255:(goddess of war and wisdom). She was famous for her intimacy with her husband and for having political influence in the circles of the Roman elite; she played an important role in establishing relations between the emperor and the senate, the provincials, and other groups. She achieved the adoption of laws that limited the extortions of governors in the Roman provinces. She also insisted on the creation of funds to pay alimony to orphans in Italy and to protect children abandoned at birth. She also favored the reduction of taxes and the establishment of schools for the education of common people. In 100, Trajan awarded her with the title of
49:
333:. She petitioned for a change in the law, so that Popillius Theotimus, the acting head of the school, could become the official head; in response, Hadrian agreed with her argument, and the relevant letters were preserved in a series of inscriptions. Freisenbruch notes, "In stark contrast to her passive anonymity in the literary record, this inscription from Athens recasts Plotina as a highly educated woman, active on behalf of causes close to her heart and with the kind of access to the emperor once enjoyed by Livia."
224:
288:
in
Cilicia, where he was said to have written a letter in which he personally adopted Hadrian as successor to the Empire. The letter had been signed by the Empress Plotina, and when it arrived in Rome, it was suspect. Rumour named Attianus and Plotina as lovers—the two were very close to their ward
304:
in the gallery of Roman imperial women accused of covering up or conspiring in their husband's deaths." Freisenbruch notes that there are many plausible explanations why
Plotina's signature might legitimately be on this declaration: Trajan may have simply been too weak to sign the letter himself.
238:
Upon entering the imperial palace following Trajan's ascension, Plotina is said to have turned to those watching her and carefully announced, "I enter here the kind of woman I would like to be when I depart." She sought to dispel the memories of the domestic strife that had plagued the reign of
214:
proposed that they may have been sisters. Based on her cognomen
Plotina her mother may have been named Plotia or similar. In Pompeii an inscription names an Ulpia Plotina, leading to the idea that Pompeia Plotina and Trajan were related. Little is known about Plotina's early life.
324:
While
Plotina was a widow, her best-documented act took place. During the year 121, while the emperor Hadrian was inspecting the provinces, Plotina engaged him in a series of letters to discuss who should be the new head of the
272:
became the children's guardians. Hadrian was a first cousin-once-removed to Trajan (Trajan's father and
Hadrian's paternal grandmother were siblings). Plotina matched Hadrian with his future wife
210:(r. 54–68), however she could have been born in the 70s. She was the daughter of Lucius Pompeius. Another woman from Nemausus named Pompeia L. f. Marullina may have been her relative; historian
235:
Trajan married
Plotina before he became emperor, and their marriage was happy; they had no known children, probably due to the fact that Trajan himself was primarily interested in males.
3766:. Prosopographica et genealogica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 407.
384:
3839:
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186:. She is often viewed as having provided Romans with fairer taxation, improved education, assisted the poor, and created tolerance in Roman society.
1798:
3787:
Gildersleeve, Basil; Miller, Charles
William Emil; Meritt, Benjamin Dean; Frank, Tenney; Cherniss, Harold Fredrik; Thompson Rowell, Henry (1991).
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377:
289:
Hadrian and the two had been present at Trajan's death—and they were rumoured to have forged Trajan's will to secure
Hadrian's succession.
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174:. She was renowned for her interest in philosophy, and her virtue, dignity and simplicity. She was particularly devoted to the
3741:. Oxford paperbacks. Vol. 1. American Council of Learned Societies (illustrated, new ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 502.
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Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.
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Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité
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247:. Plotina behaved in the manner of a traditional Roman matron, and she was associated with chaste goddesses such as
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Annelise
Freisenbruch dismisses this accusation: "Plotina, the silent spouse of the second century, thus joined
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Freisenbruch also notes these kinds of accusations have dogged the spouses of rulers through the centuries.
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3532:) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in
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It is uncertain whether
Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
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and his sister were 10 or 11 years old, they lost their parents. Trajan and the Roman officer
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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261:, but she did not accept the title until 105. Plotina did not appear on coinage until 112.
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dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
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3584:"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families"
285:
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Die Frauen am Hofe Trajans. Ein Beitrag zur Stellung der Augustae im Principat
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3882:(1st ed.). Chapter: Conspiracy, Death and Deification: GreenHill Books.
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Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés
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3601:. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta.
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Caesars' Wives: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Roman Empire
3791:. Vol. 12. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 515.
279:
207:
97:
312:, the grieving widow Plotina accompanied Trajan's body to
3242: bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
3599:
Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins
3663:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3846:. London and New York: Free Press. pp. 159–161.
3717:
Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth-E.A. (edd.),
3236: grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
3640:
Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age
3420:
Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
3618:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous
3388:
3372:Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
4023:
3318:Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
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3550:Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
3288:Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
3492:Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
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218:
3861:, "Hadrian", 3; translated by Anthony Birley,
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3501:Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
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27:Roman Empress and wife of Roman Emperor Trajan
4009:
378:
359:
4883:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
3407:Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and
3806:. Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
3411:; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
3333:
340:. Her ashes joined Trajan's in the base of
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3347:contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000),
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280:Death of Trajan and accession of Hadrian
222:
206:) during the reign of the Roman Emperor
3985:, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1979, pp. 10–183.
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3804:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
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194:Plotina was raised in Tejada la Vieja (
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284:In 117, Trajan was on his deathbed at
227:Pompeia Plotina coin, celebrating the
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3865:(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p. 59
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202:. She was possibly born in Nemausus (
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3971:, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, ch. 6,
24:
3973:La vie de Plotine, femme de Trajan
3958:
53:Bust of Plotina, exhibited in the
25:
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3690:Ulpia, the grandmother of Hadrian
336:Plotina died of illness, and was
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3528:The epitomator of Cassius Dio (
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170:from 98 to 117 as the wife of
13:
1:
4891:incidates an empress regnant.
3880:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror
3789:American Journal of Philology
3762:Settipani, Christian (2000).
3699:
3224:of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
2993:C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus
189:
4721:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
3688:Possibly the same person as
219:Marriage and life as Empress
7:
4924:2nd-century Roman empresses
4919:1st-century Roman empresses
3720:Oxford Classical Dictionary
3642:. Oxford University Press.
736:Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus
10:
4965:
3878:Jackson, Nicholas (2022).
3863:Lives of the Later Caesars
3802:Cooley, Alison E. (2012).
393:Nerva–Antonine family tree
360:Nerva–Antonine family tree
344:. In 123, Hadrian built a
4878:
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4756:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
4474:
4395:
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4257:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
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3616:Lambert, Royston (1984).
3597:Giacosa, Giorgio (1977).
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2960:L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)
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1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1582:
1564:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1477:
1475:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1430:
1413:
1382:
1380:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:L. Julius Ursus Servianus
1342:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1084:
1082:
1070:
1068:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1004:
1002:
990:
988:
974:
942:
925:
911:
902:
877:
853:
851:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
823:
821:
805:
801:
799:
793:
789:
787:
785:
779:
777:
775:
763:
761:
732:
690:
676:
654:
652:
650:
642:
640:
632:
630:
618:
616:
604:
602:
594:
590:
584:
549:
547:
538:
529:
527:
518:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
472:
470:
468:
460:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
416:
412:
410:
408:
153:
141:
132:
125:
121:
111:
103:
81:
77:
69:
62:
46:
37:
32:
3934:Trajan: Optimum Princeps
3675:
3252:= posthumously deified (
2142:Calvisia Domitia Lucilla
508:Q. Marcius Barea Soranus
329:school of philosophy in
308:Along with Attianus and
270:Publius Acilius Attianus
264:When the future emperor
178:philosophical school in
4929:Deified Roman empresses
4674:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4280:Flavia Julia Constantia
3725:Oxford University Press
2774:Ti. Claudius Pompeianus
1900:L. Caesennius Antoninus
316:and his ashes to Rome.
133:Pompeia Plotina Augusta
4197:Marcia Otacilia Severa
3981:Temporini, Hildegard,
3840:Annalise, Freisenbruch
3564:Levick (2014), p. 117.
3519:Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
3483:Levick (2014), p. 164.
3461:Levick (2014), p. 162.
3436:Levick (2014), p. 163.
3309:Levick (2014), p. 161.
3007:Junius Licinius Balbus
2801:Junius Licinius Balbus
2795:M. Plautius Quintillus
2767:M. Annius Verus Caesar
1726:C. Fuscus Salinator II
1538:Julia Serviana Paulina
245:Julio-Claudian dynasty
232:
4761:Theodora Palaiologina
4731:Anna Komnene Angelina
4669:Catherine of Bulgaria
4600:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
4069:Agrippina the Younger
3737:Syme, Ronald (2002).
3582:contributors (2000).
3363:Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
3330:Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
3297:Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
1532:C. Fuscus Salinator I
515:Q. Marcius Barea Sura
298:Agrippina the Younger
226:
198:) in the province of
4832:Sophia of Montferrat
4751:Anna of Hohenstaufen
4610:Theophano Martinakia
4518:Theodora of Khazaria
4151:Julia Cornelia Paula
4114:Faustina the Younger
3739:The Roman Revolution
3620:. New York: Viking.
3539:"Marcus Aurelius" 24
1773:L. Caesennius Paetus
1716:L. Ceionius Commodus
1586:Cn. Arrius Antoninus
881:C. Salonius Matidius
4810:Keratsa of Bulgaria
4793:Helena Kantakouzene
4773:Irene of Montferrat
4736:Philippa of Armenia
4716:Margaret of Hungary
4568:Theophano of Athens
4387:Julius Nepos's wife
4202:Herennia Etruscilla
4025:Roman and Byzantine
3975:, pp. 147–168.
2980:Plautius Quintillus
2973:L. Antistius Burrus
2955:Petronius Antoninus
2518:Q. Servilius Pudens
2511:Plautius Quintillus
1962:C. Avidius Nigrinus
1138:Libo Rupilius Frugi
915:P. Acilius Attianus
556:P. Aelius Hadrianus
212:Christian Settipani
166:(died 121/122) was
4909:1st-century births
4837:Maria of Trebizond
4803:Irene Palaiologina
4783:Irene of Brunswick
4741:Maria of Courtenay
4701:Bertha of Sulzbach
4109:Faustina the Elder
4084:Statilia Messalina
3383:"Julius Servianus"
2470:C. Avidius Cassius
1799:T. Aurelius Fulvus
233:
196:Escacena del Campo
4896:
4895:
4865:Byzantine emperor
4694:Dobrodeia of Kiev
4470:
4469:
4274:Valeria Maximilla
4212:Cornelia Salonina
4166:Sallustia Orbiana
3673:
3672:
3649:978-0-19-537941-9
3269:
3268:
3196:
3195:
2731:M. Petronius Sura
1157:L. Vibius Sabinus
536:M. Cocceius Nerva
161:
160:
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
4956:
4949:Pompeii (Romans)
4815:Irene Gattilusio
4726:Eudokia Angelina
4706:Maria of Antioch
4689:Irene of Hungary
4625:Zoe Karbonopsina
4605:Eudokia Ingerina
4478:Byzantine Empire
4341:
4340:
4186:Caecilia Paulina
4144:Fulvia Plautilla
4134:Manlia Scantilla
4124:Bruttia Crispina
4059:Milonia Caesonia
4018:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3980:
3967:Minaud, GĂ©rard,
3966:
3952:
3951:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3875:
3866:
3858:Historia Augusta
3854:
3848:
3847:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3734:
3728:
3727:, 2003, p. 1214.
3715:
3693:
3686:
3667:
3653:
3631:
3612:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3565:
3562:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3462:
3459:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3352:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3251:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3213:(3) = 3rd spouse
3210:(2) = 2nd spouse
3207:(1) = 1st spouse
3202:
3201:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3000:Antonia Gordiana
2985:Plautia Servilla
2806:Servilia Ceionia
2749:
2747:
2741:
2724:Cornificia Minor
2495:
2493:
2487:
2464:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2196:L. Aelius Caesar
2185:
2183:
2177:
2168:
1580:Boionia Procilla
1567:Rupilia Faustina
1437:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1151:
909:
899:
897:
891:
875:
866:
718:
716:
710:
697:
673:
671:
665:
541:Sergia Plautilla
521:Antonia Furnilla
400:
399:
387:
380:
373:
364:
363:
348:in her honor at
123:
122:
51:
30:
29:
21:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4874:
4841:
4778:Rita of Armenia
4766:Anna of Hungary
4746:Irene Laskarina
4711:Agnes of France
4679:Maria of Alania
4630:Helena Lekapene
4480:
4477:
4466:
4399:
4391:
4375:Marcia Euphemia
4370:Licinia Eudoxia
4347:
4339:
4330:Aelia Flaccilla
4252:Galeria Valeria
4234:
4226:
4207:Cornelia Supera
4178:
4170:
4099:Pompeia Plotina
4094:Domitia Longina
4089:Galeria Fundana
4074:Claudia Octavia
4049:Livia Orestilla
4036:
4028:
4022:
3992:
3978:
3964:
3961:
3959:Further reading
3956:
3955:
3948:
3930:Bennett, Julian
3927:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3876:
3869:
3855:
3851:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3800:
3796:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3735:
3731:
3716:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3650:
3636:Levick, Barbara
3628:
3609:
3588:
3586:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3465:
3460:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3402:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3343:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3180:
3178:
3173:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2525:Ceionia Plautia
2490:
2488:
2483:
2478:Aurelia Fadilla
2460:
2447:
2445:
2442:Marcus Aurelius
2440:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2135:M. Annius Verus
1561:M. Annius Verus
1433:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1149:Salonia Matidia
1147:
905:
894:
892:
887:
871:
864:
713:
711:
706:
693:
680:Marcia Furnilla
668:
666:
661:
394:
391:
362:
342:Trajan's Column
322:
282:
231:on the reverse.
221:
192:
164:Pompeia Plotina
157:Lucius Pompeius
86:Tejada la Vieja
58:
55:Vatican Museums
33:Pompeia Plotina
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4894:
4893:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:Anna of Moscow
4817:
4812:
4807:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4686:
4684:Irene Doukaina
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:Eudokia BaĂŻana
4617:
4615:Zoe Zaoutzaina
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:Maria of Amnia
4555:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4397:Eastern Empire
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4365:Galla Placidia
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4345:Western Empire
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4217:Ulpia Severina
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4161:Annia Faustina
4158:
4156:Aquilia Severa
4153:
4148:
4136:
4131:
4129:Flavia Titiana
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Poppaea Sabina
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Lollia Paulina
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4037:27 BC – AD 235
4030:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3991:
3990:External links
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3940:. p. 26.
3921:
3917:Caesars’ Wives
3915:Freisenbruch,
3908:
3904:Caesars’ Wives
3902:Freisenbruch,
3895:
3889:978-1784387075
3888:
3867:
3849:
3831:
3819:
3812:
3794:
3779:
3772:
3754:
3747:
3729:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3660:, ed. (1870).
3658:Smith, William
3654:
3648:
3632:
3626:
3613:
3607:
3594:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3552:
3543:
3521:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3463:
3447:
3438:
3422:
3413:
3400:
3398:, pp. 319–322.
3394:Smith (1870),
3387:
3381:Smith (1870),
3374:
3365:
3353:
3332:
3320:
3311:
3299:
3290:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184: 238–244
3171:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2966:Aurelia Sabina
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748: 177–192
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2494: 161–169
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2462:Faustina Minor
2458:
2456:
2454:
2451: 161–180
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184: 138–161
2175:Antoninus Pius
2171:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2158:M. Annius Libo
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Arria Antonina
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1426: 117–138
1414:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1128:Lucius Mindius
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
932:
931:
926:
924:
922:P. Aelius Afer
919:
917:
912:
910:
903:
901:
885:
883:
878:
876:
869:
867:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
739:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
722:
720:
704:
702:
700:
698:
695:Trajanus Pater
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
658:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
568:
567:
565:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
519:
517:
512:
510:
504:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
462:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
396:
395:
392:
390:
389:
382:
375:
367:
361:
358:
321:
318:
281:
278:
220:
217:
191:
188:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
148:Nerva–Antonine
145:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4961:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:Roman emperor
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4820:Helena Dragaš
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4798:Irene Asanina
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:Anna of Savoy
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Fabia Eudokia
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Ino Anastasia
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Aelia Eudocia
4410:
4408:
4407:Aelia Eudoxia
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Marina Severa
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4222:Magnia Urbica
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3949:
3947:0-203-36056-7
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3813:9781139576604
3809:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3773:9781900934022
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3748:9780192803207
3744:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3627:0-670-15708-2
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3608:0-8390-0193-2
3604:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3176:
3166:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2974:
2967:
2949:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2892:
2866:
2864:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2740:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2570:
2568:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2504:Ceionia Fabia
2498:
2486:
2471:
2463:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2197:
2176:
2167:
2159:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2027:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1901:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1800:
1791:Arria Fadilla
1761:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1707:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1464:
1458:
1436:
1419:
1410:
1378:
1377:Matidia Minor
1370:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1339:Paulina Minor
1301:
1289:
1287:
1258:
1255:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1048:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
972:
970:
968:
949:
946:
944:
940:
938:
936:
934:
933:
930:
929:Paulina Major
923:
916:
908:
898: 98–117
890:
882:
874:
858:
855:
849:
847:
845:
829:
827:
826:
803:
797:
795:
791:
783:
781:
773:
771:
754:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
740:
737:
730:
709:
696:
688:
681:
664:
659:
656:
648:
646:
645:
592:
588:
586:
582:
580:
569:
566:
564:
562:
560:
559:
516:
509:
505:
502:
478:
476:
474:
466:
464:
463:
458:
434:
432:
414:
406:
404:
401:
398:
397:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
368:
366:
365:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
317:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
295:
290:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
236:
230:
225:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Roman empress
165:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
131:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:Roman empress
61:
56:
50:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4823:
4801:
4764:
4692:
4661:
4654:
4592:
4550:
4542:
4379:
4272:
4192:Tranquillina
4142:
4104:Vibia Sabina
4098:
3982:
3972:
3968:
3933:
3924:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3898:
3879:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3822:
3803:
3797:
3788:
3782:
3763:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3718:
3684:
3661:
3639:
3617:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3579:
3573:
3546:
3533:
3524:
3497:
3488:
3441:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3368:
3344:
3314:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3253:
2485:Lucius Verus
1954:
1721:Appia Severa
906:
717: 96–98
672: 79–81
335:
323:
307:
291:
283:
274:Vibia Sabina
263:
256:
237:
234:
193:
163:
162:
38:
4914:120s deaths
4885:underlining
4457:Constantina
4139:Julia Domna
3979:(in German)
3965:(in French)
3829:, LXVIII, 5
3827:Dio Cassius
3574:References:
3175:Gordian III
1942:L. Commodus
320:Later years
127:Regnal name
4903:Categories
4588:Euphrosyne
4360:Thermantia
4320:Constantia
4034:Principate
3936:. London:
3919:, pp. 163f
3906:, pp. 162f
3700:References
3589:2015-04-14
3250:Small Caps
2434:Cornificia
190:Early life
4640:Theophano
4578:Theodosia
4553:of Athens
4508:Anastasia
4417:Pulcheria
4262:Minervina
4064:Messalina
4027:empresses
3938:Routledge
3396:"Hadrian"
3349:"Hadrian"
3263:or other)
327:Epicurean
176:Epicurean
4944:Augustae
4870:Augustae
4846:See also
4663:Theodora
4645:Theodora
4635:Theodora
4594:Theodora
4573:Prokopia
4563:Theodote
4498:Gregoria
4481:610–1453
4476:Eastern/
4442:Theodora
4437:Euphemia
4381:Placidia
4290:Faustina
4247:Eutropia
4232:Dominate
3932:(1997).
3842:(2010).
3638:(2014).
3259:Augustae
2739:Commodus
2166:Faustina
2152:Fundania
1435:Antinous
873:Marciana
354:Provence
346:basilica
314:Seleucia
243:and the
241:Domitian
200:Hispania
94:Nemausus
90:Hispania
73:98 – 117
4934:Hadrian
4881:Italics
4538:Eudokia
4528:Tzitzak
4513:Eudokia
4493:Martina
4462:Leontia
4432:Zenonis
4427:Ariadne
4400:395–610
4348:395–480
4315:Domnica
4310:Justina
4300:Charito
4285:Eusebia
4235:284–610
4179:235–285
4119:Lucilla
3255:Augusti
3222:emperor
2782:Lucilla
2758:Fadilla
1955:unknown
1948:Plautia
1418:Hadrian
907:Plotina
338:deified
310:Matidia
302:Domitia
286:Selinus
266:Hadrian
258:Augusta
253:Minerva
143:Dynasty
107:121/122
40:Augusta
18:Plotina
4939:Trajan
4650:Helena
4583:Thekla
4503:Fausta
4447:Sophia
4422:Verina
4295:Helena
4268:Fausta
4242:Prisca
4176:Crisis
3944:
3886:
3810:
3770:
3745:
3646:
3624:
3605:
3409:passim
3275:Notes:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3218:
2211:Avidia
1409:Sabina
889:Trajan
865:Flavia
687:Marcia
331:Athens
300:, and
184:Greece
180:Athens
172:Trajan
154:Father
116:Trajan
112:Spouse
70:Tenure
4551:Irene
4533:Maria
4523:Maria
4355:Maria
4335:Galla
4325:Laeta
4044:Livia
3676:Notes
3530:72.22
2496:) (1)
729:Ulpia
708:Nerva
663:Titus
352:, in
350:Nîmes
294:Livia
249:Vesta
229:Fides
204:Nîmes
4889:bold
4858:list
4822:(w.
4800:(w.
4763:(w.
4691:(w.
4544:Anna
4141:(w.
3942:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3808:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3743:ISBN
3644:ISBN
3622:ISBN
3603:ISBN
208:Nero
104:Died
98:Gaul
82:Born
4656:Zoë
4264:(?)
4188:(?)
3580:DIR
3345:DIR
2975:(1)
2776:(2)
1159:(1)
1140:(3)
1130:(2)
92:or
4905::
3870:^
3708:^
3555:^
3535:HA
3506:^
3466:^
3450:^
3425:^
3356:^
3335:^
3323:^
3302:^
3257:,
3182:r.
2746:r.
2492:r.
2449:r.
2182:r.
1424:r.
896:r.
715:r.
670:r.
356:.
296:,
276:.
182:,
96:,
88:,
4828:)
4806:)
4769:)
4697:)
4147:)
4017:e
4010:t
4003:v
3950:.
3892:.
3816:.
3776:.
3751:.
3722:,
3692:.
3666:.
3652:.
3630:.
3611:.
3592:.
3541:.
3385:.
3351:.
3261:,
3186:)
3179:(
3009:?
2750:)
2743:(
2489:(
2453:)
2446:(
2186:)
2179:(
1428:)
1421:(
900:)
893:(
719:)
712:(
674:)
667:(
386:e
379:t
372:v
57:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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