20:
493:
271:
114:
520:. These crosslinks interconnect neighboring polymer chains, thereby conferring rigidity. The degree of rigidity is related to the number of crosslinks. Elastomers, therefore, have a characteristic ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed. Because of this memory for their original
548:'s discovery of vulcanization, involving the heating of polyisoprene with sulfur, was revolutionary because it converted a sticky and almost useless material into an elastomer that could be fabricated into useful products.
532:. The sulfur chains attach themselves to the allylic carbon atoms, which are adjacent to C=C linkages. Vulcanization is a step in the processing of several classes of rubbers, including poly
284:
In commerce, the term "polysulfide" usually refers to a class of polymers with alternating chains of several sulfur atoms and hydrocarbons. They have the formula
568:
planets contain ammonium sulfides. The reddish-brownish clouds are attributed to polysulfides, arising from the exposure of the ammonium sulfides to light.
453:
Polysulfide polymers are insoluble in water, oils, and many other organic solvents. Because of their solvent resistance, these materials find use as
811:
Draganjac, M. E.; Rauchfuss, T. B. (1985). "Transition Metal
Polysulfides: Coordination Compounds with Purely Inorganic Chelate Ligands".
57:
atoms. There are two main classes of polysulfides: inorganic and organic. The inorganic polysulfides have the general formula
661:
460:
Polymers containing one or two sulfur atoms separated by hydrocarbon sequences are usually not classified polysulfides, e.g.
702:
855:
398:
Polysulfide polymers are also prepared by the addition of polysulfanes to alkenes. An idealized equation is:
194:
The energy released in the reaction of sodium and elemental sulfur is the basis of battery technology. The
907:
641:
392:
299:
191:
In some cases, these anions have been obtained as organic salts, which are soluble in organic solvents.
199:
876:
897:
577:
461:
195:
218:
508:) of natural rubber after vulcanization with elemental sulfur, which forms polysulfide linkages.
214:
917:
298:
indicates the number of sulfur atoms (or "rank"). Polysulfide polymers can be synthesized by
637:
19:
8:
775:
Dev, S.; Ramli, E.; Rauchfuss, T. B.; Wilson, S. R. (1991). "Synthesis and
Structure of S
528:. The process of crosslinking the polymer chains in these polymers with sulfur is called
384:
912:
653:
521:
356:
157:
871:
851:
698:
657:
388:
278:
206:-conductive membranes that are unreactive toward sodium, sulfur, and sodium sulfide.
50:
760:
719:
492:
843:
820:
793:
755:
690:
649:
545:
694:
457:
to fill the joints in pavement, automotive window glass, and aircraft structures.
302:
reactions between organic dihalides and alkali metal salts of polysulfide anions:
902:
585:
355:
Dihalides used in this condensation polymerization are dichloroalkanes such as
153:
891:
529:
824:
785:
581:
270:
533:
274:
72:
797:
615:
609:
603:
517:
102:
720:"Preparative and X-ray powder diffraction study of the polysulfides Na
144:
The alkali metal polysulfides arise by treatment of a solution of the
597:
565:
513:
847:
541:
537:
618: â Bonding of atoms of the same element into chains or rings
561:
454:
145:
842:. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 231. pp. 153â202.
525:
210:
149:
113:
54:
600: â Functional group with the chemical structure RâSâSâRâČ
557:
217:. Examples of transition metal polysulfido complexes include
202:
require high temperatures to maintain liquid polysulfide and
98:
840:
Polysulfido
Complexes of Main Group and Transition Metals
636:
Kelly, P. F.; King, R. S. P. (2013-01-01), Reedijk, Jan;
774:
391:. In some cases, polysulfide polymers can be formed by
685:
646:
Comprehensive
Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition)
837:
487:
87:. Organic polysulfides generally have the formulae
810:
108:
544:, which is chemically similar to natural rubber.
889:
524:shape, elastomers are commonly referred to as
262:. Main group elements also form polysulfides.
838:Takeda, N.; Tokitoh, N.; Okazaki, R. (2003).
779:: Polysulfide Salts Prepared by the Reaction
612: â Anions composed of many iodine atoms
783:-Methylimidazole + Metal Powder + Sulfur".
717:
551:
140:chain consists of the yellow-colored atoms.
71:. These anions are the conjugate bases of
759:
680:
678:
648:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 179â196,
635:
117:Fragment of the solid-state structure of
576:Polysulfides, like sulfides, can induce
491:
269:
112:
18:
684:
564:, the clouds in the atmospheres of the
265:
890:
675:
42:is an example of a polysulfide complex
496:Idealized structure of two strands (
16:Molecules derived from sulfur chains
687:Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry
642:"1.06 - Catenated Sulfur Compounds"
437:In reality, homogeneous samples of
277:is an organic polysulfide found in
13:
654:10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00108-x
14:
929:
488:Polysulfides in vulcanized rubber
761:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.25-3329
109:Polysulfide salts and complexes
53:derived from anionic chains of
864:
831:
804:
768:
718:Rosén, E.; Tegman, R. (1988).
711:
629:
540:), styrene-butadiene, and poly
359:, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane (
1:
695:10.1002/0470862106.ia233.pub2
622:
571:
872:"Jupiter: Cloud composition"
7:
591:
393:ring-opening polymerization
300:condensation polymerization
10:
934:
813:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl
450:are difficult to prepare.
387:. The polymers are called
578:stress corrosion cracking
606: â Functional group
552:Occurrence in gas giants
516:contain polysulfides as
877:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
689:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
825:10.1002/anie.198507421
509:
281:
215:coordination chemistry
200:lithiumâsulfur battery
141:
43:
638:Poeppelmeier, Kenneth
495:
273:
196:sodiumâsulfur battery
116:
22:
266:Organic polysulfides
798:10.1021/ic00011a011
466:-phenylene) sulfide
385:1,3-dichloropropane
908:Inorganic polymers
510:
357:1,2-dichloroethane
294:. In this formula
282:
279:shiitake mushrooms
158:sodium polysulfide
142:
51:chemical compounds
44:
663:978-0-08-096529-1
209:Polysulfides are
925:
898:Sulfur compounds
882:
881:
868:
862:
861:
835:
829:
828:
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801:
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765:
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672:
671:
670:
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546:Charles Goodyear
512:Many commercial
507:
501:
483:
449:
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97:, where R is an
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926:
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922:
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886:
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870:
869:
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716:
712:
705:
683:
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630:
625:
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586:stainless steel
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556:In addition to
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490:
482:
476:
472:
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448:
442:
438:
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427:
423:
419:
415:
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376:
372:
368:
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360:
346:
340:
336:
332:
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239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
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185:
179:
178:
177:
169:
167:
166:
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148:with elemental
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704:978-0470860786
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601:
593:
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570:
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550:
489:
486:
478:
474:
470:
444:
440:
429:
425:
421:
417:
411:
407:
403:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
310:
287:
267:
264:
257:
253:
245:
241:
233:
229:
225:
221:
180:
168:
154:sodium sulfide
124:
120:
110:
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30:
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9:
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3:
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914:
911:
909:
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904:
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878:
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867:
859:
857:3-540-40378-7
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841:
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826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
799:
795:
791:
788:
787:
782:
771:
762:
757:
754:: 3329â3336.
753:
749:
745:
714:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
679:
665:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
628:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
589:
587:
583:
579:
569:
567:
563:
559:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:vulcanization
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
500:
494:
485:
481:
467:
465:
458:
456:
451:
447:
435:
432:
414:
399:
396:
394:
390:
386:
358:
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350:
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303:
301:
297:
290:
280:
276:
272:
263:
237:
216:
212:
207:
201:
197:
192:
189:
183:
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151:
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115:
106:
104:
100:
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23:The compound
21:
918:Polysulfides
875:
866:
839:
833:
816:
812:
806:
792:(11): 2514.
789:
786:Inorg. Chem.
784:
780:
770:
751:
747:
713:
686:
667:, retrieved
645:
631:
582:carbon steel
575:
555:
511:
504:
498:
479:
463:
459:
452:
445:
436:
430:
412:
400:
397:
354:
348:
343:
329:Cl â [CH
318:
306:
304:
295:
288:
283:
208:
193:
190:
181:
173:
162:
143:
91:
82:
73:polysulfanes
64:
47:Polysulfides
46:
45:
534:chloroprene
395:reactions.
275:Lenthionine
892:Categories
819:(9): 742.
669:2022-03-29
623:References
616:Catenation
610:Polyiodide
604:Trisulfide
572:Properties
518:crosslinks
514:elastomers
103:aryl group
913:Corrosion
598:Disulfide
566:gas giant
252:[Pt(S
240:[Ni(S
640:(eds.),
592:See also
542:isoprene
538:Neoprene
455:sealants
402:2 RCH=CH
389:thiokols
198:and the
562:ammonia
526:rubbers
383:), and
211:ligands
152:, e.g.
146:sulfide
903:Anions
854:
736:and Na
701:
660:
416:â (RCH
250:, and
150:sulfur
128:. The
55:sulfur
558:water
522:cured
505:green
462:poly(
176:S â S
99:alkyl
852:ISBN
728:, Na
699:ISBN
658:ISBN
584:and
560:and
502:and
499:blue
361:ClCH
351:NaCl
321:ClCH
844:doi
821:doi
794:doi
756:doi
691:doi
650:doi
580:in
406:+ H
373:OCH
369:OCH
347:+ 2
232:TiS
213:in
156:to
101:or
37:TiS
894::
874:.
850:.
817:24
815:.
790:30
752:25
750:.
746:.
697:.
677:^
656:,
644:,
588:.
484:.
477:S)
469:(C
420:CH
381:Cl
377:CH
365:CH
333:CH
325:CH
317:+
309:Na
286:RS
238:,
220:(C
204:Na
184:+1
172:+
160::
133:2â
119:Na
105:.
89:RS
25:(C
860:.
846::
827:.
823::
800:.
796::
781:N
777:8
764:.
758::
744:"
742:5
740:S
738:2
734:4
732:S
730:2
726:2
724:S
722:2
707:.
693::
652::
536:(
480:n
475:4
473:H
471:6
464:p
446:n
443:S
441:2
439:H
431:n
428:S
426:2
424:)
422:2
418:2
413:n
410:S
408:2
404:2
379:2
375:2
371:2
367:2
363:2
349:n
344:n
341:]
339:5
337:S
335:2
331:2
327:2
323:2
319:n
315:5
313:S
311:2
307:n
296:n
292:R
289:n
260:]
258:3
256:)
254:5
248:]
246:2
244:)
242:4
234:5
230:2
228:)
226:5
224:H
222:5
182:n
174:n
164:S
136:5
130:S
125:5
123:S
121:2
95:R
92:n
83:n
80:S
78:2
76:H
65:n
59:S
39:5
35:2
33:)
31:5
29:H
27:5
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