906:
864:(M−X−R). This bond angle is often referred to as being linear or bent with further discussion concerning the degree to which the angle is bent. For example, an imido ligand in the ionic form has three lone pairs. One lone pair is used as a sigma X donor, the other two lone pairs are available as L-type pi donors. If both lone pairs are used in pi bonds then the M−N−R geometry is linear. However, if one or both these lone pairs is nonbonding then the M−N−R bond is bent and the extent of the bend speaks to how much pi bonding there may be.
3213:
33:
3190:
998:
703:
218:). Metal ions preferentially bind certain ligands. In general, 'hard' metal ions prefer weak field ligands, whereas 'soft' metal ions prefer strong field ligands. According to the molecular orbital theory, the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) of the ligand should have an energy that overlaps with the LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) of the metal preferential. Metal ions bound to strong-field ligands follow the
415:
427:
902:. Of academic interest, bulky ligands stabilize unusual coordination sites, e.g., reactive coligands or low coordination numbers. Often bulky ligands are employed to simulate the steric protection afforded by proteins to metal-containing active sites. Of course excessive steric bulk can prevent the coordination of certain ligands.
795:) which can bond to a metal center through different ligand atoms to form various isomers. Polydentate ligands can bond through one atom AND another (or several others) at the same time, whereas ambidentate ligands bond through one atom OR another. Proteins are complex examples of polyfunctional ligands, usually polydentate.
823:". Most inorganic solids are polymers by virtue of the presence of multiple bridging ligands. Bridging ligands, capable of coordinating multiple metal ions, have been attracting considerable interest because of their potential use as building blocks for the fabrication of functional multimetallic assemblies.
958:
Hemilabile ligands contain at least two electronically different coordinating groups and form complexes where one of these is easily displaced from the metal center while the other remains firmly bound, a behaviour which has been found to increase the reactivity of catalysts when compared to the use
229:
Binding of the metal with the ligands results in a set of molecular orbitals, where the metal can be identified with a new HOMO and LUMO (the orbitals defining the properties and reactivity of the resulting complex) and a certain ordering of the 5 d-orbitals (which may be filled, or partially filled
3247:
is a webserver for analyzing conserved and differential molecular interaction of the ligand in complex with protein structure homologs from the
Protein Data Bank. It provides the linkage to protein targets such as its location in the biochemical pathways, SNPs and protein/RNA baseline expression in
1819:
The entries in the table are sorted by field strength, binding through the stated atom (i.e. as a terminal ligand). The 'strength' of the ligand changes when the ligand binds in an alternative binding mode (e.g., when it bridges between metals) or when the conformation of the ligand gets distorted
410:
In this case a filled, central-atom-based orbital donates density into the LUMO of the (coordinated) ligand. Carbon monoxide is the preeminent example a ligand that engages metals via back-donation. Complementarily, ligands with low-energy filled orbitals of pi-symmetry can serve as pi-donor.
378:
The arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal
622:. A macrocyclic ligand is any large ligand that at least partially surrounds the central atom and bonds to it, leaving the central atom at the centre of a large ring. The more rigid and the higher its denticity, the more inert will be the macrocyclic complex.
935:
Chiral ligands are useful for inducing asymmetry within the coordination sphere. Often the ligand is employed as an optically pure group. In some cases, such as secondary amines, the asymmetry arises upon coordination. Chiral ligands are used in
3208:
mechanism in organic chemistry. A typically smaller ligand can attach to an unsaturated complex followed by loss of another ligand. Typically, the rate of the substitution is first order in entering ligand L and the unsaturated complex.
882:
A spectator ligand is a tightly coordinating polydentate ligand that does not participate in chemical reactions but removes active sites on a metal. Spectator ligands influence the reactivity of the metal center to which they are bound.
577:-ligand, the amines and the carboxylate oxygen atoms are not contiguous. In practice, the n value of a ligand is not indicated explicitly but rather assumed. The binding affinity of a chelating system depends on the chelating angle or
973:
Non-innocent ligands bond with metals in such a manner that the distribution of electron density between the metal center and ligand is unclear. Describing the bonding of non-innocent ligands often involves writing multiple
813:, consisting of metal ion centres linked by bridging ligands. This group of materials includes all anhydrous binary metal ion halides and pseudohalides. Bridging ligands also persist in solution. Polyatomic ligands such as
897:
Bulky ligands are used to control the steric properties of a metal center. They are used for many reasons, both practical and academic. On the practical side, they influence the selectivity of metal catalysts, e.g., in
837:
Binucleating ligands bind two metal ions. Usually binucleating ligands feature bridging ligands, such as phenoxide, pyrazolate, or pyrazine, as well as other donor groups that bind to only one of the two metal ions.
1135:
Beyond the classical Lewis bases and anions, all unsaturated molecules are also ligands, utilizing their pi electrons in forming the coordinate bond. Also, metals can bind to the σ bonds in for example
391:
of the metal complex, which reflects the bonding properties of the ligands. The relative change in (relative) energy of the d-orbitals as a function of the field-strength of the ligands is described in
590:) is nomenclature that described to the number of noncontiguous atoms of a ligand bonded to a metal. This descriptor is often omitted because the denticity of a ligand is often obvious. The complex
371:
is neither octahedral nor tetrahedral, the splitting becomes correspondingly more complex. For the purposes of ranking ligands, however, the properties of the octahedral complexes and the resulting Δ
496:
and "is based on the notion that there are three basic types ... represented by the symbols L, X, and Z, which correspond respectively to 2-electron, 1-electron and 0-electron neutral ligands."
1050:
Virtually every molecule and every ion can serve as a ligand for (or "coordinate to") metals. Monodentate ligands include virtually all anions and all simple Lewis bases. Thus, the
545:" refers to the angle between the two bonds of a bidentate chelate. Chelating ligands are commonly formed by linking donor groups via organic linkers. A classic bidentate ligand is
3478:
Jackson, W. Gregory; Josephine A. McKeon; Silvia Cortez (1 October 2004). "Alfred Werner's
Inorganic Counterparts of Racemic and Mesomeric Tartaric Acid: A Milestone Revisited".
98:
Metals and metalloids are bound to ligands in almost all circumstances, although gaseous "naked" metal ions can be generated in a high vacuum. Ligands in a complex dictate the
3977:
399:
In cases where the ligand has low energy LUMO, such orbitals also participate in the bonding. The metal–ligand bond can be further stabilised by a formal donation of
485:. X ligands typically are derived from anionic precursors such as chloride but includes ligands where salts of anion do not really exist such as hydride and alkyl.
3855:
Sauvage, J.-P.; Collin, J.-P.; Chambron, J.-C.; Guillerez, S.; Coudret, C.; Balzani, V.; Barigelletti, F.; De Cola, L.; Flamigni, L. Chem. ReV. 1994, 94, 993-1019
565:, which is able to bond through six sites, completely surrounding some metals. The number of times a polydentate ligand binds to a metal centre is symbolized by "
367:, because in a tetrahedral complex only 4 ligands influence the d-orbitals, whereas in an octahedral complex the d-orbitals are influenced by 6 ligands. When the
125:
Ligands are classified in many ways, including: charge, size (bulk), the identity of the coordinating atom(s), and the number of electrons donated to the metal (
173:
and Carl
Somiesky, in relation to silicon chemistry. The theory allows one to understand the difference between coordinated and ionic chloride in the cobalt
817:
are ambidentate and thus are found to often bind to two or three metals simultaneously. Atoms that bridge metals are sometimes indicated with the prefix "
780:
In contrast to polydentate ligands, ambidentate ligands can attach to the central atom in either one of two (or more) places, but not both. An example is
165:. He showed, among other things, that the formulas of many cobalt(III) and chromium(III) compounds can be understood if the metal has six ligands in an
379:
complexes. It turns out that valence electrons occupying orbitals with significant 3 d-orbital character absorb in the 400–800 nm region of the
387:) by these electrons (that is, excitation of electrons from one orbital to another orbital under influence of light) can be correlated to the
619:
3239:
BioLiP is a comprehensive ligand–protein interaction database, with the 3D structure of the ligand–protein interactions taken from the
3922:"MANORAA (Mapping Analogous Nuclei Onto Residue And Affinity) for identifying protein-ligand fragment interaction, pathways and SNPs"
3864:
Gavrilova, A. L.; Bosnich, B., "Principles of
Mononucleating and Binucleating Ligand Design", Chem. Rev. 2004, volume 104, 349–383.
3973:
766:
Trans-spanning ligands are bidentate ligands that can span coordination positions on opposite sides of a coordination complex.
3893:
3823:
3730:
3651:
234:
environment, the 5 otherwise degenerate d-orbitals split in sets of 3 and 2 orbitals (for a more in-depth explanation, see
3667:
Green, M. L. H. (20 September 1995). "A new approach to the formal classification of covalent compounds of the elements".
444:
2200:
Although monoanionic, by the nature of its occupied molecular orbitals, it is capable of acting as a tridentate ligand.
310:
For complexes with a tetrahedral surrounding, the d-orbitals again split into two sets, but this time in reverse order:
177:
chlorides and to explain many of the previously inexplicable isomers. He resolved the first coordination complex called
3585:
3462:
3437:
2044:
1037:
742:
791:
Polydentate and ambidentate are therefore two different types of polyfunctional ligands (ligands with more than one
1987:
591:
4008:
2296:
3843:
3560:
1019:
847:
724:
635:
523:
on more than one atom. Such ligands are polydentate. Ligands that bind via more than one atom are often termed
1070:
are particularly common charge-neutral ligands. Simple organic species are also very common, be they anionic (
905:
573:
indicates the number of sites by which a ligand attaches to a metal. EDTA, when it is hexidentate, binds as a
214:
Ligands and metal ions can be ordered in many ways; one ranking system focuses on ligand 'hardness' (see also
199:
In general, ligands are viewed as electron donors and the metals as electron acceptors, i.e., respectively,
3128:
809:
A bridging ligand links two or more metal centers. Virtually all inorganic solids with simple formulas are
492:, ligands are classified according to the "CBC Method" for Covalent Bond Classification, as popularized by
449:
Ligands are classified according to the number of electrons that they "donate" to the metal. L ligands are
37:
3426:
987:
91:
can range from one to three. Ligands are viewed as Lewis bases, although rare cases are known to involve
519:
Many ligands are capable of binding metal ions through multiple sites, usually because the ligands have
102:
of the central atom, including ligand substitution rates, the reactivity of the ligands themselves, and
1885:
In general bidentate, bound through both oxygens, but sometimes bound through the central carbon only,
4003:
3998:
3220:
3183:
393:
784:, SCN, which can attach at either the sulfur atom or the nitrogen atom. Such compounds give rise to
3282:
3197:
3179:
2163:
1920:
1820:(e.g., a linear ligand that is forced through steric interactions to bind in a nonlinear fashion).
941:
489:
3603:"The 18-electron rule and electron counting in transition metal compounds: theory and application"
291:
is determined by the field-strength of the ligand: strong field ligands, by definition, increase Δ
3006:
1015:
1008:
720:
713:
493:
119:
24:
3297:
3231:
mechanism in organic chemistry. The identity of the entering ligand does not affect the rate.
3178:
in which a ligand in a compound is replaced by another. Two general mechanisms are recognized:
3135:
2978:
2878:
910:
304:
107:
99:
71:. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's
48:
3701:
1159:, the ligand is bonded to metals via conventional bonds, but the ligand is also redox-active.
3722:
2635:
975:
937:
852:
Some ligands can bond to a metal center through the same atom but with a different number of
761:
283:
The energy difference between these 2 sets of d-orbitals is called the splitting parameter, Δ
182:
115:
92:
76:
20:
1167:
In the following table the ligands are sorted by field strength (weak field ligands first):
3838:
von
Zelewsky, A. "Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds" John Wiley: Chichester, 1995.
3513:
3262:
2918:
810:
235:
194:
146:
68:
8:
3287:
3272:
1435:
1156:
1149:
1067:
968:
832:
634:
macrocycle, bound to four nitrogen atoms of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle. The very stable
478:
368:
166:
111:
3946:
3921:
3267:
2950:
2708:
2572:
2556:
2205:
1734:
1627:
295:
more than weak field ligands. Ligands can now be sorted according to the magnitude of Δ
154:
19:
This article is about ligands in inorganic chemistry. For ligands in biochemistry, see
106:. Ligand selection requires critical consideration in many practical areas, including
3951:
3889:
3839:
3819:
3726:
3684:
3680:
3647:
3624:
3581:
3556:
3533:
3495:
3458:
3433:
3257:
3240:
3175:
2825:
2584:
892:
785:
775:
134:
606:
3993:
3941:
3933:
3865:
3789:
3755:
3714:
3676:
3614:
3525:
3487:
3361:
3329:
3292:
3277:
2238:
899:
877:
792:
639:
400:
219:
64:
1201:
303:). This ordering of ligands is almost invariable for all metal ions and is called
2403:
2255:
1794:
1586:
1063:
804:
546:
462:
16:
Ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex
689:
complexes depending on the number of carbon atoms that are bonded to the metal.
3781:
3747:
3106:
2580:
1668:
1483:
860:
of the metal ligand bond can be in part distinguished through the metal ligand
223:
211:. Bonding is often described using the formalisms of molecular orbital theory.
3619:
3322:
3987:
3908:
3688:
3628:
3212:
2592:
2276:
1851:
1789:
can bridge between metals (both metals bound to C, or one to C and one to N)
930:
549:, which is derived by the linking of two ammonia groups with an ethylene (−CH
170:
158:
150:
80:
72:
3793:
3759:
3602:
3955:
3537:
3499:
3224:
3201:
2655:
2576:
1506:
1055:
953:
661:
615:, which favors the displacement of many ligands by one polydentate ligand.
499:
482:
405:
388:
422:
complex, wherein the aminocarboxylate is a hexadentate (chelating) ligand
3937:
3516:(2005). "Alfred Werner Revisited: The Coordination Chemistry of Anions".
3452:
3423:
2773:
2113:
1257:
1141:
1128:). The steric properties of some ligands are evaluated in terms of their
1075:
868:-Nitric oxide can coordinate to a metal center in linear or bent manner.
818:
781:
558:
215:
3550:
355:
The energy difference between these 2 sets of d-orbitals is now called Δ
3920:
Tanramluk D, Naripiyakul L, Akavipat R, Gong S, Charoensawan V (2016).
3477:
3223:
is common for octahedral complexes. This pathway closely resembles the
1145:
1129:
1022: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
861:
857:
727: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
578:
542:
537:
474:
450:
231:
204:
200:
88:
84:
3869:
3529:
3491:
3189:
3066:
1828:
In this table other common ligands are listed in alphabetical order.
1823:
1394:
1206:
1121:
1097:
853:
814:
678:
651:
631:
602:
531:
525:
520:
510:
458:
383:(UV–visible range). The absorption of light (what we perceive as the
208:
130:
126:
3424:
Cotton, Frank Albert; Geoffrey
Wilkinson; Carlos A. Murillo (1999).
997:
702:
32:
3972:
See the modeling of ligand–receptor–ligand binding in Vu-Quoc, L.,
2676:
2614:
2147:
2130:
1532:
1373:
1284:
1071:
669:
atoms that comprise a donor site and attach to a metal center. The
601:
complexes. They tend to be more stable than complexes derived from
380:
300:
60:
3886:
Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of transition metal complexes
2724:
2503:
2097:
1960:
1766:
1700:
1561:
1460:
1417:
1306:
1236:
1215:
1162:
1059:
612:
514:
431:
3919:
3780:
3746:
3453:
Miessler, Gary L.; Paul J. Fischer; Donald Arthur Tarr (2013).
2484:
1892:
1190:
1137:
1051:
470:
207:. This description has been semi-quantified in many ways, e.g.
174:
162:
2607:
1940:
1663:
easily reduced to its (radical) anion or even to its dianion
1339:
1105:
1089:
586:
454:
434:
ligands, which are monodentate. The chloride is not a ligand.
414:
384:
178:
103:
2233:
related to TACN, but not constrained to facial complexation
557:−) linker. A classic example of a polydentate ligand is the
3816:
Organotransition metal chemistry: from bonding to catalysis
3376:
3344:
3338:
2538:
917:
677:
is a ligand that coordinates through two contiguous atoms.
627:
623:
562:
419:
3576:
Miessler, Gary; Fischer, Paul J.; Tarr, Donald A. (2014).
1943:(1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid)
920:
is a bulky ligand by virtue of the pair of mesityl groups.
673:
applies when multiple atoms are coordinated. For example,
426:
3373:
3370:
3341:
529:. A ligand that binds through two sites is classified as
56:
2256:
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
500:
Polydentate and polyhapto ligand motifs and nomenclature
3978:
this article in the
Internet Archive from 2012 April 28
438:
222:, whereas complexes bound to weak-field ligands follow
3244:
2533:
other α-amino acid anions are comparable (but chiral)
2142:
primarily for alkali and alkaline earth metal cations
2125:
primarily for alkali and alkaline earth metal cations
978:
that have partial contributions to the overall state.
188:
3414:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1260571349
3379:
3347:
3382:
3367:
3350:
3335:
2092:
Can bond to two metal atoms at once, forming dimers
79:. The nature of metal–ligand bonding can range from
3575:
3364:
3332:
1813:can bridge between metals (both metals bound to C)
181:into optical isomers, overthrowing the theory that
3425:
3234:
1824:Other generally encountered ligands (alphabetical)
185:was necessarily associated with carbon compounds.
3713:
3551:Hans Ludwig Schläfer and Günter Gliemann (1969).
2404:Ethyleneglycolbis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetate
1250:monodentate (M=S), or bidentate bridging (M−S−M')
3985:
3818:. Sausalito (Calif.): University science books.
3641:
149:have been known since the early 1800s, such as
3974:Configuration integral (statistical mechanics)
3888:(2. thoroughly rev. ed.). Weinheim: VCH.
1163:Examples of common ligands (by field strength)
3779:
3745:
1279:ambidentate (see also isothiocyanate, below)
841:
605:ligands. This enhanced stability, called the
67:that binds to a central metal atom to form a
3512:
3216:A generalized example of ligand dissociation
597:Complexes of polydentate ligands are called
133:). The size of a ligand is indicated by its
3193:A generalized example of ligand association
2587:, HIDA, BrIDA, PIPIDA, and DISIDA are used
2275:Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) (
1239:(thio or less commonly "bridging thiolate")
988:Complex (chemistry) § Naming complexes
473:. Examples of L ligands extend to include
2579:by complexing the metastable radionuclide
1501:ambidentate (see also thiocyanate, above)
169:. The first to use the term "ligand" were
3945:
3913:
3618:
3600:
1038:Learn how and when to remove this message
755:
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
403:back to the ligand in a process known as
3211:
3188:
904:
425:
413:
31:
3883:
3813:
3553:Basic Principles of Ligand Field Theory
3326:, to bind/tie. It is pronounced either
3047:Tris(2-diphenylphosphineethyl)amine (np
2630:bent (1e) and linear (3e) bonding mode
638:is a synthetic macrocycle derived from
3986:
1887:see also analogous ketimine analogues
1058:are important anionic ligands whereas
962:
826:
611:, is usually attributed to effects of
3879:
3877:
3666:
3410:Burdge, J., & Overby, J. (2020).
947:
769:
618:Related to the chelate effect is the
157:. The key breakthrough occurred when
3976:, 2008. This wiki site is down; see
3432:. Wiley-Interscience. p. 1355.
3303:
1020:adding citations to reliable sources
991:
725:adding citations to reliable sources
696:
636:dimethylglyoximate complex of nickel
439:Classification of ligands as L and X
3748:"IUPAC - η (eta or hapto) (H01881)"
3669:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry
3601:Rasmussen, Seth C. (5 March 2015).
871:
445:Covalent bond classification method
430:Cobalt(III) complex containing six
189:Strong field and weak field ligands
13:
3874:
3702:"mlxz plots – Columbia University"
3161:
1564:(ammine or less commonly "ammino")
798:
477:and hydrocarbons that interact by
14:
4020:
3966:
2045:1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane
1915:compounds with a C−C double bond
1837:Formula (bonding atom(s) in bold)
1412:often found as a bridging ligand
1176:formula (bonding atom(s) in bold)
981:
924:
3814:Hartwig, John Frederick (2010).
3704:, Columbia University, New York.
3360:
3328:
1988:1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane
996:
886:
701:
692:
592:tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)
87:. Furthermore, the metal–ligand
3902:
3858:
3849:
3832:
3807:
3773:
3739:
3707:
3695:
3660:
3635:
3235:Ligand–protein binding database
2297:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
1729:ambidentate (see also nitrito)
1007:needs additional citations for
712:needs additional citations for
453:. L ligands are represented by
3594:
3569:
3555:. London: Wiley-Interscience.
3544:
3506:
3471:
3457:. Prentice Hall. p. 696.
3446:
3417:
3404:
3310:
375:has been of primary interest.
1:
3518:Accounts of Chemical Research
3397:
1478:ambidentate (see also nitro)
959:of more traditional ligands.
659:(represented by Greek letter
3782:"IUPAC - denticity (D01594)"
3681:10.1016/0022-328X(95)00508-N
3428:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
3129:metal carbon dioxide complex
645:
626:is an example, in which the
504:
481:. X ligands are halides and
333:3 orbitals of high energy: d
263:2 orbitals of high energy: d
7:
3251:
630:atom is at the centre of a
314:2 orbitals of low energy: d
242:3 orbitals of low energy: d
10:
4025:
3884:Wilkins, Ralph G. (1991).
985:
966:
951:
928:
890:
875:
848:Metal–ligand multiple bond
845:
842:Metal–ligand multiple bond
830:
802:
773:
759:
665:) refers to the number of
649:
584:Denticity (represented by
508:
488:Especially in the area of
442:
216:hard/soft acid/base theory
192:
140:
18:
3719:Chemistry of the Elements
3717:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3642:C. Elschenbroich (2006).
3620:10.1007/s40828-015-0010-4
3221:Dissociative substitution
3184:dissociative substitution
2873:″-trimethylated analogue
2571:Used extensively to make
2353:Ethylenediaminetriacetate
1921:Aminopolycarboxylic acids
3283:Ligand dependent pathway
3198:Associative substitution
3180:associative substitution
2820:meridional bonding only
942:asymmetric hydrogenation
594:could be described as .
490:organometallic chemistry
161:reconciled formulas and
3794:10.1351/goldbook.d01594
3760:10.1351/goldbook.h01881
3580:(5 ed.). Pearson.
3412:Chemistry – Atoms first
3390:; both are very common.
3007:Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
230:with electrons). In an
120:environmental chemistry
25:Ligand (disambiguation)
4009:Coordination chemistry
3926:Nucleic Acids Research
3298:Spectrochemical series
3217:
3200:closely resembles the
3194:
3136:Phosphorus trifluoride
2979:Tris(o-tolyl)phosphine
2879:Tricyclohexylphosphine
2774:2,2';6',2″-Terpyridine
921:
756:Trans-spanning ligands
435:
423:
394:Tanabe–Sugano diagrams
305:spectrochemical series
147:coordination complexes
49:coordination chemistry
44:
23:. For other uses, see
3723:Butterworth-Heinemann
3715:Greenwood, Norman N.
3514:Bowman-James, Kristin
3215:
3192:
3138:(trifluorophosphorus)
2636:Nitrilotriacetic acid
2606:Ubiquitous in higher
1843:Most common denticity
1182:Most common denticity
938:homogeneous catalysis
914:-heterocyclic carbene
908:
811:coordination polymers
762:Trans-spanning ligand
535:, and three sites as
429:
417:
363:is smaller than for Δ
116:homogeneous catalysis
35:
21:Ligand (biochemistry)
3263:Crystal field theory
2919:Triethylenetetramine
1301:also found bridging
1157:non-innocent ligands
1016:improve this article
721:improve this article
479:agostic interactions
359:. The magnitude of Δ
287:. The magnitude of Δ
236:crystal field theory
195:Crystal field theory
69:coordination complex
3578:Inorganic Chemistry
3480:Inorganic Chemistry
3455:Inorganic Chemistry
3288:Ligand field theory
3273:Inorganic chemistry
3172:ligand substitution
2703:sometimes bridging
2671:sometimes bridging
2551:macrocyclic ligand
1669:1,10-Phenanthroline
1150:Agostic interaction
969:Non-innocent ligand
963:Non-innocent ligand
833:Binucleating ligand
827:Binucleating ligand
369:coordination number
167:octahedral geometry
145:The composition of
112:medicinal chemistry
3938:10.1093/nar/gkw314
3786:goldbook.iupac.org
3752:goldbook.iupac.org
3268:DNA binding ligand
3218:
3195:
2951:Trimethylphosphine
2859:macrocyclic ligand
2709:Scorpionate ligand
2583:. For example, in
2557:Iminodiacetic acid
2239:Dimethylglyoximate
2206:Diethylenetriamine
1735:Triphenylphosphine
948:Hemilabile ligands
922:
770:Ambidentate ligand
620:macrocyclic effect
436:
424:
45:
3895:978-1-56081-125-1
3870:10.1021/cr020604g
3825:978-1-891389-53-5
3732:978-0-08-037941-8
3653:978-3-527-29390-2
3530:10.1021/ar040071t
3492:10.1021/ic040042e
3486:(20): 6249–6254.
3320:comes from Latin
3304:Explanatory notes
3258:Bridging carbonyl
3241:Protein Data Bank
3176:chemical reaction
3159:
3158:
2826:Triazacyclononane
2585:cholescintigraphy
1982:and other arenes
1817:
1816:
1048:
1047:
1040:
893:Ligand cone angle
786:linkage isomerism
776:Linkage isomerism
753:
752:
745:
43:with five ligands
4016:
4004:Chemical bonding
3999:Chelating agents
3960:
3959:
3949:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3721:(2nd ed.).
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3675:(1–2): 127–148.
3664:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3314:
3293:Ligand isomerism
3278:Josiphos ligands
3094:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3083:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2164:Cyclopentadienyl
1831:
1830:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1486:(isothiocyanato)
1359:
1358:
1357:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1170:
1169:
1155:In complexes of
1086:
1085:
1084:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1000:
992:
900:hydroformylation
878:Spectator ligand
872:Spectator ligand
793:functional group
748:
741:
737:
734:
728:
705:
697:
640:dimethylglyoxime
561:chelating agent
401:electron density
220:Aufbau principle
75:, often through
65:functional group
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:
3984:
3983:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3932:(W1): W514-21.
3918:
3914:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3882:
3875:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3725:. p. 906.
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3644:Organometallics
3640:
3636:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3549:
3545:
3511:
3507:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3363:
3359:
3331:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3254:
3237:
3228:
3205:
3168:ligand exchange
3164:
3162:Ligand exchange
3148:
3118:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3050:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
2993:
2965:
2961:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2860:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2519:
2515:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1974:
1969:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:Acetylacetonate
1826:
1795:Carbon monoxide
1776:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1628:2,2'-Bipyridine
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1587:Ethylenediamine
1573:
1545:
1541:
1515:
1447:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1165:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1101:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1064:carbon monoxide
1044:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1013:
1001:
990:
984:
976:resonance forms
971:
965:
956:
950:
933:
927:
895:
889:
880:
874:
850:
844:
835:
829:
807:
805:Bridging ligand
801:
799:Bridging ligand
778:
772:
764:
758:
749:
738:
732:
729:
718:
706:
695:
654:
648:
556:
552:
547:ethylenediamine
517:
509:Main articles:
507:
502:
468:
447:
441:
374:
366:
362:
358:
350:
344:
338:
329:
319:
299:(see the table
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
268:
258:
252:
246:
197:
191:
143:
41:
36:Cobalt complex
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3982:
3981:
3968:
3967:External links
3965:
3962:
3961:
3912:
3901:
3894:
3873:
3857:
3848:
3831:
3824:
3806:
3772:
3738:
3731:
3706:
3694:
3659:
3652:
3634:
3593:
3587:978-0321811059
3586:
3568:
3561:
3543:
3524:(8): 671–678.
3505:
3470:
3464:978-0321811059
3463:
3445:
3439:978-0471199571
3438:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3248:target organ.
3236:
3233:
3226:
3203:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:Carbon dioxide
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3054:
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2848:
2840:
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2832:
2829:
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2821:
2818:
2815:
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2806:
2802:
2795:
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2783:
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2766:
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2760:
2754:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
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2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
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2642:
2639:
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2628:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2581:technetium-99m
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2499:
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2472:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2397:
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2391:
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2380:
2372:
2368:
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2354:
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2349:
2347:
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2341:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:2,2,2-cryptand
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
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1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1936:
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1930:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:(acetonitrilo)
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:Isothiocyanate
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1164:
1161:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1088:) or neutral (
1081:
1046:
1045:
1004:
1002:
995:
983:
982:Common ligands
980:
967:Main article:
964:
961:
952:Main article:
949:
946:
929:Main article:
926:
925:Chiral ligands
923:
916:ligand called
891:Main article:
888:
885:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
846:Main article:
843:
840:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
803:Main article:
800:
797:
774:Main article:
771:
768:
760:Main article:
757:
754:
751:
750:
709:
707:
700:
694:
691:
650:Main article:
647:
644:
608:chelate effect
554:
550:
506:
503:
501:
498:
494:M. L. H. Green
466:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
372:
364:
360:
356:
353:
352:
346:
340:
334:
331:
321:
315:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
280:
270:
264:
261:
256:
250:
244:
193:Main article:
190:
187:
155:copper vitriol
142:
139:
73:electron pairs
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3905:
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3861:
3852:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3761:
3757:
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3749:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
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3663:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3612:
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3604:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3387:
3355:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:(also called
3169:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3081:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:see also the
2858:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2800:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2747:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Nicotianamine
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2299:(EDTA) (edta)
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:pentetic acid
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2072:
2064:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2019:
2007:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:-thiocyanato)
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:pseudohalides
1053:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:This section
1003:
999:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
970:
960:
955:
945:
943:
939:
932:
931:Chiral ligand
919:
915:
913:
907:
903:
901:
894:
887:Bulky ligands
884:
879:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
849:
839:
834:
824:
822:
821:
816:
812:
806:
796:
794:
789:
787:
783:
777:
767:
763:
747:
744:
736:
726:
722:
716:
715:
710:This section
708:
704:
699:
698:
693:Ligand motifs
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
653:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
516:
512:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:pseudohalides
480:
476:
472:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
433:
428:
421:
416:
412:
409:
407:
402:
397:
395:
390:
386:
382:
376:
370:
349:
343:
337:
332:
328:
324:
318:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
302:
277:
273:
267:
262:
259:
253:
247:
241:
240:
239:
237:
233:
227:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
196:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Alfred Werner
168:
164:
160:
159:Alfred Werner
156:
152:
151:Prussian blue
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3904:
3885:
3860:
3851:
3834:
3815:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3785:
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3751:
3741:
3718:
3709:
3697:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3577:
3571:
3552:
3546:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3238:
3219:
3196:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3142:
3112:
3079:
3072:
3059:tetradentate
3040:tetradentate
3032:
3013:
2987:
2983:
2955:
2943:tetradentate
2932:
2899:
2883:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2844:
2809:
2798:
2779:
2768:ambidentate
2745:
2729:
2681:
2660:
2619:
2577:scintigraphy
2573:radiotracers
2548:tetradentate
2521:
2509:
2474:tetraanionic
2465:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2410:
2396:pentadentate
2384:
2376:
2364:
2357:
2343:tetraanionic
2334:
2326:
2314:
2303:
2219:
2177:
2170:
2114:Crown ethers
2106:tetradentate
2070:
2062:
2017:
2005:
1965:
1901:
1870:
1862:
1827:
1818:
1801:
1777:
1772:
1739:
1706:
1682:
1652:
1633:
1608:
1592:
1567:
1546:
1517:
1507:Acetonitrile
1489:
1466:
1441:
1400:
1379:
1345:
1312:
1290:
1267:
1261:
1242:
1221:
1196:
1166:
1154:
1142:hydrocarbons
1134:
1115:
1109:
1049:
1034:
1028:January 2021
1025:
1014:Please help
1009:verification
1006:
972:
957:
954:Hemilability
934:
911:
896:
881:
865:
851:
836:
819:
808:
790:
779:
765:
739:
733:January 2021
730:
719:Please help
714:verification
711:
686:
682:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
655:
617:
607:
598:
596:
585:
583:
574:
570:
566:
536:
530:
524:
518:
487:
448:
406:back-bonding
404:
398:
389:ground state
377:
354:
347:
341:
335:
326:
322:
316:
309:
282:
275:
271:
265:
255:
249:
243:
228:
213:
198:
144:
124:
108:bioinorganic
97:
93:Lewis acidic
52:
46:
29:
2999:monodentate
2971:monodentate
2911:monodentate
2765:monodentate
2762:monoanionic
2668:monodentate
2527:monoanionic
2506:(glycinato)
2477:octodentate
2346:hexadentate
2246:monoanionic
2195:monoanionic
2139:hexadentate
1879:monoanionic
1810:monodentate
1786:monodentate
1783:monoanionic
1759:monodentate
1726:monodentate
1723:monoanionic
1579:monodentate
1554:monodentate
1525:monodentate
1498:monodentate
1495:monoanionic
1475:monodentate
1472:monoanionic
1453:monodentate
1409:monodentate
1406:monoanionic
1397:(hydroxido)
1387:monodentate
1384:monoanionic
1368:Very Toxic
1365:monodentate
1362:monoanionic
1332:monodentate
1329:monoanionic
1298:monodentate
1295:monoanionic
1276:monodentate
1273:monoanionic
1258:Thiocyanate
1229:monodentate
1226:monoanionic
1207:monodentate
1202:monoanionic
1148:(see also:
1130:cone angles
782:thiocyanate
681:forms both
603:monodentate
559:hexadentate
451:Lewis bases
224:Hund's rule
205:Lewis acids
201:Lewis bases
95:"ligands".
77:Lewis bases
3988:Categories
3844:047195599X
3799:8 November
3765:8 November
3562:0471761001
3398:References
2856:tridentate
2817:tridentate
2717:tridentate
2568:tridentate
2393:trianionic
2230:tridentate
1846:Remark(s)
1797:(carbonyl)
1287:(chlorido)
1185:Remark(s)
1146:dihydrogen
986:See also:
940:, such as
862:bond angle
858:bond order
854:lone pairs
671:η-notation
667:contiguous
579:bite angle
543:bite angle
538:tridentate
521:lone pairs
475:dihydrogen
459:phosphines
232:octahedral
135:cone angle
100:reactivity
89:bond order
3689:0022-328X
3629:2199-3793
3613:(1): 10.
3607:ChemTexts
3316:The word
3067:Tropylium
2545:dianionic
2530:bidentate
2504:Glycinate
2148:Cryptates
2037:bidentate
1882:bidentate
1804:O, others
1693:bidentate
1660:bidentate
1620:bidentate
1463:(nitrito)
1428:bidentate
1425:dianionic
1420:(oxalato)
1395:Hydroxide
1309:(nitrato)
1247:dianionic
1218:(bromido)
815:carbonate
679:Butadiene
657:Hapticity
652:Hapticity
646:Hapticity
632:porphyrin
569:", where
532:bidentate
526:chelating
511:Denticity
505:Denticity
209:ECW model
183:chirality
131:hapticity
127:denticity
3956:27131358
3538:16104690
3500:15446870
3252:See also
3174:) is a
3119:, others
3097:cationic
2677:Pyrazine
2625:cationic
2615:Nitrosyl
2098:Corroles
1533:Pyridine
1376:(fluoro)
1374:Fluoride
1285:Chloride
381:spectrum
81:covalent
61:molecule
3994:Ligands
3947:4987895
3646:. VCH.
3245:MANORAA
3151:neutral
3122:neutral
3056:neutral
3037:neutral
2996:neutral
2990:-tolyl)
2968:neutral
2940:neutral
2921:(trien)
2908:neutral
2853:neutral
2814:neutral
2776:(terpy)
2725:Sulfite
2700:ditopic
2697:neutral
2665:dianion
2650:
2498:
2291:
2270:
2227:neutral
2154:neutral
2120:neutral
2087:neutral
2034:neutral
1977:neutral
1961:Benzene
1955:
1935:
1923:(APCAs)
1910:neutral
1893:Alkenes
1807:neutral
1769:(cyano)
1767:Cyanide
1756:neutral
1703:(nitro)
1701:Nitrite
1690:neutral
1657:neutral
1617:neutral
1576:neutral
1562:Ammonia
1551:neutral
1522:neutral
1461:Nitrite
1450:neutral
1418:Oxalate
1342:(azido)
1307:Nitrate
1237:Sulfide
1216:Bromide
1138:silanes
1060:ammonia
1052:halides
613:entropy
599:chelate
541:. The "
515:chelate
471:alkenes
432:ammonia
163:isomers
141:History
63:with a
38:HCo(CO)
3954:
3944:
3909:BioLiP
3892:
3842:
3822:
3729:
3687:
3650:
3627:
3584:
3559:
3536:
3498:
3461:
3436:
3323:ligare
3318:ligand
3182:or by
3009:(tren)
2828:(tacn)
2647:
2644:
2641:
2608:plants
2603:
2600:
2597:
2565:
2562:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:Fura-2
2406:(egta)
2288:
2285:
2282:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:(DOTA)
2241:(dmgH)
2208:(dien)
2047:(dppm)
1990:(dppe)
1952:
1949:
1946:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1854:(acac)
1840:Charge
1834:Ligand
1671:(phen)
1630:(bipy)
1438:(aqua)
1193:(iodo)
1191:Iodide
1179:Charge
1173:Ligand
1144:, and
1120:, and
1066:, and
856:. The
469:, and
455:amines
418:Metal–
175:ammine
118:, and
55:is an
53:ligand
2638:(NTA)
2559:(IDA)
1941:BAPTA
1436:Water
1340:Azide
1068:water
385:color
345:and d
320:and d
301:below
269:and d
254:and d
179:hexol
104:redox
85:ionic
3952:PMID
3890:ISBN
3840:ISBN
3820:ISBN
3801:2023
3767:2023
3727:ISBN
3685:ISSN
3648:ISBN
3625:ISSN
3582:ISBN
3557:ISBN
3534:PMID
3496:PMID
3459:ISBN
3434:ISBN
3127:see
2575:for
2539:Heme
2413:C−CH
2360:C−CH
2306:C−CH
2166:(Cp)
1589:(en)
1535:(py)
1492:=C=S
1469:−N−O
1074:and
1054:and
918:IMes
909:The
685:and
628:iron
624:Heme
563:EDTA
513:and
420:EDTA
203:and
153:and
110:and
51:, a
3942:PMC
3934:doi
3866:doi
3790:doi
3756:doi
3677:doi
3673:500
3615:doi
3526:doi
3488:doi
3358:or
2958:(CH
2898:or
2656:Oxo
2460:(CH
2379:(CH
2367:H−C
2329:(CH
2065:−CH
1902:C=C
1873:−CH
1865:−CH
1742:−(C
1603:−CH
1599:−CH
1270:−CN
1152:).
1077:RCO
1018:by
723:by
465:, N
339:, d
330:and
260:and
248:, d
238:):
129:or
83:to
59:or
57:ion
47:In
3990::
3950:.
3940:.
3930:44
3928:.
3924:.
3876:^
3788:.
3784:.
3754:.
3750:.
3683:.
3671:.
3623:.
3609:.
3605:.
3532:.
3522:38
3520:.
3494:.
3484:43
3482:.
3339:aɪ
3243:.
3186:.
3166:A
3024:CH
3020:CH
2930:18
2902:Cy
2892:11
2886:(C
2869:′,
2847:R)
2831:(C
2801:−C
2790:−C
2734:SO
2516:CH
2468:O)
2464:−C
2448:−C
2436:−C
2424:−C
2409:(O
2387:O)
2383:-C
2337:O)
2333:-C
2317:−C
2302:(O
2217:13
2073:(C
2050:(C
2020:(C
2008:−C
1993:(C
1869:−C
1861:−C
1857:CH
1780:≡C
1775:≡N
1676:12
1644:−C
1512:CH
1444:−H
1403:−H
1317:NO
1291:Cl
1222:Br
1140:,
1132:.
1113:NH
1108:3−
1104:,
1096:,
1072:RO
1062:,
944:.
788:.
642:.
581:.
553:CH
463:CO
461:,
457:,
396:.
348:yz
342:xz
336:xy
307:.
257:yz
251:xz
245:xy
226:.
137:.
122:.
114:,
3980:.
3958:.
3936::
3898:.
3868::
3846:.
3828:.
3803:.
3792::
3769:.
3758::
3735:.
3691:.
3679::
3656:.
3631:.
3617::
3611:1
3590:.
3565:.
3540:.
3528::
3502:.
3490::
3467:.
3442:.
3386:/
3383:d
3380:n
3377:ə
3374:ɡ
3371:ɪ
3368:l
3365:ˈ
3362:/
3354:/
3351:d
3348:n
3345:ə
3342:ɡ
3336:l
3333:ˈ
3330:/
3229:1
3227:N
3225:S
3206:2
3204:N
3202:S
3147:3
3145:F
3143:P
3141:–
3117:2
3115:O
3113:C
3111:–
3090:7
3085:H
3080:7
3073:C
3051:)
3049:3
3033:N
3030:3
3028:)
3026:2
3022:2
3018:2
3016:H
3014:N
3012:(
2992:3
2988:o
2986:(
2984:P
2964:3
2962:)
2960:3
2956:P
2935:4
2933:N
2928:H
2926:6
2924:C
2904:3
2900:P
2896:3
2894:)
2890:H
2888:6
2884:P
2871:N
2867:N
2865:,
2863:N
2849:3
2845:N
2843:(
2841:3
2839:)
2837:4
2835:H
2833:2
2810:N
2807:4
2805:H
2803:5
2799:N
2796:3
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