232:
140:
209:
197:
101:
910:
parties, trade unions and NGOs were abolished. The
Turkish Armed Forces fought against PKK influence in Southeast Anatolia and at the Iraqi border and implemented a guard system in order to make villagers fight against the PKK with them. For Alevis, Islamisation acted as an assimilationist state policy because it was Sunni Islam that was practiced. Many mosques were built in Alevi districts and the religious courses offered were all Sunni as well. This marginalization would lead to the
262:
894:. Among them were laws that enabled a shift from a state-controlled to a market economy with a developmentalist approach. However, with the 24th January Decisions, real wages dropped significantly and the establishment of small businesses was hampered, whereas the way was paved for larger corporations, new networks of exportation and multinational organisations. A development program for Southeastern Anatolia (
270:
252:
152:
898:) was established in order to help the dominantly Kurdish population to more economic prosperity but did not include anyone from the region to make the program cooperative and successful. Instead, reforms were designed to be much in favour of the bourgeoisie all while it worsened the situation of the middle class significantly with a plummeting of real wages.
483:, various socialist regimes were established through coups in the south and in the Mediterranean region. From the right-wing perspective, while Turkey was surrounded from both the north and south, the loss of state authority in Istanbul for two days, starting in the industrial zones of Kocaeli and Istanbul, during the great workers' protest led by DİSK on
887:
Islamization in order to formulate a new
Turkish national identity and promote morality. The National Security council owned the public broadcasting channel, Turkish radio and the television institution. Both Islamization and the nationalization of important media channels acted as ways to further discipline the population.
745:
would rise quickly to be one of the major separatist actors. As a militant political organisation, the PKK claimed 354 lives between the years 1978 and 1980. Most of the victims were ethnic Kurds as they constituted PKK's main target group. For example, feudal leaders were against the PKK's goals and
614:
had no clear winner, as CHP didn't have a majority to form a government, and the right-wing parties all had to work together to form a coalition. Demirel at first continued the coalition with the
Nationalist Front, but in 1978, Ecevit came to power again with the help of some deputies who had changed
405:
Due to increasing political tensions and high inflation during social changes in the late 1960s and early 1970s, consumption was inhibited for all but a limited group, and unemployment rose despite the growth of the labor force and migration to Europe. While the number of unionized workers increased,
732:
An amendment of the electoral law in 1969 kept small parties on both sides to gain any seats in
Parliament. This caused a public uprising, including the Kurdish resistance. Multiple Kurdish leftist organisations appeared in Turkey in the 1960s and 1970s that were ready to use violence as a political
749:
The
Kurdistan Worker's Party did not only use violence to mobilise people during this time period. However, their use of violence did appeal to larger crowds, increasing the popularity of the party. By gaining more people to support them, other organisations were not able to gain similar status as
909:
Regarding minority rights and freedoms, there were many setbacks. Exclusionary nationalism was promoted. For the
Kurdish, the acknowledgement of their existence and the use of their language were banned entirely. Any type of Kurdish media was forbidden, and publishers were imprisoned. Political
905:
was reinforcing the economic backwardness of the
Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia while the economic backwardness of Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia reinforced Kurdish separatism. Terrorist attacks have had an impact on human and physical capital, and what the state spent on countering the
886:
A culture of mutual denunciation was developed among the citizenry and the formation of organisations banned, leading to a nationwide atmosphere of social anxiety and polarization into two groups: those who were innocent and those who were guilty. In addition, nationalism was coupled with
651:
Unprecedented political violence erupted in Turkey in the late 1970s. The overall death toll of the 1970s is estimated at 5,000, with nearly ten assassinations per day. Most were members of left-wing and right-wing political organizations, which were then engaged in bitter fighting. The
906:
movement shifted spendings from the infrastructure and development of the region to the defence. However, this simultaneously marginalised
Kurdish who would then be recruited by the PKK as lower-class. Thus, economic backwardness and Kurdish separatism created a vicious circle.
1401:
729:. Disproportionate numbers of Kurds were part of the left-wing groups. Before the 1980 military coup, the majority of violent clashes were between leftist and rightist groups, though the separatist attacks against the Turkish forces increased afterwards.
750:
the PKK did. Thus, the PKK was the main access of the
Kurdish to political participation in Turkey. One way of involving a larger number of people in its activities was to include women, which challenged the traditional gender relations in the country.
390:. Under the influence of these developments, the left movement in Turkey entered a period of expansion. 1961 Constitution allowed ideological politics. In an environment where the freedoms brought by the constitution students inclined to the
766:
to power. The parliament was abolished, martial law was declared and a state of emergency was put into place. The period of military dictatorship between 1980 and 1983 constituted a fundamentally transformational period for
Turkish society.
406:
the number of unemployed people under the age of 30 reached alarming rates. In the 1960s, workers became militant in their struggle for higher wages and better working conditions. The struggle between employers and workers intensified with
774:
became responsible for the close monitoring of society, aimed at those who participated in any form of state resistance in the 1970s. Estimated numbers of the people facing punishment by the state 1980-1983 are listed in the table below.
674:(Revolutionary Path) at Ankara Military Court, the defendants listed 5,388 political killings before the military coup. Among the victims were 1,296 right-wingers and 2,109 left-wingers. The others could not clearly be related. The 1978
377:
With the increase in infrastructure and transportation investments after the 1960 Coup, the urban population grew, industrialization accelerated, and workers and their families who earned a living by selling their labor became visible.
402:) founded their political associations. Left-wing sources were translated and political literature became accessible. This situation became a threat to the right and it began to mobilize its own forces to fight against communism.
1365:
1830:
1795:
468:, published in 1961. Under these influences, changes were taking place in the value system and status scale of ideologies in Turkey in the 1960s. The Turkish Workers' Party (TİP) won 14 seats in 1965 thanks to the
504:) were established and protected by the state in the late 60s to wage an armed struggle against the left. They claimed it using literature that cannot be considered scientific, with expressions such as "
1856:
639:, such as smaller industrialists, traders, rural notables and landlords, whose interests did not always coincide among themselves. Numerous agricultural and industrial reforms sought by parts of the
717:, one of the five generals who would lead the coup. The deputy undersecretary of the MİT, Nihat Yıldız, was demoted to the London consulate and replaced by a lieutenant general as a result.
472:
and gained an important place in politics. Although it received a similar number of votes with the changed election system in the 1969 elections, the number of seats decreased to three.
1767:
450:). While TÜRK-İŞ was established according to the American model and prioritized political tendencies by concentrating on economic demands; DİSK, on the other hand, got closer to
1810:
619:. In 1979, Demirel once again became prime minister. At the end of the 1970s, Turkey was in an unstable situation with unsolved economic and social problems and facing large
607:, MHP). The MHP used the opportunity to infiltrate state security services, seriously escalating the low-intensity civil war that had been waging between rival factions.
746:
values, which was why the PKK fought against them. Also, the PKK attempted to be the sole leftist power in the region, and thus fought against other leftist groups.
758:
Following the ongoing political violence of the 1970s and the Turkish parliament's inability to form a stable government and fulfil its function as legislative, the
460:
In the absence of liberal solutions for countries whose main problem was development, such as Turkey, the intellectuals of the period were largely interested in the
457:
With the increase in the number of students, schools and higher education institutions became gathering places for political groups on the left and right sides.
454:(TİP) by claiming that economic demands could be won through political struggle, based on the European example. As a result of this division, TÜRK-İŞ weakened.
2154:
1741:
1096:
1990:
439:
1177:
2022:
1301:
969:
2745:
1995:
733:
tool. Violence sparked especially in the second half of the 1970s. Throughout the years, a number of them fell apart or were banned altogether after the
2701:
494:, even though they would not normally choose to do so. Due to this support, left-leaning writers and journalists claimed that the Idealist Hearths (
2791:
2515:
1899:
343:
opposition inflicted some 5,000 casualties. Most of the victims were left-wingers. The level of illegal violence lessened for a while after the
2818:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
2017:
1701:
374:
and its leaders were hanged. Intellectuals, politicians and the masses on the right fell into moral defeat as a result of these developments.
144:
2055:
171:
2955:
2719:
1908:
1448:
1016:
706:
370:, nationalists, liberals and urban bourgeoisie under one roof and as the dominant party throughout the 1950s, was closed down after the
2548:
1734:
1632:
166:
2306:
176:
2464:
942:
2538:
2126:
891:
359:
2835:
2727:
1934:
1762:
1727:
1561:
1488:
1434:
1337:
1153:
1126:
1010:
415:
156:
2352:
2945:
2920:
332:
became a serious problem in the late 1970s and was even described as a "low-level civil war". The death squads of Turkish
2935:
2925:
2915:
2758:
2481:
1973:
1892:
1851:
2422:
771:
509:
451:
391:
2632:
2002:
1523:
624:
2732:
2368:
2275:
2116:
1090:
932:
2865:
2688:
1185:
2940:
2649:
1885:
966:
484:
2504:
2255:
759:
734:
695:
371:
344:
65:
2528:
2169:
1961:
895:
670:
attacks, in which 831 were killed and 3,121 wounded. In the central trial against the left-wing organization
611:
2391:
2347:
2960:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2603:
2509:
2323:
2065:
911:
550:
387:
2950:
2870:
2738:
2318:
2106:
1984:
1968:
1861:
947:
915:
738:
631:
had made it difficult for one party to achieve a parliamentary majority. The interests of the industrial
628:
70:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2643:
2608:
2444:
2439:
2417:
2312:
2192:
2164:
2111:
657:
653:
596:
517:
500:
109:
105:
2930:
2591:
2212:
2206:
1518:. Harvard University. Center for International Affairs. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
710:
643:
were blocked by others. The politicians seemed unable to combat the growing violence in the country.
616:
201:
2662:
2250:
2007:
1978:
1655:
577:
348:
1820:
675:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2586:
2581:
2159:
2029:
464:
model. Many intellectuals signed the manifesto proposing a socialist model in the first issue of
115:
2683:
2667:
2533:
1866:
1142:
737:. After becoming increasingly involved in political activism after its foundation in 1978, the
679:
662:
531:
528:
427:
363:
1877:
1000:
2523:
2336:
2075:
1939:
1166:
Devrimci Yol Savunması (Defense of the Revolutionary Path). Ankara, January 1989, p. 118-119.
1046:
927:
890:
The military coup also allowed for a restructuring of the state; 535 laws were passed in the
589:
213:
236:
2784:
2598:
2571:
2476:
2454:
2412:
2096:
1805:
1586:
90:
1790:
937:
8:
2778:
2638:
2543:
2471:
2290:
2280:
2198:
2186:
2176:
2070:
902:
726:
379:
218:
129:
1785:
524:
2576:
2459:
2428:
2374:
2342:
2285:
2121:
2012:
1693:
1624:
1393:
1293:
1266:"Explaining the PKK's Mobilization of the Kurds in Turkey: Hegemony, Myth and Violence"
1241:
640:
627:
was unable to elect a president during the six months preceding the coup). Since 1969,
593:
491:
411:
1366:"Violence and nationalist mobilization: the onset of the Kurdish insurgency in Turkey"
742:
2498:
2045:
1951:
1922:
1697:
1685:
1616:
1567:
1557:
1529:
1519:
1494:
1484:
1440:
1430:
1397:
1385:
1343:
1333:
1297:
1285:
1245:
1233:
1122:
1006:
570:
383:
1835:
1825:
1628:
1329:
Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day
691:
683:
2711:
2694:
2655:
2330:
2265:
2260:
2232:
2131:
2091:
1800:
1675:
1667:
1606:
1598:
1377:
1277:
1225:
702:
600:
581:
562:
554:
547:
535:
505:
495:
469:
443:
431:
419:
395:
336:
278:
240:
1656:"Turkey's Military Victory over the PKK and Its Failure to End the PKK Insurgency"
543:
490:
Some of the state elite, out of concern about the rise of the left, supported the
2407:
2384:
2101:
2060:
1815:
1671:
1424:
1381:
1281:
973:
256:
2798:
2379:
2362:
2357:
2227:
1719:
1265:
1214:"Political Violence and Terrorism in Turkey, 1976–80: A Retrospective Analysis"
636:
1571:
1498:
1480:
Turkey : the pendulum between military rule and civilian authoritarianism
1229:
274:
2829:
2751:
2449:
2181:
1689:
1620:
1602:
1444:
1389:
1347:
1289:
1237:
714:
660:, claimed they were supporting the security forces. According to the British
620:
407:
261:
120:
1213:
2148:
2050:
1551:
1533:
1478:
671:
161:
1327:
2812:
2270:
2222:
2217:
1946:
1928:
763:
687:
632:
1513:
1071:. 1. baskı (in Turkish). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. pp. 441–460.
561:, CHP) as Prime Minister. He formed a coalition, the Nationalist Front (
1556:. Şevket Pamuk. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
513:
339:
groups, sometimes allied with the state, against the resistance of the
333:
1611:
1680:
461:
340:
694:
in 14 of the then 67 provinces in December 1978. At the time of the
2625:
2565:
574:
480:
367:
27:
667:
2815:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
1907:
52:
465:
1956:
362:, which was the representative of the right-wing that united
41:
29 December 1968 – 12 September 1980 (peak years: 1976–1980)
989:
Devrimci Yol Savunması (Defense of the Revolutionary Path).
476:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
322:
Total: 5,388 killed, affiliation of 1,983 victims unknown.
701:
Ecevit was warned about the coming coup in June 1979 by
635:, who were economically dominant, were opposed by other
1075:
1587:"The Economic Costs of Separatist Terrorism in Turkey"
448:
Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu, DİSK
623:
and partial paralysis of parliamentary politics (the
440:
Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey
1515:
Social change and political participation in Turkey
1831:Adana Construction Vocational High School massacre
1152:harv error: no target: CITEREFHermanBrodhead1986 (
686:with over 100 victims are some notable incidents.
2593:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
698:, martial law had been extended to 20 provinces.
2827:
1749:
424:Türkiye İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu, TÜRK-İŞ
2746:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
1584:
709:(MİT). Ecevit then told his interior minister,
416:Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions (TÜRK-İŞ)
43:(11 years, 8 months and 2 weeks)
1796:Murder of Ali Osman Beydilli and Güven Bilgili
1147:
2056:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1893:
1857:During the June 2015 Turkish general election
1735:
1653:
1585:Bilgel, Fırat; Karahasan, Burhan Can (2017).
1553:Turkey between democracy and authoritarianism
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1426:Encyclopedia of conflicts since World War II
1321:
1319:
985:
983:
981:
414:. As a result, in 1967, some unionists left
1909:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
813:Trialed under threat of capital punishment
615:party, in a controversial event called the
1900:
1886:
1742:
1728:
1135:
1121:. Amnesty International. 1988. p. 1.
1053:
1679:
1654:Kayhan Pusane, Özlem (3 September 2015).
1610:
1316:
978:
172:People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey
2792:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
1044:Gil, Ata. "La Turquie à marche forcée",
1002:Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition
512:(National Intelligence Organization)", "
475:While Turkey, which is also a member of
177:Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey
21:Political violence in Turkey (1968–1980)
2465:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1511:
998:
943:List of assassinated people from Turkey
2828:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1422:
1363:
1211:
1146:, No.47 (May 1979), pg. 6. Quoted by (
1066:
725:The right-wing groups were opposed to
167:Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit
1881:
1723:
1545:
1543:
1359:
1357:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
720:
646:
438:), and founded the radical left-wing
1704:from the original on 13 January 2023
1549:
1451:from the original on 13 January 2023
1325:
1304:from the original on 13 January 2023
1175:
1019:from the original on 13 January 2023
479:, became a frontline country in the
1463:
13:
2956:Riots and civil disorder in Turkey
2702:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
2127:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1540:
1364:Tezcür, Güneş Murat (March 2015).
1354:
1264:Gunes, Cengiz (1 September 2013).
1252:
1200:
1178:"Çalınan silahlar falcıya soruldu"
1031:
707:National Intelligence Organization
14:
2972:
2539:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
1111:
1088:
869:Forced retirement or resignation
625:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
487:, was frightening for the right.
2577:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
1763:Murder of Ertuğrul Dursun Önkuzu
1635:from the original on 17 May 2022
1404:from the original on 17 May 2022
1218:Terrorism and Political Violence
1099:from the original on 4 June 2023
933:1971 Turkish military memorandum
821:Condemned to capital punishment
656:, the youth organisation of the
268:
260:
250:
230:
207:
195:
150:
138:
99:
2759:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2728:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
2482:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1647:
1578:
1505:
1416:
1212:Sayari, Sabri (11 March 2010).
1169:
1095:. Routledge. pp. 139–145.
1067:Kaynar, Mete Kaan, ed. (2020).
1591:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1477:Cengiz, Fatih Çağatay (2020).
1160:
992:
960:
877:Cancelled Turkish citizenship
1:
2529:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
2170:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1176:Ünlü, Ferhat (17 July 2007).
953:
912:1984 Kurdish-Turkish conflict
789:Prosecuted in martial courts
682:with 35 victims and the 1978
354:
2836:Political violence in Turkey
2733:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
2720:Turkish involvement in Syria
2604:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
2435:Political violence in Turkey
2369:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2276:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
2155:Italian bombing of Palestine
2117:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
2066:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
1750:Political violence in Turkey
1672:10.1080/00263206.2014.979801
1382:10.1080/00905992.2014.970527
1282:10.1080/17449057.2012.707422
1184:(in Turkish). Archived from
753:
690:was announced following the
330:Political violence in Turkey
7:
2946:Political history of Turkey
2921:Far-left politics in Turkey
1985:Turkish War of Independence
1969:Unification of Saudi Arabia
1862:Assassination of Hrant Dink
1092:The Making of Modern Turkey
1069:Türkiye'nin 1970'li yılları
1005:. I.B.Tauris. p. 263.
948:List of massacres in Turkey
921:
666:, in 1978 there were 3,319
629:proportional representation
10:
2977:
2936:Military history of Turkey
2926:Grey Wolves (organization)
2916:Economic history of Turkey
2650:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
2644:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
2633:Balochi insurgency in Iran
2609:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2445:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2440:Islamist uprising in Syria
2418:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2307:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
2193:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2112:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
1811:Murder of Bedrettin Cömert
1768:Murder of Hüseyin Aslantaş
1148:Herman & Brodhead 1986
760:12 September Military Coup
605:Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi
597:Nationalist Movement Party
2808:
2771:
2676:
2617:
2557:
2490:
2408:Black September in Jordan
2400:
2299:
2243:
2140:
2084:
2038:
1915:
1852:Murder of Fırat Çakıroğlu
1844:
1776:
1755:
1230:10.1080/09546550903574438
999:Zürcher, Erik J. (2004).
896:Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi
892:1982 Turkish Constitution
772:National Security Council
551:Republican People's Party
400:Türkiye İşçi Partisi, TİP
320:
307:
294:
185:
83:
33:
25:
20:
2510:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2505:1980 Turkish coup d'état
2324:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
2256:1953 Iranian coup d'état
2251:1952 Egyptian revolution
1979:1919 Egyptian revolution
1962:Mount Lebanon starvation
1603:10.1177/0022002715576572
845:Banned to travel abroad
739:Kurdistan Workers' Party
578:National Salvation Party
452:Workers' Party of Turkey
392:Workers' Party of Turkey
349:Kurdish-Turkish conflict
345:1980 Turkish coup d'état
66:1980 Turkish coup d'état
2739:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
2587:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
2582:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
2392:1966 Syrian coup d'état
2319:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
2160:Allied invasion of Iraq
2107:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
2030:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1512:Özbudun, Ergun (1976).
1332:. London: I.B. Tauris.
853:Fired public officials
559:Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi
116:Turkish Revenge Brigade
2866:Anti-Kurdish sentiment
2684:2011 Bahraini uprising
2668:South Yemen insurgency
2549:Abu Nidal's executions
2534:1986 Damascus bombings
2313:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2165:Syria–Lebanon campaign
1935:Middle Eastern theatre
1867:Murder of Deniz Poyraz
1660:Middle Eastern Studies
1423:Ciment, James (2014).
1143:Searchlight (magazine)
680:Taksim Square massacre
604:
585:
566:
558:
539:
518:Special War Department
499:
447:
435:
423:
399:
186:Commanders and leaders
2941:Neo-fascist terrorism
2524:South Yemen civil war
2423:Shatt al-Arab clashes
2348:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
2337:North Yemen civil war
2286:1958 Iraqi revolution
2213:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2207:Arab–Israeli conflict
2076:Sheikh Said rebellion
1940:Battle of Robat Karim
1821:Bahçelievler massacre
1047:Le Monde diplomatique
928:Years of Lead (Italy)
901:Among other reasons,
676:Bahçelievler massacre
586:Millî Selamet Partisi
426:), which they saw as
386:was granted with the
308:Casualties and losses
2663:Fatah–Hamas conflict
2599:Operation Desert Fox
2572:1991 Iraqi uprisings
2566:Gulf War (1990–1991)
2477:Grand Mosque seizure
2455:Yemenite War of 1979
2413:Yemenite War of 1972
2353:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
2343:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
2097:Ahmed Barzani revolt
2008:Turkish–Armenian War
1806:Piyangotepe massacre
1550:Arat, Yeşim (2019).
1370:Nationalities Papers
1326:İnce, Başak (2012).
914:and the rise of the
663:Searchlight magazine
641:upper-middle classes
617:Güneş Motel Incident
508:", "intelligence", "
71:Low-level insurgency
2961:Turkish nationalism
2911:Conflicts in Turkey
2881:Communist terrorism
2876:Communism in Turkey
2811:This list includes
2779:2021 Beirut clashes
2639:2004 Qamishli riots
2516:Turkey–PKK conflict
2472:1979 Qatif Uprising
2291:1959 Mosul uprising
2281:1958 Lebanon crisis
2228:1973 Yom Kippur War
2199:Iran crisis of 1946
2187:Al-Wathbah uprising
2177:1943 Barzani revolt
2071:Great Syrian Revolt
2051:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
1974:Simko Shikak revolt
972:31 May 2021 at the
546:, president of the
527:, president of the
380:Class consciousness
366:, traditionalists,
2951:Political violence
2871:Cold War conflicts
2460:Iranian Revolution
2429:Lebanese Civil War
2375:1948 Palestine war
2122:1935 Yazidi revolt
2013:Franco-Turkish War
903:Kurdish separatism
735:1980 military coup
727:Kurdish separatism
721:Kurdish separatism
647:Sequence of events
436:Adalet Partisi, AP
382:was strengthened.
237:İbrahim Kaypakkaya
2906:Conflicts in 1980
2901:Conflicts in 1979
2896:Conflicts in 1978
2891:Conflicts in 1977
2886:Conflicts in 1976
2823:
2822:
2046:Franco-Syrian War
2003:Greco-Turkish War
1991:Anglo-Turkish War
1957:Assyrian genocide
1952:Armenian genocide
1923:Italo-Turkish War
1875:
1874:
1791:Ümraniye massacre
1563:978-0-521-19116-6
1490:978-90-04-43556-8
1483:. Leiden: Brill.
1436:978-1-78402-823-7
1339:978-0-85772-207-2
1188:on 30 August 2008
1128:978-0-86210-156-5
1012:978-1-85043-399-6
938:New Çeltek events
884:
883:
652:ultranationalist
612:elections of 1977
571:Necmettin Erbakan
548:social-democratic
428:pro-Justice Party
388:1961 Constitution
384:Right to unionize
351:erupted in 1984.
327:
326:
202:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
91:Right-wing groups
79:
78:
2968:
2931:Maoism in Turkey
2785:Israel–Hamas war
2712:Syrian civil war
2695:Sinai insurgency
2656:2006 Lebanon War
2331:Dhofar Rebellion
2266:Cyprus Emergency
2261:Jebel Akhdar War
2233:1982 Lebanon War
2223:1967 Six-Day War
2132:Dersim rebellion
2092:Ararat rebellion
1996:Al-Jazeera Front
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1801:Malatya massacre
1786:Beyazıt massacre
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1614:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1051:
1050:, February 1981.
1042:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
996:
990:
987:
976:
964:
778:
777:
713:, who then told
590:Alparslan Türkeş
567:Milliyetçi Cephe
542:, AP) succeeded
525:Süleyman Demirel
470:national remnant
337:ultranationalist
283:
273:
272:
271:
264:
255:
254:
253:
245:
235:
234:
233:
214:Alparslan Türkeş
212:
211:
210:
200:
199:
198:
155:
154:
153:
143:
142:
141:
130:Left-wing groups
104:
103:
102:
35:
34:
18:
17:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2804:
2767:
2689:Egyptian Crisis
2672:
2613:
2553:
2486:
2396:
2385:Second Intifada
2295:
2239:
2136:
2102:Simele massacre
2080:
2061:Adwan Rebellion
2034:
1911:
1906:
1876:
1871:
1840:
1816:Balgat massacre
1772:
1751:
1748:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1583:
1579:
1564:
1548:
1541:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1475:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1429:. M.E. Sharpe.
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1362:
1355:
1340:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1262:
1253:
1210:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1054:
1043:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1013:
997:
993:
988:
979:
974:Wayback Machine
965:
961:
956:
924:
756:
743:Abdullah Öcalan
723:
711:İrfan Özaydınlı
649:
485:15-16 June 1970
357:
290:
279:
269:
267:
251:
249:
241:
231:
229:
223:
208:
206:
196:
194:
181:
151:
149:
139:
137:
125:
100:
98:
55:
42:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:1980 in Turkey
2858:
2856:1979 in Turkey
2853:
2851:1978 in Turkey
2848:
2846:1977 in Turkey
2843:
2841:1976 in Turkey
2838:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2799:Red Sea crisis
2795:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2544:Mecca massacre
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:First Intifada
2377:
2365:
2363:1964 Hama riot
2360:
2358:Aden Emergency
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1836:Çorum massacre
1833:
1828:
1826:Maraş massacre
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1666:(5): 727–741.
1646:
1597:(2): 457–479.
1577:
1562:
1539:
1524:
1504:
1489:
1462:
1435:
1415:
1376:(2): 248–266.
1353:
1338:
1315:
1276:(3): 247–267.
1251:
1224:(2): 198–215.
1199:
1168:
1159:
1134:
1127:
1110:
1089:Ahmad, Feroz.
1074:
1052:
1030:
1011:
991:
977:
958:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
923:
920:
882:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
866:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
842:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
794:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
755:
752:
722:
719:
692:Maraş massacre
684:Maraş massacre
648:
645:
637:social classes
621:strike actions
540:Adalet Partisi
360:Democrat Party
356:
353:
325:
324:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
292:
291:
289:
288:
285:
265:
247:
226:
224:
222:
221:
219:Abdullah Çatlı
216:
204:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
147:
145:TKP/ML (TİKKO)
134:
126:
124:
123:
118:
113:
95:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
68:
61:
57:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
39:
31:
30:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:Yemeni crisis
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:Iran–Iraq War
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:NDF Rebellion
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Alwaziri coup
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:United States
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:0-691-07580-8
1521:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Ethnopolitics
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1150:, p. 50)
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
986:
984:
982:
975:
971:
968:
963:
959:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
897:
893:
888:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
851:
847:
844:
843:
840:> 300,000
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
827:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
795:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
768:
765:
761:
751:
747:
744:
741:(PKK) led by
740:
736:
730:
728:
718:
716:
715:Sedat Celasun
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
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501:Ülkü Ocakları
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2149:World War II
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529:conservative
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162:Devrimci Yol
128:
89:
84:Belligerents
26:Part of the
15:
2813:World War I
2271:Suez Crisis
2218:Suez Crisis
1947:Arab Revolt
1929:World War I
1192:18 December
797:Imprisoned
764:Kenan Evren
703:Nuri Gündeş
688:Martial law
678:, the 1977
654:Grey Wolves
633:bourgeoisie
275:Mahir Çayan
106:Grey Wolves
2830:Categories
1612:2445/57832
1572:1065839122
1499:1182021473
967:Ahval news
954:References
805:Sentenced
514:deep state
355:Background
347:until the
334:right-wing
1845:Post 1980
1778:1976-1980
1698:220376879
1690:0026-3206
1681:11729/701
1621:0022-0027
1445:889717953
1398:153983243
1390:0090-5992
1348:846495381
1298:144075596
1290:1744-9057
1246:146738648
1238:0954-6553
861:Deported
829:Executed
824:> 500
754:Aftermath
594:far-right
492:far-right
462:socialist
372:1960 Coup
368:Islamists
341:left-wing
2626:Iraq War
1756:Pre 1976
1702:Archived
1633:Archived
1629:14049116
1449:Archived
1402:Archived
1302:Archived
1097:Archived
1017:Archived
970:Archived
922:See also
792:210,000
784:650,000
781:Custody
762:brought
575:Islamist
569:), with
523:In 1975
481:Cold War
412:lockouts
295:Strength
48:Location
28:Cold War
2018:Revolts
1534:2317902
880:15,000
848:388,00
808:65,000
800:80,000
705:of the
668:fascist
601:Turkish
582:Turkish
563:Turkish
555:Turkish
536:Turkish
496:Turkish
444:Turkish
432:Turkish
420:Turkish
408:strikes
396:Turkish
303:Unknown
300:Unknown
281:†
243:†
73:started
1708:17 May
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1639:17 May
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1103:4 June
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864:4,509
856:4,891
816:6,353
506:Gladio
287:Others
277:
259:
239:
60:Result
53:Turkey
2772:2020s
2677:2010s
2618:2000s
2558:1990s
2491:1980s
2401:1970s
2300:1960s
2244:1950s
2141:1940s
2085:1930s
2039:1920s
1916:1910s
1694:S2CID
1625:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1294:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1182:Sabah
316:2,109
313:1,826
1710:2022
1686:ISSN
1641:2022
1617:ISSN
1568:OCLC
1558:ISBN
1530:OCLC
1520:ISBN
1495:OCLC
1485:ISBN
1457:2022
1441:OCLC
1431:ISBN
1410:2022
1386:ISSN
1344:OCLC
1334:ISBN
1310:2022
1286:ISSN
1234:ISSN
1194:2008
1154:help
1123:ISBN
1105:2023
1025:2016
1007:ISBN
770:The
696:coup
610:The
516:", "
477:NATO
410:and
157:THKO
38:Date
1676:hdl
1668:doi
1607:hdl
1599:doi
1378:doi
1278:doi
1226:doi
916:PKK
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