape Blanc 1440:Chronology 1409:navigators 1219:Pernambuco 1213:) and the 1189:around 15 1035:Tomé Pires 968:, and the 950:Beyazid II 927:Madagascar 862:appointed 802:Madagascar 798:Diogo Dias 759:Mozambique 721:brazilwood 717:pau-brasil 530:Cape Cross 427:, and the 413:Mauritania 230:Mauritania 177:commercial 6572:Bulgarian 6531:American 6522:Worldwide 6448:cosmology 6443:chemistry 6411:1890–1945 6261:Indonesia 6157:Australia 6035:(Bolivia) 6016:1809–1817 6009:(Uruguay) 6003:1808–1822 5980:1772–1775 5970:1772–1775 5960:1751–1772 5939:1680–1777 5929:1621–1751 5906:1536–1620 5818:1500–1822 5634:(Hengqin) 5549:1642–1975 5528:1580–1586 5518:1557–1999 5512:Larantuka 5508:1515–1859 5498:1512–1665 5449:1512–1621 5439:1511–1641 5338:1558–1573 5325:1518–1658 5315:1518–1521 5268:Mangalore 5095:(Pulicat) 5013:1659–1661 4950:1498–1545 4885:1624–1648 4835:1621–1622 4792:1588–1648 4782:1550–1551 4741:1521–1602 4711:1515–1650 4691:1515–1648 4678:1515–1622 4668:1507–1643 4655:1506–1615 4565:1885–1974 4555:1879–1974 4534:1753–1975 4527:(Mombasa) 4525:Mombassa 4521:1728–1729 4498:1687–1974 4488:1680–1961 4478:1645–1888 4458:(Mombasa) 4456:Mombassa 4452:1593–1698 4440:1588–1974 4430:1575–1975 4420:1557–1578 4410:1508–1547 4400:1506–1511 4387:1505–1512 4377:1503–1698 4367:1502–1659 4357:1501–1975 4347:1500–1630 4324:1498–1540 4314:1482–1642 4301:1482–1637 4288:1478–1778 4278:1474–1778 4266:1471–1975 4254:1470–1975 4244:1462–1975 4234:1455–1633 4167:1577–1589 4154:1515–1541 4141:1513–1541 4128:1506–1769 4115:1506–1525 4102:1506–1525 4089:1505–1541 4053:1488–1541 4030:1485–1550 4020:1471–1662 4007:1471–1550 3994:1458–1550 3984:1415–1640 3452:(2): 7–9 3236:cite book 3109:McAlister 3097:McAlister 2571:, to the 2565:São Paulo 2531:Himalayas 2518:) of the 2412:São Paulo 2354:Rodrigues 2350:Mauritius 2338:Mascarene 2319:of 1600). 2241:Australia 2025:Mauritius 1955:Argentina 1945:) in the 1911:1509—The 1899:Sri Lanka 1775:Greenland 1757:1494—The 1686:Diogo Cão 1601:Cadamosto 1519:Gil Eanes 1207:São Paulo 1181:In 1530, 1127:in 1516. 1115:state of 1079:Guangzhou 989:privateer 962:Kozhikode 935:Mauritius 831:lands in 652:longitude 632:New World 604:The 1494 561:In 1488, 522:Diogo Cão 520:In 1482, 448:Diogo Cão 417:feitorias 391:latitudes 348:In 1443, 300:Gil Eanes 6597:Romanian 6556:British 6552:Austrian 6547:Armenian 6485:Military 6434:by topic 6390:Thailand 6343:Portugal 6328:Pakistan 6296:Malaysia 6192:Scotland 5933:Maranhão 5910:Barbados 5755:Labrador 5532:Nagasaki 5502:Makassar 5365:Mylapore 5342:Maldives 5319:Maldives 5188:(Mumbai) 5130:Mylapore 5000:(Kannur) 4750:Muharraq 4610:Part of 4603:Part of 4593:Or 1600. 4586:Part of 4381:Zanzibar 4271:Príncipe 4259:São Tomé 4173:(Asilah) 4160:(Mehdya) 4132:Mazagan 4106:Mogador 4095:(Agadir) 4070:Graciosa 4034:Mazagan 4013:(Asilah) 3700:(1969). 3616:cite web 3471:, p. 28. 3068:Scammell 3020:Anderson 2996:Anderson 2875:Anderson 2823:Anderson 2583:and the 2520:southern 2479:and the 2365:1542–43— 2207:reached 2162:Paraguay 2010:Moluccas 1979:Manuel I 1779:Labrador 1724:Ethiopia 1538:reached 1425:latitude 1375:(blue); 1336:Nagasaki 1305:Nagasaki 1297:firearms 1211:planalto 1183:John III 1067:Makassar 892:cinnamon 843:and the 796:, where 783:Ethiopia 753:, small 702:feitoria 644:meridian 626:In 1492 613:Moluccas 609:meridian 547:Iberian 460:Afonso V 404:feitoria 384:windward 189:Guanches 6617:Swedish 6612:Spanish 6607:Serbian 6602:Russian 6582:Italian 6560:English 6527:African 6458:science 6395:Vietnam 6281:Jamaica 6266:Ireland 6246:Germany 6226:Croatia 6187:England 6182:Britain 6162:Austria 6022:(Amapá) 5703:Madeira 5589:Coloane 5466:Ternate 5209:Baçaím 5199:Ponnani 5186:Bombay 5078:Calicut 4987:(Kochi) 4985:Cochim 4895:1624?–? 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Portuguese maritime exploration

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