22:
110:
but the considerably longer range of the plastic bullet—33–66 m (36–72 yd) against 23–46 m (25–50 yd)—implies an appreciably higher muzzle velocity. An analysis made in 1976 concluded that the plastic bullet would prove to be more dangerous than the rubber bullet it replaced, especially if used abusively at short distances.
109:
The first plastic bullet was made of PVC (some sources say polyurethane), weighed 135 g (4.75 oz), was 38 mm (1.5 in) diameter and 'rather over' 102 mm (4 in) long. The new plastic bullet was a similar size to but lighter than the 149 g (5.25 oz) rubber bullet,
324:
Fourteen people were killed by plastic bullet impacts; half of them were children and all but one were from the
Catholic community. The deaths occurred over 14 years, from 1975 to 1989. Most of the deaths were allegedly caused by the British security forces misusing the weapon, firing at close range
101:
The first version was the L5 Plastic Baton Round (PBR, commonly called plastic bullet). It was created to replace rubber baton rounds (rubber bullets), which had been used in
Northern Ireland since 1970 and which were withdrawn by the end of 1975. Rubber bullets were meant to be fired at the legs of
490:
Following a visit to a Nablus
Hospital a group of four Israeli doctors reported: "The plastic bullet can penetrate all tissue. Even if the wound caused by the plastic is less severe than that caused by conventional bullets, it is still a very severe wound. The bullet is capable of striking internal
328:
The first person to be killed by a plastic bullet was 10-year-old
Stephen Geddis, who died on 30 August 1975 in hospital, two days after being shot by the British Army in west Belfast. One of the most high-profile plastic bullet victims was 12-year-old Carol Ann Kelly from west Belfast, who died in
452:
explained the plastic bullets were intended to cause more injuries to
Palestinian rioters. Army commanders hoped that their use would reduce Palestinian stone-throwing, however this did not happen during the first month of their use in which Israeli plastic bullets killed eight Palestinians.
135:
found that the new L21 round was 'potentially more lethal' since it was inaccurate and 2.5 times more likely to penetrate body tissue than the older L5 round. One in three L21 rounds missed their target, while 10% of the L21 rounds fired caused injury compared to 1.14% of the L5 rounds. The
1383:
The L21A1 round only lasted in service for a very short time. The
Defence Scientific Advisory Committee tested the round and concluded that whilst it had similar kinetic impact energies to its predecessors, it could be slightly more dangerous if it struck someone in the
102:
rioters or the ground in front of them. However, they were often fired directly at people from close range and sometimes at the totally innocent. The use of rubber bullets in
Northern Ireland resulted in at least three people being killed and many more badly injured.
367:
During the weekend of 20 April 2001, at the anti-FTAA protest in Quebec City, Canada, plastic bullets were used by police forces against protesters attempting to breach the security fences. Plastic bullets were used against protesters at a protest against
379:
Plastic bullets were approved for policing in
England and Wales in June 2001. Plastic bullets were also authorized for G8 summit protests in Gleneagles, Scotland in July 2005. A plastic bullet was successfully used to disarm a hostage taker armed with a
105:
The plastic bullet could be fired directly at people and at longer ranges. It was intended to be a projectile of similar effect on its target as the rubber bullet. Officially, its advantage over the rubber bullet was claimed to be greater accuracy.
321:(RUC) first 'tried out' the new round during a riot on 12 August 1973. Shortly after their introduction it was discovered plastic bullets were lethal at certain ranges. Rubber bullets had been withdrawn from Northern Ireland by the end of 1975.
1298:
The obvious difference is that the baton is flat-nosed and made from polyurethane polymer. The L5 remained in service for a long time and went through several marks, the last being the L5A7. The baton is 98mm long, weighs 131g and is fired at 63
921:
The plastic bullet (Fig. I) is a 5.62 mm missile, 1.5 cm long, weighing 0.85 gm, and composed of metal particles sustained in a plastic (polyvinylchloride) substance. The bullet is shot by conventional military weapons, usually the M-16
1900:(Report). Translated by Ralph Mandel. Jerusalem: B’Tselem – The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. p.14 introduction + definition of riot, p.15 Rules of Engagement, p.17 uprising data, pp. 75,81 MK
556:
rounds of plastic bullets were sent to
Kashmir in 2018 for riot control. A anonymous source at the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs claimed that the use of plastic bullets is based on the list of non-lethal weapons approved by the
140:
found that the L21 round hitting end on could penetrate a human skull and lodge in the brain, killing the victim; also that the L21 round posed more risk to innocent bystanders than the L5 due to its greater potential ricochet.
599:, as the flat nose of the bullet does not feed well in most magazine fed actions. The slow moving plastic bullets may be captured undamaged and reused numerous times if a suitable backstop is used. For use in revolvers,
43:
Plastic bullet: a conventionally sized and shaped bullet made from a composite material including plastic, fired from a conventional rifle and capable of penetrating human tissue, intended as a less lethal weapon for riot
1130:
464:", defined as: "a disturbance with the participation of three or more persons, including stone throwing, erection of a barrier or barricade, burning a tire." Some of the instructions under Rules of Engagement include:
846:
1560:
John Downes, 23, from
Andersonstown, west Belfast, killed in the most public fashion when he was struck on the chest at point blank range by an RUC plastic bullet in front of television cameras at a Republican
1551:
1180:
The rounds were intended to be fired at the legs of rioters or the ground in front of rioters Often the weapons were fired directly at people These weapons were to result in a number of deaths and serious
1843:
Police and soldiers fired water cannons and plastic bullets as thousands of students protested against a law passed by Venezuela's congress that increases government powers over the country's universities.
491:
organs, and as occurred in cases that were hospitalised in al-Ittihad hospital, the bullet struck the liver, intestines, spleen and blood vessels. It is superfluous to add that such a wound can be fatal."
1095:
The rubber baton round was withdrawn from Northern Ireland towards the end of 1975 by which time it had been replaced by the plastic (PVC) round which is inherently more accurate, particularly at longer
1399:
acquired plastic bullets in 1978, but the figures for 1978, 1979 and 1980 refer only to the number of plastic bullets fired by the British Army. The 1981 figures include plastic bullets fired by the RUC
1830:
317:
The British Army in Northern Ireland was issued with plastic bullets in August 1972, the intention being to replace the use of rubber bullets, and first used them in February 1973; while the
1950:
1594:
The coroner in his 'findings' said that Carol Ann Kelly was an innocent bystander when she was 'struck on the head by the second of two plastic bullets fired as she passed Aspen Park.'
144:
The L21 was replaced by the L60A1 Attenuated Energy Projectile in June 2005 due to tests showing that the L21 was more dangerous than earlier rounds especially when striking the head.
60:. Some plastic bullets are intended to be skip fired, hitting the ground and ricocheting into the intended target; while others were designed to be fired directly into the target.
120:
The final variant of the L5 plastic bullet—the L5A7—was introduced in 1994. The L5 was replaced by the L21A1 in 2001. The L21 plastic bullet was fired from a new launcher, the
1934:
Between the start of the Intifada and the end of May 1990, 630 Palestinians, including 138 children under the age of 16, were shot to death by the Israeli security forces.
569:
The original UK plastic bullet deployed in 1972 weighs around 135 g (4.75 oz) and was intended to be effective at a range of 33 to 66 m (36 to 72 yd).
1223:
1975:
1921:
1555:
1049:
499:
India's Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory in Chandigarh has developed plastic bullets designed to be fired from conventional rifles as an alternative to using
117:
between their first use in February 1973 and February 1983, plastic bullets killed four times as many people round for round as the rubber bullets they replaced.
359:
From 1973 to 1981, just over 42,600 plastic bullets were fired in Northern Ireland. By 2005, 125,000 baton rounds had been fired, most of them plastic bullets.
1250:
A review of the human rights implications of the introduction and use of the L21A1 baton round in Northern Ireland and proposed alternatives to the baton round
940:
340:
called on member states to ban the use of plastic bullets. However, they continued to be used by the British security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1984 the
1080:
1517:
Seventeen people have been killed by plastic bullets in Northern Ireland. Nine of those who died were children under the age of 18 - the youngest aged 10.
1370:
1319:
625:
1822:
49:
Plastic bullet (target shooting): a blunt, lightweight handgun bullet intended for short-range target practice, not intended for use as a weapon.
128:, a rifled weapon which gives greater accuracy when used with an optical sight than the smooth bore weapons used to fire the earlier L5 rounds.
1016:
591:
Speer plastic bullets, the only widely available brand, are flat-nosed hollow plastic cylinders, are available in .357/.38/9 mm, .44, and
2002:
78:
An unrelated blunt, low velocity, small-calibre handgun bullet made of hollow plastic is sometimes used for short-range target practice (see
1090:
1530:
908:
456:
In March 1990, an army report - "Uprising Data" - found 128 "local residents" had been killed by plastic bullets. According to the army
1742:
349:
1573:
1504:
1285:
976:
500:
132:
1434:
1159:
607:
versions also include plastic cases, which can be primed and de-primed by hand with minimal tools. For other calibers, standard
545:
According to Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) officials, the plastic bullets can only be fired in single shot mode and not in
341:
1856:
1242:
1539:
Brian Stewart. Age 13. Shot October 10, 1976. Shot in the head by British Army from a distance of 10 yards. Non-riot situation
1616:
1480:
859:
Thirteen year old Brian Stewart died in October from a fractured skull after being hit by a plastic bullet fired by the Army.
1691:
1894:
1041:
830:
137:
1199:
515:
391:
In September 2004, seven picketing shipbuilders were injured in a tear-gas and plastic bullet assault in Cadiz, Spain.
1417:
1236:
796:
692:
676:
1335:
The Attenuated Energy Projectile (AEP) became operational on 21 June 2005 and replaced the previous L21 Baton Round.
1114:
2048:
1651:
1635:
948:
1714:
348:, had been permanently blinded in 1971 when a British soldier shot her in the face with a rubber bullet. During
1362:
25:
Left and right: composite plastic/aluminium plastic baton round projectile from L21 round and case of L5 round.
1318:(Report). HC 928. London: House of Commons: Northern Ireland Affairs Committee. 28 February 2006. p. 10.
2053:
1312:
874:
Yellin, Alon; Golan, Michael; Klein, Ehud; Avigad, Hamar; Rosenman, Judith; Lieberman, Yair (February 1992).
1455:
Sunday 12 August 1973 The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) tried out a new plastic baton round during a riot.
1262:
376:
in 2001, where one individual reportedly underwent an emergency tracheotomy after being hit in the throat.
2043:
558:
330:
36:
Plastic baton round: a large, blunt, low-velocity projectile fired from a specialized gun, intended as a
405:
Venezuelan police and soldiers fired plastic bullets at student protesters in Caracas in December 2010.
1347:
402:
beating students with batons. A fleeing female student was shot in the stomach with a plastic bullet.
1396:
875:
539:
318:
1008:
519:
63:
Plastic baton rounds were invented by British researchers to provide a more accurate alternative to
535:
1496:
1062:
eight Palestinians have been killed by plastic bullets in the month since they were first employed
437:
1534:
344:
was founded, calling for plastic bullets to be banned in Northern Ireland. One of its founders,
1668:
668:
Advanced Book Search The future of non-lethal weapons: technologies, operations, ethics and law
1606:
786:
577:
A type of reusable plastic bullet intended for short-range target practice using conventional
2038:
765:
429:
Israeli plastic bullets are not baton rounds and are capable of penetrating all body tissue.
399:
666:
1770:
1341:
582:
546:
1581:
715:
8:
2003:"Using plastic bullets in Kashmir drawn from UN peacekeeping standards for crowd control"
1747:
1277:
457:
352:, a 14-year-old boy was struck in the head by a plastic bullet and spent three days in a
337:
91:
1256:
385:
895:
1913:
1863:
1612:
1476:
1413:
1232:
1122:
980:
900:
838:
792:
672:
630:
585:
121:
1647:
1442:
1167:
1143:
Plastic bullets were invented by Porton Down scientists for use in Northern Ireland.
2033:
1809:
a female student was shot in the stomach with a plastic bullet as she tried to flee
1664:
890:
68:
1951:"Centre sends 1 lakh plastic bullets, chilli-filled PAVA shells to Kashmir Valley"
1410:
They Shoot Children: The use of rubber and plastic bullets in the north of Ireland
752:
During the riots the RUC fired a number of the new 'L21 A1' plastic baton rounds.
620:
1631:
1231:. Temple Court, Belfast, BT1 1NA, UK: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
740:
1909:
635:
480:
2027:
1917:
1905:
1126:
842:
645:
527:
449:
369:
64:
1203:
1719:
531:
484:
433:
409:
114:
95:
94:
scientists and intended for use against rioters in Northern Ireland during
72:
57:
53:
Both types of plastic bullet intended for riot control have caused deaths.
21:
904:
158:
Numbers of rubber and plastic bullets fired in Northern Ireland 1970–1981
1901:
728:
who retaliated by firing rounds of a new type of plastic bullets, L21 A1,
604:
600:
511:
395:
345:
37:
1089:. Vol. 921. UK: House of Commons. col. 78W–79W. Archived from
329:
hospital on 22 May 1981 after being shot in the head by a member of the
1912:. pp.75-6,84 total young persons killed by plastic bullets April 1989.
1792:
640:
445:
1895:
The Use of Firearms by the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories
467:- Plastic bullet only to be fired under order from commanding officer
1472:
596:
441:
476:- "Avoid aiming fire at children below the age of 14 and at women."
1313:
The work of the Committee in 2005, Second Report of Session 2005–06
1079:
Mr Hugh Jenkins, MP for Wandsworth Putney (30 December 1976).
578:
523:
413:
125:
325:
and at chest or head level rather than targeting below the waist.
1085:
381:
549:. The bullets are claimed to penetrate 20mm into human targets.
373:
460:
the use of plastic bullets is permitted in case of a "violent
1042:"Israel Defends Plastic Bullets in Face of Growing Criticism"
961:
The bullets with plastic tips can pierce the skin up to 20 mm
608:
581:
is available, designed to be propelled purely by an ordinary
507:
483:, five young people were killed by plastic bullets fired by
1976:"CRPF sends 21000 "less lethal" plastic bullets to Kashmir"
1854:
461:
353:
1531:"Victims of Plastic and Rubber Bullets, Lost Lives (1999)"
1121:. Vol. 97, no. 1343. Reed Business Information.
837:. Vol. 72, no. 1031. Reed Business Information.
1367:
Tales from the Supply Depot; Collecting British Militaria
1009:"List of People Killed by 'Rubber' and 'Plastic' Bullets"
941:"Plastic Bullet to replace the pellets in Kashmir valley"
592:
506:
These plastic bullets—not baton rounds—can be fired from
534:
that fire pellet cartridges) by security forces against
1771:"Shipbuilders in Spain strike in privatisation protest"
947:. Bangalore, India: The Printers Mysore. Archived from
876:"Penetrating thoracic wounds caused by plastic bullets"
479:
From April to May 1989, during the early stages of the
67:, and were intended to be fired directly at rioters in
873:
1217:
1215:
1213:
707:
436:
began using plastic bullets for crowd control by the
1823:"Venezuelan students protest against university law"
1692:"Fortress Quebec: A Return to Tear Gas and Violence"
1412:. Ivor Place, London: Information on Ireland. 1982.
470:- Not to be fired at a range of less than 70 metres
419:
1713:Macdonell, Hamish; Gray, Louise (29 January 2005).
1402:
934:
932:
930:
788:
Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights
693:"Written Answers to Questions [7 Jun 2004]"
90:The plastic baton round was developed in the UK by
1210:
1074:
1072:
1070:
791:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1989. p. 133.
1743:"Police plastic bullet ends siege by machete man"
1683:
869:
867:
514:and have been used by Indian security forces for
2025:
1669:"When Scholarship and Politics Collided at Yale"
1663:
1221:
927:
595:calibers, and are designed for use primarily in
1269:
1153:
1151:
1115:"New plastic bullets squirts noxious chemicals"
1078:
1067:
971:
969:
1715:"Ring of steel to protect city from G8 mayhem"
1197:
1002:
1000:
998:
883:Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
864:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
626:Eye injuries in the 2019–2020 Chilean protests
1944:
1942:
1773:. World Socialist Web Site. 17 September 2004
1712:
1036:
1034:
408:Foam-tipped plastic bullets were employed by
147:
1435:"A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1973"
1426:
1160:"A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1970"
1148:
966:
713:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1848:
1706:
1689:
1657:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1108:
1106:
1104:
995:
805:
763:
494:
1939:
1528:
1031:
741:"A Draft Chronology of the Conflict -2001"
664:
152:
1611:. Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 159.
894:
828:
779:
518:in India. They are used along with other
1881:
1648:A Chronology of the Conflict - July 1997
1408:
1275:
1186:
1101:
829:Rosenhead, Jonathan (16 December 1976).
766:"Victims and their families take action"
757:
733:
487:, four of whom were under 14 years old.
133:Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission
20:
1820:
1439:CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
1360:
1164:CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
1013:CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
416:but were determined to be ineffectual.
342:United Campaign Against Plastic Bullets
56:Plastic bullets are generally used for
2026:
1892:
1373:from the original on 30 September 2022
1276:Williams, Anthony G. (2 August 2022).
1948:
1857:"Non-lethal technologies—an overview"
1821:Sanchez, Fabiola (23 December 2010).
1466:
1325:from the original on 25 February 2017
1112:
831:"A new look at 'less lethal' weapons"
716:"Sectarian riots in Northern Ireland"
538:protesters during violent clashes in
79:
2000:
1855:Nick LEWER and Neil DAVISON (2005).
1544:
1522:
1507:from the original on 15 October 2002
1489:
1460:
1994:
1632:A Chronology of the Conflict - 1982
1552:"Plastic and Rubber Bullet Victims"
1441:. Ulster University. Archived from
1432:
1361:Hallett, Edward (13 January 2020).
1166:. Ulster University. Archived from
1157:
1006:
938:
572:
138:Defence Scientific Advisory Council
13:
1833:from the original on 15 March 2023
1497:"Dispute over plastic bullets use"
1469:Ethics and war in the 21st century
1288:from the original on 25 March 2023
1133:from the original on 14 March 2023
1052:from the original on 15 March 2023
1019:from the original on 8 August 2022
911:from the original on 15 March 2023
849:from the original on 14 March 2023
658:
516:crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir
14:
2065:
1924:from the original on 5 March 2023
420:Usage—penetrating plastic bullets
2001:Kaur, Kamaljit (18 April 2017).
1652:Conflict Archive on the Internet
1636:Conflict Archive on the Internet
1608:Human Rights in Northern Ireland
424:
362:
1968:
1814:
1785:
1763:
1735:
1641:
1625:
1599:
1566:
1389:
1354:
1304:
1222:Omega Foundation (March 2003).
1113:Vines, Gail (3 February 1983).
1086:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1949:Ahuja, Rajesh (20 June 2017).
943:. National/North and Central.
939:Ray, Kalyan (4 January 2019).
685:
1:
1690:Mark Engler (22 April 2001).
1363:"L21A1 Baton Round Cartridge"
896:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35042-1
714:Chris Talbot (26 June 2001).
651:
561:standards for crowd control.
1671:. The New York Times Company
1278:"British 37 mm baton rounds"
764:LAURA FRIEL (11 July 2002).
388:, England in November 2002.
98:, first used there in 1973.
7:
1893:Talmor, Ronny (July 1990).
1467:Coker, Christopher (2008).
614:
559:United Nations peacekeeping
448:. Israeli Defense Minister
331:Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
10:
2070:
977:"SPEER Specialty Products"
718:. World Socialist Web Site
148:Usage—plastic baton rounds
85:
1397:Royal Ulster Constabulary
1046:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
564:
319:Royal Ulster Constabulary
310:
1261:: CS1 maint: location (
1200:"Less-lethal Ammunition"
671:. Taylor & Francis.
495:Use in Jammu and Kashmir
40:weapon for riot control.
2049:Paramilitary cartridges
1284:. Chipotle Publishing.
979:. Speer. Archived from
438:military administration
153:Use in Northern Ireland
1793:"Kenya:Brutal Seventh"
1580:. 2009. Archived from
1346:: CS1 maint: others (
1248:on 16 September 2021.
26:
16:Less-lethal projectile
1904:to defence ministers
1578:Relatives for Justice
1048:. 30 September 1988.
1015:. Ulster University.
400:University of Nairobi
398:raided a room at the
131:A 2003 study for the
24:
2054:Riot control weapons
1829:. Associated Press.
1667:(28 December 2005).
1206:on 3 September 2009.
1198:Anthony G Williams.
432:In August 1988, the
350:rioting in July 1997
1982:. PTI. 14 July 2018
1748:The Daily Telegraph
1529:McKittrick (1999).
1170:on 24 December 2022
665:Nick Lewer (2002).
530:, and pellet guns (
520:riot control agents
503:for crowd control.
473:- Aimed below knee
458:rules of engagement
338:European Parliament
159:
2044:British inventions
1980:The Economic Times
1751:. 25 November 2002
1093:on 14 March 2023.
412:in a trial in the
157:
27:
1618:978-0-300-05623-5
1558:on 24 July 2011.
1482:978-0-415-45282-3
1433:Melaugh, Martin.
1282:Small Arms Review
1158:Melaugh, Martin.
1007:Melaugh, Martin.
951:on 4 January 2019
631:Non-lethal weapon
540:Jammu and Kashmir
315:
314:
2061:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1899:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1862:. Archived from
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1665:KAREN W. ARENSON
1661:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:on 29 March 2009
1570:
1564:
1563:
1554:. Archived from
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:on 16 May 2003.
1533:. Archived from
1526:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1503:. 18 July 2001.
1493:
1487:
1486:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:on 14 March 2023
1430:
1424:
1423:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1241:. Archived from
1230:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1202:. Archived from
1195:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1004:
993:
992:
990:
988:
983:on 10 April 2008
973:
964:
963:
958:
956:
936:
925:
924:
918:
916:
898:
880:
871:
862:
861:
856:
854:
826:
803:
802:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
761:
755:
754:
749:
747:
737:
731:
730:
725:
723:
711:
705:
704:
702:
700:
689:
683:
682:
662:
611:cases are used.
573:Recreational use
555:
485:Israeli soldiers
394:In 1990, Kenyan
333:on 19 May 1981.
169:Plastic bullets
160:
156:
115:Northern Ireland
80:recreational use
69:Northern Ireland
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2024:
2023:
2022:
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2011:
2009:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1955:Hindustan Times
1947:
1940:
1927:
1925:
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1869:on 27 July 2011
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1510:
1508:
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1475:. p. 129.
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1111:
1102:
1077:
1068:
1055:
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1040:
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1032:
1022:
1020:
1005:
996:
986:
984:
975:
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967:
954:
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937:
928:
914:
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878:
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865:
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827:
806:
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785:
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770:
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762:
758:
745:
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739:
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734:
721:
719:
712:
708:
698:
696:
691:
690:
686:
679:
663:
659:
654:
621:Airsoft pellets
617:
575:
567:
553:
497:
427:
422:
365:
166:Rubber bullets
155:
150:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2020:
2019:
1993:
1967:
1938:
1910:Yitzhak Shamir
1880:
1847:
1813:
1799:. 17 July 1997
1784:
1762:
1734:
1705:
1682:
1656:
1640:
1624:
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1565:
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1401:
1388:
1353:
1311:"Appendix 1".
1303:
1268:
1237:
1209:
1185:
1147:
1100:
1066:
1030:
994:
965:
926:
889:(2): 381–385.
863:
804:
797:
778:
756:
732:
706:
684:
677:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
643:
638:
636:Sponge grenade
633:
628:
623:
616:
613:
574:
571:
566:
563:
528:chili grenades
496:
493:
481:First Intifada
426:
423:
421:
418:
364:
361:
313:
312:
309:
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154:
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149:
146:
87:
84:
65:rubber bullets
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
32:can refer to:
30:Plastic bullet
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Yitzhak Rabin
1903:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1798:
1797:The Economist
1794:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1693:
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1660:
1653:
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1637:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:"The Victims"
1569:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1536:
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1525:
1518:
1506:
1502:
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1474:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1419:0-9507381-2-3
1415:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1372:
1369:. hatchfive.
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1238:1-903681-33-2
1234:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1169:
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1154:
1152:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:New Scientist
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1063:
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1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
982:
978:
972:
970:
962:
950:
946:
945:Deccan Herald
942:
935:
933:
931:
923:
910:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
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877:
870:
868:
860:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:New Scientist
832:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
800:
798:0-7923-0207-9
794:
790:
789:
782:
767:
760:
753:
742:
736:
729:
717:
710:
695:. 7 June 2004
694:
688:
680:
678:0-7146-8265-9
674:
670:
669:
661:
657:
647:
646:Wooden bullet
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
584:
580:
570:
562:
560:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
536:stone pelting
533:
532:riot shotguns
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
463:
459:
454:
451:
450:Yitzhak Rabin
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
425:Use in Israel
417:
415:
411:
406:
403:
401:
397:
392:
389:
387:
383:
377:
375:
371:
370:globalization
363:Use elsewhere
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:In 1982, the
334:
332:
326:
322:
320:
307:
306:
302:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
281:
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173:
172:
168:
165:
162:
161:
145:
142:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
83:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
54:
48:
47:
42:
39:
35:
34:
33:
31:
23:
19:
2039:Baton rounds
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1933:
1926:. Retrieved
1871:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1850:
1842:
1835:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1808:
1801:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1727:12 September
1725:. Retrieved
1720:The Scotsman
1718:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1659:
1643:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1577:
1568:
1559:
1556:the original
1546:
1538:
1535:the original
1524:
1516:
1509:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1438:
1428:
1409:
1404:
1391:
1382:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1334:
1327:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1249:
1243:the original
1225:Baton Rounds
1224:
1204:the original
1179:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:the original
1163:
1142:
1135:. Retrieved
1118:
1094:
1091:the original
1084:
1061:
1054:. Retrieved
1045:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
985:. Retrieved
981:the original
960:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
944:
920:
913:. Retrieved
886:
882:
858:
851:. Retrieved
834:
787:
781:
769:. Retrieved
759:
751:
744:. Retrieved
735:
727:
720:. Retrieved
709:
697:. Retrieved
687:
667:
660:
590:
576:
568:
551:
544:
512:INSAS rifles
505:
498:
489:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
455:
434:Israeli army
431:
428:
410:U.S. Marines
407:
404:
393:
390:
378:
366:
358:
335:
327:
323:
316:
143:
130:
119:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:The Troubles
89:
77:
73:The Troubles
62:
58:riot control
55:
52:
29:
28:
18:
2007:India Today
1902:Yair Tsaban
1723:. Edinburgh
1698:4 September
1675:16 December
1342:cite report
771:22 December
746:17 December
722:17 December
699:22 December
605:.44 Special
601:.38 Special
501:pellet guns
396:riot police
346:Emma Groves
92:Porton Down
38:less-lethal
2028:Categories
1873:5 February
1827:boston.com
1803:4 February
1777:5 February
1694:. Alternet
652:References
641:Wax bullet
547:burst mode
446:Gaza Strip
386:Dorchester
297:Sub-total
2012:4 January
1986:4 January
1960:4 January
1918:0792-4003
1511:6 January
1473:Routledge
1257:cite book
1181:injuries.
1127:0262-4079
1081:"Bullets"
843:0262-4079
597:revolvers
583:cartridge
442:West Bank
1928:15 March
1922:Archived
1831:Archived
1755:9 August
1588:25 March
1505:Archived
1501:BBC News
1449:14 March
1377:23 March
1371:Archived
1329:15 March
1320:Archived
1292:25 March
1286:Archived
1174:14 March
1137:14 March
1131:Archived
1056:15 March
1050:Archived
1023:15 March
1017:Archived
955:15 March
915:15 March
909:Archived
853:14 March
847:Archived
615:See also
579:handguns
524:tear gas
522:such as
414:Iraq War
126:riot gun
44:control.
2034:Bullets
1837:5 March
1654:(CAIN).
1638:(CAIN).
1096:ranges.
905:1736005
440:of the
382:machete
311:98,503
303:42,669
292:29,665
124:L104A1
86:History
71:during
1916:
1908:&
1615:
1479:
1416:
1235:
1125:
987:29 May
922:rifle.
903:
841:
795:
675:
586:primer
565:Design
554:
552:21,000
374:Quebec
308:Total
300:55,834
282:1,231
272:1,271
262:1,734
252:1,490
242:3,464
232:3,556
207:12,724
197:23,363
187:16,752
1898:(doc)
1867:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1561:rally
1384:head.
1323:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1246:(PDF)
1229:(PDF)
879:(pdf)
609:brass
508:AK-47
218:2,612
163:Year
2014:2019
1988:2019
1962:2019
1930:2023
1914:ISSN
1875:2011
1839:2023
1805:2011
1779:2011
1757:2011
1729:2011
1700:2014
1677:2010
1613:ISBN
1590:2023
1513:2010
1477:ISBN
1451:2023
1414:ISBN
1395:The
1379:2023
1348:link
1331:2023
1299:m/s.
1294:2023
1263:link
1233:ISBN
1176:2023
1139:2023
1123:ISSN
1058:2023
1025:2023
989:2008
957:2023
917:2023
901:PMID
855:2023
839:ISSN
793:ISBN
773:2010
748:2010
724:2010
701:2010
673:ISBN
603:and
510:and
462:riot
444:and
354:coma
287:1981
277:1980
267:1979
257:1978
247:1977
237:1976
226:1975
221:216
215:1974
204:1973
194:1972
184:1971
174:1970
891:doi
887:103
593:.45
384:in
372:in
229:145
210:42
177:238
113:In
82:).
2030::
2005:.
1978:.
1953:.
1941:^
1932:.
1920:.
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1841:.
1825:.
1807:.
1795:.
1745:.
1717:.
1650:.
1634:.
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1499:.
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1340:{{
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1679:.
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1422:.
1350:)
1265:)
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991:.
893::
801:.
775:.
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681:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
