2425:
1586:) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of necessity or compulsion, that which "must" be done, rather than that which is "fit for" doing. Its use as a noun in English is not considered a strictly grammatical usage of a foreign word but is rather a newly coined English noun, which follows English grammatical usage, not Latin grammatical usage. This determines the form of the plural in English, which according to English grammar should be "referendums". The use of "referenda" as a plural form in English (treating it as a Latin word and attempting to apply to it the rules of Latin grammar) is unsupportable according to the rules of both Latin and English grammar. The use of "referenda" as a plural form is posited hypothetically as either a gerund or a gerundive by the
47:
36:
2296:
58:
493:
2413:
110:
3866:
1408:
804:
432:
1975:
government, could determine what the state should recognize or carry out, while such referendums have been strongly criticized by civil rights organizations and professional bodies as means by which the majority of the public could vote on the rights of a vulnerable minority according to contemporary prejudices.
1974:
which allows for a vote on the granting or amendment of current civil rights, liberties or associations as recognized by a government. Such referendums have frequently been proposed as a means by which the majority of the voting public in a polity, rather than the judicial or legislative chambers of
1703:
The term "referendum" covers a variety of different meanings, and the terminology is different depending on the us that holds them. A referendum can be binding or advisory. In some countries, different names are used for these two types of referendum. Referendums can be further classified by who
1753:
is a class of referendum required to be voted on if certain conditions are met or for certain government actions to be taken. They do not require any signatures from the public. In areas that use referendums a mandatory referendum is commonly used as a legally required step for ratification for
2218:
has not held multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or
Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and the losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each election day that conflicts arise. The State's
2164:
was held, in which voters had four choices. In 1992, New
Zealand held a five-option referendum on their electoral system. In 1982, Guam had a referendum that used six options, with an additional blank option for those wishing to (campaign and) vote for their own seventh option.
2321:(also called a participation quorum) in order for the referendum to be considered legally valid. In a participation quorum a majority of those voting must approve of the referendum, and a certain percentage of population must have voted in order for the results to be approved.
1654:
In
Australia, a 'referendum' is often said to be a vote to change the federal constitution and 'plebiscite' a vote which does not affect the federal constitution. However, this is erroneous as not all federal referendums have been on constitutional matters (such as the
2443:
In
Political Governance states that voters in a referendum are more likely to be driven by transient whims than by careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues. Also, voters might be swayed by
3271:
Urdinez, MarĂa
Victoria (2007). Mecanismos de participaciĂłn y control ciudadano: 'El plebiscito en Esquel. IV Jornadas de JĂłvenes Investigadores. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos
2555:
can plague a referendum on two or more issues. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome which is displeasing to most.
2194:
Swiss referendums offer a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the
Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the
2324:
The usage of participation quorums in referendums is controversial, as higher requirements have been shown to reduced turnout and voter participation. With high participation quorums, the opposition of a referendum has an interest in
1599:
is logically preferable as a plural form meaning 'ballots on one issue' (as a Latin gerund, referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive 'referenda', meaning 'things to be referred', necessarily connotes a plurality of
3515:
2138:
A referendum usually offers the electorate a straight choice between accepting or rejecting a proposal. However some referendums give voters multiple choices, and some use transferable voting. This has also been called a
2541:
All governments are unpopular. Given the chance, people would vote against them in a referendum. Therefore avoid referendums. Therefore don't raise questions which require them, such as the big versus the little
1847:
is a class of referendums that is put to the vote as a result of a demand. This may come from the executive branch, legislative branch, or a request from the people (often after meeting a signature requirement).
1666:
In
Ireland, 'plebiscite' referred to the vote to adopt its constitution, but a subsequent vote to amend the constitution is called a 'referendum', as is a poll of the electorate on a non-constitutional bill.
2106:, candidate states, and their territories, with several additional referendums held in countries outside the EU. The referendums have been held most commonly on the subject of whether to become a member of
1686:
After a reduction in the number of referendums in the Mid-twentieth century, the referendum as a political tool has been increasing in popularity since the 1970s. This increase has been attributed to
2282:
or traditional methods system. Traditionally, e-referendums are organised by governmental bodies, but nowadays, there exist private companies that can facilitate online referendums or other types of
1897:. They tend to be used quite selectively, covering issues such as changes in voting systems, where currently elected officials may not have the legitimacy or inclination to implement such changes.
3544:
2348:, campaigned for people to abstain from voting to drive down turnout. Although a majority of people voted yes for the changes in the law, the results were invalid because participation was low.
2356:
Important referendums are frequently challenged in courts. In pre-referendum disputes, plaintiffs have often tried to prevent the referendum to take place. In one such challenge, in 2017, the
3176:
1651:. Today, a referendum can also often be referred to as a plebiscite, but in some countries the two terms are used differently to refer to votes with differing types of legal consequences.
3406:
2187:, with 76 of the members in favour of allowing more than two options, and 52% favouring preferential voting in such cases. Other people regard a non-majoritarian methodology like the
3688:
3507:
1515:
Some definitions of 'plebiscite' suggest it is a type of vote to change the constitution or government of a country. The word, 'referendum' is often a catchall, used for both
2776:
1858:: Also known as a legislative referral, are initiated by the legislature or government. These may be advisory questions to gauge public opinion or binding questions of law.
3851:
Morel, L. (2011). 'Referenda'. In: B. Badie, D. Berg-Schlosser, & L. Morlino(eds), International
Encyclopedia of Political Science.Thousand Oaks: SAGE: 2226–2230.
2168:
A multiple choice referendum poses the question of how the result is to be determined. They may be set up so that if no single option receives the support of an absolute
1787:: Many localities require a referendum in order for the government to issue certain bonds, raise taxes above a specified amount, or take on certain amounts of debt. In
2608:
3348:
1806:
and joining a supranational community. This type of referendum has only occurred once in the country's history: a failed attempt in 1986 for
Switzerland to join the
2369:
1880:. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a specific individual, such as an individual legislator, or more general such as an entire legislature.
3010:
3723:
2219:
constitution provides a method for resolving conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of
3372:"Democracy's Missing Link: The "preferendum" — a method for citizens to rate and rank policy ideas — would turn citizen concerns into government action"
2581:
A similar problem also arises when elected governments accumulate excessive debts. That can severely reduce the effective margin for later governments.
3536:
1660:
3150:
1761:
Constitutional changes: Some countries or local governments choose to enact any constitutional amendments with a mandatory referendum. These include
3117:
365:
281:
3172:
2591:
mandatory assessment by an independent public institution of all budgetary implications of all legislative proposals, before they can be approved;
2110:
as part of the accession process, although the EU does not require any candidate country to hold a referendum to approve membership or as part of
1911:
Since the end of the 18th century, hundreds of national referendums have been organised in the world; almost 600 national votes have been held in
3402:
2831:
2030:
3095:
3066:
2309:
Quorums are typically introduced to prevent referendum results from being skewed by low turnout or decided by a motivated minority of voters.
3313:
2742:) serves the purpose. It has only accusative, genitive, dative and ablative cases (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, pp. 91-2.)
2568:
to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a jumble of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. A 2009 article in
1659:), and state votes that likewise do not affect either the federal or state constitution are frequently said to be referendums (such as the
725:
3680:
2530:
In recent years, referendums have been used strategically by several
European governments trying to pursue political and electoral goals.
2664:
2508:
2333:. All others who are not voting for other reasons, including those with no opinion, are effectively also voting against the referendum.
1754:
constitutional changes, ratifying international treaties and joining international organizations, and certain types of public spending.
1436:
460:
3658:
2203:, rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977 Australian referendum, the winner was chosen by the system of preferential
2516:
2500:
2480:
2299:
Nedko Solakov's artistic and humouristic project "Référendum against référendums", for the Swiss Sculpture Exhibition Utopics in 2009
2091:
2084:
324:
2267:
2772:
2329:
from the vote instead of participating, in order to invalidate the referendum results through low turnout. This is a form of the
1656:
3201:
3787:
3381:
2424:
2337:
69:
3611:
3158:
3127:
2738:
is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (
2710:
is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (
2041:, Ecuador in 2021. In each of the three cases the local community rejected the establishment of new mines in their territory.
1932:
1663:). Historically, they are used by Australians interchangeably and a plebiscite was considered another name for a referendum.
77:
3581:
3486:
1690:
of the public with political parties, as specific policy issues became more important to the public than party identifiers.
3916:
3820:
2365:
2196:
2133:
3340:
3228:
2492:
2103:
832:
2073:. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independence does not always ultimately result in independence.
3575:
2970:
2368:. In post-referendum disputes, they challenge the result. British courts dismissed post-referendum challenges of the
1304:
271:
181:
3430:"Is Electronic Voting a Panacea for Low Election Turnout?: Examples of Estonian e-Elections and Swiss e-Referendums"
1936:
910:
737:
408:
256:
186:
2987:
3709:
2578:
state government to tax the people and pass the budget, and called for an entirely new Californian constitution.
2180:
3911:
2379:
1791:
for example, the state government may not borrow more than $ 300,000 without a public vote in a statewide bond
1429:
1299:
1077:
925:
730:
720:
453:
241:
226:
2476:
2484:
2428:
2357:
1948:
1916:
1792:
1314:
741:
3231:[Proposal of chinese investments in mapuche territory: resistances to metallic mining in Loncopué].
512:
3429:
3285:
1063:
895:
866:
3229:"Propuestas de inversiones chinas en territorio mapuche: resistencias a la minerĂa metalĂfera en LoncopuĂ©"
2384:
1367:
556:
46:
2223:—i.e. the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict.
2199:("first past the post") system. In other words, the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a
3856:
3629:"The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications"
900:
871:
231:
17:
1568:, it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as
1488:, or the referendum may be only advisory. In some countries, it is synonymous with and also known as
3896:
2803:
2235:
1824:. It has never been enacted by any country, but was debated in the United States in the 1930s as the
1588:
1422:
1027:
446:
35:
3757:
Qvortrup, Matt; O'Leary, Brendan; Wintrobe, Ronald (2018). "Explaining the Paradox of Plebiscites".
2152:, for example, multiple choice referendums are common. Two multiple choice referendums were held in
3901:
3087:
3058:
2207:(IRV). Polls in Newfoundland (1949) and Guam (1982), for example, were counted under a form of the
1894:
1762:
1477:
1142:
1032:
599:
221:
171:
3454:
2668:
2859:
2645:
2453:
2330:
2156:, in 1957 and in 1980, in which voters were offered three options. In 1977, a referendum held in
2059:
2052:
1967:
1960:
1072:
825:
682:
403:
319:
299:
251:
2597:
interdiction of extra-budget expenditure (tax payers anyway have to fund them, sooner or later).
2488:
2345:
2184:
2161:
1906:
1728:
1637:
The term 'plebiscite' has a generally similar meaning in modern usage and comes from the Latin
1309:
1251:
1197:
774:
276:
196:
164:
3233:
3175:. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo.ch - a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR.
2615:
2255:
2248:
2204:
2173:
1928:
1912:
1770:
1129:
962:
614:
609:
388:
342:
266:
261:
246:
236:
211:
191:
176:
3604:
Direct Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Theory and Practice of Government by the People
1476:
on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a
3886:
3749:
3628:
2552:
2551:
Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty called the
2188:
2095:
1993:
1986:
1924:
1855:
1784:
1750:
1744:
1711:
1516:
1239:
1110:
1100:
1085:
1012:
930:
715:
304:
216:
201:
151:
131:
2295:
8:
2375:
2111:
1844:
1838:
1766:
1715:
1351:
1261:
1115:
1017:
967:
905:
526:
206:
126:
2959:"Context, Elites, Media and Public Opinion in Referendums: When Campaigns Really Matter"
2835:. Vol. LXV, no. 1960. New South Wales, Australia. 29 January 1898. p. 217
2697:
A gerundive is a verbal adjective (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.)
2140:
57:
3840:
3807:
3774:
3650:
2939:
2565:
2200:
1867:
1861:
1724:
1520:
1389:
982:
818:
644:
360:
146:
136:
3286:"Votantes respaldan prohibiciĂłn a la minerĂa en ciudad ecuatoriana de Cuenca: alcalde"
3247:
3891:
3844:
3811:
3778:
3654:
3607:
3571:
3197:
3154:
3123:
3034:
2966:
2943:
2931:
2640:
2588:
strict rules for correct accounting on budget plans and effective public expenditure;
2275:
2025:
is a direct and universal vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a
2022:
2015:
2001:
1996:(also known as a budget referendum) is a form of the referendum and an instrument of
1803:
1634:, to rule, make straight, those things which must be made straight (corrected), etc.
1384:
1058:
920:
915:
876:
849:
760:
624:
594:
521:
477:
398:
309:
141:
94:
3832:
3799:
3766:
3640:
3371:
3252:
3242:
3002:
2921:
2512:
2496:
2464:
2412:
2231:
2227:
2208:
1997:
1971:
1890:
1825:
1643:
1605:
1466:
1334:
1090:
944:
785:
780:
697:
664:
634:
619:
576:
551:
546:
541:
531:
393:
101:
1574:, "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb
3906:
3870:
3565:
3478:
2958:
2432:
2220:
2070:
2038:
1873:
1412:
1394:
1219:
1204:
808:
790:
765:
687:
561:
517:
436:
383:
2004:
of a government and allows citizens to vote directly on individual budget items.
1864:
or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws.
1541:
492:
2504:
2472:
2459:
Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as
2107:
2099:
1877:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1648:
1536:
1290:
1209:
1163:
1105:
639:
604:
536:
314:
2883:
The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton
2854:
2826:
2798:
2145:
when the choices given allow the voters to weight their support for a policy.
1620:
3880:
3714:
3508:"High Court rejects challenge to have Brexit referendum result declared void"
2935:
2570:
2449:
2396:
2393:
2318:
2172:(more than half) of the votes, resort can be made to the two-round system or
1889:
From a political-philosophical perspective, referendums are an expression of
1817:
1707:
David Altman proposes four dimensions that referendums can be classified by:
1214:
1192:
1167:
997:
654:
566:
3645:
2926:
2909:
2584:
Both these problems can be moderated by a combination of other measures as
1680:
1547:
2594:
mandatory prior assessment of the constitutional coherence of any proposal;
2520:
2460:
2448:, strong personalities, intimidation, and expensive advertising campaigns.
2067:
1798:
International relations: Switzerland has mandatory referendums on enacting
1473:
977:
629:
413:
3836:
3803:
2616:"A proposed contextual evaluation of referendum quorum using fuzzy logics"
2467:
who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as
2226:
Other voting systems that could be used in multiple-choice referendum are
1893:, but today, most referendums need to be understood within the context of
1675:
The name and use of the 'referendum' is thought to have originated in the
1630:
2807:. No. 9452. New South Wales, Australia. 21 September 1897. p. 4
2607:
The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, statistics (German).
2534:
2378:
have traditionally not interfered with referendum disputes. In 2021, the
2263:
2149:
1687:
1676:
1281:
1246:
1149:
1137:
1002:
507:
119:
3865:
3770:
3314:"Court allows referendum on mining in the Ecuadoran Andes to go forward"
3257:
1610:
1576:
1407:
803:
431:
109:
2575:
2445:
2389:
2326:
2279:
2215:
1788:
1774:
1625:
1615:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1095:
957:
649:
3006:
2114:. Other EU-related referendums have been held on the adoption of the
2361:
2157:
2063:
1561:
1532:
1256:
1154:
1037:
992:
972:
571:
418:
2211:, and an unusual form of TRS was used in the 1992 New Zealand poll.
3318:
2863:. No. 12, 464. Victoria, Australia. 3 December 1910. p. 4
2468:
2283:
2271:
2169:
1876:: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their
1778:
1379:
1339:
1022:
1007:
987:
856:
659:
484:
3341:"En Cuenca, el 80,9% apoya cese de actividad minera, segĂşn el CNE"
2963:
The Dynamics of Referendum Campaigns: An International Perspective
3290:
3280:
3278:
2688:
Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.
2524:
2519:. Hitler's use of plebiscites is argued as the reason why, since
1294:
952:
73:
3116:
Goetschel, Laurent; Bernath, Magdalena; Schwarz, Daniel (2004).
2559:
2546:
1870:: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws.
1734:
Proactive (proposing a change) vs reactive (preventing a change)
3719:
3222:
3220:
3218:
2735:
2707:
2436:
2341:
2304:
2259:
2153:
2034:
2026:
1799:
1552:
1481:
1344:
1286:
1184:
692:
3275:
2340:, opposition to the proposed loosening of laws on research on
3376:
2417:
1920:
81:
3215:
2077:
3756:
2115:
1927:: 72 popular referendums (51 of which were proposed by the
1565:
1469:
3681:"Referendums are a bad idea, Irish leader told EU in 1995"
3537:"ECHR ruling 'has Europe-wide implications' on disability"
3395:
2102:. Since 1972, a total of 48 referendums have been held by
2382:
extended its jurisdiction to referendums in its judgment
1485:
3421:
2471:. Dictators may also make use of referendums as well as
3479:"Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum"
3333:
3115:
1820:, is a referendum to approve a declaration of war in a
1816:: A hypothetical type of referendum, first proposed by
1592:, which rules out such usage in both cases as follows:
2758:, "Proposals which must be carried back to the people"
3854:
2908:
Silagadze, Nanuli; Gherghina, Sergiu (January 2020).
2527:
for the holding of referendums at the federal level.
1608:, "those matters which must be driven forward", from
3198:"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali"
2062:
is a type of referendum in which the residents of a
3119:
Swiss Foreign Policy: Foundations and Possibilities
2898:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 122
2574:argued that this had restricted the ability of the
2907:
2773:"Plebiscite or Referendum - What's the Difference"
2118:and on participation in other EU-related policies.
1661:2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum
3173:"How direct democracy has grown over the decades"
3151:Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes
2420:, Ukraine, demanding a referendum, March 30, 2014
3878:
3170:
2564:Several commentators have noted that the use of
1757:Typical types of mandatory referendums include:
1647:(Plebeian Council), the popular assembly of the
2407:
2029:proposal. Mining referendums have been held in
1618:, "that matter which must be remembered", from
1551:, "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable
3679:Bowcott, Owen; Davies, Caroline (2019-12-31).
3059:"Design and Political issues of Referendums —"
2910:"Referendum Policies across Political Systems"
2832:The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser
2475:to further legitimize their authority such as
2127:
2066:decide whether the territory should become an
3750:The Palgrave Handbook of European Referendums
3678:
2770:
2560:Undue limitations on regular government power
2547:Closed questions and the separability problem
1560:, here meaning "back"). As a gerundive is an
1430:
826:
454:
3606:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3427:
2985:
2896:State and Federal Government in Switzerland
2885:. Princeton University Press, 1974, p. 179.
2711:
2258:(or e-referendum) is a referendum in which
2191:(MBC) as more inclusive and more accurate.
1581:
1569:
1555:
1545:, literally "to carry back" (from the verb
1480:. This may result in the adoption of a new
3626:
3088:"Statewide bond propositions (California)"
2871:– via National Library of Australia.
2843:– via National Library of Australia.
2815:– via National Library of Australia.
2045:
1953:
1437:
1423:
833:
819:
461:
447:
3644:
3633:Journal of Contemporary European Research
3369:
3256:
3246:
2956:
2925:
2092:referendums related to the European Union
2085:Referendums related to the European Union
2078:Referendums related to the European Union
1970:or human rights referendum is any act of
1641:, which originally meant a decree of the
3818:
3785:
3601:
2613:
2423:
2411:
2294:
2268:information and communication technology
2241:
1738:
2766:
2764:
2623:Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods
2312:
2122:
1979:
1851:Types of optional referendums include:
1657:1916 Australian conscription referendum
14:
3879:
3567:Political Governance: Political theory
3311:
3226:
2338:2005 Italian fertility laws referendum
1832:
70:2016 Ivorian constitutional referendum
3726:from the original on 4 September 2009
3351:from the original on 11 February 2021
3145:Bruno S. Frey et Claudia Frey Marti,
2667:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
2452:argued that direct democracy is the "
1571:Propositum quod referendum est populo
3788:"Elite Strategy or Populist Weapon?"
3710:"California: The ungovernable state"
3403:"Manner in which referenda are held"
2965:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–3.
2761:
2756:Proposita quae referenda sunt popolo
2750:
2748:
2725:Oxford English Dictionary Referendum
2609:Statistik Schweiz - Stimmbeteiligung
2134:Category:Multiple-choice referendums
2008:
2000:. It always relates to parts of the
3370:Reybrouck, David Van (2023-03-16).
3312:Castro, Mayuri (October 27, 2020).
2986:SerdĂĽlt, Uwe; Welp, Yanina (2012).
2779:from the original on 13 August 2015
2176:, which is also called IRV and PV.
1454:
24:
3741:
3722:. 16–22 May 2009. pp. 33–36.
3409:from the original on 23 March 2018
2247:This paragraph is an excerpt from
2083:This paragraph is an excerpt from
2051:This paragraph is an excerpt from
2014:This paragraph is an excerpt from
1985:This paragraph is an excerpt from
1959:This paragraph is an excerpt from
1614:, to impel or drive forwards; and
27:Direct vote on a specific proposal
25:
3928:
3627:Sottilotta, Cecilia Emma (2017).
3248:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2019-0028
3171:Duc-Quang Nguyen (17 June 2015).
3147:Le bonheur. L'approche Ă©conomique
2745:
2728:
2719:
2691:
2682:
2523:, there has been no provision in
2183:considered the conduct of future
2098:, which were predecessors of the
1931:), 4 constitutional referendums,
1698:
1305:Biology and political orientation
84:deciding on republic or monarchy.
3864:
3455:"Electronic Referendum Platform"
2771:Green, Antony (12 August 2015).
2094:, or referendums related to the
1406:
802:
491:
430:
409:List of direct democracy parties
108:
56:
45:
34:
3821:"Demystifying Direct Democracy"
3702:
3691:from the original on 2019-12-31
3672:
3661:from the original on 2017-12-17
3620:
3595:
3584:from the original on 2023-11-06
3570:. Gyan Publishing House. 2005.
3558:
3547:from the original on 2021-11-09
3529:
3518:from the original on 2021-11-21
3500:
3489:from the original on 2020-11-12
3471:
3447:
3428:Musiał-Karg, Magdalena (2012).
3384:from the original on 2023-11-06
3363:
3347:(in Spanish). 8 February 2021.
3305:
3265:
3204:from the original on 2017-10-26
3190:
3179:from the original on 2016-08-06
3164:
3136:
3109:
3098:from the original on 2020-12-22
3080:
3069:from the original on 2020-05-02
3051:
3027:
3016:from the original on 2015-04-02
2979:
2950:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2847:
2819:
2988:"Direct Democracy Upside Down"
2855:"The Plebiscite or Referendum"
2791:
2700:
2657:
2380:European Court of Human Rights
1683:as early as the 16th century.
1300:Theories of political behavior
926:Political history of the world
13:
1:
2651:
2431:Demonstration for "NO" vote,
2429:2015 Greek bailout referendum
2402:
1949:Category:Referendums by issue
1900:
1315:Critique of political economy
3035:"Direct Democracy Worldwide"
2957:de Vreese, Claes H. (2007).
2408:Criticism of populist aspect
2358:Spanish Constitutional Court
2266:means. E-referendum employs
1933:one institutional referendum
1915:since its inauguration as a
1884:
1773:, Denmark, and 49 of the 50
1526:
896:Outline of political science
7:
3917:Latin gerundives in English
3786:Topaloff, Liubomir (2017).
2995:Taiwan Journal of Democracy
2634:
2477:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
2385:Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia
2351:
2128:Multiple-choice referendums
1942:
665:Right to stand for election
355:History of direct democracy
10:
3933:
3747:Smith, Julie (ed.). 2021.
2827:"Government by Plebiscite"
2665:"Definition of Plebiscite"
2601:
2416:Pro-Russian protesters in
2317:Referendums may require a
2302:
2246:
2131:
2082:
2050:
2013:
1984:
1958:
1946:
1904:
1836:
1742:
1670:
901:Index of politics articles
3759:Government and Opposition
3227:Wagner, Lucrecia (2019).
2614:Turcoane, Ovidiu (2015).
2290:
2037:, Argentina in 2003, and
1604:It is closely related to
1589:Oxford English Dictionary
3437:Polish Political Science
3294:(in Spanish). 2021-02-08
2278:rather than a classical
1895:representative democracy
1693:
3819:Qvortrup, Matt (2017).
3646:10.30950/jcer.v13i4.836
3602:Qvortrup, Matt (2013).
2927:10.1111/1467-923x.12790
2914:The Political Quarterly
2860:The Bendigo Independent
2646:Deliberative referendum
2454:tyranny of the majority
2376:International tribunals
2366:independence referendum
2197:Single Member Plurality
2060:independence referendum
2053:Independence referendum
2046:Independence referendum
1968:civil rights referendum
1961:Civil rights referendum
1954:Civil rights referendum
1937:one advisory referendum
1777:(the only exception is
1721:Binding vs consultative
1310:Political organisations
1073:International relations
911:Politics by subdivision
404:Participatory budgeting
3405:. Citizens' Assembly.
2712:
2544:
2483:; Benito Mussolini in
2440:
2421:
2346:in-vitro fertilization
2300:
2185:referendums in Ireland
1907:Referendums by country
1856:Authorities plebiscite
1800:international treaties
1714:(legally required) vs
1629:
1619:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1580:(3rd person singular,
1575:
1570:
1556:
1546:
1540:
731:Next general elections
165:Referendums by country
3912:Political terminology
3837:10.1353/jod.2017.0052
3804:10.1353/jod.2017.0051
2881:Barber, Benjamin R..
2566:citizens' initiatives
2539:
2427:
2415:
2298:
2256:electronic referendum
2249:Electronic referendum
2242:Electronic referendum
2205:instant-runoff voting
2174:instant-runoff voting
1947:Further information:
1923:ranks second with 78
1905:Further information:
1802:that have to do with
1739:Mandatory referendums
1729:Authorities initiated
1594:
1517:legislative referrals
1390:Political campaigning
1130:Public administration
963:Collective leadership
615:Boundary delimitation
337:Referendums by method
3825:Journal of Democracy
3792:Journal of Democracy
3122:. Psychology Press.
2716:) serves the purpose
2553:separability problem
2313:Participation quorum
2189:Modified Borda Count
2123:Design and procedure
2096:European Communities
1994:financial referendum
1987:Financial referendum
1980:Financial referendum
1925:national referendums
1917:modern state in 1848
1785:Financial referendum
1751:mandatory referendum
1745:Mandatory referendum
1531:'Referendum' is the
1498:popular consultation
1240:Separation of powers
1111:Political psychology
1086:Comparative politics
1064:political scientists
1051:Academic disciplines
931:Political philosophy
716:Elections by country
294:Referendums by issue
152:Mandatory referendum
132:Legislative referral
3771:10.1017/gov.2018.16
3234:Estudios Atacameños
2388:, initiated by two
2160:to determine a new
2112:treaty ratification
1845:optional referendum
1839:Optional referendum
1833:Optional referendum
1804:collective security
1624:, to call to mind,
1413:Politics portal
1262:Election commission
1233:Government branches
1116:Political sociology
968:Confessional system
906:Politics by country
809:Politics portal
437:Politics portal
127:Optional referendum
72:; Flyer for a 1971
2487:; Adolf Hitler in
2441:
2422:
2301:
2276:digital telephones
2181:Citizens' Assembly
2179:In 2018 the Irish
2090:This is a list of
1868:Popular referendum
1862:Popular initiative
1096:Political analysis
1028:Semi-parliamentary
389:Citizens' assembly
361:Athenian democracy
147:Popular referendum
137:Popular initiative
3613:978-0-7190-8206-1
3541:www.lawsociety.ie
3159:978-2-88915-010-6
3129:978-0-415-34812-6
3007:10.5167/uzh-98412
2641:Right to petition
2319:turnout threshold
2236:quadratic funding
2023:mining referendum
2016:Mining referendum
2009:Mining referendum
1874:Recall referendum
1725:Citizen initiated
1461:or less commonly
1447:
1446:
1395:Political parties
1335:Electoral systems
1059:Political science
1033:Semi-presidential
945:Political systems
921:Political history
916:Political economy
843:
842:
761:Election security
744:elections in 2024
698:Electoral systems
625:Electoral college
595:Anonymous elector
471:
470:
142:Recall referendum
66:(Top to bottom):
16:(Redirected from
3924:
3897:Direct democracy
3869:
3868:
3860:
3848:
3815:
3782:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3648:
3639:(4): 1361–1376.
3624:
3618:
3617:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3250:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3168:
3162:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2929:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2799:"THE REFERENDUM"
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:on July 12, 2012
2661:
2630:
2620:
2537:considered that
2513:Ferdinand Marcos
2497:Francisco Franco
2465:Benito Mussolini
2344:and on allowing
2232:quadratic voting
2228:Condorcet method
2209:two-round system
2104:EU member states
2033:, Peru in 2002,
1998:direct democracy
1972:direct democracy
1891:direct democracy
1826:Ludlow Amendment
1704:initiates them.
1644:Concilium Plebis
1585:
1573:
1559:
1456:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1411:
1410:
1201:
1146:
1101:Political theory
1091:Election science
1081:
1067:
845:
844:
835:
828:
821:
807:
806:
786:Election science
781:Electoral reform
635:Election silence
620:Crossover voting
577:Two-round system
495:
473:
472:
463:
456:
449:
435:
434:
394:Popular assembly
120:Referendum types
112:
102:Direct democracy
90:
89:
76:referendum; The
68:Ballots for the
60:
49:
38:
21:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3902:Ballot measures
3877:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3855:
3744:
3742:Further reading
3739:
3729:
3727:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3512:The Independent
3506:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3169:
3165:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3013:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2955:
2951:
2906:
2902:
2894:Vincent, J.M..
2893:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2637:
2618:
2604:
2562:
2549:
2433:Syntagma Square
2410:
2405:
2354:
2331:no-show paradox
2315:
2307:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2252:
2244:
2221:approval voting
2162:national anthem
2136:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2071:sovereign state
2056:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2019:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1909:
1903:
1887:
1841:
1835:
1747:
1741:
1727:(bottom-up) vs
1701:
1696:
1673:
1529:
1502:ballot question
1443:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1220:Public interest
1205:Domestic policy
1195:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
948:
947:
936:
935:
891:
890:
881:
850:Politics series
839:
801:
796:
795:
791:Paper candidate
766:Electoral fraud
756:
748:
747:
721:Close elections
711:
703:
702:
688:Political party
678:
670:
669:
590:
582:
581:
503:
478:Politics series
467:
429:
424:
423:
384:Direct election
379:
371:
370:
356:
348:
347:
338:
330:
329:
295:
287:
286:
167:
157:
156:
122:
95:Politics series
88:
87:
86:
85:
78:1946 referendum
67:
63:
62:
61:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3874:
3873:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3831:(3): 141–152.
3816:
3798:(3): 127–140.
3783:
3754:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3701:
3671:
3619:
3612:
3594:
3576:
3557:
3528:
3514:. 2018-12-10.
3499:
3485:. 2017-09-08.
3470:
3446:
3420:
3394:
3362:
3332:
3304:
3274:
3264:
3237:(in Spanish).
3214:
3189:
3163:
3135:
3128:
3108:
3079:
3063:aceproject.org
3050:
3026:
2978:
2971:
2949:
2920:(1): 182–191.
2900:
2887:
2874:
2846:
2818:
2790:
2760:
2744:
2727:
2718:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2561:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2505:Park Chung Hee
2473:show elections
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2360:suspended the
2353:
2350:
2314:
2311:
2303:Main article:
2292:
2289:
2274:(e-voting) or
2253:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2108:European Union
2100:European Union
2089:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2007:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:term of office
1871:
1865:
1859:
1837:Main article:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1822:war referendum
1814:War referendum
1811:
1808:United Nations
1796:
1782:
1743:Main article:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1700:
1699:Classification
1697:
1695:
1692:
1672:
1669:
1649:Roman Republic
1528:
1525:
1506:ballot measure
1478:representative
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1275:Related topics
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:Foreign policy
1207:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Policy studies
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1071:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
943:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
889:Primary topics
888:
887:
886:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:
841:
840:
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
812:
811:
798:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
768:
763:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Administration
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
640:Gerrymandering
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
515:
510:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
488:
487:
481:
480:
469:
468:
466:
465:
458:
451:
443:
440:
439:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:Citizen's jury
396:
391:
386:
380:
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2017:
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2002:public budget
1999:
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1973:
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1929:Radical Party
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655:Secret ballot
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600:Apportionment
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48:
37:
19:
3828:
3824:
3795:
3791:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3728:. Retrieved
3713:
3704:
3693:. Retrieved
3685:The Guardian
3684:
3674:
3663:. Retrieved
3636:
3632:
3622:
3603:
3597:
3586:. Retrieved
3566:
3560:
3549:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3520:. Retrieved
3511:
3502:
3491:. Retrieved
3482:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3397:
3386:. Retrieved
3375:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3325:December 12,
3323:. Retrieved
3317:
3307:
3296:. Retrieved
3289:
3267:
3258:11336/126638
3238:
3232:
3206:. Retrieved
3192:
3181:. Retrieved
3166:
3146:
3138:
3118:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3091:
3082:
3071:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3042:. Retrieved
3039:ResearchGate
3038:
3029:
3018:. Retrieved
3001:(1): 69–92.
2998:
2994:
2981:
2962:
2952:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2804:Evening News
2802:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2755:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2659:
2626:
2622:
2583:
2580:
2569:
2563:
2550:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2521:World War II
2461:Adolf Hitler
2458:
2442:
2392:voters over
2383:
2374:
2372:referendum.
2355:
2335:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2270:such as the
2262:is aided by
2225:
2213:
2193:
2178:
2167:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2031:Tambo Grande
1910:
1888:
1850:
1842:
1756:
1748:
1706:
1702:
1685:
1674:
1665:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1535:form of the
1530:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:or specific
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1143:street-level
1018:Presidential
978:Dictatorship
848:Part of the
770:
630:Election law
557:Proportional
476:Part of the
414:Ballot title
343:E-referendum
320:Independence
300:Civil rights
93:Part of the
3887:Referendums
3765:(2): 1–18.
3753:. Palgrave.
3730:8 September
3459:Far Rainbow
3355:17 February
3143:(in French)
3092:Ballotpedia
2629:(2): 83–93.
2535:John Bruton
2234:(including
2150:Switzerland
2142:preferendum
2068:independent
1913:Switzerland
1793:proposition
1775:U.S. states
1771:Switzerland
1688:dealignment
1597:Referendums
1521:initiatives
1510:proposition
1459:referendums
1282:Sovereignty
1247:Legislature
1150:Technocracy
1138:Bureaucracy
1003:Meritocracy
983:Directorial
726:Most recent
610:Competition
589:Terminology
508:By-election
502:Basic types
257:Switzerland
242:Philippines
232:New Zealand
227:Netherlands
3881:Categories
3695:2019-12-31
3665:2017-12-16
3588:2023-03-19
3551:2021-11-21
3522:2021-11-21
3493:2021-11-21
3464:2021-02-16
3388:2023-11-06
3298:2023-01-28
3208:2017-10-13
3183:2016-01-28
3102:2020-06-11
3073:2020-06-11
3044:2021-08-29
3020:2015-03-24
2675:2016-08-23
2652:References
2576:California
2446:propaganda
2403:Criticisms
2327:abstaining
2280:ballot box
2264:electronic
2216:California
2132:See also:
1901:By country
1789:California
1731:(top-down)
1681:GraubĂĽnden
1679:canton of
1639:plebiscita
1626:corrigenda
1616:memorandum
1490:plebiscite
1474:electorate
1451:referendum
1372:Governance
1362:Government
1357:Federalism
958:City-state
775:by country
771:Referendum
650:Psephology
645:Initiative
527:Fixed-term
18:Plebiscite
3845:157819009
3812:157760485
3779:149756080
3655:158825358
3345:Primicias
2944:213618720
2936:0032-3179
2867:26 August
2839:26 August
2811:26 August
2783:23 August
2533:In 1995,
2439:, Greece
2362:Catalonia
2214:Although
2201:plurality
2158:Australia
2064:territory
1885:Rationale
1763:Australia
1712:Mandatory
1562:adjective
1533:gerundive
1527:Etymology
1463:referenda
1352:Unitarism
1340:Elections
1328:Subseries
1257:Judiciary
1252:Executive
1155:Adhocracy
1038:Theocracy
993:Feudalism
973:Democracy
677:Subseries
572:Sortition
547:Plurality
513:Corporate
485:Elections
419:Sortition
222:Lithuania
172:Australia
3892:Politics
3871:Politics
3724:Archived
3689:Archived
3659:Archived
3582:Archived
3545:Archived
3516:Archived
3487:Archived
3483:BBC News
3413:22 March
3407:Archived
3382:Archived
3349:Archived
3319:Mongabay
3202:Archived
3177:Archived
3153:, 2013 (
3096:Archived
3067:Archived
3011:Archived
2777:Archived
2635:See also
2469:populism
2390:disabled
2352:Disputes
2284:e-voting
2272:Internet
2170:majority
1943:By issue
1779:Delaware
1718:(ad hoc)
1716:Optional
1564:, not a
1494:votation
1472:by the
1380:Ideology
1198:doctrine
1159:Service
1023:Republic
1008:Monarchy
988:Federacy
877:Category
857:Politics
738:National
660:Suffrage
542:Mid-term
522:Indirect
252:Slovakia
3291:Reuters
2775:. ABC.
2740:referre
2713:referre
2602:Sources
2542:states.
2525:Germany
2342:embryos
2336:In the
1767:Ireland
1671:History
1628:, from
1600:issues.
1542:referre
1465:) is a
1385:Culture
1295:Country
953:Anarchy
867:Outline
755:Related
552:Primary
532:General
378:Related
305:Finance
277:Ukraine
197:Germany
182:Czechia
74:Seattle
3907:Voting
3857:Portal
3843:
3810:
3777:
3720:London
3653:
3610:
3574:
3157:
3126:
2969:
2942:
2934:
2736:gerund
2708:gerund
2511:; and
2437:Athens
2397:access
2370:Brexit
2305:Quorum
2291:Quorum
2260:voting
2154:Sweden
2039:Cuenca
2035:Esquel
2027:mining
1621:memoro
1606:agenda
1553:prefix
1482:policy
1467:direct
1345:voting
1287:Polity
1185:Policy
1164:Public
1078:theory
693:Voting
605:Audits
562:Recall
518:Direct
366:in USA
310:Mining
267:Taiwan
262:Turkey
247:Sweden
237:Poland
212:Israel
192:France
177:Canada
3841:S2CID
3808:S2CID
3775:S2CID
3651:S2CID
3433:(PDF)
3377:Noema
3272:Aires
3014:(PDF)
2991:(PDF)
2940:S2CID
2754:i.e.
2619:(PDF)
2418:Odesa
1921:Italy
1694:Types
1677:Swiss
1548:ferre
1539:verb
1537:Latin
1508:, or
1368:forms
1291:State
1168:Civil
872:Index
742:local
710:Lists
537:Local
217:Kenya
202:Italy
82:Italy
3732:2009
3608:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3415:2018
3357:2021
3327:2020
3155:ISBN
3124:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2932:ISSN
2869:2020
2841:2020
2813:2020
2785:2015
2517:1973
2509:1972
2501:1947
2493:1936
2489:1934
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2481:1933
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