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List of Augustae

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567: 1259: 880: 247: 3069: 1221: 2930: 3483: 1406: 2968: 347: 1038: 2054: 2842: 2797: 2522: 2221: 3515: 3871: 999: 1446: 754: 2290: 2886: 2616: 1690: 2451: 3434: 2004: 1862: 2329: 1181: 2668: 1113: 2565: 1337: 1940: 682: 399: 835: 2412: 447: 2753: 526: 1778: 642: 920: 297: 2177: 1535: 1613: 794: 4072: 1662: 170: 3278: 1484: 2368: 1573: 4024: 1740: 718: 1297: 3666: 879: 162:, which may have implied greater powers being vested in her than was usual for a Roman empress mother. In this official position and honor, she accompanied her son on an extensive military campaign and provincial tour. 246: 566: 1258: 4316: 4130: 4349: 4344: 4198: 4120: 77: 177: 17: 4259: 1220: 4289: 4268: 4247: 3068: 3488: 3247: 2712: 2009: 2802: 3439: 3634: 3482: 3112: 2929: 1376: 4055: 612: 3216: 1405: 969: 1979: 1667: 43: 3877: 3185: 1991: 1037: 346: 1452: 217: 3433: 4102: 3802: 3726: 3097: 2935: 2113: 1910: 1727: 531: 352: 132: 3901: 3514: 3466: 3204: 2841: 2796: 2655: 2398:, sole ruler for a month following the death of Theodosius, then co-ruler with her husband 2053: 1227: 840: 1445: 181: 8: 3905: 3327: 2967: 2227: 2039: 2035: 1618: 1490: 2885: 2615: 2521: 2220: 1718:, a short lived splinter empire that revolted during the Crisis. She proclaimed herself 4310: 4059: 3976: 3909: 3870: 3573: 3386: 2758: 2643: 2591: 2260: 2095: 1971: 1515: 1303: 998: 799: 4298: 4218: 1861: 753: 4339: 4285: 4264: 4243: 4194: 3755: 3665: 3309: 3074: 3009: 2955: 2723: 2622: 2599: 1579: 1343: 1324: 1180: 1168: 159: 2450: 2289: 1689: 1112: 4125: 3926: 3823: 3772: 3155: 2847: 2651: 2003: 1715: 1187: 1005: 926: 86: 4078: 2328: 1336: 4300: 4279: 4237: 3696: 3672: 3622: 3404: 3283: 2667: 2528: 2457: 2296: 2208: 2204: 1868: 1541: 1472: 1083: 1025: 863: 724: 648: 573: 496: 453: 370: 145:, a position she held for the rest of her life, ruling with her husband and son. 81: 2564: 681: 398: 4186: 3957: 3841: 3604: 2647: 2492: 2183: 1983: 1746: 1265: 834: 822: 688: 405: 62: 49: 4333: 4029: 3266: 2892: 2752: 2439: 2418: 2395: 2335: 2086: 2081: 2031: 1967: 1939: 1784: 1637: 1511: 1285: 303: 139:, was the first wife of the emperor in Roman history to receive the title of 3382: 2316: 1777: 1769:; possibly reigned in her own right after the death of her husband in 275. 1412: 907: 760: 525: 446: 70: 4263:. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2787:. Originally named Lupicina, renamed Euphemia on her husband's accession. 2411: 4281:
Maternal Megalomania: Julia Domna and the Imperial Politics of Motherhood
3994: 3470: 3137: 2917: 2829: 2060: 1975: 1433: 1119: 1044: 641: 149: 126: 125:
could issue their own coinage, wear imperial regalia, and rule their own
919: 296: 4302:
Comptes rendus de la Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie
3235: 3101: 2694: 2595: 2176: 1888: 1678: 1641: 1561: 1534: 1247: 206: 1612: 4071: 3653: 3093: 3057: 2873: 2552: 2374: 1832: 1600: 1519: 1208: 793: 554: 73: 1661: 3358: 3277: 2784: 2355: 1987: 1892: 1821: 1766: 867: 594: 379: 330: 284: 280: 136: 1483: 2974: 2674: 2603: 2548: 2399: 2367: 2144: 1804: 1695: 886: 781: 421: 390: 4023: 1572: 2992: 2571: 2164: 1946: 1739: 669: 469: 319: 955: 717: 253: 4153: 4151: 4299:
Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie (1873).
1060: 942: 478: 438: 430: 383: 338: 4148: 1296: 906:
Daughter of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and wife of Emperor
4219:
Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie 1873
2477:
Daughter of Theodosius II, Wife of Valentinian III.
2091:, "King of Kings and of the Pontic People". Wife of 1327:
and co-regent, in his name, during his adolescence.
1288:
her marriage to the Emperor was very controversial.
862:
Daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius; wife of Emperor
152:
was the first empress to receive the combined title
4191:
Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age
1284:Second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. As a 27:Roman imperial honorific title given to empresses 4331: 80:and women of the imperial families. It was the 4185: 3312:, empress dowager and regent from 780 to 797. 1370: 1351:Seia Herennia Sallvstia Barbia Orbiana Avgvsta 1498:Annia Cvpressenia Herennia Etrvscilla Avgvsta 4131:List of Christian women of the patristic age 963: 4083: 4036: 3962: 3882: 3809: 3742: 3713: 3677: 3640: 3609: 3547: 3524: 3494: 3447: 3363: 3290: 3253: 3222: 3191: 3118: 3080: 3044: 2979: 2941: 2904: 2897: 2860: 2853: 2815: 2808: 2771: 2764: 2680: 2628: 2577: 2534: 2463: 2424: 2380: 2341: 2302: 2233: 2189: 2150: 2080:Daughter of Emperor Constantine I. Wife of 2066: 2016: 1952: 1874: 1790: 1752: 1720: 1700: 1646: 1623: 1585: 1547: 1496: 1458: 1418: 1349: 1309: 1271: 1233: 1193: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1050: 1011: 932: 892: 848: 807: 766: 730: 694: 654: 579: 539: 459: 411: 360: 309: 259: 153: 140: 120: 109: 103: 97: 91: 54: 34: 4315:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4257:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich, ed. (1991). 2884: 2840: 606: 211: 4277: 4239:Domina: The Women Who Made Imperial Rome 4235: 4193:. Oxford University Press. p. 170. 4173: 4169: 2107: 1904: 118:The title implied the greatest prestige. 4256: 4157: 14: 4332: 4214: 4212: 4210: 3988: 3321: 4121:List of Roman and Byzantine empresses 3920: 3567: 2254: 1068:Daughter of Emperor Didius Julianus. 894:Annia Avrelia Galeria Lvcilla Avgvsta 48: 3003: 2717: 850:Annia Galeria Favstina Avgvsta Minor 200: 164: 4207: 3766: 3149: 2706: 2038:(separated before his accession as 2034:and ex-wife or mistress of Emperor 1652:as part of legitimizing his claim. 1362:Wife of Emperor Alexander Severus. 24: 4260:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3398: 2203:Daughter of Theodosius I, wife of 1815: 1420:Fvria Sabinia Tranqvillina Avgvsta 1077: 490: 25: 4361: 4325: 4305:(in French). Vol. IV. Paris. 3835: 2486: 96:could also receive the titles of 4070: 4022: 3869: 3754:Daughter of Gabalas and wife of 3664: 3559:Daughter of Emperor Theophilos. 3536:Daughter of Emperor Theophilos. 3513: 3481: 3432: 3276: 3067: 2966: 2928: 2795: 2751: 2666: 2614: 2563: 2520: 2449: 2410: 2394:Daughter of Arcadius, sister of 2366: 2327: 2288: 2219: 2175: 2052: 2002: 1938: 1860: 1776: 1738: 1688: 1660: 1611: 1571: 1533: 1482: 1444: 1404: 1335: 1295: 1257: 1219: 1179: 1111: 1036: 997: 918: 878: 833: 792: 752: 716: 680: 640: 565: 524: 445: 397: 345: 295: 245: 168: 2713:History of the Byzantine Empire 1587:Ivlia Cornelia Salonina Avgvsta 1195:Pvblia Fvlvia Plavtilla Avgvsta 158:after the death of her husband 4350:Byzantine Empire-related lists 4179: 4163: 2304:Aelia Flavia Flaccilla Avgvsta 1460:Marcia Otacilia Severa Avgvsta 809:Annia Galeria Favstina Avgvsta 114:("Mother of the Fatherland"). 13: 1: 4136: 4093: 4046: 3998: 3930: 3889: 3845: 3776: 3684: 3577: 3454: 3408: 3370: 3331: 3297: 3159: 3125: 3013: 2727: 2551:by an unknown woman. Wife of 2536:Aelia Marcia Euphemia Avgvsta 2496: 2264: 2117: 1914: 1836: 1525: 1380: 1157: 1087: 973: 616: 500: 221: 4345:Lists of ancient Roman women 4236:Bédoyère, Guy de la (2018). 4141: 1954:Flavia Maxima Fausta Avgvsta 1826: 1549:Caia Cornelia Svpera Avgvsta 1273:Ivlia Aqvilia Severa Avgvsta 108:("Mother of the Camp"), and 7: 4114: 3822:Empress-consort of Emperor 2246:Sister of Valentinian III. 2235:Ivsta Grata Honoria Avgvsta 2018:Flavia Ivlia Helena Avgvsta 1377:Crisis of the Third Century 1371:Crisis of the Third Century 10: 4366: 4228: 4056:Andronikos III Palaiologos 3992: 3924: 3839: 3770: 3571: 3402: 3325: 3153: 3007: 2721: 2710: 2490: 2258: 2111: 1908: 1830: 1819: 1374: 1311:Ivlia Avita Mamaea Avgvsta 1081: 967: 950:Wife of Emperor Commodus. 708:Sister of Emperor Trajan. 610: 494: 215: 204: 102:("Mother of the Senate"), 4242:. Yale University Press. 4172:, Introduction, note 88; 4084: 4037: 3963: 3883: 3810: 3743: 3714: 3678: 3641: 3610: 3548: 3525: 3512: 3495: 3448: 3364: 3291: 3254: 3223: 3192: 3119: 3081: 3045: 2980: 2942: 2898: 2854: 2809: 2765: 970:Year of the Five Emperors 964:Year of the Five Emperors 744:Niece of Emperor Trajan. 66: 4278:Langford, Julie (2013). 3506:Daughter of Theophilos. 1970:and daughter of Emperor 934:Brvttia Crispina Avgvsta 541:Flavia Domitilla Avgvsta 90:. In the third century, 4058:, mother and regent of 3884:Ευδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα 3878:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 2906:Aelia Anastasia Augusta 2876:, intermittent regent. 2465:Licinia Evdoxia Avgvsta 2382:Aelia Pvlcheria Avgvsta 2077:After 312, before 337. 1876:Galeria Valeria Avgvsta 1148:Ivlia Pia Felix Avgvsta 732:Salonia Matidia Avgvsta 656:Pompeia Plotina Avgvsta 581:Domitia Longina Avgvsta 362:Ivlia Avgvsta Agrippina 3265:Third wife of Emperor 2905: 2861: 2816: 2772: 2681: 2629: 2578: 2535: 2464: 2425: 2381: 2342: 2303: 2234: 2191:Galla Placidia Avgvsta 2190: 2151: 2067: 2017: 1953: 1875: 1791: 1754:Vlpia Severina Avgvsta 1753: 1721: 1701: 1647: 1624: 1586: 1548: 1497: 1459: 1453:Marcia Otacilia Severa 1419: 1350: 1310: 1272: 1246:First wife of Emperor 1234: 1194: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1051: 1012: 933: 893: 849: 808: 767: 731: 696:Vlpia Marciana Avgvsta 695: 655: 613:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 607:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 580: 540: 460: 413:Poppaea Avgvsta Sabina 412: 382:and mother of Emperor 361: 310: 283:and mother of Emperor 260: 218:Julio-Claudian dynasty 212:Julio-Claudian dynasty 154: 148:In the third century, 141: 121: 110: 104: 98: 92: 55: 35: 4103:Manuel II Palaiologos 3727:Christopher Lekapenos 2790:c.523/4, before 527. 2682:Aelia Zenonis Avgvsta 2630:Aelia Ariadne Avgvsta 2426:Aelia Evdocia Avgvsta 2343:Aelia Evdoxia Avgvsta 2207:, regent for her son 2114:Valentinianic dynasty 2108:Valentinianic dynasty 2089:et Ponticarum Gentium 1911:Constantinian dynasty 1905:Constantinian dynasty 1792:Magnia Vrbica Avgvsta 1728:Eastern Mediterranean 1702:Ivlia Avrelia Zenobia 3902:Constantine X Doukas 3381:Daughter of Emperor 3205:Leo III the Isaurian 2862:Aelia Sophia Augusta 2579:Aelia Verina Avgvsta 1891:and wife of Emperor 1887:Daughter of Emperor 1514:; mother of Emperor 1471:Wife of the Emperor 1235:Jvlia Cornelia Pavla 1228:Julia Cornelia Paula 866:; mother of Emperor 768:Vibia Sabina Avgvsta 553:Daughter of Emperor 477:Daughter of Emperor 182:adding missing items 4160:, pp. 694–695. 3989:Palaiologos dynasty 3906:Romanos IV Diogenes 3328:Nikephorian dynasty 3322:Nikephorian dynasty 2388:19 January 398–399 2228:Justa Grata Honoria 2036:Constantius Chlorus 1625:Svlpicia Dryantilla 1619:Sulpicia Dryantilla 1491:Herennia Etruscilla 1130:Ivlia Domna Avgvsta 290:28 September AD 29 50:[au̯ˈɡʊsta] 18:Augusta (honorific) 4060:John V Palaiologos 3977:Alexios I Komnenos 3975:Mother of Emperor 3910:Michael VII Doukas 3904:and later wife of 3574:Macedonian dynasty 3568:Macedonian dynasty 3387:Michael I Rhangabe 2261:Theodosian dynasty 2255:Theodosian dynasty 2096:Constantius Gallus 1516:Herennius Etruscus 1323:Mother of Emperor 1304:Julia Avita Mamaea 329:Mother of Emperor 180:; you can help by 4200:978-0-19-537941-9 4112: 4111: 3986: 3985: 3918: 3917: 3908:, also regent of 3833: 3832: 3764: 3763: 3756:Stephen Lekapenos 3702:19 September 961 3565: 3564: 3396: 3395: 3319: 3318: 3310:Leo IV the Khazar 3147: 3146: 3010:Heraclian dynasty 3004:Heraclian dynasty 3001: 3000: 2724:Justinian dynasty 2718:Justinian dynasty 2704: 2703: 2484: 2483: 2252: 2251: 2105: 2104: 1902: 1901: 1813: 1812: 1580:Cornelia Salonina 1368: 1367: 1344:Sallustia Orbiana 1325:Alexander Severus 1169:Septimius Severus 1075: 1074: 961: 960: 815:21 September 100 604: 603: 488: 487: 273:30 January 58 BC 201:Principate period 198: 197: 160:Septimius Severus 155:Pia Felix Augusta 16:(Redirected from 4357: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4295: 4274: 4253: 4222: 4216: 4205: 4204: 4183: 4177: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4126:Augustus (title) 4098: 4095: 4087: 4086: 4074: 4051: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4026: 3999: 3966: 3965: 3931: 3927:Komnenid dynasty 3921:Komnenos dynasty 3894: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3873: 3846: 3824:Isaac I Komnenos 3813: 3812: 3777: 3773:Komnenid dynasty 3767:Komnenos dynasty 3746: 3745: 3717: 3716: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3659:20 February 922 3644: 3643: 3613: 3612: 3578: 3551: 3550: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3498: 3497: 3485: 3465:Wife of Emperor 3459: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3436: 3409: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3332: 3308:Wife of Emperor 3305:17 December 769 3302: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3292:Eἰρήνη η Ἀθηναία 3280: 3257: 3256: 3226: 3225: 3203:Wife of Emperor 3195: 3194: 3160: 3156:Isaurian dynasty 3150:Isaurian dynasty 3130: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3048: 3047: 3014: 2991:Wife of Emperor 2983: 2982: 2970: 2954:Wife of Emperor 2945: 2944: 2932: 2916:Wife of Emperor 2908: 2901: 2900: 2888: 2864: 2857: 2856: 2844: 2819: 2817:Theodora Augusta 2812: 2811: 2799: 2775: 2773:Euphemia Augusta 2768: 2767: 2755: 2728: 2707:Byzantine period 2685: 2684: 2670: 2633: 2632: 2618: 2582: 2581: 2567: 2539: 2538: 2524: 2497: 2468: 2467: 2453: 2429: 2428: 2414: 2385: 2384: 2370: 2354:Wife of Emperor 2346: 2345: 2331: 2315:Wife of Emperor 2307: 2306: 2292: 2265: 2238: 2237: 2223: 2214:27 November 450 2194: 2193: 2179: 2163:Wife of Emperor 2155: 2154: 2118: 2071: 2070: 2056: 2021: 2020: 2006: 1957: 1956: 1942: 1915: 1879: 1878: 1864: 1837: 1803:Wife of Emperor 1795: 1794: 1780: 1765:Wife of Emperor 1757: 1756: 1742: 1726:and annexed the 1725: 1724: 1716:Palmyrene Empire 1705: 1704: 1692: 1664: 1651: 1650: 1644:, who named her 1628: 1627: 1615: 1599:Wife of Emperor 1590: 1589: 1575: 1552: 1551: 1537: 1527: 1510:Wife of Emperor 1501: 1500: 1486: 1463: 1462: 1448: 1432:Wife of Emperor 1423: 1422: 1408: 1381: 1354: 1353: 1339: 1314: 1313: 1299: 1276: 1275: 1261: 1238: 1237: 1223: 1207:Wife of Emperor 1198: 1197: 1188:Fulvia Plautilla 1183: 1167:Wife of Emperor 1162: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1115: 1088: 1055: 1054: 1040: 1024:Wife of Emperor 1016: 1015: 1013:Manlia Scantilla 1006:Manlia Scantilla 1001: 974: 937: 936: 927:Bruttia Crispina 922: 897: 896: 882: 853: 852: 837: 821:Wife of Emperor 812: 811: 796: 780:Wife of Emperor 771: 770: 756: 747:23 December 119 735: 734: 720: 699: 698: 684: 668:Wife of Emperor 659: 658: 644: 617: 593:Wife of Emperor 584: 583: 569: 544: 543: 528: 501: 467:21 January AD 63 464: 463: 449: 429:Wife of Emperor 416: 415: 401: 378:Wife of Emperor 368:7 November AD 15 365: 364: 349: 317:31 January 36 BC 314: 313: 299: 279:Wife of Emperor 270: 264: 263: 249: 222: 193: 190: 172: 171: 165: 157: 144: 124: 119: 113: 107: 101: 95: 68: 60: 52: 47: 40: 21: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4308: 4307: 4292: 4271: 4250: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4217: 4208: 4201: 4184: 4180: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4117: 4096: 4082: 4049: 4035: 4011:Date of naming 3997: 3991: 3961: 3943:Date of naming 3929: 3923: 3900:Second wife of 3892: 3881: 3858:Date of naming 3844: 3838: 3808: 3789:Date of naming 3775: 3769: 3741: 3712: 3697:Constantine VII 3687: 3676: 3673:Helena Lekapene 3639: 3623:Leo VI the Wise 3608: 3590:Date of naming 3576: 3570: 3546: 3523: 3493: 3457: 3446: 3443: 3421:Date of naming 3407: 3405:Amorian dynasty 3401: 3399:Amorian dynasty 3378:12 October 811 3373: 3362: 3344:Date of naming 3330: 3324: 3300: 3289: 3252: 3221: 3190: 3172:Date of naming 3158: 3152: 3128: 3117: 3098:Constantine III 3092:Second wife of 3079: 3043: 3026:Date of naming 3012: 3006: 2978: 2940: 2903: 2896: 2859: 2852: 2814: 2807: 2770: 2763: 2740:Date of naming 2726: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2679: 2678: 2627: 2626: 2576: 2575: 2533: 2532: 2529:Marcia Euphemia 2509:Date of naming 2495: 2489: 2462: 2461: 2458:Licinia Eudoxia 2444:20 October 460 2423: 2422: 2379: 2378: 2340: 2339: 2301: 2300: 2297:Aelia Flaccilla 2277:Date of naming 2263: 2257: 2232: 2231: 2209:Valentinian III 2205:Constantius III 2188: 2187: 2152:Domnica Avgvsta 2149: 2148: 2130:Date of naming 2116: 2110: 2065: 2064: 2015: 2014: 1951: 1950: 1927:Date of naming 1913: 1907: 1873: 1872: 1869:Galeria Valeria 1849:Date of naming 1835: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1816:Dominate period 1789: 1788: 1751: 1750: 1719: 1699: 1698: 1645: 1622: 1621: 1584: 1583: 1546: 1545: 1542:Cornelia Supera 1495: 1494: 1473:Philip the Arab 1457: 1456: 1417: 1416: 1393:Date of naming 1379: 1373: 1348: 1347: 1308: 1307: 1270: 1269: 1232: 1231: 1192: 1191: 1160: 1154: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1123: 1100:Date of naming 1086: 1084:Severan dynasty 1080: 1078:Severan dynasty 1059: 1049: 1048: 1026:Didius Julianus 1010: 1009: 986:Date of naming 972: 966: 954: 941: 931: 930: 891: 890: 864:Marcus Aurelius 859:1 December 147 847: 846: 806: 805: 765: 764: 729: 728: 725:Salonia Matidia 693: 692: 653: 652: 649:Pompeia Plotina 629:Date of naming 615: 609: 578: 577: 574:Domitia Longina 538: 537: 513:Date of naming 499: 497:Flavian dynasty 493: 491:Flavian dynasty 468: 461:Clavdia Avgvsta 458: 457: 454:Claudia Augusta 437: 420: 410: 409: 389: 371:Oppidum Ubiorum 369: 359: 358: 337: 325: 318: 308: 307: 266: 265: 258: 257: 234:Date of naming 220: 214: 209: 203: 194: 188: 185: 169: 117: 105:Mater Castrorum 76:title given to 44:Classical Latin 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4327: 4326:External links 4324: 4322: 4321: 4296: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221:, p. 151. 4206: 4199: 4187:Barbara Levick 4178: 4176:, p. 282. 4162: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4088: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4027: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3993:Main article: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964:Ἄννα Δαλασσηνή 3958:Anna Dalassene 3954: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3925:Main article: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3898: 3895: 3887: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3842:Doukid dynasty 3840:Main article: 3837: 3836:Doukid dynasty 3834: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3771:Main article: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3682: 3679:Ἑλένη Λεκαπηνή 3669: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3621:Third wife of 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611:Ζωή Ζαούτζαινα 3605:Zoe Zaoutzaina 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3572:Main article: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3469:and regent of 3463: 3460: 3452: 3437: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3403:Main article: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3379: 3376: 3368: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3326:Main article: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3295: 3281: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3201: 3200:25 August 718 3198: 3196: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3123: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3008:Main article: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2933: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2889: 2881: 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2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2047:18 August 330 2045: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1984:Constantius II 1980:Constantine II 1964: 1961: 1958: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1909:Main article: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1831:Main article: 1828: 1825: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1747:Ulpia Severina 1743: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1508: 1507:September 249 1505: 1502: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1375:Main article: 1372: 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511: 508: 505: 495:Main article: 492: 489: 486: 485: 482: 475: 472: 465: 450: 442: 441: 434: 427: 424: 417: 406:Poppaea Sabina 402: 394: 393: 388:23 March AD 59 386: 376: 373: 366: 350: 342: 341: 334: 327: 322: 315: 300: 292: 291: 288: 277: 274: 271: 261:Livia Drvsilla 250: 242: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 216:Main article: 213: 210: 205:Main article: 202: 199: 196: 195: 175: 173: 135:, the wife of 71:Roman imperial 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4362: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4318: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4291:9781421408484 4287: 4284:. JHU Press. 4283: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4270:0-19-504652-8 4266: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4249:9780300230307 4245: 4241: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4175: 4174:Bédoyère 2018 4171: 4170:Langford 2013 4166: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4089: 4085:Ἑλένη Δραγάση 4081: 4080: 4079:Helena Dragaš 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4042: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3722:February 922 3721: 3719: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3692:February 922 3691: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3315:9 August 803 3314: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3296: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3267:Constantine V 3264: 3261: 3259: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2899:Ἰνὼ Ἀναστασία 2895: 2894: 2893:Ino Anastasia 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2825:9 August 527 2824: 2821: 2818: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2714: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2440:Theodosius II 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396:Theodosius II 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2082:Hannibalianus 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2032:Constantine I 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974:. Mother of: 1973: 1969: 1968:Constantine I 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1823: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1785:Magnia Urbica 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1714:Queen of the 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:Trajan Decius 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286:Vestal Virgin 1283: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139:Ivlia Avgvsta 1135: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 975: 971: 957: 952: 949: 946: 944: 939: 935: 929: 928: 924: 921: 917: 916: 912: 909: 905: 902: 899: 895: 889: 888: 884: 881: 877: 876: 872: 869: 865: 861: 858: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 836: 832: 831: 827: 824: 820: 817: 814: 810: 804: 802: 798: 795: 791: 790: 786: 783: 779: 776: 774:13 August 83 773: 769: 763: 762: 758: 755: 751: 750: 746: 743: 740: 737: 733: 727: 726: 722: 719: 715: 714: 710: 707: 704: 701: 697: 691: 690: 686: 683: 679: 678: 674: 671: 667: 664: 661: 657: 651: 650: 646: 643: 639: 638: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 618: 614: 599: 596: 592: 589: 586: 582: 576: 575: 571: 568: 564: 563: 559: 556: 552: 549: 546: 542: 536: 534: 530: 527: 523: 522: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 502: 498: 483: 480: 476: 473: 471: 466: 462: 456: 455: 451: 448: 444: 443: 440: 435: 432: 428: 425: 423: 418: 414: 408: 407: 403: 400: 396: 395: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 374: 372: 367: 363: 357: 355: 351: 348: 344: 343: 340: 335: 332: 328: 326:(posthumous) 323: 321: 316: 312: 311:Antonia Minor 306: 305: 304:Antonia Minor 301: 298: 294: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268:Ivlia Avgvsta 262: 256: 255: 251: 248: 244: 243: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 219: 208: 192: 183: 179: 176:This list is 174: 167: 166: 163: 161: 156: 151: 146: 143: 138: 134: 130: 128: 123: 115: 112: 111:Mater Patriae 106: 100: 99:Mater Senatus 94: 89: 88: 83: 79: 75: 72: 64: 59: 58: 51: 45: 39: 38: 32: 30: 19: 4301: 4280: 4258: 4238: 4190: 4181: 4165: 4158:Kazhdan 1991 4077: 4030: 4014:Description 3956: 3946:Description 3876: 3861:Description 3816:before 1018 3803: 3792:Description 3738: 3709: 3671: 3635: 3603: 3593:Description 3543: 3520: 3489: 3444:the Armenian 3440: 3424:Description 3385:and wife of 3383:Nikephoros I 3357: 3347:Description 3284: 3262:1 April 769 3248: 3217: 3186: 3175:Description 3113: 3096:, regent of 3075: 3056:Daughter of 3039: 3029:Description 2973: 2936: 2891: 2848: 2835:28 June 548 2803: 2759: 2743:Description 2673: 2656:Anastasius I 2650:. Mother of 2642:Daughter of 2621: 2598:, mother of 2594:, sister of 2570: 2547:Daughter of 2527: 2512:Description 2456: 2417: 2373: 2334: 2317:Theodosius I 2295: 2280:Description 2226: 2182: 2143: 2133:Description 2092: 2085: 2059: 2040: 2010: 1945: 1930:Description 1867: 1852:Description 1783: 1745: 1578: 1540: 1518:and Emperor 1489: 1451: 1413:Tranquillina 1411: 1396:Description 1342: 1302: 1264: 1226: 1186: 1118: 1103:Description 1043: 1004: 989:Description 925: 908:Lucius Verus 885: 841: 800: 761:Vibia Sabina 759: 723: 687: 647: 632:Description 572: 532: 516:Description 484:April AD 63 452: 404: 353: 302: 267: 252: 237:Description 186: 147: 131: 116: 85: 56: 36: 33: 31: 29: 4097: 1392 4050: 1326 3995:Palaiologos 3893: 1021 3829:after 1059 3806:of Bulgaria 3471:Michael III 3138:Constans II 2943:Κωνσταντῖνα 2937:Constantina 2918:Tiberius II 2830:Justinian I 2636:before 457 2312:Before 385 2061:Constantina 1976:Constantina 1730:from Rome. 1434:Gordian III 1120:Julia Domna 1052:Didia Clara 1045:Didia Clara 844:the Younger 535:the Younger 356:the Younger 189:August 2011 150:Julia Domna 4334:Categories 4137:References 3897:1059–1067 3811:Αἰκατερίνη 3688: 910 3476:After 867 3467:Theophilos 3458: 815 3392:After 813 3374: 770 3301: 752 3236:Artabasdos 3143:After 668 3129: 630 3102:Heraclonas 3046:Αὐγουστίνα 2804:Theodora I 2695:Basiliscus 2654:. Wife of 2646:. Wife of 2596:Basiliscus 2243:After 426 2170:After 378 2030:Mother of 2027:c.324–325 1988:Constans I 1889:Diocletian 1679:Victorinus 1677:Mother of 1642:Regalianus 1562:Aemilianus 1439:After 244 1248:Elagabalus 1161: 160 738:4 July 68 600:After 120 550:Before 80 207:Principate 178:incomplete 4311:cite book 4142:Citations 4002:Portrait 3934:Portrait 3849:Portrait 3804:Catherine 3780:Portrait 3654:Romanos I 3581:Portrait 3549:Ἀναστασία 3544:Anastasia 3412:Portrait 3335:Portrait 3287:of Athens 3163:Portrait 3094:Heraclius 3058:Heraclius 3040:Augustina 3017:Portrait 2874:Justin II 2731:Portrait 2553:Anthemius 2500:Portrait 2405:July 453 2375:Pulcheria 2268:Portrait 2121:Portrait 2087:Rex Regum 1918:Portrait 1840:Portrait 1833:Tetrarchy 1827:Tetrarchy 1601:Gallienus 1520:Hostilian 1384:Portrait 1209:Caracalla 1091:Portrait 977:Portrait 803:the Elder 620:Portrait 555:Vespasian 533:Domitilla 504:Portrait 354:Agrippina 225:Portrait 133:Agrippina 78:empresses 74:honorific 53:; plural 4340:Augustae 4189:(2014). 4115:See also 4101:Wife of 4054:Wife of 4033:of Savoy 3725:Wife of 3695:Wife of 3652:Wife of 3636:Theodora 3627:May 899 3441:Theodora 3365:Προκοπία 3359:Prokopia 3234:Wife of 3231:741–742 3136:Wife of 2872:Wife of 2828:Wife of 2785:Justin I 2783:Wife of 2760:Euphemia 2700:476–477 2693:Wife of 2590:Wife of 2438:Wife of 2356:Arcadius 2160:364—378 2074:307—317 2024:246—250 1972:Maximian 1966:Wife of 1893:Galerius 1822:Dominate 1767:Aurelian 1668:Victoria 1640:Emperor 1636:Wife of 1593:Unknown 1560:Wife of 1504:Unknown 1201:185—189 1071:Unknown 900:148–150 868:Commodus 856:125–130 842:Faustina 801:Faustina 787:136–137 711:112–114 595:Domitian 380:Claudius 331:Claudius 285:Tiberius 281:Augustus 137:Claudius 122:Augustae 93:Augustae 87:Augustus 84:form of 82:feminine 69:) was a 67:αὐγούστα 57:Augustae 4229:Sources 3642:Θεοδώρα 3449:Θεοδώρα 3255:Ευδοκια 3249:Eudokia 3082:Μαρτίνα 3076:Martina 2981:Λεοντία 2975:Leontia 2961:c. 605 2956:Maurice 2948:c. 560 2879:c. 601 2822:c. 500 2810:Θεοδώρα 2766:Εὐφημία 2675:Zenonis 2623:Ariadne 2604:Leontia 2600:Ariadne 2549:Marcian 2544:c. 453 2419:Eudocia 2400:Marcian 2336:Eudoxia 2200:c. 416 2145:Domnica 2068:Avgvsta 1805:Carinus 1733:c. 275 1722:avgvsta 1696:Zenobia 1648:avgvsta 1638:usurper 1633:c. 260 1426:c. 225 887:Lucilla 782:Hadrian 422:Pompeii 391:Misenum 142:Augusta 37:Augusta 4288:  4267:  4246:  4197:  4017:Death 4008:Birth 3949:Death 3940:Birth 3864:Death 3855:Birth 3795:Death 3786:Birth 3710:Sophia 3596:Death 3587:Birth 3490:Thekla 3427:Death 3418:Birth 3350:Death 3341:Birth 3178:Death 3169:Birth 3120:Φαύστα 3114:Fausta 3032:Death 3023:Birth 2993:Phocas 2849:Sophia 2746:Death 2737:Birth 2652:Leo II 2572:Verina 2515:Death 2506:Birth 2283:Death 2274:Birth 2165:Valens 2136:Death 2127:Birth 2093:Caesar 2041:Caesar 2011:Helena 1992:Helena 1947:Fausta 1933:Death 1924:Birth 1855:Death 1846:Birth 1399:Death 1390:Birth 1106:Death 1097:Birth 992:Death 983:Birth 670:Trajan 662:54–68 635:Death 626:Birth 519:Death 510:Birth 474:AD 63 470:Antium 426:AD 63 375:AD 50 320:Athens 276:AD 14 240:Death 231:Birth 127:courts 4108:1450 4090:1372 4065:1365 4043:1306 4005:Name 3982:1102 3972:1081 3969:1025 3937:Name 3914:1096 3852:Name 3819:1057 3783:Name 3715:Σοφία 3584:Name 3556:830s 3533:830s 3503:830s 3496:Θέκλα 3415:Name 3338:Name 3285:Irene 3193:Μαρία 3187:Maria 3166:Name 3020:Name 2855:Σοφία 2734:Name 2644:Leo I 2592:Leo I 2503:Name 2271:Name 2124:Name 1921:Name 1843:Name 1468:240s 1387:Name 1204:210s 1094:Name 980:Name 956:Capri 623:Name 507:Name 436:AD 65 419:AD 30 336:AD 37 324:AD 41 254:Livia 228:Name 63:Greek 4317:link 4286:ISBN 4265:ISBN 4244:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4038:Ἄννα 4031:Anna 3751:933 3744:Ἄννα 3739:Anna 3649:921 3618:898 3526:Ἄννα 3521:Anna 3462:830 3224:Ἄννα 3218:Anna 3133:642 3100:and 3089:639 3053:639 2988:602 2951:582 2923:593 2913:578 2869:568 2780:518 2690:475 2661:515 2648:Zeno 2639:474 2609:484 2602:and 2587:457 2558:472 2480:462 2474:439 2471:422 2432:401 2391:414 2322:386 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287:. 129:. 65:: 61:; 4319:) 4294:. 4273:. 4252:. 4203:. 3042:, 2902:, 2858:, 2813:, 2769:, 191:) 187:( 46:: 41:( 20:)

Index

Augusta (honorific)
Classical Latin
[au̯ˈɡʊsta]
Greek
Roman imperial
honorific
empresses
feminine
Augustus
courts
Agrippina
Claudius
Julia Domna
Septimius Severus
incomplete
adding missing items
Principate
Julio-Claudian dynasty

Livia
Augustus
Tiberius

Antonia Minor
Athens
Claudius
Rome

Agrippina the Younger
Oppidum Ubiorum

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