2977:
action and to conserve its strength (and weapons) for the crucial confrontation that, it was assumed, would determine the fate of Poland. ... to the Home Army, the Jews were not a part of 'our nation' and ... action to defend them was not to be taken if it endangered other objectives." He added that "it is probably unrealistic to have expected the Home Army—which was neither as well armed nor as well organized as its propaganda claimed—to have been able to do much to aid the Jews. The fact remains that its leadership did not want to do so." Rowecki's attitudes shifted in the following months as the brutal reality of the
Holocaust became more apparent, and the Polish public support for the Jewish resistance increased. Rowecki was willing to provide Jewish fighters with aid and resources when it contributed to "the greater war effort", but had concluded that providing large quantities of supplies to the Jewish resistance would be futile. This reasoning was the norm among the
3028:
ammunition, and over 150 kilograms of explosives. The number of supplies provided to the ghetto resistance has been sometimes described as insufficient, as the Home Army faced a number of dilemmas which forced it to provide no more than limited assistance to the Jewish resistance, such as supply shortages and the inability to arm its own troops, the view (shared by most of the Jewish resistance) that any wide-scale uprising in 1943 would be premature and futile, and the difficulty of coordinating with the internally divided Jewish resistance, coupled with the pro-Soviet attitude of the ŻOB. During the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising, Home Army units tried to blow up the Ghetto wall twice, carried out diversionary actions outside the Ghetto walls, and attacked German sentries sporadically near the Ghetto walls. According to
6411:, 2012, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. P.6. Quote: W okresie prowadzenia walki bieżącej ZWZ-AK stanowczo unikało starć zbrojnych, które byłyby skazane na niepowodzenie i okupione ofiarami o skali trudnej do przewidzenia. To podstawowe założenie w praktyce uniemożliwiało AK czynne wystąpienie po stronie Żydów planujących demonstracje zbrojne w likwidowanych przez Niemców gettach... Kłopotem była też niemożność wytypowania przez rozbitą wewnętrznie konspirację żydowską przedstawicieli do prowadzenia rozmów z dowództwem AK.... Ograniczony rozmiar akowskiej pomocy związany był ze stałymi niedoborami uzbrojenia własnych oddziałów... oraz z lewicowym (prosowieckim) obliczem ŻOB...
320:
3604:, WiN). Its primary goal was not fighting; rather, it was designed to help Home Army soldiers transition from partisan to civilian life; while secrecy was necessary in light of increasing persecution of Home Army veterans by the communist government. WiN was in great need of funds to pay for false documents and provide resources for the partisans, many of whom had lost their homes and life savings in the war. WiN was far from efficient: it was viewed as an enemy of the state, starved of resources, and a vocal faction advocated armed resistance against the Soviets and their Polish proxies. In the second half of 1945, the Soviet
841:
3120:
Home Army had a more favorable attitude towards Jewish civilians and was more hesitant or hostile towards independent Jewish partisans, whom it suspected of pro-Soviet sympathies. General
Rowecki believed that antisemitic attitudes in eastern Poland were related to Jewish involvement with Soviet partisans. Some AK units were friendly to Jews, and in Hanaczów Home Army officers hid and protected an entire 250-person Jewish community, and supplied a Jewish Home Army platoon. The Home Army leadership punished a number of perpetrators of antisemitic violence in its ranks, in some cases sentencing them to death.
2688:
3056:
3394:
3625:
2519:
700:). The Polish civilian government envisioned the Home Army as an apolitical, nationwide resistance organisation. The supreme command defined the Home Army's chief tasks as partisan warfare against the German occupiers, the re-creation of armed forces underground and, near the end of the German occupation, a general armed rising to be prosecuted until victory. Home Army plans envisioned, at war's end, the restoration of the pre-war government following the return of the government-in-exile to Poland.
2777:'s refusal to let the planes land on Soviet territory, the low priority placed by the British on flights to Poland; and the extremely heavy losses sustained by Polish Special Duties Flight personnel. Britain and the United States attached more importance to not antagonizing Stalin than they did to the aspirations of the Poles to regain their national sovereignty, particularly after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Soviets joined the Western Allies in the war against Germany.
2236:
1119:
2118:, photographs, eight key V-2 parts, and drawings of the wreckage. Polish agents also provided reports on the German war production, morale, and troop movements. The Polish intelligence network extended beyond Poland and even beyond Europe: for example, the intelligence network organized by Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski in North Africa has been described as "the only llied ... network in North Africa". The Polish network even had two agents in the German high command itself.
791:). The basic organizational unit was the platoon, numbering 35–50 people, with an unmobilized skeleton version of 16–25; in February 1944, the Home Army had 6,287 regular and 2,613 skeleton platoons operational. Such numbers made the Home Army not only the largest Polish resistance movement, but one of the two largest in World War II Europe. Casualties during the war are estimated at 34,000 to 100,000, plus some 20,000–50,000 after the war (casualties and imprisonment).
1202:
1166:
2001:
949:
3251:
3508:
57:
2605:
2966:. Home Army reports from March 1943 described crimes committed by the Germans against the Jewish populace. AK commander General Stefan Rowecki estimated that 640,000 people had been murdered in Auschwitz between 1940 and March 1943, including 66,000 ethnic Poles and 540,000 Jews from various countries (this figure was revised later to 500,000). The Home Army started carrying out death sentences for
9206:
8863:
8479:
8253:
8179:
3452:. The Poles' main motive was to acquire intelligence on the Germans and to obtain much-needed equipment. There were no known joint Polish–German operations, and the Germans were unsuccessful in recruiting the Poles to fight exclusively against the Soviet partisans. Furthermore, most cooperative efforts between local Home Army commanders and the Germans were condemned by Home Army headquarters.
2919:. It is likely that more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, some fought in both. Thousands of Jews joined, or claimed to join, the Home Army in order to survive in hiding, but Jews serving in the Home Army were the exception rather than the rule. Most Jews in hiding could not pass as ethnic Poles and would have faced deadly consequences if discovered.
1238:
2809:
3359:
engaged in retaliatory actions. Polish partisans attacked the OUN, assassinated
Ukrainian commanders, and carried out operations against Ukrainian villages. Retaliatory operations aimed at intimidating the Ukrainian population contributed to increased support for the UPA. The Home Army command tried to limit operations against Ukrainian civilians to a minimum. According to
3557:, formed in mid-1943. Its aim was not to engage Soviet forces in combat, but to observe them and to gather intelligence while the Polish Government-in-Exile decided how to deal with the Soviets; at that time, the exiled government still believed in the possibility of constructive negotiations with the Soviets. On 7 May 1945 NIE was disbanded and transformed into the
808:). The third, largest group were "part-time members": sympathisers who led "double lives" under their real names in their real homes, received no payment for their services, and stayed in touch with their undercover unit commanders but were seldom mustered for operations, as the Home Army planned to use them only during a planned nationwide rising.
774:
other resistance organisations into the Home Army, and that while the number of members was high and that of sympathizers was even higher, the number of armed members participating in operations at any given time was smaller—as little as one per cent in 1943, and as many as five to ten per cent in 1944—due to an insufficient number of weapons.
685:), which in turn, a little over two years later, on 14 February 1942, became the Home Army. During that time, many other resistance organisations remained active in Poland, although most of them, merged with the Armed Resistance or with its successor, the Home Army, and substantially augmented its numbers between 1939 and 1944.
2837:), though there were no Jewish representatives in the Government Delegation for Poland. Traditionally, Polish historiography has presented the Home Army interactions with Jews in a positive light, while Jewish historiography has been mostly negative; most Jewish authors attribute the Home Army's hostility to endemic
3149:
826:) became subordinate to the Home Army. In turn, individual Home Army units varied substantially in their political outlooks, notably in their attitudes toward ethnic minorities and toward the Soviets. The largest group that completely refused to join the Home Army was the pro-Soviet, communist People's Army (
3358:
The Polish government-in-exile in London was taken by surprise; it did not expect
Ukrainian anti-Polish actions of such magnitude. There is no evidence that the Polish government-in-exile contemplated a general policy of revenge against the Ukrainians, but local Poles, including Home Army commanders,
3086:
to many Jewish fugitives, enabling them to pass as Poles. Home Army published a leaflet in 1943 stating that "Every Pole is obligated to help those in hiding. Those who refuse them aid will be punished on the basis of...treason to the Polish Nation". Nevertheless, Jewish historians have asserted that
3019:, ŻZW) received from the Home Army, among other things, 2 heavy machine guns, 4 light machine guns, 21 submachine guns, 30 rifles, 50 pistols, and over 400 grenades. Some supplies were also provided to the ŻOB, but less than to ŻZW with whom the Home Army had closer ties and ideological similarities.
2976:
observed that "the attitude of the military underground to the genocide is both more complex and more controversial . Throughout the period when it was being carried out, the Home Army was preoccupied with preparing for ... Nazi rule in Poland collapsed. It was determined to avoid premature military
2640:
From arms caches hidden in 1939, the Home Army obtained 614 heavy machine guns, 1,193 light machine guns, 33,052 rifles, 6,732 pistols, 28 antitank light field guns, 25 antitank rifles, and 43,154 hand grenades. However, due to their inadequate preservation, which had to be improvised in the chaos of
773:
began, the Home Army reached its highest membership: estimates of membership in the first half and summer of 1944 range from 200,000, through 300,000, 380,000 and 400,000 to 450,000–500,000, though most estimates average at about 400,000; the strength estimates vary due to the constant integration of
730:
Until the major rising in 1944, the Home Army concentrated on self-defense (the freeing of prisoners and hostages, defense against German pacification operations) and on attacks against German forces. Home Army units carried out thousands of armed raids and intelligence operations, sabotaged hundreds
2620:
As a clandestine army operating in an enemy-occupied country and separated by over a thousand kilometers from any friendly territory, the Home Army faced unique challenges in acquiring arms and equipment, though it was able to overcome these difficulties to some extent and to field tens of thousands
799:
The Home Army was intended to be a mass organisation that was founded by a core of prewar officers. Home Army soldiers fell into three groups. The first two consisted of "full-time members": undercover operatives, living mostly in urban settings under false identities (most senior Home Army officers
3261:
In the
Southeastern part of occupied Polish territories, there have been long-standing tensions between the Polish and Ukrainian populations. Poland's plans to restore its prewar borders were opposed by the Ukrainians, and some Ukrainian groups' collaboration with Nazi Germany had discredited their
3231:
Postwar assessments of the Home Army's activities in
Lithuania have been controversial. In 1993, the Home Army's activities there were investigated by a special Lithuanian government commission. Only in recent years have Polish and Lithuanian historians been able to approach consensus, though still
3119:
that AK units attacked or was attacked by had a sizable Jewish presence. In general, AK units in the east were more likely to be hostile towards Jewish partisans, who in turn were more closely associated with the Soviet underground, while AK units in the west were more helpful towards the Jews. The
2246:
The largest and best-known of the
Operation Tempest battles, the Warsaw Uprising, constituted an attempt to liberate Poland's capital and began on 1 August 1944. Polish forces took control of substantial parts of the city and resisted the German-led forces until 2 October (a total of 63 days). With
811:
The Home Army was intended to be representative of the Polish nation, and its members were recruited from most parties and social classes. Its growth was largely based on integrating scores of smaller resistance organisations into its ranks; most of the other Polish underground armed organizations
3620:
to Home Army members, and gained information about large numbers of Home Army and WiN people and resources in the following months. By the time the (imprisoned) Home Army and WiN leaders realised their mistake, the organizations had been crippled, with thousands of their members arrested. WiN was
3434:
In late 1943 the actions of Soviet partisans, who had been ordered to destroy Home Army forces, even resulted in limited uneasy cooperation between some Home Army units and German forces. While the Home Army still treated the
Germans as the enemy and conducted operations against them, some Polish
3303:
The OUN decided to attack Polish civilians, who constituted about a third of the population of the disputed territories. It equated
Ukrainian independence with ethnic homogeneity, which meant the Polish presence had to be completely removed. By February 1943 the OUN began a deliberate campaign of
939:
Many women participated in the Warsaw Uprising, particularly as medics or scouts; they were estimated to form about 75% of the insurgent medical personnel. By the end of the uprising, there were about 5,000 female casualties among the insurgents, with over 2,000 female soldiers taken captive; the
3752:
writes that "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK, ... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance ." Gregor Dallas writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe." Mark Wyman writes that
3378:
By mid-1944, most of the disputed regions were occupied by the Soviet Red Army. Polish partisans disbanded or went underground, as did most Ukrainian partisans. Both the Poles and the Ukrainians would increasingly concentrate on the Soviets as their primary enemy – and both would ultimately
3212:, and proposed a non-aggression pact and cooperation against Nazi Germany. The Lithuanian side refused and demanded that the Poles either leave the Vilnius region (disputed between Poles and Lithuanians) or subordinate themselves to the Lithuanians' struggle against the Soviets. In the May 1944
2039:
from continental Europe between 1939 and 1945 came from Polish sources. The total number of those reports is estimated at 80,000, and 85 per cent of them were deemed to be high quality or better. The Polish intelligence network grew rapidly; near the end of the war, it had over 1,600 registered
3094:
Attitudes towards Jews in the Home Army were mixed. A few AK units actively hunted down Jews, and in particular two district commanders in the northeast of Poland (Władysław Liniarski of Białystok and Janusz Szlaski of Nowogródek) openly and routinely persecuted Jewish partisans and fugitives;
3167:
and Polish resistance movements had common enemies—Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union—they began working together only in 1944–1945, after the Soviet reoccupation, when both fought the Soviet occupiers. The main obstacle to unity was a long-standing territorial dispute over the Vilnius Region.
3027:
district transferred to the ghetto. In January 1943 the Home Army delivered a larger shipment of 50 pistols, 50 hand grenades, and several kilograms of explosives, along with a number of smaller shipments that carried a total of 70 pistols, 10 rifles, 2 hand machine guns, 1 light machine gun,
3134:, whose initial reports "tended to conflate communists with Jews, dangerously disseminating the notion that Jewish loyalties were to Soviet Russia and communism rather than to Poland", and which repeated the notion that antisemitism was a "useful tool in the struggle against Soviet Russia".
3123:
Most of the underground press was sympathetic towards Jews, and the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda was led by operatives who were pro-Jewish and represented the liberal wing of Home Army; however, the bureau's anti-communist sub-division, created as a response to communist
2043:
The Western Allies had limited intelligence assets in Central and Eastern Europe. The extensive in-place Polish intelligence network proved a major resource; between the French capitulation and other Allied networks that were undeveloped at the time, it was even described as "the only llied
3471:, which the Poles had envisioned to be a joint Polish–Soviet operation against the retreating Germans which would also establish Polish claims to those territories. The Home Army helped Soviet units with scouting assistance, uprisings, and assistance in liberating some cities (e.g.,
280:
had cleared most Polish territory of German forces, the Home Army was disbanded. After the war, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, communist government propaganda portrayed the Home Army as an oppressive and reactionary force. Thousands of ex-Home Army personnel were deported to
5971:
2780:
In the end, despite all efforts, most Home Army forces had inadequate weaponry. In 1944, when the Home Army was at its peak strength (200,000–600,000, according to various estimates), the Home Army had enough weaponry for only about 32,000 soldiers." On 1 August 1944, when the
2125:, 2005) described contributions of Polish intelligence to the Allied victory as "disproportionally large" and argued that "the work performed by Home Army intelligence undoubtedly supported the Allied armed effort much more effectively than subversive and guerilla activities".
2231:; in 1944, a series of nationwide risings which aimed primarily to seize control of cities and areas where German forces were preparing defenses against the Soviet Red Army, so that Polish underground civil authorities could take power before the arrival of Soviet forces.
2845:, postwar testimonies of Holocaust survivors reveal that their experiences with the Home Army were mixed even if predominantly negative. Jews trying to seek refuge from Nazi genocidal policies were often exposed to greater danger by open resistance to German occupation.
3081:
Because it was the largest Polish resistance organization, the Home Army's attitude towards Jewish fugitives often determined their fate. According to Antony Polonsky the Home Army saw Jewish fugitives as security risks. At the same time, AK's "paper mills" supplied
2648:
from German soldiers or their allies, or stolen from German supply depots or transports. Efforts to capture weapons from the Germans also proved highly successful. Raids were conducted on trains carrying equipment to the front, as well as on guardhouses and
2621:
of armed soldiers. Nevertheless, the difficult conditions meant that only infantry forces armed with light weapons could be fielded. Any use of artillery, armor or aircraft was impossible (except for a few instances during the Warsaw Uprising, such as the
703:
The Home Army, though in theory subordinate to the civil authorities and to the government-in-exile, often acted somewhat independently, with neither the Home Army's commanders in Poland nor the "London government" fully aware of the other's situation.
7163:
Jews who had escaped the Holocaust, and a large Polish minority, passionately hated UPA because it engaged in thorough ethnic cleansing, killing all the Jews it could find, about 50,000 Poles in Volhynia and between 20,000 and 30,000 Poles in
3336:. Between January and March 1944, the division fought 16 major battles with the UPA, expanding its operational base and securing Polish forces against the main attack. One of the largest battles between the Home Army and the UPA took place in
3443:
areas accepted them when the Germans offered arms and supplies to the Home Army to be used against the Soviet partisans. However, such arrangements were purely tactical and indicated no ideological collaboration, as demonstrated by France's
2766:. During the war, 485 air-drop missions from the West (about half of them flown by Polish airmen) delivered some 600 tons of supplies for the Polish resistance. Besides equipment, the planes also parachuted in highly qualified instructors (
3588:
when many Home Army units tried to work together with the Soviets in a nationwide uprising against the Germans. Other Home Army veterans were arrested when they approached Polish communist government officials after having been promised
2926:. This section collected data about the situation of the Jewish population, drafted reports, and sent information to London. It also centralized contacts between Polish and Jewish military organizations. The Home Army also supported the
5986:
856:
Home Army ranks included a number of female operatives. Most women worked in the communications branch, where many held leadership roles or served as couriers. Approximately a seventh to a tenth of the Home Army insurgents were female.
3220:, which resulted in a low-level civil war between anti-Nazi Poles and pro-Nazi Lithuanians that was encouraged by the German authorities; it culminated in the June 1944 massacres of Polish and Lithuanian civilians in the villages of
2841:. More recent scholarship has presented a mixed, ambivalent view of Home Army–Jewish relations. Both "profoundly disturbing acts of violence as well as extraordinary acts of aid and compassion" have been reported. In an analysis by
768:
In February 1942, when the Home Army was formed from the Armed Resistance, it numbered around 100,000 members. Less than a year later, at the start of 1943, it had reached a strength of around 200,000. In the summer of 1944, when
271:
deteriorated, conflict grew between the Home Army and Soviet forces. The Home Army's allegiance to the Polish government-in-exile caused the Soviet government to consider the Home Army to be an impediment to the introduction of a
3666:
Even then, some partisans remained in the countryside, and were unwilling or unable to rejoin the community; they became known as the cursed soldiers. Stanisław Marchewka "Ryba" was killed in 1957, and the last AK partisan,
3621:
finally disbanded in 1952. By 1947 a colonel of the communist forces declared that "The terrorist and political underground ceased to be a threatening force, though there still men of the forests" to be dealt with.
2247:
the Poles receiving no aid from the approaching Red Army, the Germans eventually defeated the insurrectionists and burned the city, quelling the Uprising on 2 October 1944. Other major Home Army city risings included
3179:, or LAF) cooperated with Nazi operations against Poles during the German occupation. In autumn 1943, the Home Army carried retaliatory out operations against the Nazis' Lithuanian supporters, mainly the Lithuanian
6362:
Without assistance of Poles and even their active participation in some actions, without the supply of arms from the Polish underground movement - the outbreak of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto was impossible.
2267:
area, where regional structures were able to set up a functioning government—they ultimately failed to secure sufficient territory to enable the government-in-exile to return to Poland due to Soviet hostility.
3529:
The Home Army was officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to avoid civil war and armed conflict with the Soviets. However, many former Home Army units decided to continue operations. The Soviet Union, and the
2653:
posts. Sometimes weapons were taken from individual German soldiers accosted in the street. During the Warsaw Uprising, the Home Army even managed to capture several German armored vehicles, most notably a
2828:
varied widely from unit to unit, and the topic remains controversial. The Home Army answered to the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile, where some Jews served in leadership positions (e.g.
2641:
the September Campaign, most of the guns were in poor condition. Of those that had been buried in the ground and had been dug up in 1944 during preparations for Operation Tempest, only 30% were usable.
3316:
said: "We have to do everything possible so that a Pole, when meeting a Ukrainian, will be ready to kill him, and conversely, a Ukrainian will be ready to kill the Pole." A German commissioner from
6140:
3644:, were executed in communist prisons, and 6 million Polish citizens (every third adult Pole) were classified as "reactionary" or "criminal elements", and were subjected to spying by state agencies.
2522:
German poster listing 100 Polish hostages executed in reprisal for assassinations of German police and SS by a Polish "terrorist organization in the service of the English", Warsaw, 2 October 1943
804:, or "forest people"), who openly fought the Germans (the forest people are estimated at some 40 groups, numbering 1,200–4,000 persons in early 1943, but their numbers grew substantially during
4873:
Peszke, Michael Alfred (1 December 2006). "A Review of: "Intelligence Co-Operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II — The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee"".
2710:
Arms were clandestinely manufactured by the Home Army in its own secret workshops, and by Home Army members working in German armaments factories. In this way the Home Army was able to procure
1662:
3262:
partisans as potential Polish allies. While the Polish government-in-exile considered tentative plans about providing a limited autonomy for Ukrainians, in 1942 the staff of the Home Army of
3095:
however, these were the only two provinces, out of seventeen, where such orders were issued by provincial commanders. The extent of such behaviors in the Home Army overall has been disputed;
233:. Estimates of the Home Army's 1944 strength range between 200,000 and 600,000. The latter number made the Home Army not only Poland's largest underground resistance movement but, along with
4830:
Schwonek, Matthew R. (19 April 2006). "Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain during World War II: The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee, vol. 1 (review)".
3332:
killed the Polish delegation. On 20 July that year the Home Army command decided to establish partisan units in Volhynia. Several formations were created, most notably, in January 1944, the
3518:. They were convicted of "planning military action against the U.S.S.R." In March 1945 they had been invited to help organize a Polish Government of National Unity and were arrested by the
2751:. Hundreds of people were involved in the manufacturing effort. The Home Army did not produce its own ammunition, but relied on supplies stolen by Polish workers from German-run factories.
1839:
3308:
and Eastern Galicia, beginning in the spring of 1943, 100,000 Poles were killed. OUN forces targeted Polish villages, which prompted the formation of Polish self-defense units (e.g., the
3266:
recommended deporting 1–1.5 million Ukrainians to the Soviet Union and settling the remainder in other parts of Poland once the war ended. The situation escalated the next year when the
5829:
3371:
area), Polish units (including affiliates of the Home Army) carried out retaliatory attacks in which about 3,000 Ukrainians were killed; one of the most infamous ones is known as the
1977:
In 1943 the Home Army began recreating the organization of the prewar Polish Army, its various units now being designated as platoons, battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions, and
812:
were incorporated into the Home Army, though they retained varying degrees of autonomy. The largest organization that merged into the Home Army was the leftist Peasants' Battalions (
3431:(high command) issued on 22 June 1943, Soviet partisans engaged Polish partisans in combat; it has also been claimed that they attacked the Poles more frequently than the Germans.
2962:(where he would spend three and a half years) to organize a resistance on the inside and to gather information on the atrocities occurring there to inform the Western Allies about
9400:
4340:
1823:
5081:
4401:
2630:). Even these light-infantry units were as a rule armed with a mixture of weapons of various types, usually in quantities sufficient to arm only a fraction of a unit's soldiers.
3534:
that it controlled, viewed the underground, still loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, as a force to be extirpated before they could gain complete control of Poland. Future
3363:, the Polish operations resulted in 10,000 to 15,000 Ukrainian deaths in 1943–47, including 8,000-10,000 on territory of post-war Poland. From February to April 1945, mainly in
4486:
5804:
9435:
9395:
5904:
5754:
901:
5854:
5779:
3286:, one of UPA's leaders, and his followers concluded that the war would end in the exhaustion of both Germany and the Soviet Union, leaving only the Poles—who laid claim to
5879:
5736:
248:
in the Soviet Union, destroying German supplies and tying down substantial German forces. It also fought pitched battles against the Germans, particularly in 1943 and in
221:(Armed Resistance) established in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasions in September 1939. Over the next two years, the Home Army absorbed most of the other
9430:
1754:
640:
7610:
7214:
5711:
3815:. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
1729:
1382:
787:(NCOs). The officer cadre was formed from prewar officers and NCOs, graduates of underground courses, and elite operatives usually parachuted in from the West (the
5265:
Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
3425:
loyal to the Polish government-in-exile more as a potential obstacle to Soviet plans to control postwar Poland than as a potential ally. On orders from the Soviet
8975:
3337:
2637:, arms purchased or captured from the Germans and their allies, arms clandestinely manufactured by the Home Army itself, and arms received from Allied air drops.
5598:
Armstrong, John Lowell (1994). "The Polish Underground and the Jews: A Reassessment of Home Army Commander Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski's Order 116 against Banditry".
4571:
871:
1914:
1546:
1405:
3580:
took responsibility for disarming the Home Army. By the end of the war, around 60,000 Home Army soldiers were arrested, 50,000 of whom were deported to Soviet
1779:
3347:, where local self-defence forces managed to fend off two attacks. In March 1944 the Home Army also carried out reprisal attack against UPA in the village of
1492:
1366:
886:
9005:
4127:
2674:
5938:
Shmuel Krakowski (January 2003). "The Attitude of the Polish Underground to the Jewish Question during the Second World War". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).
1607:
6148:
2045:
1436:
7064:
5018:
This tendency influenced the unwillingness to recognize the disproportionally large contribution of Polish Intelligence to the Allied victory over Germany
3143:
6076:
3245:
1702:
7369:
4949:
Engel, David (1983). "An Early Account of Polish Jewry under Nazi and Soviet Occupation Presented to the Polish Government-In-Exile, February 1940".
1946:
1280:
747:
officials in retaliation against Nazi terror inflicted on Poland's civilian population; prominent individuals assassinated by the Home Army included
261:
8980:
6545:
1881:
1651:
1271:) as smaller organisational units. Overall, the Home Army regional structure largely resembled Poland's interwar administration division, with an
6462:
6421:
6408:
1855:
8995:
7044:
4639:
LERSKI, GEORGE J. (1982). "Review of GENERAŁ: Opowieść o Leopoldzie Okulickim (The General: Story of Leopold Okulicki), Jerzy R. Krzyżanowski".
3640:
repressions in Poland. In 1944–56, approximately 2 million people were arrested; over 20,000, including Pilecki, organizer of the resistance in
3099:
wrote that the bulk of the Home Army's antisemitic behavior can be ascribed to a small minority of members, often affiliated with the far-right
9445:
8242:
2055:, for the Western Allies, the intelligence provided by the Home Army was considered to be the best source of information on the Eastern Front.
633:
719:
on 12 July 1941. This put the Polish government in a difficult position since it had previously pursued a policy of "two enemies". Although a
9195:
8468:
2011:
magazine), 3 January 1943 issue, satirizing Nazi terror and genocide. From the right, emerging from the "III" (Roman numeral three", of the "
2922:
In February 1942, the Home Army Operational Command's Office of Information and Propaganda set up a Section for Jewish Affairs, directed by
2901:
2283:
estimated that an eighth of all German transports to the Eastern Front were destroyed or substantially delayed due to Home Army operations.
8990:
7299:
3973:
3546:, is quoted as saying: "Soldiers of the AK are a hostile element which must be removed without mercy." Another prominent Polish communist,
2803:
1995:
319:
7478:
3690:
Many monuments to the Home Army have since been erected in Poland, including the Polish Underground State and Home Army Monument near the
2633:
Home Army arms and equipment came mostly from four sources: arms that had been buried by the Polish armies on battlefields after the 1939
2263:
but aborted due to various circumstances. While the Home Army managed to liberate a number of places from German control—for example, the
9440:
9000:
8985:
7575:
Persak, Krzysztof (December 2006). "The Polish – Soviet Confrontation in 1956 and the Attempted Soviet Military Intervention in Poland".
3164:
4543:"Żeńskie oddziały sabotażowo-dywersyjne w strukturach armii podziemnej w latach 1940–1944 na podstawie relacji i wspomnień ich członkiń"
4352:
3663:, were locked up in communist prisons between 1944 and 1956. In 1956 an amnesty released 35,000 former Home Army soldiers from prisons.
9415:
9098:
8200:
4542:
4427:
3721:
222:
206:
1890:
723:
was signed in August 1941, cooperation continued to be difficult and deteriorated further after 1943 when Nazi Germany publicised the
9425:
8919:
8852:
4497:
3333:
626:
276:-friendly government in Poland, which hindered cooperation and in some cases led to outright conflict. On 19 January 1945, after the
4799:"Intelligence Cooperation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II. The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee"
3593:. Home Army soldiers stopped trusting the government after a number of broken promises in the first few years of communist control.
3531:
1896:
1790:
6027:
3651:
or by Poland's UB political police. They were interrogated and imprisoned on various charges such as "fascism". Many were sent to
1037:", "Forest") commanded from July 1943 until his surrender to the Germans when the Warsaw Uprising was suppressed in October 1944.
9331:
8914:
7640:
7445:
6962:
6947:
5258:
3569:
2679:
2659:
603:
344:
7527:
7398:
3807:
9420:
6765:
5032:
Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee
5004:
Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee
3275:
2123:
Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee
913:
4095:
3115:
has suggested that some of these incidents are better understood in the context of the Polish–Soviet conflict, as some of the
8898:
8413:
8092:
8071:
8029:
8003:
7979:
7958:
7939:
7879:
7757:
7719:
7563:
7408:
7156:
6700:
6642:
6528:
6503:
6445:
6392:
6384:
The Attitude of the Polish Home Army (AK) to the Jewish Question during the Holocaust: the Case of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
6230:
6200:
6123:
6060:
5949:
5559:
5525:
5433:
5366:
5339:
5289:
5197:
5158:
5110:
5039:
5011:
4781:
4739:
4712:
4623:
4596:
4525:
4442:
4381:
4312:
4269:
4253:
4210:
4152:
4105:
4078:
4032:
4005:
3917:
3844:
3011:'s intervention on the Organization's behalf. Zimmerman describes the supplies as "limited but real". Jewish fighters of the
1669:
1005:
994:
289:
in Central and Eastern Europe, the portrayal of the Home Army was no longer subject to government censorship and propaganda.
2664:
9241:
8878:
7618:
3217:
3209:
3186:
2032:
2000:
1008:) of the Polish government-in-exile and answered in the civilian chain of command to the Government Delegation for Poland.
975:
410:
210:
104:
9036:
7558:Żołnierze Batalionu Armii Krajowej "Zośka" represjonowani w latach 1944–1956," Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2008,
7188:
3193:, killing hundreds of mostly Lithuanian policemen and other collaborators during the first half of 1944. In response, the
8785:
8168:
3716:
3671:, was killed in 1963 – almost two decades after World War II had ended. It was only four years later, in 1967, that
8235:
7126:
6281:
4566:
3558:
598:
7400:
The Culmination of Conflict: The Ukrainian-Polish Civil War and the Expulsion of Ukrainians After the Second World War
9405:
9188:
8461:
8052:
7920:
7901:
7845:
7784:
7116:
7005:
6931:
6890:
6862:
6825:
6634:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
6321:
6255:
5695:
5316:
4184:
3891:
2935:
740:
609:
324:
301:
9354:
8496:
3695:
3328:
was sent to talk with local Ukrainians with the goal of ending the massacres; the mission was unsuccessful, and the
2190:
1075:
662:
9410:
8893:
8408:
5082:""Biuletyn Informacyjny" wychodził w konspiracji co tydzień przez pięć lat. Rekordowy nakład - 50 tys. egzemplarzy"
3459:
entering Polish territories in 1944, the Home Army established an uneasy truce with the Soviets. Even so, the main
3410:
3096:
2950:
delivered the first eyewitness account of the Holocaust to the Western powers, after having personally visited the
1150:
693:
670:
17:
7482:(Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland). Retrieved from Internet Archive.
6328:
Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author".
6262:
Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author."
5638:"The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Postwar Jewish Testimonies and Wartime Documents Reveal"
1081:
9067:
8888:
8429:
8403:
8117:
3539:
1111:
900:
were high-ranking officers described as "holding top posts" within the communication branch of the organisation.
777:
Home Army numbers in 1944 included a cadre of over 10,000–11,000 officers, 7,500 officers-in-training (singular:
654:
459:
354:
9103:
7662:
7095:
6519:
Bauer, Yehuda (1989). "Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust". In François Furet (ed.).
3680:
3305:
2703:
2202:
906:
524:
8018:
The Armed Forces of Poland in the West, 1939–46: Strategic Concepts, Planning, Limited Success but No Victory!
6594:
Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2 July 2015). "Rethinking the Polish Underground". Interview in Yeshiva University News.
285:
and Soviet prisons, while other ex-members, including a number of senior commanders, were executed. After the
8924:
8845:
8228:
5928:
Powstanie warszawskie w walce i dyplomacji - page 23 Janusz Kazimierz Zawodny, Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert 2005
1929:
1925:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1765:
1740:
1713:
1554:
1532:
1424:
1393:
720:
6087:
9181:
8813:
8744:
8454:
8288:
7042:
To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947
5409:
5115:
4274:
3849:
3683:, Home Army soldiers remained under investigation by the secret police, and it was only in 1989, after the
3456:
3241:
3213:
2276:
1900:
1819:
1794:
1503:
1458:
430:
245:
8539:
7065:"Incompatible Experiences: Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation, 1939-44"
2720:
2696:
9324:
8544:
7049:
6561:
3753:"Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe." The numbers of
3100:
2873:
2849:
2102:, to an abandoned German airfield in Poland to pick up intelligence prepared by Polish aircraft-designer
544:
268:
3748:
A number of sources say that the Home Army was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe.
956:
Home Army Headquarters was divided into five sections, two bureaus and several other specialized units:
9236:
9231:
8780:
7473:
7146:
6923:
6035:
4472:
3388:
3116:
3000:
2916:
2059:
1474:
689:
565:
380:
339:
226:
114:
9021:
8619:
8559:
3483:), only to find that Home Army troops were arrested, imprisoned, or executed immediately afterwards.
3312:) and fights between the Home Army and the OUN. The Germans encouraged both sides against each other;
3152:
3124:
propaganda, was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the
1629:
9309:
8356:
3609:
3467:
forces conducted operations against Home Army partisans, including during or directly after Poland's
3414:
3172:
3083:
3044:
2634:
911:
headed the distribution branch. Several all-female units existed within the AK structures, including
666:
405:
349:
9364:
8759:
8506:
7833:
5581:
3543:
2260:
2121:
The researchers who produced the first Polish–British in-depth monograph on Home Army intelligence (
1085:
1026:
966:
Section III: Operations and Training – coordination, planning, preparation for a nationwide uprising
840:
800:
belonged to this group); and uniformed (to a certain extent) partisans, living in forested regions (
218:
9226:
9156:
8838:
8205:
7995:
The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II
7520:
5972:"Postrzeganie żydowskich oddziałów partyzanckich przez Armię Krajową i Delegaturę Rządu RP na Kraj"
5331:
The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II
4773:
3597:
3422:
3267:
3190:
2999:
with firearms, ammunition, and explosives, but only after it was convinced of the eagerness of the
876:
784:
678:
554:
513:
487:
435:
309:
230:
125:
84:
8135:
6465:[Zimmerman: Polish underground and Jews. Solidarity, betrayal and everything in between].
5464:
Blutinger, Jeffrey (Fall 2010). "An Inconvenient Past: Post-Communist Holocaust Memorialization".
822:
9288:
9115:
9072:
9031:
8654:
8161:
7514:
6345:
6225:. Holocaust: critical concepts in historical studies. Vol. 5. London / New York: Routledge.
5548:
Joshua D. Zimmerman (January 2009). Murray Baumgarten; Peter Kenez; Bruce Allan Thompson (eds.).
3687:, that the sentences of Home Army soldiers were finally declared null and void by Polish courts.
3321:
3029:
3008:
2799:
2071:
2063:
2036:
674:
534:
477:
467:
385:
8754:
7711:
7251:
7041:
5030:
Anglo-Polish Historical Committee (2005). Tessa Stirling; Daria Nałęcz; Tadeusz Dubicki (eds.).
5002:
Anglo-Polish Historical Committee (2005). Tessa Stirling; Daria Nałęcz; Tadeusz Dubicki (eds.).
3970:
3679:("Silent Unseen") intelligence and support group—was released from prison. Until the end of the
3205:
2526:
The Polish Resistance carried out dozens of attacks on German commanders in Poland, the largest
891:
9317:
9298:
8704:
8564:
8278:
7545:
7427:
6818:
Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-century Eastern Europe
3995:
3699:
3032:, the Ghetto uprising would not have been possible without supplies from the Polish Home Army.
2990:
2978:
2838:
2627:
1276:
716:
712:
400:
375:
9088:
8594:
6995:
6881:
Piskunowicz, Henryk (1996). "Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie". In Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.).
6493:
6435:
6382:
6190:
6113:
6050:
5549:
5515:
5423:
5329:
5148:
5055:
4767:
4371:
4302:
4200:
4022:
2857:
2687:
815:
503:
9109:
8694:
8604:
8529:
8377:
8298:
8013:
7989:
7774:
7749:
7743:
6854:
6848:
5254:
The Production of Arms and Explosive Materials by the Polish Home Army in the Years 1939–1945
4586:
3907:
3472:
3130:
stereotype. The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by
3108:
3061:
3055:
3012:
2527:
2248:
2150:
2134:
2050:
1517:
570:
529:
390:
8764:
5279:
3372:
3355:", ended in ethnic cleansing operations in which about 700 Ukrainian civilians were killed.
9135:
8830:
8709:
8273:
3515:
3418:
3300:)—as a significant force, and therefore the Poles had to be weakened before the war's end.
2655:
2592:
2186:
2163:
1230:
708:
165:
8689:
8599:
8488:
8446:
4130:. Publications of Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Canada. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
3584:
and prisons; most of these soldiers had been taken captive by the Soviets during or after
3393:
3309:
3194:
2070:
on this subject received by the Allies), German submarine operations, and, most famously,
1570:
8:
9093:
8803:
8674:
8644:
8609:
8331:
5633:
4983:
Ordway, Frederick I., III. "The Rocket Team." Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pgs 158, 173)
3684:
3553:
The first Home Army structure designed primarily to deal with the Soviet threat had been
3489:, Soviet forces continued engaging many Home Army soldiers, who received the moniker of "
3342:
3221:
2981:, who believed that the Holocaust could only be halted by a significant military action.
2842:
2566:
2280:
2067:
732:
286:
273:
7492:
7431:
5304:
4798:
3020:
2885:
2861:
2816:
with Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army after the camp's liberation during the
1676:
1585:
1414:
861:
169:
9390:
9130:
9125:
8574:
8569:
8346:
8154:
8127:
7704:
7592:
7087:
6965:[Today in Vilnius veterans of Lithuanian army and AK will forgive each other].
6941:
6659:
5659:
5615:
5569:
5497:
5489:
4966:
4898:
4855:
4656:
3624:
3616:, UB), managed to convince several Home Army and WiN leaders that they wanted to offer
3572:—declined to accept jurisdiction over Home Army soldiers; as a result, for over a year
3225:
3204:
In April 1944, the Home Army in the Vilnius Region attempted to open negotiations with
2830:
2759:
2218:
2154:(Information Bulletin), with a top circulation (on 25 November 1943) of 50,000 copies.
2079:
1174:
539:
498:
238:
153:
8939:
8934:
8729:
8724:
8554:
8341:
6972:
6309:
5493:
5253:
4675:
3352:
2923:
2877:
2865:
2551:
2538:
918:
8929:
8361:
8321:
8303:
8088:
8067:
8048:
8025:
7999:
7975:
7954:
7935:
7916:
7897:
7875:
7841:
7780:
7753:
7715:
7596:
7559:
7524:
7404:
7152:
7122:
7091:
7001:
6927:
6915:
6886:
6858:
6821:
6696:
6689:
6638:
6553:
6524:
6499:
6441:
6388:
6317:
6277:
6251:
6226:
6196:
6119:
6056:
5945:
5691:
5663:
5607:
5555:
5521:
5501:
5481:
5429:
5362:
5335:
5312:
5285:
5193:
5154:
5035:
5007:
4958:
4902:
4890:
4859:
4847:
4812:
4777:
4735:
4708:
4683:
4648:
4619:
4592:
4521:
4464:
4419:
4377:
4308:
4249:
4206:
4180:
4158:
4148:
4101:
4074:
4028:
4001:
3981:
3913:
3887:
3804:
3585:
3535:
3468:
3398:
2869:
2228:
2208:
1978:
1808:
1350:
805:
770:
249:
8954:
8124:– Site edited by the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association
6422:
Pomoc Armii Krajowej dla powstańców żydowskich w getcie warszawskim (wiosna 1943 r.)
6409:
Pomoc Armii Krajowej dla powstańców żydowskich w getcie warszawskim (wiosna 1943 r.)
3668:
3036:
2881:
845:
9369:
9262:
9151:
8749:
8714:
8649:
8634:
8629:
8614:
8511:
8293:
7867:
7641:"Pomnik Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego i Armii Krajowej / pomnik / Jerzy Staniszkis"
7584:
7440:
7112:
7079:
5649:
5473:
4882:
4839:
4803:
4454:
4409:
4143:
Laqueur, Walter (2019). "5. The Twentieth Century (II): Partisans against Hitler".
3754:
3726:
3554:
3547:
3197:, who had already killed hundreds of Polish civilians since 1941 (particularly the
3181:
2834:
2217:
in 1943, a series of attacks on German border outposts on the frontier between the
1210:
1154:
1038:
1001:
415:
234:
161:
8639:
8283:
6913:
6803:
Lietuvių ir lenkų pasipriešinimo judėjimai 1942–1945 m.: sąsajos ir skirtumai
6797:
5120:
4279:
3854:
3480:
3112:
2702:, one of very few weapons designed and mass-produced covertly in occupied Europe.
2575:
2256:
673:
neared completion. Seven weeks later, on 17 November 1939, on orders from General
9293:
8739:
8734:
8684:
8589:
8579:
8387:
8336:
8326:
8268:
8146:
8121:
8082:
7993:
7969:
7889:
7531:
7148:
Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II
7142:
6967:
6632:
5939:
5356:
5262:
5187:
4729:
4702:
4613:
4515:
4414:
4243:
4226:
4068:
3977:
3811:
3660:
3502:
3490:
3449:
3360:
3291:
3198:
3131:
2973:
2897:
2817:
2782:
2614:
2587:
2570:
2531:
2513:
2240:
2195:
2075:
1512:
1191:
1158:
933:
849:
779:
752:
257:
253:
197:
185:
8959:
8549:
8534:
4700:
3694:
building in Warsaw, unveiled in 1999. The Home Army is also commemorated in the
2758:, which was the only way to obtain more exotic, highly useful equipment such as
9359:
8664:
8501:
8351:
7932:
Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła" : konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947
7799:
6844:
6463:"Zimmerman: Podziemie polskie a Żydzi. Solidarność, zdrada i wszystko pomiędzy"
3283:
2955:
2711:
2534:". Dozens of additional assassinations were carried out, the best-known being:
2518:
2214:
2091:
1127:
1012:
936:, two all-female units were created—a demolition unit and a sewer system unit.
897:
724:
157:
8949:
7588:
6801:
4886:
4162:
2906:
2542:
1011:
The Home Army's first commander, until his arrest by the Germans in 1943, was
9384:
9340:
9041:
8719:
8699:
8679:
8669:
8584:
7855:
7083:
6850:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
6557:
5654:
5637:
5611:
5485:
4962:
4894:
4851:
4816:
4687:
4652:
4468:
4423:
3749:
3672:
3525:. Despite the court's lenience, 6 years later only two of the men were alive.
3325:
3040:
3024:
2996:
2963:
2951:
2912:
2813:
2774:
2235:
2103:
1118:
1017:
788:
558:
517:
491:
256:
of August–October 1944. The Home Army also defended Polish civilians against
229:
in London, and it constituted the armed wing of what came to be known as the
9173:
8944:
7817:
The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis
6192:
Dance with Death: A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews during the Holocaust
5375:
4992:
McGovern, James. "Crossbow and Overcast." W. Morrow: New York, 1964. (pg 71)
3436:
3126:
2111:
1646:
940:
latter number reported in contemporary press caused a "European sensation".
9257:
9221:
8624:
7215:
Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history
6349:
5401:
3573:
3519:
3445:
3287:
3088:
2748:
2732:
2726:
2645:
2581:
2142:
2012:
1526:
828:
580:
214:
8064:
Poland Alone: Britain, SOE and the Collapse of the Polish Resistance, 1944
5477:
4843:
3148:
2744:
1909:
1749:
1319:
1318:
area); sources vary on whether there was a Northeastern Area (centered in
1251:
The Home Army was divided geographically into regional branches or areas (
8659:
8382:
6378:
6374:
5941:
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
4459:
3676:
3073:
3023:, commander of the Home Army in Warsaw, ordered the entire armory of the
2967:
2767:
2650:
2138:
2008:
1951:
1452:
1294:, with some sources differentiating between left- and right-bank areas –
1201:
1165:
1107:
925:
866:
9026:
4660:
9120:
6806:(Lithuanian and Polish resistance movements 1942–1945), 30 January 2004
6189:
Jarosław Piekałkiewicz (30 November 2019). Joanna Drzewieniecki (ed.).
6083:
5619:
5421:
5406:
There Once Was a World: A 900-Year Chronicle of the Shtetl of Eishyshok
4970:
3711:
3329:
3313:
2947:
2853:
2107:
1720:
972:
Section V: Communication – including with the Western Allies; air drops
472:
252:
from January 1944. The Home Army's most widely known operation was the
241:
partisans, one of Europe's largest World War II underground movements.
31:
9339:
8114:
7118:
Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine
6910:
Działalnośc zbrojna Armi Krajowej na Wileńszczyśnie w latach 1942–1944
4494:
Załącznik do Uchwały Senatu PW nr 202/XLVI/2007 z dnia 27 June 2007 r.
4373:
Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present
3565:), but it was disbanded on 8 August 1945 to stop partisan resistance.
3368:
7308:
Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948
6963:"W Wilnie pojednają się dziś weterani litewskiej armii i polskiej AK"
6523:(1st American ed.). New York: Schocken Books. pp. 235–251.
4574:
from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
3641:
3637:
2959:
2738:
2670:
2407:
2083:
1303:
948:
736:
7666:
6141:"The Remarkable Story of the Man Who Volunteered to Enter Auschwitz"
6111:
4128:
Polish contribution to the Allied victory in World War 2 (1939–1945)
3507:
3348:
3250:
3077:
Jan Grabiec, who had blackmailed residents of villages that hid Jews
2927:
2773:
Air drops were infrequent. Deliveries from the west were limited by
1803:
1602:
1565:
1307:
9051:
8021:
7951:
Wołyń'43 Ludobójcza czystka - fakty, analogie, polityka historyczna
6223:
Holocaust: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews
3460:
3406:
3324:, the Ukrainians want Bandera. Fight each other." On 10 July 1943,
3320:, when local Poles complained about massacres, answered: "You want
3254:
3087:
the main cause for the low survival rates of escaping Jews was the
2755:
2272:
2168:
2095:
1941:
1850:
1541:
277:
8220:
7663:"Muzeum Armii Krajowej im. Gen. Emila Fieldorfa "Nila" w Krakowie"
4707:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47, 401, 513–514, 605–505.
3274:, UPA), a Ukrainian nationalist force and the military arm of the
2954:
and a Nazi concentration camp. Another crucial role was played by
2623:
2609:
2287:
Confirmed sabotage and covert operations of the Armed Resistance (
1697:
864:, an underground courier who was sometimes called the only female
8808:
8140:
7872:
Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944
5029:
5001:
4618:(in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 18–25.
3617:
3590:
3476:
2556:
2016:
1846:
1693:
1448:
1444:
1144:
929:
882:
748:
744:
63:
7512:
Andrzej Paczkowski. Poland, the "Enemy Nation", pp. 372–375, in
4520:(in Polish). Warszawska Oficyna Wydawnicza "Gryf". p. 118.
2785:
began, only a sixth of Home Army fighters in Warsaw were armed.
1484:
1469:
1315:
6914:
Zygmunt Boradyn; Andrzej Chmielarz; Henryk Piskunowicz (1997).
6521:
Unanswered questions: Nazi Germany and the genocide of the Jews
4769:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
3512:
3427:
3216:, the Home Army dealt a substantial blow to the Nazi-sponsored
3111:
organization was mostly integrated into the Home Army in 1944.
2560:
2264:
2058:
Home Army intelligence provided the Allies with information on
2020:
1964:
1872:
1863:
Kilof (pick), Komin (chimney), Kuźnia (foundry), Serce (heart)
1774:
1580:
1418:
1361:
1287:
6776:
5192:(in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 214.
3655:, executed, or "disappeared". For example, all the members of
3568:
The first Polish communist government formed in July 1944—the
2604:
1359:
Codenames: Cegielnia (Brickworks), Woda (Water), Rzeka (River)
1326:) or whether Białystok was classified as an independent area (
981:
Bureau of Finances (sometimes called "Section VII") – finances
8883:
6920:
Armia Krajowa na Nowogródczyźnie i Wileńszczyźnie (1941–1945)
6745:
6576:
6352:[Assistance of Poles in the Warsaw ghetto uprising].
6220:
5206:
4914:
4912:
4701:
Jerzy Jan Lerski; George J. Lerski; Halina T. Lerski (1996).
3652:
3629:
3581:
3440:
3317:
3296:
3282:, OUN), directed most of its attacks against Poles and Jews.
3156:
3067:
2252:
2174:
2099:
2024:
1960:
1876:
1724:
1624:
1377:
991:, Polish for "Directorate of Diversion") – special operations
984:
420:
282:
217:. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier
9205:
8862:
8860:
8478:
8252:
8178:
8047:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
5422:
Robert D. Cherry; Annamaria Orla-Bukowska (1 January 2007).
3675:—a soldier of AK and a member of the elite, Britain-trained
2189:
of 1942–1943, with the Home Army sabotaging German plans to
978:(sometimes called "Section VI") – information and propaganda
852:. They had just marched several hours through Warsaw sewers.
820:) around 1943–1944, and parts of the National Armed Forces (
56:
8476:
7281:
6491:
6276:(2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 416.
6216:
6214:
6212:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
5447:
5445:
5358:
Silent and Unseen: I was a Polish WWII Special Ops Commando
5167:
4241:
3691:
3648:
3605:
3577:
3522:
3464:
3263:
2958:, who was the only person to volunteer to be imprisoned at
2825:
2808:
2763:
2715:
2181:
Major Home Army military and sabotage operations included:
1237:
7479:
Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej
7269:
7169:
6048:
4929:
4927:
4909:
2090:, "Bridge III"), a stripped-for-lightness RAF twin-engine
2035:
to the Allies; 48 per cent of all reports received by the
1390:
Struga (stream), Krynica (source), Gorzelnia (distillery)
1229:
Arrested by the Soviets, sentenced to imprisonment in the
1226:
Dissolved AK trying to lessen the Polish-Soviet tensions.
1000:
The Home Army's commander was subordinate in the military
264:. Its attitude toward Jews remains a controversial topic.
6733:
6721:
6709:
6118:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 119–120.
6115:
Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future
6052:
Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence
5425:
Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future
5412:, vol. 1, no. 2 (June 1999), City University of New York.
5218:
4588:
Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland
4540:
4245:
Leksykon historii Polski po II wojnie światowej 1944–1997
2770:), 316 of whom were inserted into Poland during the war.
1637:
Miód (honey), Wiano (dowry) (subunit "Kaunas Lithuania")
1220:
1184:
1137:
1097:
677:, the Service for Poland's Victory was superseded by the
8143:
Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963 – The Untold Story
8109:
7370:
Ukaże się nowa publikacja o konflikcie polsko-ukraińskim
7305:
7254:, Gazeta Wyborcza 23 April 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
6473:
6469:(Interview) (in Polish). Interviewed by Filip Mazurczak.
6209:
6163:
5996:
5442:
3805:
The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)
3257:
self-defense centers organized with Home Army help, 1943
2224:
Operation Jula, in 1944, another rail-sabotage operation
1996:
History of Polish intelligence services § 1939–1945
244:
The Home Army sabotaged German transports bound for the
9401:
Military units and formations of Poland in World War II
7121:. Central European University Press. pp. 285–286.
6105:
5189:
Armia Krajowa: siła zbrojna Polskiego Państwa Polskiego
4924:
4615:
Armia Krajowa: siła zbrojna Polskiego Państwa Polskiego
2852:
for risking their lives to save Jews, examples include
2547:
832:), which numbered 30,000 people at its height in 1944.
7680:
7426:
7378:
7350:
7338:
7326:
7314:
7257:
7232:
7220:
6188:
6112:
Robert Cherry; Annamaria Orla-Bukowska (7 June 2007).
6008:
5023:
4179:, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994,
3636:
The persecution of the Home Army was only part of the
2911:. The Home Army provided training and supplies to the
1255:), which were subdivided into subregions or subareas (
960:
Section I: Organization – personnel, justice, religion
6367:
5327:
4995:
4605:
4341:"Militarna partycypacja kobiet w Siłach Zbrojnych RP"
2736:), flamethrowers, explosive devices, road mines, and
2613:, armored car used by the resistance during the 1944
2595:
of the Warsaw District, assassinated 1 February 1944.
2358:
Disruptions to electricity supply in the Warsaw grid
1489:
Okręg Lwów Zachód (West) and Okręg Lwów Wschód (East)
881:
organised an intelligence network in German-occupied
665:
set up on 27 September 1939, just as the coordinated
9436:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
9396:
Polish underground organisations during World War II
8020:. Helion Studies in Military History. Vol. 13.
7611:"Państwo Podziemne było fenomenem na skalę światową"
6885:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Bellona. pp. 213–214.
6876:
6874:
6427:
6290:
5179:
4541:
Marcinkiewicz-Kaczmarczyk, Anna (18 November 2015).
4021:
Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (26 November 2013).
3757:
were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.
3550:, said that the Home Army had to be "exterminated."
2297:
from 1 January 1941 to 30 June 1944, listed by type
2044:
intelligence assets on the Continent". According to
7499:. New York: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 112–123.
6460:
6433:
5547:
3516:
show trial of 16 Polish civil and Home Army leaders
3232:differing in their interpretations of many events.
3201:), intensified their operations against the Poles.
3035:A year later, during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the
2141:created the illusion of a German movement opposing
1762:Lin (tench), Czapla (aigrette), Pełnia (full moon)
8176:
7806:, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233.
7703:
6688:
6686:
6630:
6546:"The Noble and the Base: Poland and the Holocaust"
6492:Wilhelm Heitmeyer; John Hagan (19 December 2005).
6387:. University of Delaware Press. pp. 121–122.
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5185:
5105:
5103:
4727:
4611:
4584:
4565:
4235:
4202:Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4066:
3382:
3246:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
225:and underground forces. Its allegiance was to the
9431:Military units and formations established in 1942
6871:
6691:Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945
6682:
6680:
6182:
5688:Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning
5642:East European Politics and Societies and Cultures
5593:
5591:
4673:
4097:Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 1944–1988
3874:
3872:
2201:the protection of the Polish population from the
1710:Kwadra (quarter), Twierdza (keep), Żuraw (crane)
1281:Administrative division of Second Polish Republic
739:units. The Home Army also assassinated prominent
9382:
7491:
6440:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218.
6316:. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222.
6250:. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222.
5937:
5273:
5271:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5056:"Biuletyn Informacyjny : wydanie codzienne"
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4731:Struktura organizacyjna Armii Krajowej 1939-1944
4694:
4443:"Spór o Elżbietę Zawacką – żołnierza i pedagoga"
4242:Hanna Konopka; Adrian Konopka (1 January 1999).
4093:
4014:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3901:
3899:
3608:and the newly created Polish secret police, the
3417:that began on 1 September 1939; even though the
2896:A Jewish partisan detachment served in the 1944
2507:
963:Section II: Intelligence and Counterintelligence
709:Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union
7300:Marek Jasiak, "Overcoming Ukrainian Resistance"
7036:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6839:
6837:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6308:
6245:
5805:"Żabiński Jan & Żabińska Antonina (Erdman)"
5534:
5520:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2011. p. 478.
5100:
4402:"Kobiety w polskiej armii – ujęcie historyczne"
4138:
4136:
4114:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3397:Soviet and Home Army soldiers patrol together,
3144:Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
2788:
1816:Gobelin, Godło (coat of arms), Muzeum (museum)
1048:("Bear"), led the Home Army in its final days.
932:informants in addition to sabotage. During the
731:of railway shipments, and participated in many
8084:The Polish underground and the Jews, 1939–1945
7832:
7508:
7506:
7310:. Oxford: Rowman & Littfield. p. 174.
7244:
6960:
6809:
6677:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6537:
6437:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945
6350:"Pomoc Polaków bojownikom getta warszawskiego"
6221:David Cesarani; Sarah Kavanaugh, eds. (2004).
6195:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 256–257.
5931:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5588:
5396:
5394:
5277:
4406:Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych
4300:
3869:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3039:liberated hundreds of Jewish inmates from the
1551:Komar (mosquito), Tarcza (shield), Ton (tone)
1088:as Armia Krajowa was not named such until 1942
9325:
9203:
9189:
8846:
8462:
8236:
8162:
8045:Armed actions of underground Warsaw 1939-1944
7741:
7701:
7193:1943 Volhynia Massacre. Truth and Remembrance
7141:
5969:
5268:
5135:
4748:
4513:
4020:
3896:
3647:Most Home Army soldiers were captured by the
2458:Built-in flaws in air-traffic radio stations
848:soldiers, 2 September 1944, a month into the
711:on 22 June 1941, the Soviet Union joined the
634:
7967:
7217:. University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4
7015:
6834:
6354:Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego
6055:. Manchester University Press. p. 240.
5354:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5173:
4918:
4294:
4262:
4205:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 202–203.
4133:
3926:
2804:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
2474:Built-in flaws in electro-industrial lathes
2239:"To arms!" Home Army poster during the 1944
2128:
813:
8041:Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944
7804:The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology
7735:
7695:
7503:
7105:
6922:. Warsaw: Institute of Political Sciences,
6880:
6597:
6512:
6495:International Handbook of Violence Research
6424:, 2012, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. P.10-18
6373:
5670:
5391:
5321:
5281:Days of Adversity: The Warsaw Uprising 1944
4578:
4553:(26): 115–138 – via cejsh.icm.edu.pl.
4507:
4440:
4399:
4338:
4087:
3818:
2211:, in 1942, sabotaging German rail transport
1467:Codenames: Lux, Lutnia (Lute), Orzech (Nut)
928:, who carried out assassinations of female
735:clashes and battles with German police and
68:
9332:
9318:
9196:
9182:
8853:
8839:
8469:
8455:
8243:
8229:
8201:Polish resistance movement in World War II
8169:
8155:
8038:
7772:
7766:
7485:
7403:. Columbia University Press. p. 220.
6766:"Żołnierze akcji "Antyk" kontra komuniści"
6763:
6414:
6302:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5517:Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1938–1940
5224:
5212:
4591:. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
4195:
4193:
4145:Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study
3905:
3722:Polish resistance movement in World War II
3596:The third post-Home Army organization was
3280:Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv
1684:Drapacz (sky-scraper), Przystań (harbour),
1500:Dukat (ducat), Lira (lire), Promień (ray)
924:, an entirely female sabotage unit led by
692:and to its agency in occupied Poland, the
641:
627:
61:Polish red-and-white flag with superposed
27:Polish resistance movement in World War II
8080:
7888:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7151:. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 336–337.
6782:
6751:
6739:
6727:
6715:
6582:
6479:
6239:
6176:
6014:
6002:
5944:. Rutgers University Press. p. 102.
5653:
5632:
5597:
5463:
5451:
5428:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105.
5348:
5230:
4933:
4765:
4704:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945
4458:
4413:
4169:
3997:Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996
3987:
3880:Początki ruchy oporu w Polsce. Kilka uwag
2984:
2762:and antitank weapons such as the British
2434:Built-in flaws in aircraft engines parts
1787:Len (linnen), Salon (saloon), Żyto (rye)
8087:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7779:. Cornell University Press. p. 34.
7776:DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–51
7422:
7420:
7189:"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres"
7053:, Spring 1999 Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp. 86–120
6954:
6899:
6815:
6543:
6138:
5909:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5884:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5859:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5834:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5809:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5784:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5759:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5741:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5716:The Righteous Among The Nations Database
5146:
4977:
4944:
4942:
4829:
4721:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
3623:
3506:
3392:
3278:(Організація Українських Націоналістів,
3249:
3147:
3054:
3050:
2946:From 1940 onward, the Home Army courier
2807:
2686:
2603:
2599:
2517:
2450:Built-in flaws in artillery projectiles
2275:German rail- and road-transports to the
2234:
2106:, including 100 lb (45 kg) of
1999:
1922:Arka (ark), Barka (barge), Łania (bath)
1267:) and 280 (as of early 1944) districts (
947:
860:Notable women in the Home Army included
839:
9131:Socialist Party People's Guard (GL-WRN)
9121:Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi - Boy Scouts)
7390:
7293:
7111:
6987:
6651:
5958:
5880:"Iwański Henryk & Iwańska Wiktoria"
5150:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
4563:
4517:Wacław Iwanowski i odrodzenie Białorusi
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4190:
4142:
3570:Polish Committee of National Liberation
14:
9383:
8061:
8012:
7988:
7948:
7929:
7910:
7854:
7574:
7452:
7396:
7384:
7356:
7344:
7332:
7320:
7287:
7275:
7263:
7238:
7226:
7175:
7135:
6993:
6843:
6657:
6461:Joshua D. Zimmerman (9 October 2015).
6401:
6271:
5685:
5381:
4986:
4875:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
4872:
4796:
4638:
4248:(in Polish). Graf-Punkt. p. 130.
4000:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1872.
3993:
3798:
3409:grew worse as the war progressed. The
3276:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
2754:The final source of supply was Allied
2563:prison, assassinated 7 September 1943.
2482:Damage to important factory machinery
2221:and the territories annexed by Germany
1296:Obszar Warszawski prawo- i lewobrzeżny
260:by Germany's Ukrainian and Lithuanian
9446:Polish resistance during World War II
9313:
9177:
9037:Secret Military Printing Works (TWZW)
8834:
8450:
8224:
8150:
7866:
7710:. Columbia University Press. p.
7706:God's Playground: 1795 to the present
7434:Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland
7417:
6994:Dovile, Budryte (30 September 2005).
6820:. Cambridge University. p. 152.
6518:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6296:
6049:John Wolffe; Open University (2004).
5600:The Slavonic and East European Review
5284:. Helion & Company. pp. 6–.
4948:
4939:
4766:Kochanski, Halik (13 November 2012).
4567:"The Warsaw women who took on Hitler"
4395:
4393:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4041:
3912:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 10.
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
2644:Arms were sometimes purchased on the
1593:Borówki (berries), Pomnik (monument)
1529:), Struga (stream), Światła (lights)
1006:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
995:Directorate of Underground Resistance
196:
9242:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
7546:Warsaw Uprising: 5 pm, 1 August 1944
7062:
6344:
6086:Shoa Resource Center. Archived from
5686:Snyder, Timothy (8 September 2015).
5298:
5034:. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 410.
4321:
4231:(in Polish). s.n. 1996. p. 134.
3405:Home Army relations with the Soviet
3218:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
3210:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
3187:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
2848:Members of the Home Army were named
2824:Home Army members' attitudes toward
2259:. The Home Army also prepared for a
1737:Hreczka (buckwheat), Konopie (hemp)
976:Bureau of Information and Propaganda
9341:Commanders of the Polish Home Army
9104:National Military Association (NOW)
8866:Units, affiliates, and predecessors
8250:
7915:. Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM.
7306:Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2001).
7195:. Institute of National Remembrance
7181:
6961:Jacek J. Komar (1 September 2004).
6946:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
6883:Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny
6544:Connelly, John (14 November 2012).
6434:Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015).
6377:(January 2009). Murray Baumgarten;
5311:, Columbia University Press, 1978,
5006:. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 32.
4734:(in Polish). UPJW. pp. 5, 82.
4585:Malgorzata Fidelis (21 June 2010).
4564:Tendyra, Bernadeta (26 July 2004).
4301:autor zbiorowy (23 November 2015).
4219:
3884:Rozwój organizacyjny Armii Krajowej
3744:
3742:
3717:Polish contribution to World War II
2891:
2366:Damaged or destroyed army vehicles
2157:
1659:Cyranka (garganey), Nów (new moon)
24:
9441:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Europe
9068:Service for Poland's Victory (SZP)
8482:Personnel, emblems and decorations
7953:. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
7934:. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
7702:Norman Davies (28 February 2005).
7448:from the original on 18 July 2012.
6420:Monika Koszyńska, Paweł Kosiński,
6407:Monika Koszyńska, Paweł Kosiński,
6331:
5551:Case of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4390:
4359:
4067:Roy Francis Leslie (19 May 1983).
3775:
3559:Armed Forces Delegation for Poland
2426:Disruptions in factory production
2072:the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket
1143:Discovered and arrested by German
1004:to the Polish Commander-in-Chief (
96:14 February 1942 – 19 January 1945
25:
9457:
9416:World War II resistance movements
8136:Archiwum Pomorskie Armii Krajowej
8103:
8024:, England: Helion & Company.
6139:Ackerman, Elliot (26 July 2019).
6077:"Zegota, page 4/34 of the Report"
5361:(in Polish). Askon. p. 125.
3994:Wróbel, Piotr (27 January 2014).
3882:. In Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.),
2970:in Warsaw in the summer of 1943.
2964:the fate of the Jewish population
2928:Relief Council for Jews in Poland
2442:Built-in flaws in cannon muzzles
2302:Sabotage / covert-operation type
2148:The Home Army published a weekly
1153:. Executed by personal decree of
9426:1945 disestablishments in Poland
9204:
9094:Confederation of the Nation (KN)
8861:
8477:
8251:
8177:
7809:
7793:
7681:"Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego"
7673:
7655:
7633:
7617:. 8 January 2010. Archived from
7603:
7568:
7552:
7537:
7362:
7207:
7063:Mick, Christoph (7 April 2011).
7056:
6788:
6757:
6588:
6485:
5554:. University of Delaware Press.
4070:The History of Poland Since 1863
3739:
3563:Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj
3419:Germans invaded the Soviet Union
3334:27th Home Army Infantry Division
3117:Soviet-affiliated partisan units
2162:Sabotage was coordinated by the
2031:The Home Army supplied valuable
1840:Kraków Motorized Cavalry Brigade
1663:Zgrupowanie Okręgu AK Nowogródek
1286:There were three to five areas:
1263:). There were 89 inspectorates (
1236:
1200:
1164:
1151:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
1117:
694:Government Delegation for Poland
653:The Home Army originated in the
318:
55:
9258:AL Armia Ludowa (People's Army)
7913:Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960
7840:. New York: Macmillan Company.
7825:
7072:Journal of Contemporary History
6454:
6381:; Bruce Allan Thompson (eds.).
6265:
6132:
6069:
6042:
6020:
5922:
5897:
5872:
5847:
5822:
5797:
5772:
5747:
5729:
5704:
5626:
5508:
5457:
5415:
5278:Evan McGilvray (19 July 2015).
5153:. Routledge. pp. 197–198.
5074:
5048:
4866:
4832:The Journal of Military History
4823:
4790:
4674:Nowak-Jeziorański, Jan (2003).
4667:
4632:
4557:
4534:
4479:
4434:
4376:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 472.
3906:Prazmowska, A. (29 July 2004).
3413:on 17 September 1939 after the
3383:Relations with the Soviet Union
3270:(Українська повстанська армія,
3084:forged identification documents
2936:Jewish resistance organizations
2669:and an armored troop transport
2559:officer, and commandant of the
2498:Assassinations of Nazi Germans
2326:Delayed repairs to locomotives
2285:
1989:
1854:various commanders, incl. Col.
1807:various commanders, incl. Col.
1114:. Emigrated to United Kingdom.
1112:Polish Armed Forces in the West
794:
688:The Home Army was loyal to the
9355:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
9157:Freedom and Independence (WiN)
9110:National Armed Forces (NSZ-AK)
8497:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
8110:Armia Krajowa Museum in Krakow
7874:. New York: Hippocrene Books.
7745:1945: The War that Never Ended
7397:Rapawy, Stephen (3 May 2016).
5328:Michael Alfred Peszke (2005).
4228:Wojskowy przegla̜d historyczny
4073:. Cambridge University Press.
3421:in June 1941, the Soviets saw
3306:massacres of Poles in Volhynia
3272:Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiya
3137:
2934:) as well as the formation of
2203:massacres of Poles in Volhynia
1897:2nd Legions' Infantry Division
1791:3rd Legions' Infantry Division
1686:Wydra (otter), Prom (shuttle)
1612:Pałac (palace), Parcela (lot)
1076:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
663:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
551:Non-integrated but recognizing
525:National Military Organization
13:
1:
9421:1942 establishments in Poland
9116:Camp of Fighting Poland (OPW)
9073:Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ)
8925:104th Company of Syndicalists
8915:2nd Legions Infantry Division
8872:Headquarters and Directorates
8814:Krzyż Powstania Warszawskiego
8141:The Home Army After July 1944
8081:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015).
4487:"Grażyna Lipińska – życiorys"
4400:Drapikowska, Barbara (2016).
4351:(91): 166–194. Archived from
4339:Drapikowska, Barbara (2013).
4024:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3909:Civil War in Poland 1942-1948
3764:
3304:killing Polish civilians. In
3290:(viewed by the Ukrainians as
3235:
2658:light tank destroyer renamed
2508:Assassination of Nazi leaders
2466:Built-in flaws in condensers
2133:The Home Army also conducted
1984:
1197:Emigrated to United Kingdom.
758:
478:National Security Corps (PKB)
135:
7968:Ney-Krwawicz, Marek (2001).
7517:. Crimes, Terror, Repression
6032:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5410:Journal of Genocide Research
5400:John Radzilowski, Review of
5309:The Polish Underground State
4415:10.15290/cnisk.2016.01.01.03
4304:Wielka Księga Armii Krajowej
4100:. Hoover Press. p. 32.
4027:. Routledge. pp. 506–.
3540:Polish United Workers' Party
3486:
3214:Battle of Murowana Oszmianka
2941:
2789:Relations with ethnic groups
2700:("Lightning") submachine gun
2418:Burned down military stores
1421:, Cukrownia (Sugar factory)
1347:reconstruction of the Polish
1345:Units (re)created during the
1310:regions), and Southeastern (
943:
655:Service for Poland's Victory
7:
8039:Strzembosz, Tomasz (1983).
7998:. McFarland & Company.
7971:Polish Home Army, 1939–1945
7773:Mark Wyman (18 June 1998).
7549:, Retrieved on 4 July 2007.
7050:Journal of Cold War Studies
7000:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
6971:(in Polish). Archived from
6764:Zalesiński, Łukasz (2017).
6687:Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002).
6631:Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998).
5186:Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1993).
5119:(in Polish). Archived from
4797:Soybel, Phyllis L. (2007).
4728:Wiesław Józef Wiąk (2003).
4612:Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1993).
4496:(in Polish). Archived from
4441:Półturzycki, Józef (2014).
4278:(in Polish). Archived from
3853:(in Polish). Archived from
3705:
3681:People's Republic of Poland
3532:Polish communist government
3411:Soviet Union invaded Poland
3159:-region Home Army commander
3007:, ŻOB) to fight, and after
3005:Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa
2995:The Home Army provided the
2850:Righteous Among the Nations
2814:Gęsiówka concentration camp
2691:Polish weapons, including (
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2400:
2392:
2390:Destroyed fuel (in tonnes)
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2116:Special Report 1/R, no. 242
1328:Okręg samodzielny Białystok
1233:. Likely executed in 1946.
952:Regional organization, 1944
902:Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz
545:Confederation of the Nation
325:History of Poland 1939–1945
10:
9462:
9237:Lithuanian Security Police
9232:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
9089:Peasants' Battalions (BCh)
8879:Information and Propaganda
8786:Warsaw Uprising insurgents
7643:(in Polish). Puszka.waw.pl
7252:Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa
6924:Polish Academy of Sciences
5334:. McFarland. p. 183.
3696:Home Army Museum in Kraków
3659:, which had fought in the
3632:, Poland, 11 November 2008
3500:
3496:
3389:Soviet partisans in Poland
3386:
3239:
3177:Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas
3141:
3091:of the Polish population.
3001:Jewish Combat Organization
2988:
2917:Jewish Combat Organization
2797:
2511:
2060:German concentration camps
1993:
1618:
1312:Obszar Południowo-Wschodni
1246:
1080:Technically, commander of
690:Polish government-in-exile
671:Soviet invasions of Poland
566:Jewish Combat Organization
292:
227:Polish government-in-exile
115:Polish government-in-exile
29:
9350:
9281:
9250:
9214:
9171:
9144:
9136:Union of Retaliation (ZO)
9081:
9060:
9027:Little Andrews (Jędrusie)
9014:
8968:
8907:
8871:
8828:
8794:
8773:
8520:
8487:
8444:
8422:
8396:
8370:
8312:
8261:
8218:
8214:
8193:
8062:Walker, Jonathan (2008).
7949:Motyka, Grzegorz (2016).
7930:Motyka, Grzegorz (2011).
7911:Motyka, Grzegorz (2006).
7589:10.1080/09668130600996549
7374:Retrieved 2015-05-13.
7047:16 May 2011 at Wikiwix,"
6695:. Yale University Press.
6660:"The Pogrom at Eishyshok"
6498:. Springer. p. 154.
6272:Rashke, Richard (1995) .
4887:10.1080/13518040601028578
4682:(in Polish) (37): 88–97.
4177:Polskie Państwo Podziemne
4094:Andrew A. Michta (1990).
3984:. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
3195:Lithuanian Sonderkommando
3173:Lithuanian Activist Front
3045:Warsaw concentration camp
3017:Żydowski Związek Wojskowy
2350:Blown-up railway bridges
2129:Subversion and propaganda
1935:
1560:
1464:
1356:
1190:Surrendered after end of
785:non-commissioned officers
147:
142:
131:
120:
110:
100:
92:
54:
46:
41:
9406:Polish Underground State
9227:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
9126:Secret Polish Army (TAP)
9032:Underground Police (PKB)
8206:Polish Underground State
7521:Harvard University Press
7145:; Shepherd, Ben (2014).
7084:10.1177/0022009410392409
6816:Petersen, Roger (2002).
6246:David Wdowiński (1963).
5985:(4): 287. Archived from
5979:Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
5830:"Bartoszewski Władysław"
5655:10.1177/0888325419844816
4774:Harvard University Press
4408:(in Polish) (1): 45–65.
4307:. Otwarte. p. 294.
3976:14 February 2008 at the
3732:
3598:Freedom and Independence
3268:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
3242:Poland–Ukraine relations
3228:(Dubinki) respectively.
3191:Lithuanian Secret Police
1563:Codename: Zamek (Castle)
1487:– divided into two areas
1259:) or independent areas (
1103:Arrested by the Soviets
1082:Służba Zwycięstwu Polski
835:
659:Służba Zwycięstwu Polski
231:Polish Underground State
198:[ˈarmjakraˈjɔva]
126:Polish Underground State
85:Polish Underground State
9411:Guerrilla organizations
9289:The Holocaust in Poland
9099:Leśni (Forest Soldiers)
9022:Błyskawica radiostation
8920:27th Volhynian Division
7834:Bór-Komorowski, Tadeusz
7515:Black Book of Communism
6658:Eliach, Yaffa (2009) .
5261:30 October 2022 at the
5147:Crampton, R.J. (1994).
5062:. Warsaw Public Library
4547:Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość
4175:Stanisław Salmonowicz,
3810:3 November 2019 at the
3153:Aleksander Krzyżanowski
2800:The Holocaust in Poland
2793:
2342:Transports set on fire
2318:Damaged railway wagons
2145:within Germany itself.
2064:the Holocaust in Poland
2037:British secret services
1824:106th Infantry Division
1630:Aleksander Krzyżanowski
763:
721:Polish–Soviet agreement
535:Camp of Fighting Poland
367:Political organizations
269:Polish–Soviet relations
9365:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
9299:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
8899:Underground Resistance
8507:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
8414:Underground Resistance
8279:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
8128:Warsaw Uprising Museum
8115:Polish resistance – AK
8014:Peszke, Michael Alfred
7990:Peszke, Michael Alfred
7815:Leonid D. Grenkevich,
7742:Gregor Dallas (2005).
7428:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
5970:Adam Puławski (2003).
5494:10.5703/shofar.29.1.73
5060:dLibra Digital Library
4514:Jerzy Turonek (1992).
3700:Warsaw Uprising Museum
3669:Józef "Lalek" Franczak
3633:
3628:Home Army veterans at
3610:Department of Security
3602:Wolność i Niezawisłość
3526:
3402:
3294:, and by the Poles as
3258:
3160:
3078:
2991:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2985:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2874:Władysław Bartoszewski
2839:antisemitism in Poland
2821:
2707:
2704:Warsaw Uprising Museum
2617:
2530:being that codenamed "
2523:
2243:
2080:Operation Wildhorn III
2028:
1930:26th Infantry Division
1926:25th Infantry Division
1836:24th Infantry Division
1832:22nd Infantry Division
1828:21st Infantry Division
1766:29th Infantry Division
1741:27th Infantry Division
1714:30th Infantry Division
1555:12th Infantry Division
1533:11th Infantry Division
1455:, Garbarnia (tannery)
1425:28th Infantry Division
1394:10th Infantry Division
1086:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
1027:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
953:
853:
814:
717:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
683:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
468:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
448:Military organizations
401:Camp of National Unity
376:Polish Socialist Party
219:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
211:German-occupied Poland
189:
105:German-occupied Poland
8781:Armia Krajowa members
8378:Biuletyn Informacyjny
8262:Uprisings and battles
8120:22 March 2021 at the
8066:. The History Press.
7750:Yale University Press
6855:Yale University Press
5737:"Kamiński Aleksander"
5478:10.1353/sho.2010.0093
5355:Stefan Bałuk (2009).
4951:Jewish Social Studies
4844:10.1353/jmh.2006.0128
4447:Rocznik Andragogiczny
4147:. Milton: Routledge.
3627:
3576:agencies such as the
3510:
3473:Operation Ostra Brama
3396:
3387:Further information:
3253:
3151:
3142:Further information:
3109:National Armed Forces
3058:
3051:Attitude to fugitives
3013:Jewish Military Union
2811:
2690:
2607:
2600:Weapons and equipment
2521:
2382:Destroyed fuel-tanks
2279:in the Soviet Union.
2249:Operation Ostra Brama
2238:
2151:Biuletyn Informacyjny
2135:psychological warfare
2003:
1994:Further information:
1901:7th Infantry Division
1820:6th Infantry Division
1795:9th Infantry Division
1504:5th Infantry Division
1475:Władysław Filipkowski
1459:8th Infantry Division
1029:(Tadeusz Komorowski,
989:Kierownictwo Dywersji
969:Section IV: Logistics
951:
843:
823:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
571:Jewish Military Union
530:National Armed Forces
436:Polish Workers' Party
431:National Radical Camp
421:Betar (Zionist youth)
9209:Opponents and rivals
8521:Senior officers and
8313:Underground, field,
7290:, pp. 382, 387.
7101:on 25 February 2023.
6908:Henryk Piskunowicz,
6785:, pp. 208, 357.
6314:And we are not saved
6248:And we are not saved
5634:Zimmerman, Joshua D.
5251:Rafal E. Stolarski,
4776:. pp. 234–236.
4460:10.12775/RA.2014.023
3802:Marek Ney-Krwawicz,
3614:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa
3206:Povilas Plechavičius
3062:Information Bulletin
2812:Jewish prisoners of
2656:Jagdpanzer 38 Hetzer
2593:SS and Police Leader
2334:Derailed transports
2310:Damaged locomotives
2164:Union of Retaliation
1780:Kazimierz Tumidajski
1383:Hieronim Suszczyński
1231:Trial of the Sixteen
1054:Home Army commander
510:Partially integrated
460:Service for Poland's
166:Emil August Fieldorf
124:Armed forces of the
30:For other uses, see
8804:Armia Krajowa Cross
8430:Republic of Pińczów
7669:on 15 October 2018.
7621:on 24 December 2013
7577:Europe-Asia Studies
7476:, 02.10.04 Nr 232,
7372:, PAP, 2011-02-20.
7278:, pp. 358–360.
7178:, pp. 447–448.
6997:Taming Nationalism?
6754:, pp. 314–318.
6585:, pp. 267–298.
6564:on 23 February 2018
6360:(149): 43–52, 144.
6274:Escape from Sobibor
6093:on 21 November 2008
5690:. Crown/Archetype.
5215:, pp. 343–346.
5174:Ney-Krwawicz (2001)
4919:Ney-Krwawicz (2001)
4475:on 11 January 2023.
4345:Zeszyty Naukowe AON
3878:Tomasz Strzembosz,
3208:, commander of the
2858:Aleksander Kamiński
2843:Joshua D. Zimmerman
2714:(copies of British
2567:Operation Kutschera
2374:Damaged aeroplanes
2298:
2281:Richard J. Crampton
2271:The Home Army also
1755:Władysław Liniarski
1275:being similar to a
1187:– 2 September 1944
816:Bataliony Chłopskie
599:Cultural activities
207:resistance movement
205:) was the dominant
9152:Independence (NIE)
9006:VII Warsaw suburbs
8289:Murowana Oszmianka
7530:7 May 2023 at the
6926:. pp. 40–45.
6664:The New York Times
5905:"Dobraczyński Jan"
5755:"Korbonski Stefan"
5088:. 24 November 2011
3634:
3527:
3487:Long after the war
3403:
3373:Pawłokoma massacre
3259:
3161:
3101:National Democracy
3097:Tadeusz Piotrowski
3079:
3009:Władysław Sikorski
2831:Ignacy Schwarzbart
2822:
2760:plastic explosives
2708:
2635:invasion of Poland
2618:
2524:
2398:Blocked oil wells
2286:
2244:
2219:General Government
2046:Marek Ney-Krwawicz
2029:
1979:operational groups
1915:Michał Stempkowski
1730:Kazimierz Bąbiński
1619:Independent areas
1547:Bronisław Zawadzki
1437:Zygmunt Marszewski
1406:Franciszek Jachieć
1324:Obszar Białystocki
1261:okręgi samodzielne
1223:– 17 January 1945
1175:Tadeusz Komorowski
954:
854:
741:Nazi collaborators
675:Władysław Sikorski
540:Pomeranian Griffin
504:Peasant Battalions
499:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
411:Jewish Labour Bund
154:Tadeusz Komorowski
9378:
9377:
9307:
9306:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9270:
9165:
9164:
8930:Battalion Parasol
8894:Covert Resistance
8822:
8821:
8530:J. Aleksandrowicz
8523:prominent members
8438:
8437:
8409:Covert Resistance
8094:978-1-107-01426-8
8073:978-1-86227-474-7
8031:978-1-90891-654-9
8005:978-0-7864-2009-4
7981:978-0-9501348-9-5
7974:. London: PUMST.
7960:978-83-08-06207-4
7941:978-83-08-04576-3
7896:. Jonathan Cape.
7881:978-0-7818-1302-0
7868:Lukas, Richard C.
7759:978-0-300-10980-1
7721:978-0-231-12819-3
7564:978-83-60464-92-2
7410:978-3-8382-6855-2
7158:978-1-63220-159-1
7113:Marples, David R.
7040:Timothy Snyder, "
6916:Tomasz Strzembosz
6702:978-0-300-09546-3
6644:978-0-7864-0371-4
6530:978-0-8052-4051-1
6505:978-1-4020-3980-5
6447:978-1-107-01426-8
6394:978-0-87413-039-3
6232:978-0-415-27509-5
6202:978-0-7618-7167-5
6125:978-1-4616-4308-1
6062:978-0-7190-7107-2
6028:"Henryk Wolinski"
5951:978-0-8135-3158-8
5855:"Fogg Mieczyslaw"
5780:"Woliński Henryk"
5561:978-0-87413-039-3
5527:978-0-7591-2039-6
5435:978-0-7425-4666-0
5368:978-83-7452-036-2
5341:978-0-7864-2009-4
5291:978-1-912174-34-8
5225:Strzembosz (1983)
5213:Strzembosz (1983)
5199:978-83-02-05061-9
5160:978-0-415-05346-4
5123:on 3 October 2013
5041:978-0-85303-656-2
5013:978-0-85303-656-2
4783:978-0-674-06816-2
4741:978-83-916862-7-0
4714:978-0-313-26007-0
4641:The Polish Review
4625:978-83-02-05061-9
4598:978-0-521-19687-1
4527:978-83-85209-12-6
4383:978-1-85109-770-8
4314:978-83-240-3431-4
4255:978-83-87988-08-1
4212:978-1-4128-2488-0
4154:978-0-429-69636-7
4107:978-0-8179-8861-6
4080:978-0-521-27501-9
4034:978-1-135-96957-8
4007:978-1-135-92701-1
3982:Encyklopedia WIEM
3919:978-0-230-50488-2
3886:, Bellona, 1996,
3685:fall of communism
3586:Operation Tempest
3544:Władysław Gomułka
3536:Secretary General
3469:Operation Tempest
3351:, remembered as "
3310:Przebraże Defence
3224:(Glinciszki) and
2900:, and another in
2505:
2504:
2490:Acts of sabotage
2291:) and Home Army (
2229:Operation Tempest
2209:Operation Garland
2068:the first reports
2005:Der Klabautermann
1975:
1974:
1889:Rolnik (farmer),
1809:Julian Filipowicz
1571:Zygmunt Miłkowski
1493:Stefan Czerwiński
1465:Southeastern area
1367:Albin Skroczyński
1351:Operation Tempest
1292:Obszar Warszawski
1244:
1243:
1098:27 September 1939
1089:
1063:Replaced because
1025:", "Spearhead").
887:Janina Karasiówna
806:Operation Tempest
771:Operation Tempest
661:), which General
651:
650:
610:History of Poland
484:Mostly integrated
312:Underground State
287:fall of communism
250:Operation Tempest
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
9453:
9370:Leopold Okulicki
9334:
9327:
9320:
9311:
9310:
9285:Related articles
9263:Soviet partisans
9208:
9198:
9191:
9184:
9175:
9174:
8889:Civil Resistance
8865:
8855:
8848:
8841:
8832:
8831:
8774:Membership lists
8695:A. Stelmachowski
8675:Z. Romanowiczowa
8512:Leopold Okulicki
8481:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8448:
8447:
8404:Civil Resistance
8255:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8181:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8148:
8147:
8134:
8098:
8077:
8058:
8035:
8009:
7985:
7964:
7945:
7926:
7907:
7890:Moorhouse, Roger
7885:
7863:
7851:
7820:
7813:
7807:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7709:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7665:. Archived from
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7583:(8): 1285–1310.
7572:
7566:
7556:
7550:
7541:
7535:
7510:
7501:
7500:
7497:Warsaw in Chains
7493:Stefan Korboński
7489:
7483:
7471:
7450:
7449:
7441:Sarmatian Review
7424:
7415:
7414:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7250:Jurij Kiriczuk,
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7094:. Archived from
7069:
7060:
7054:
7038:
7013:
7011:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6975:on 11 March 2007
6958:
6952:
6951:
6945:
6937:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6878:
6869:
6868:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6813:
6807:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:Zimmerman (2015)
6780:
6774:
6773:
6761:
6755:
6752:Zimmerman (2015)
6749:
6743:
6740:Zimmerman (2015)
6737:
6731:
6728:Zimmerman (2015)
6725:
6719:
6716:Zimmerman (2015)
6713:
6707:
6706:
6694:
6684:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6628:
6595:
6592:
6586:
6583:Zimmerman (2015)
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6560:. Archived from
6541:
6535:
6534:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6489:
6483:
6480:Zimmerman (2015)
6477:
6471:
6470:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6431:
6425:
6418:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6342:
6329:
6327:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6218:
6207:
6206:
6186:
6180:
6177:Zimmerman (2015)
6174:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6147:. Archived from
6136:
6130:
6129:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6092:
6081:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6034:. Archived from
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6003:Zimmerman (2015)
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5976:
5967:
5956:
5955:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5683:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5545:
5532:
5531:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5461:
5455:
5452:Zimmerman (2015)
5449:
5440:
5439:
5419:
5413:
5398:
5389:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5325:
5319:
5305:Stefan Korboński
5302:
5296:
5295:
5275:
5266:
5249:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5144:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5116:Encyklopedia PWN
5107:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5027:
5021:
5020:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4946:
4937:
4934:Zimmerman (2015)
4931:
4922:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4811:(1): 1266–1267.
4804:Sarmatian Review
4794:
4788:
4787:
4763:
4746:
4745:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4676:"Gestapo i NKWD"
4671:
4665:
4664:
4647:(1/2): 166–168.
4636:
4630:
4629:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4569:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4491:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4471:. Archived from
4462:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4426:. Archived from
4417:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4368:
4357:
4356:
4336:
4319:
4318:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4275:Encyklopedia PWN
4266:
4260:
4259:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4197:
4188:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4140:
4131:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4064:
4039:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3991:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3924:
3923:
3903:
3894:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3850:Encyklopedia PWN
3841:
3816:
3800:
3758:
3755:Soviet partisans
3746:
3727:Western betrayal
3548:Roman Zambrowski
3423:Polish partisans
3346:
3185:battalions, the
3182:Schutzmannschaft
3021:Antoni Chruściel
2910:
2892:Daily operations
2886:Jan Dobraczyński
2862:Stefan Korboński
2835:Szmul Zygielbojm
2683:
2668:
2299:
2261:rising in Kraków
2158:Major operations
2110:wreckage from a
2054:
1703:Henryk Krajewski
1677:Antoni Chruściel
1608:Henryk Kowalówka
1586:Janusz Pałubicki
1518:Władysław Herman
1333:
1332:
1240:
1222:
1211:Leopold Okulicki
1204:
1186:
1168:
1155:Heinrich Himmler
1139:
1121:
1110:, fought in the
1099:
1079:
1051:
1050:
1039:Leopold Okulicki
1002:chain of command
922:
910:
895:
880:
872:Grażyna Lipińska
862:Elżbieta Zawacka
819:
679:Armed Resistance
643:
636:
629:
612:during 1939–1945
555:Armed Resistance
514:Armed Resistance
488:Armed Resistance
416:Hashomer Hatzair
406:Democratic Party
322:
297:
296:
223:Polish partisans
200:
195:
170:Antoni Chruściel
162:Leopold Okulicki
137:
83:) emblem of the
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
59:
39:
38:
21:
18:Polish Home Army
9461:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9374:
9346:
9343:(Armia Krajowa)
9338:
9308:
9303:
9294:Warsaw Uprising
9273:
9272:
9267:
9246:
9210:
9202:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9140:
9077:
9056:
9010:
8969:Warsaw commands
8964:
8940:Żaglowiec Group
8935:Battalion Zośka
8903:
8867:
8859:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8796:
8790:
8769:
8755:T. Żenczykowski
8710:Z. Szendzielarz
8635:J. Mazurkiewicz
8620:A. Krzyżanowski
8545:W. Bartoszewski
8540:K. K. Baczyński
8522:
8516:
8483:
8475:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8418:
8392:
8388:Operation Antyk
8366:
8337:Project Big Ben
8314:
8308:
8274:Zamość uprising
8269:Warsaw Uprising
8257:
8249:
8210:
8189:
8175:
8132:
8122:Wayback Machine
8106:
8101:
8095:
8074:
8055:
8032:
8006:
7982:
7961:
7942:
7923:
7904:
7882:
7848:
7828:
7823:
7814:
7810:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7700:
7696:
7686:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7646:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7615:Polska Newsweek
7609:
7608:
7604:
7573:
7569:
7557:
7553:
7542:
7538:
7532:Wayback Machine
7511:
7504:
7490:
7486:
7472:
7453:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7395:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7331:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7298:
7294:
7286:
7282:
7274:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7221:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7196:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7159:
7140:
7136:
7129:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7039:
7016:
7008:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6976:
6968:Gazeta Wyborcza
6959:
6955:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6879:
6872:
6865:
6845:Snyder, Timothy
6842:
6835:
6828:
6814:
6810:
6795:(in Lithuanian)
6794:
6793:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6762:
6758:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6685:
6678:
6668:
6666:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6629:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6372:
6368:
6343:
6332:
6324:
6310:David Wdowiński
6307:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6219:
6210:
6203:
6187:
6183:
6175:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6063:
6047:
6043:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5992:on 11 May 2023.
5989:
5974:
5968:
5959:
5952:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5684:
5671:
5631:
5627:
5596:
5589:
5577:
5576:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5546:
5535:
5528:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5462:
5458:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5420:
5416:
5399:
5392:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5276:
5269:
5263:Wayback Machine
5250:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5145:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4910:
4871:
4867:
4828:
4824:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4764:
4749:
4742:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4699:
4695:
4672:
4668:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4562:
4558:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4439:
4435:
4430:on 16 May 2023.
4398:
4391:
4384:
4370:
4369:
4360:
4337:
4322:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4174:
4170:
4155:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4115:
4108:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4065:
4042:
4035:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3978:Wayback Machine
3967:
3966:
3927:
3920:
3904:
3897:
3877:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3845:"Armia Krajowa"
3843:
3842:
3819:
3812:Wayback Machine
3801:
3776:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3708:
3661:Warsaw Uprising
3505:
3503:Cursed soldiers
3499:
3491:cursed soldiers
3450:Quisling regime
3415:German invasion
3391:
3385:
3365:Rzeszowszczyzna
3361:Grzegorz Motyka
3353:Sahryń massacre
3340:
3292:western Ukraine
3248:
3238:
3199:Ponary massacre
3146:
3140:
3132:Operation Antyk
3107:) party, whose
3053:
3043:section of the
3037:Zośka Battalion
2993:
2987:
2974:Antony Polonsky
2944:
2924:Henryk Woliński
2904:
2898:Warsaw Uprising
2894:
2878:Mieczysław Fogg
2866:Henryk Woliński
2818:Warsaw Uprising
2806:
2796:
2791:
2783:Warsaw Uprising
2712:submachine guns
2677:
2662:
2615:Warsaw Uprising
2602:
2588:Ordnungspolizei
2571:Franz Kutschera
2552:Oberscharführer
2539:Operation Bürkl
2532:Operation Heads
2516:
2514:Operation Heads
2510:
2296:
2241:Warsaw Uprising
2196:Generalplan Ost
2160:
2131:
2076:Project Big Ben
2048:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1963:
1947:Jan Korkozowicz
1944:
1940:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1879:
1871:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1752:
1748:
1727:
1723:
1700:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1672:
1649:
1645:
1627:
1623:
1605:
1601:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1544:
1540:
1515:
1511:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1434:
1432:
1403:
1401:
1380:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1300:Obszar Zachodni
1249:
1192:Warsaw Uprising
1159:Warsaw Uprising
1140:– 30 June 1943
1078:
946:
934:Warsaw Uprising
916:
904:
889:
874:
850:Warsaw Uprising
838:
797:
766:
761:
753:Franz Kutschera
715:and signed the
647:
618:
617:
614:
611:
594:
586:
585:
577:
575:
562:
561:
552:
549:
521:
520:
511:
508:
495:
494:
485:
482:
464:
461:
455:
451:
449:
441:
440:
427:
425:
397:
395:
372:
370:
368:
360:
359:
335:
327:
311:
295:
254:Warsaw Uprising
193:
178:
168:
164:
160:
156:
149:
88:
80:
77:
74:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9459:
9449:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9360:Stefan Rowecki
9357:
9351:
9348:
9347:
9337:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9314:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9254:
9252:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9211:
9201:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9178:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9107:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8955:Żniwiarz Group
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8868:
8858:
8857:
8850:
8843:
8835:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8705:J. Szczepański
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8610:B. Kostrzewska
8607:
8605:K. Kierzkowski
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8575:J. Bokszczanin
8572:
8570:A. Bohdziewicz
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8502:Stefan Rowecki
8499:
8493:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8474:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8451:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8352:Operation Belt
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8318:
8316:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8225:
8219:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8174:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8138:
8130:
8125:
8112:
8105:
8104:External links
8102:
8100:
8099:
8093:
8078:
8072:
8059:
8053:
8036:
8030:
8010:
8004:
7986:
7980:
7965:
7959:
7946:
7940:
7927:
7921:
7908:
7902:
7894:Killing Hitler
7886:
7880:
7864:
7856:Davies, Norman
7852:
7846:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7808:
7800:Walter Laqueur
7792:
7785:
7765:
7758:
7752:. p. 79.
7734:
7720:
7694:
7672:
7654:
7632:
7602:
7567:
7551:
7543:Michał Zając,
7536:
7525:online excerpt
7523:, London. See
7502:
7484:
7474:Rzeczpospolita
7451:
7430:(April 2006).
7416:
7409:
7389:
7387:, p. 578.
7377:
7361:
7359:, p. 448.
7349:
7347:, p. 120.
7337:
7335:, p. 413.
7325:
7323:, p. 110.
7313:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7266:, p. 327.
7256:
7243:
7241:, p. 390.
7231:
7229:, p. 324.
7219:
7206:
7180:
7168:
7157:
7134:
7128:978-9637326981
7127:
7104:
7078:(2): 336–363.
7055:
7014:
7006:
6986:
6953:
6932:
6898:
6891:
6870:
6863:
6857:. p. 84.
6833:
6826:
6808:
6787:
6775:
6770:Polska Zbrojna
6756:
6744:
6742:, p. 346.
6732:
6730:, p. 189.
6720:
6718:, p. 299.
6708:
6701:
6676:
6650:
6643:
6596:
6587:
6575:
6536:
6529:
6511:
6504:
6484:
6482:, p. 194.
6472:
6453:
6446:
6426:
6413:
6400:
6393:
6366:
6330:
6322:
6301:
6299:, p. 175.
6289:
6283:978-0252064791
6282:
6264:
6256:
6238:
6231:
6208:
6201:
6181:
6179:, p. 188.
6162:
6131:
6124:
6104:
6068:
6061:
6041:
6038:on 9 May 2023.
6019:
6015:Zimmerman 2015
6007:
6005:, p. 317.
5995:
5957:
5950:
5930:
5921:
5896:
5871:
5846:
5821:
5796:
5771:
5746:
5728:
5703:
5696:
5669:
5625:
5606:(2): 259–276.
5587:
5560:
5533:
5526:
5507:
5456:
5454:, p. 418.
5441:
5434:
5414:
5390:
5374:
5367:
5347:
5340:
5320:
5297:
5290:
5267:
5229:
5227:, p. 423.
5217:
5205:
5198:
5178:
5176:, p. 166.
5166:
5159:
5134:
5099:
5073:
5047:
5040:
5022:
5012:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4938:
4923:
4908:
4881:(4): 787–790.
4865:
4838:(2): 528–529.
4822:
4789:
4782:
4747:
4740:
4720:
4713:
4693:
4666:
4631:
4624:
4604:
4597:
4577:
4556:
4533:
4526:
4506:
4503:on 7 May 2023.
4478:
4433:
4389:
4382:
4358:
4355:on 9 May 2023.
4320:
4313:
4293:
4282:on 12 May 2014
4270:"Armia Ludowa"
4261:
4254:
4234:
4218:
4211:
4189:
4168:
4153:
4132:
4113:
4106:
4086:
4079:
4040:
4033:
4013:
4006:
3986:
3925:
3918:
3895:
3868:
3857:on 12 May 2014
3817:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3657:Batalion Zośka
3498:
3495:
3384:
3381:
3284:Stepan Bandera
3237:
3234:
3139:
3136:
3052:
3049:
2989:Main article:
2986:
2983:
2956:Witold Pilecki
2943:
2940:
2893:
2890:
2882:Henryk Iwański
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2564:
2512:Main article:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:Total numbers
2303:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2215:Operation Belt
2212:
2206:
2199:
2159:
2156:
2130:
2127:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1937:
1936:Foreign areas
1933:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1882:Jan Zientarski
1867:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1843:
1842:
1817:
1814:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1652:Janusz Szlaski
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1576:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1480:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1442:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1411:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1372:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1221:3 October 1944
1218:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1149:Imprisoned in
1147:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1128:Stefan Rowecki
1123:
1122:
1115:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1013:Stefan Rowecki
998:
997:
992:
982:
979:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
945:
942:
898:Emilia Malessa
885:in 1942–1944.
846:Radosław Group
837:
834:
796:
793:
765:
762:
760:
757:
725:Katyn massacre
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
608:
606:
601:
595:
593:Related topics
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
574:
573:
568:
550:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
509:
507:
506:
501:
483:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
458:
453:Home Army (AK)
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
394:
393:
388:
386:National Party
383:
381:People's Party
378:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
345:Administration
342:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
315:
314:
306:
305:
294:
291:
201:; abbreviated
176:
173:
172:
158:Stefan Rowecki
151:
145:
144:
140:
139:
138:400,000 (1944)
133:
129:
128:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
60:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9458:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9345:
9344:
9335:
9330:
9328:
9323:
9321:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9280:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9199:
9194:
9192:
9187:
9185:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9170:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9059:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9043:
9042:Silent Unseen
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8976:I Śródmieście
8974:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8856:
8851:
8849:
8844:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8827:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8793:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8765:T. Żychiewicz
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8735:A. Zakrzewska
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8655:T. Pełczyński
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8480:
8472:
8467:
8465:
8460:
8458:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8443:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8421:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:and espionage
8311:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8284:Lwów uprising
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8246:
8241:
8239:
8234:
8232:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:Main articles
8196:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8185:Armia Krajowa
8180:
8172:
8167:
8165:
8160:
8158:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8096:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8065:
8060:
8056:
8054:83-06-00717-4
8050:
8046:
8042:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7973:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7924:
7922:83-7399-163-8
7918:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7903:0-224-07121-1
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7847:0-89839-082-6
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7818:
7812:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7788:
7786:0-8014-8542-8
7782:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7738:
7723:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7698:
7682:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7658:
7642:
7636:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7606:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7571:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7548:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7509:
7507:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7435:
7429:
7423:
7421:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7386:
7385:Motyka (2006)
7381:
7371:
7368:Anna Kondek,
7365:
7358:
7357:Motyka (2011)
7353:
7346:
7345:Motyka (2016)
7341:
7334:
7333:Motyka (2006)
7329:
7322:
7321:Motyka (2016)
7317:
7309:
7304:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7288:Motyka (2006)
7284:
7277:
7276:Motyka (2006)
7272:
7265:
7264:Motyka (2006)
7260:
7253:
7247:
7240:
7239:Motyka (2006)
7235:
7228:
7227:Motyka (2006)
7223:
7216:
7213:J. P. Himka.
7210:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7176:Motyka (2011)
7172:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7143:Cooke, Philip
7138:
7130:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7108:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7009:
7007:0-7546-4281-X
7003:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6943:
6935:
6933:83-907168-0-3
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6902:
6894:
6892:83-11-08544-7
6888:
6884:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6864:0-300-10586-X
6860:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6838:
6829:
6827:0-521-00774-7
6823:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6798:Arūnas Bubnys
6791:
6784:
6779:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6741:
6736:
6729:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6693:
6692:
6683:
6681:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6640:
6637:. McFarland.
6636:
6635:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6591:
6584:
6579:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6507:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6488:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6363:
6359:
6356:(in Polish).
6355:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6325:
6323:0-8022-2486-5
6319:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6259:
6257:0-8022-2486-5
6253:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6151:on 8 May 2023
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6072:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5988:
5984:
5981:(in Polish).
5980:
5973:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5934:
5925:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5699:
5697:9781101903469
5693:
5689:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5571:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5437:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5418:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5382:Peszke (2013)
5378:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5318:
5317:0-914710-32-X
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5274:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4936:, p. 54.
4935:
4930:
4928:
4921:, p. 98.
4920:
4915:
4913:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4449:(in Polish).
4448:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4185:83-02-05500-X
4182:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:Armia Krajowa
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3892:83-11-08544-7
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3751:
3750:Norman Davies
3745:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:Adam Boryczka
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:Lwów Uprising
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:Eastern Front
3453:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3435:units in the
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:Zygmunt Rumel
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3163:Although the
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:Adam Puławski
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:execution of
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:Warsaw Ghetto
2992:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:Warsaw Ghetto
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:Warsaw Ghetto
2908:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2820:, August 1944
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2749:hand grenades
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2718:, indigenous
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:Brigadeführer
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:Eastern Front
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:Lwów Uprising
2254:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2227:most notably
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2187:Zamość Rising
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:and later by
2165:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:Antoni Kocjan
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1969:Blok (block)
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:Zygmunt Janke
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:– March 1940
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:nom de guerre
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:nom de guerre
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1018:nom de guerre
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
990:
987:(acronym for
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
957:
950:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
915:
908:
903:
899:
893:
888:
884:
878:
873:
869:
868:
863:
858:
851:
847:
842:
833:
831:
830:
825:
824:
818:
817:
809:
807:
803:
792:
790:
789:Silent Unseen
786:
783:) and 88,000
782:
781:
775:
772:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
613:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
590:
589:
582:
579:
578:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
556:
553:authority of
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
515:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
489:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
463:
462:Victory (SZP)
457:
456:
454:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
396:Minor parties
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
371:Major parties
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
326:
321:
317:
316:
313:
308:
307:
303:
299:
298:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
265:
263:
262:collaborators
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Eastern Front
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
191:
190:Armia Krajowa
187:
183:
177:Military unit
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
146:
141:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:and Home Army
86:
66:
65:
58:
53:
49:
48:Armia Krajowa
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9342:
9222:Nazi Germany
9061:Predecessors
9045:
8960:Żyrafa Group
8908:Combat units
8795:Emblems and
8715:A. Szklarski
8690:D. Smoleński
8685:J. Rutkowski
8645:K. Moczarski
8630:J. J. Lerski
8615:H. Krahelska
8595:S. Jankowski
8397:Directorates
8184:
8182:
8083:
8063:
8044:
8040:
8017:
7994:
7970:
7950:
7931:
7912:
7893:
7871:
7862:. Macmillan.
7859:
7837:
7826:Bibliography
7816:
7811:
7803:
7795:
7775:
7768:
7744:
7737:
7725:. Retrieved
7705:
7697:
7685:. Retrieved
7675:
7667:the original
7657:
7645:. Retrieved
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7619:the original
7614:
7605:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7554:
7544:
7539:
7513:
7496:
7487:
7477:
7439:
7433:
7399:
7392:
7380:
7364:
7352:
7340:
7328:
7316:
7307:
7302:
7295:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7246:
7234:
7222:
7209:
7197:. Retrieved
7192:
7183:
7171:
7162:
7147:
7137:
7117:
7107:
7096:the original
7075:
7071:
7058:
7048:
6996:
6989:
6977:. Retrieved
6973:the original
6966:
6956:
6919:
6909:
6901:
6882:
6849:
6817:
6811:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6769:
6759:
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6690:
6669:27 September
6667:. Retrieved
6663:
6653:
6633:
6590:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6562:the original
6549:
6539:
6520:
6514:
6494:
6487:
6475:
6466:
6456:
6436:
6429:
6416:
6403:
6383:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6346:Fuks, Marian
6313:
6304:
6297:Lukas (2012)
6292:
6273:
6267:
6247:
6241:
6222:
6191:
6184:
6153:. Retrieved
6149:the original
6144:
6134:
6114:
6107:
6095:. Retrieved
6088:the original
6071:
6051:
6044:
6036:the original
6031:
6022:
6017:, p. 5.
6010:
5998:
5987:the original
5982:
5978:
5940:
5933:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5908:
5899:
5887:. Retrieved
5883:
5874:
5862:. Retrieved
5858:
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5833:
5824:
5812:. Retrieved
5808:
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:
5774:
5762:. Retrieved
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5715:
5712:"Karski Jan"
5706:
5687:
5645:
5641:
5628:
5603:
5599:
5550:
5516:
5510:
5472:(1): 73–94.
5469:
5465:
5459:
5424:
5417:
5405:
5402:Yaffa Eliach
5385:
5377:
5357:
5350:
5330:
5323:
5308:
5300:
5280:
5252:
5220:
5208:
5188:
5181:
5169:
5149:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:the original
5114:
5090:. Retrieved
5086:wpolityce.pl
5085:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5059:
5050:
5031:
5025:
5017:
5003:
4997:
4988:
4979:
4954:
4950:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4808:
4802:
4792:
4768:
4730:
4723:
4703:
4696:
4679:
4669:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4614:
4607:
4587:
4580:
4559:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4516:
4509:
4498:the original
4493:
4481:
4473:the original
4450:
4446:
4436:
4428:the original
4405:
4372:
4353:the original
4348:
4344:
4303:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4280:the original
4273:
4264:
4244:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4201:
4176:
4171:
4144:
4096:
4089:
4069:
4023:
4016:
3996:
3989:
3908:
3883:
3879:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:the original
3848:
3803:
3689:
3665:
3656:
3646:
3635:
3613:
3601:
3595:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3528:
3485:
3454:
3448:or Norway's
3446:Vichy regime
3433:
3426:
3404:
3377:
3364:
3357:
3302:
3295:
3288:East Galicia
3279:
3271:
3260:
3230:
3203:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3162:
3125:
3122:
3104:
3093:
3089:antisemitism
3080:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3034:
3016:
3004:
2994:
2972:
2968:szmalcowniks
2945:
2931:
2921:
2895:
2870:Jan Żabiński
2847:
2823:
2779:
2772:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:), pistols (
2725:
2719:
2709:
2697:
2692:
2646:black market
2643:
2639:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2608:
2586:
2582:Generalmajor
2580:
2574:
2546:
2525:
2292:
2288:
2270:
2245:
2205:in 1943–1944
2194:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2149:
2147:
2143:Adolf Hitler
2132:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2087:
2057:
2042:
2033:intelligence
2030:
2004:
1990:Intelligence
1976:
1917:
1884:
1870:Kielce-Radom
1858:
1811:
1782:
1757:
1732:
1705:
1679:
1654:
1632:
1588:
1573:
1561:Western area
1527:crucian carp
1520:
1495:
1477:
1439:
1408:
1385:
1369:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1298:), Western (
1295:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1215:
1179:
1138:18 June 1940
1132:
1092:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1010:
999:
988:
955:
938:
912:
865:
859:
855:
829:Armia Ludowa
827:
821:
810:
801:
798:
795:Demographics
778:
776:
767:
729:
706:
702:
697:
687:
682:
658:
652:
581:Armia Ludowa
452:
391:Labour Party
266:
243:
215:World War II
202:
181:
179:
62:
47:
36:
9046:Cichociemni
8950:Żmija Group
8797:decorations
8760:M. Żuławski
8750:T. Zawadzki
8745:J. Zamoyski
8740:W. Zalewski
8730:J. Zabłocki
8650:A. Nadolski
8590:H. Lederman
8383:Operation N
8357:V-1 and V-2
8299:Ostra Brama
8183:Home Army (
8133:(in Polish)
7838:Secret Army
7687:19 November
7647:19 November
7625:19 November
7432:"Review of
7199:18 November
6906:(in Polish)
6379:Peter Kenez
6375:Peter Kenez
5648:: 194–220.
5578:|work=
4957:(1): 1–16.
4453:: 317–332.
4286:21 December
3968:(in Polish)
3702:in Warsaw.
3698:and in the
3677:Cichociemny
3401:, July 1944
3341: [
3138:Lithuanians
3074:szmalcownik
3065:article on
3030:Marian Fuks
2905: [
2768:Cichociemni
2721:Błyskawicas
2678: [
2663: [
2651:gendarmerie
2628:armored car
2543:Franz Bürkl
2191:expel Poles
2139:Operation N
2066:(including
2049: [
2013:Third Reich
2009:Operation N
1513:Stanisławów
1510:Stanisławów
1413:Hallerowo (
1357:Warsaw area
1277:voivodeship
1265:inspektorat
1216:Niedźwiadek
1161:had begun.
1108:Anders Army
1106:Joined the
1046:Niedzwiadek
926:Wanda Gertz
917: [
905: [
890: [
875: [
867:Cichociemna
751:(1941) and
334:Authorities
9385:Categories
9145:Successors
9082:Affiliates
8945:Żbik Group
8725:E. Umińska
8665:W. Pilecki
8600:S. Karpiel
8560:S. Bittner
8555:R. Białous
8489:Commanders
8371:Propaganda
8256:Operations
7860:Rising '44
6550:The Nation
6467:ResPublica
6155:9 December
6084:Yad Vashem
5914:26 October
5889:26 October
5864:26 October
5839:26 October
5814:26 October
5789:26 October
5764:26 October
5721:26 October
5092:25 January
5066:8 December
4163:1090493874
3765:References
3712:Gray Ranks
3511:June 1945
3501:See also:
3479:, and the
3437:Nowogródek
3330:Banderites
3314:Erich Koch
3240:See also:
3236:Ukrainians
3189:, and the
3165:Lithuanian
3127:Żydokomuna
2948:Jan Karski
2854:Jan Karski
2798:See also:
2698:Błyskawica
2406:Destroyed
2114:launch, a
2112:Peenemünde
2108:V-2 rocket
2094:flew from
1985:Operations
1885:Mieczysław
1647:Nowogródek
1644:Nowogródek
1415:Hallertown
1342:Codenames
1339:Districts
780:podchorąży
759:Membership
698:Delegatura
576:Opposition
473:Gray Ranks
426:Opposition
350:Parliament
340:Government
258:atrocities
194:pronounced
150:commanders
143:Commanders
111:Allegiance
32:Home guard
9391:Home Army
9215:Opponents
9112:(faction)
8996:V Mokotów
8991:IV Ochota
8720:H. Szwarc
8640:W. Micuta
8565:F. Błażej
8550:J. Batory
8423:Political
8332:Kutschera
7819:, p. 229.
7683:. 1944.pl
7597:154565213
7092:159856277
6942:cite book
6558:0027-8378
5664:204482531
5612:0037-6795
5580:ignored (
5570:cite book
5502:144954562
5486:0882-8539
4963:0021-6704
4903:219626554
4895:1351-8046
4860:161747036
4852:1543-7795
4817:1059-5872
4688:0867-3764
4653:0032-2970
4469:2391-7571
4424:2451-3539
3642:Auschwitz
3638:Stalinist
3455:With the
3226:Dubingiai
3222:Glitiškės
2960:Auschwitz
2942:Holocaust
2756:air drops
2745:Sidolówka
2739:Filipinka
2675:Grey Wolf
2671:SdKfz 251
2408:wood wool
2273:sabotaged
2084:cryptonym
2082:; Polish
2078:mission (
2074:. In one
1750:Białystok
1747:Białystok
1578:Pomerania
1453:Królewiec
1440:Kazimierz
1435:Lt. Col.
1320:Białystok
1314:, in the
1304:Pomerania
1302:, in the
1185:July 1943
1057:Codename
944:Structure
737:Wehrmacht
727:of 1940.
604:Education
559:Home Army
518:Home Army
492:Home Army
274:communist
182:Home Army
42:Home Army
9052:Wachlarz
9001:VI Praga
8986:III Wola
8981:Żoliborz
8700:R. Syski
8680:Z. Rumel
8670:R. Reiff
8660:A. Pilch
8625:L. Kulej
8585:T. Gajcy
8580:S. Braun
8535:J.Arkusz
8347:Most III
8118:Archived
8022:Solihull
8016:(2013).
7992:(2005).
7892:(2006).
7870:(2012).
7858:(2003).
7836:(1951).
7528:Archived
7495:(1959).
7446:Archived
7164:Galicia.
7115:(2007).
7045:Archived
6847:(2003).
6568:22 April
6348:(1989).
6312:(1963).
6097:17 March
5636:(2019).
5259:Archived
5127:14 March
4661:25777876
4572:Archived
3974:Archived
3861:14 March
3808:Archived
3706:See also
3461:Red Army
3407:Red Army
3338:Hanaczów
3322:Sikorski
3255:Volhynia
3103:(ND, or
3041:Gęsiówka
2902:Hanaczów
2673:renamed
2255:and the
2169:Wachlarz
2096:Brindisi
2088:Most III
2040:agents.
1945:Lt.Col.
1942:Budapest
1918:Grzegorz
1851:Katowice
1758:Mścisław
1650:Lt.Col.
1542:Tarnopol
1539:Tarnopol
1431:Northern
1349:Army in
1257:podokręg
1209:General
1173:General
1126:General
1074:General
755:(1944).
733:partisan
302:a series
300:Part of
278:Red Army
239:Yugoslav
9106:(split)
8809:Kotwica
8362:Wieniec
8322:Arsenal
8304:Tempest
6918:(ed.).
5620:4211476
5111:"Burza"
4971:4467201
4187:, p.317
3618:amnesty
3591:amnesty
3538:of the
3497:Postwar
3477:Vilnius
3369:Rzeszów
3105:Endecja
2557:Gestapo
2493:25,145
2469:70,000
2453:92,000
2410:wagons
2321:19,058
2178:units.
2017:Himmler
1939:Hungary
1859:Zygmunt
1847:Silesia
1694:Polesie
1574:Denhoff
1525:Karaś (
1449:Tuchola
1445:Olsztyn
1419:Hajduki
1400:Western
1386:Szeliga
1376:Warsaw-
1374:Eastern
1247:Regions
1145:Gestapo
1060:Period
930:Gestapo
883:Belarus
749:Igo Sym
745:Gestapo
293:Origins
213:during
148:Notable
101:Country
72:
64:Kotwica
9251:Rivals
8294:Osuchy
8091:
8070:
8051:
8028:
8002:
7978:
7957:
7938:
7919:
7900:
7878:
7844:
7783:
7756:
7727:30 May
7718:
7595:
7562:
7407:
7155:
7125:
7090:
7004:
6979:7 June
6930:
6889:
6861:
6824:
6699:
6641:
6556:
6527:
6502:
6444:
6391:
6320:
6280:
6254:
6229:
6199:
6122:
6059:
5948:
5694:
5662:
5618:
5610:
5558:
5524:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5466:Shofar
5432:
5386:passim
5365:
5338:
5315:
5288:
5196:
5157:
5038:
5010:
4969:
4961:
4901:
4893:
4858:
4850:
4815:
4780:
4738:
4711:
4686:
4659:
4651:
4622:
4595:
4524:
4467:
4422:
4380:
4311:
4252:
4209:
4183:
4161:
4151:
4104:
4077:
4031:
4004:
3916:
3890:
3653:Gulags
3582:gulags
3574:Soviet
3520:Soviet
3513:Moscow
3428:Stavka
3379:fail.
3349:Sahryń
2979:Allies
2932:Żegota
2884:, and
2775:Stalin
2561:Pawiak
2528:series
2501:5,733
2485:2,872
2477:1,700
2437:4,710
2393:4,674
2385:1,167
2369:4,326
2313:6,930
2265:Lublin
2193:under
2137:. Its
2092:Dakota
2023:, and
2021:Hitler
1965:Berlin
1893:(fir)
1873:Kielce
1804:Kraków
1801:Kraków
1783:Marcin
1775:Lublin
1772:Lublin
1680:Monter
1673:Warsaw
1670:Warsaw
1655:Borsuk
1603:Poznań
1600:Poznań
1589:Piorun
1581:Gdynia
1566:Poznań
1516:Capt.
1496:Luśnia
1433:Warsaw
1402:Warsaw
1370:Łaszcz
1362:Warsaw
1308:Poznań
1288:Warsaw
1253:obszar
1157:after
1093:Torwid
1069:Photo
844:Young
713:Allies
707:After
667:German
355:Courts
310:Polish
304:on the
283:gulags
235:Soviet
186:Polish
93:Active
78:anchor
9015:Other
8884:Kedyw
8342:Bürkl
8327:Heads
8043:[
7593:S2CID
7099:(PDF)
7088:S2CID
7068:(PDF)
7012:p.187
6091:(PDF)
6080:(PDF)
5990:(PDF)
5975:(PDF)
5660:S2CID
5616:JSTOR
5498:S2CID
5490:JSTOR
4967:JSTOR
4899:S2CID
4856:S2CID
4809:XXVII
4680:Karta
4657:JSTOR
4501:(PDF)
4490:(PDF)
3770:Notes
3733:Notes
3630:Sanok
3441:Wilno
3399:Wilno
3367:(the
3345:]
3318:Sarny
3297:Kresy
3157:Wilno
3068:Kedyw
3059:1943
2909:]
2716:Stens
2682:]
2667:]
2660:Chwat
2624:Kubuś
2610:Kubuś
2573:, SS-
2253:Wilno
2175:Kedyw
2100:Italy
2053:]
2025:Death
1961:Reich
1952:Liszt
1913:Col.
1891:Jodła
1880:Col.
1877:Radom
1778:Col.
1753:Col.
1733:Luboń
1728:Col.
1725:Równe
1721:Wołyń
1706:Leśny
1701:Col.
1698:Pińsk
1675:Col.
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