31:
51:
278:
such as the
Flicker, uses its long tongue primarily to grab prey from the ground or from under loose bark. It has few shock-absorbing adaptations, and prefers to feed on the ground or to chip away at rotting wood and bark, habits observed in birds outside of the woodpecker family. A "continuum" in skull structures, from little- to highly specialized for pounding is seen in different genera (groups of related species) of woodpeckers alive today. In his classic "Birds of America,"
183:
362:. The introduction of molecular methods led to a substantial reorganization of the phylogeny making the earlier groups obsolete. In 2005 David Webb and William Moore divided the main woodpecker genera into three tribes: Megapicini, Malarpicini and Dendropicini. These names were rapidly accepted by other ornithologists but in 2013
277:
Some species have modified joints between bones in the skull and upper jaw, as well as muscles which contract to absorb the shock of the hammering. Strong neck and tail-feather muscles, and a chisel-like bill are other hammering adaptations which are seen in most species. Other species of woodpecker,
236:
Woodpeckers also use their beaks to create larger holes for their nests which are 15–45 cm (6–18 inches) below the opening. These nests are lined only with wood chips and hold 2–8 white eggs. Because the nests are out of sight, they are not visible to predators and eggs do
376:
rejected these new names on the grounds that the earlier names had precedence. Webb and Moore's
Malarpicini, Megapicini and Dendropicini were replaced by Pici, Campephilini and Melanerpini. Dickinson and Christidis also introduced Nesoctitini for the Antillean piculets and Hemicircini for the two
299:
in details of plumage and behavior, 5 subfamilies were distinguished. However, it has turned out that similar plumage patterns and modes of life are not reliable to determine higher phylogenetic relationships in woodpeckers, and thus only 3 subfamilies should be accepted.
214:, in many cases as long as the woodpecker itself, can be darted forward to capture insects. The tongue is not attached to the woodpecker's head in the same way as it is in most birds, but instead it curls back up around its skull, which allows it to be so long.
178:
trunks with their beaks and heads. This is both a means of communication to signal possession of territory to their rivals, and a method of locating and accessing insect larvae found under the bark or in long winding tunnels in the tree or upright log.
260:
Several adaptations combine to protect the woodpecker's brain from the substantial pounding that the pecking behaviour causes: it has a relatively thick skull with relatively spongy bone to cushion the brain; there is very little
286:
horn length found in different species of living woodpeckers. The slack of tongue is kept under the loose skin behind its neck. The tiny bones divide into essentially two tongues, coming back together before entering the beak.
209:
feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backward. These feet, though adapted for clinging to a vertical surface, can be used for grasping or perching. Several species have only three toes. The woodpecker's long
273:
muscles just before impact, thus transmitting the impact past the brain and allowing its whole body to help absorb the shock; its relatively small brain is less prone to concussion than other animals'.
2049:
Webb, David
Matthew; Moore, William S. (2005). "A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt b, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order Piciformes)".
372:
1462:
recognises 208 species of true woodpecker which are split up into 33 genera. The division into tribes is based on the 2017 study by Sabir Shakya and colleagues.
1917:
Benz, B.W.; Robbins, M.B.; Peterson, A.T. (2006). "Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): Placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree".
323:(Americas) of large woodpeckers were believed to form a distinct group. However, they are quite unrelated and instead close, respectively, to the genera,
2437:
1809:
233:. The tongue of the woodpecker is long and ends in a barb. With its tongue the woodpecker skewers the grub and draws it out of the trunk.
1818:
358:: Melanerpini, Campetherini, Colaptini, Campephilini, Picini, Meiglyptini. This classification was used in 1982 by Lesley Short in his
1879:) was not sampled by Shakya and colleagues in their 2017 study. An earlier study in which DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome-
2386:
1459:
2108:
2391:
2212:
Clements, J.F.; Schulenberg, T.S.; Iliff, M.J.; Billerman, S.M.; Fredericks, T.A.; Sullivan, B.L.; Wood, C.L. (2019).
2033:
1444:
Relationships between the genera based on a phylogenetic study by Sabir Shakya and colleagues published in 2017.
347:, has turned out to be in error, and some taxa with unclear relationships could be placed into the phylogeny.
237:
not need to be camouflaged. Cavities created by woodpeckers are also reused as nests by other birds, such as
174:
Woodpeckers gained their
English name because of the habit of some species of tapping and pecking noisily on
2178:
1851:
1451:
2432:
1726:
186:
50:
1883:
were compared indicated that the Cuban woodpecker was most closely related to species in the genus
1662:
127:
2103:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 298, 307, 309.
295:
The systematics of woodpeckers is quite convoluted. Based on an assumption of unrealistically low
2404:
2313:
1794:
38:
1907:
Cure for a headache, Ivan R. Schwab, British
Journal of Ophthalmology. 86(8):843, August 2002.
2399:
2302:
2028:. Monograph Series 4. Greenville, Delaware: Delaware Museum of Natural History. p. 36.
2373:
2296:
2259:
2213:
2142:
2096:
2058:
2003:. New York: Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History. pp. 66–68.
1926:
296:
8:
2092:
363:
262:
2263:
2234:
Overton, Lowell C.; Rhoads, Douglas D. (2006). "Molecular phylogenetic relationships of
2146:
2062:
1930:
1966:(Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns"
279:
266:
167:. True woodpeckers are found over much of the world, but do not occur in Madagascar or
45:
2360:
2351:
2275:
2160:
2130:
2104:
2074:
2029:
1982:
1961:
1942:
1575:
1515:
1477:
367:
344:
2023:
2427:
2267:
2182:
2150:
2066:
2004:
1977:
1934:
1455:
161:
1998:
2365:
2186:
1657:
991:
355:
2271:
2155:
2070:
1938:
1773:
1669:
1328:
974:
336:
331:
30:
221:
by tapping on the trunk with its head. Once a tunnel is found, the woodpecker
2421:
2336:
1789:
1606:
1554:
1546:
775:
751:
659:
254:
2279:
2164:
2078:
1946:
1733:
1590:
1510:
1221:
626:
553:
325:
1813:(Ogallala Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, USA) - possibly dendropicine
2345:
1781:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1685:
1649:
1641:
1570:
1345:
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823:
799:
536:
431:
413:
153:
112:
102:
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out wood until it makes an opening into the tunnel. Then it worms its
2008:
1765:
1721:
1706:
1611:
1598:
1530:
1304:
1238:
609:
503:
305:
157:
62:
2307:
2330:
2101:
The Howard & Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
1829:
DMNH 1262 (Early
Pliocene of Ainsworth, USA) - possibly malarpicine
1701:
1626:
1538:
1107:
683:
486:
314:
270:
242:
82:
2378:
2211:
1618:
700:
310:
238:
206:
202:
164:
226:
222:
211:
72:
373:
Howard and Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
340:
283:
230:
2129:
Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017).
2214:"The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019"
246:
175:
92:
250:
1997:
Morony, John J.; Bock, Walter J.; Farrand, John (1975).
1822:(Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) - possibly dendropicine
2131:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
2128:
377:
species in
Hemicircus giving a total of five tribes.
2177:
1916:
1996:
2419:
2303:Anatomy and Evolution of the Woodpecker's Tongue
1959:
2091:
1848:eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World
2233:
1960:Moore, W.S.; Weibel, A.C.; Aguis, A. (2006).
350:In 1975 John Morony and colleagues in their
196:
1801:
29:
2154:
2048:
1981:
1970:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2124:
2122:
2120:
2000:Reference List of the Birds of the World
1550:– 14 species (Indomalaya and Palearctic)
352:Reference List of the Birds of the World
181:
1962:"DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus
2438:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
2420:
1858:is expanded to include the species in
354:divided the true woodpeckers into six
2312:
2311:
2252:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2193:. International Ornithologists' Union
2135:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2117:
2051:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2021:
1919:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
343:allocation of many species, e.g. the
229:into the tunnel to try to locate the
2246:(Aves: Picidae) based on cytochrome
1673:– 9 species, flamebacks (Indomalaya)
1542:– 5 species, flamebacks (Indomalaya)
1460:International Ornithologists' Union
1458:and David Donsker on behalf of the
282:describes the slight gradations in
13:
2171:
1769:– 5 species (Americas and Eurasia)
1689:– 4 species, sapsuckers (Americas)
1602:– 6 species (Eurasia and Americas)
1450:The world bird list maintained by
14:
2449:
2290:
2191:IOC World Bird List Version 10.1
1983:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x
49:
2299:on the Internet Bird Collection
2227:
2205:
1869:
1840:
217:The woodpecker first locates a
2085:
2042:
2015:
1990:
1953:
1910:
1901:
290:
1:
1894:
370:in the fourth edition of the
205:in the order Piciformes have
1875:The Cuban green woodpecker (
160:that make up the woodpecker
7:
2272:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.014
2156:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
2071:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015
1939:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021
1850:which is maintained by the
10:
2454:
1852:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2320:
2022:Short, Lester L. (1982).
1727:yellow-crowned woodpecker
1342:
1325:
1318:
1301:
1294:
1277:
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1235:
1218:
1211:
1185:
1168:
1161:
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187:Golden-fronted woodpecker
140:
135:
46:Scientific classification
44:
37:
28:
23:
2025:Woodpeckers of the World
1833:
1785:– 14 species (Neotropic)
1663:orange-backed woodpecker
1653:– 2 species (Indomalaya)
1594:– 4 species (Indomalaya)
1558:– 3 species (Indomalaya)
1534:– 3 species (Indomalaya)
1526:– 3 species (Indomalaya)
360:Woodpeckers of the World
303:For example, the genera
197:Physiology and behaviour
2236:Xiphidiopicus percussus
1877:Xiphidiopicus percussus
1802:Unassigned fossil forms
1697:– 24 species (Americas)
1645:– 11 species (Americas)
1630:– 14 species (Americas)
1622:– 7 species (Neotropic)
253:, and mammals, such as
1795:Cuban green woodpecker
1777:– 6 species (Americas)
1761:– 12 species (Eurasia)
193:
39:Hispaniolan woodpecker
2400:Paleobiology Database
1753:– 12 species (Africa)
1737:– 3 species (Eurasia)
1717:– 7 species (Eurasia)
1586:– 11 species (Africa)
269:; the bird contracts
201:Some woodpeckers and
185:
1745:– 3 species (Africa)
1566:– 2 species (Africa)
191:Melanerpes aurifrons
152:containing the true
2264:2006MolPE..41..288O
2147:2017MolPE.116..182S
2063:2005MolPE..36..233W
1931:2006MolPE..40..389B
1680:(pied woodpeckers)
914:Campephilini
339:. In addition, the
263:cerebrospinal fluid
2181:; Donsker, David;
1635:Tribe Campephilini
1031:Melanerpini
426:Nesoctitini
408:Hemicircini
280:John James Audubon
267:subarachnoid space
194:
142:Several, see text
16:Subfamily of birds
2415:
2414:
2314:Taxon identifiers
2297:Woodpecker videos
2183:Rasmussen, Pamela
2110:978-0-9568611-0-8
1678:Tribe Melanerpini
1576:ground woodpecker
1516:rufous woodpecker
1485:Tribe Hemicircini
1478:Antillean piculet
1466:Tribe Nesoctitini
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368:Leslie Christidis
345:rufous woodpecker
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2097:Remsen, J.V. Jr.
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2196:
2194:
2185:, eds. (2020).
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2111:
2099:, eds. (2013).
2093:Dickinson, E.C.
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2016:
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1658:Reinwardtipicus
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992:Reinwardtipicus
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156:is one of four
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2291:External links
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2258:(2): 288–294.
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2057:(2): 233–248.
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2014:
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1976:(4): 611–624.
1952:
1925:(2): 389–399.
1909:
1899:
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1860:Leuconotopicus
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1774:Leuconotopicus
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1670:Chrysocolaptes
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1610:– 13 species (
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513:
512:
509:
508:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
482:
477:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
455:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
437:
436:
427:
423:
422:
419:
418:
409:
403:
401:
396:
394:
393:Picinae
388:
382:
379:
337:Southeast Asia
332:Chrysocolaptes
292:
289:
255:tree squirrels
198:
195:
145:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2187:"Woodpeckers"
2184:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2035:0-913176-05-2
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1793:– monotypic:
1792:
1791:
1790:Xiphidiopicus
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:– monotypic:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:– 3 species (
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:– monotypic:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:– monotypic:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:Chrysophlegma
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:– monotypic:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1495:– 2 species (
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1476:– monotypic:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
995:
994:
993:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
976:
969:
968:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
952:
945:
944:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
928:
921:
920:
913:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
893:
892:
884:
883:
875:
874:
866:
865:
857:
856:
848:
847:
844:
843:
842:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
825:
818:
817:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
801:
794:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:Chrysophlegma
770:
769:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
746:
745:
739:
738:
735:
734:
726:
725:
717:
716:
708:
707:
704:
703:
702:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
678:
677:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
661:
654:
653:
647:
646:
643:
642:
634:
633:
630:
629:
628:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
604:
603:
597:
596:
590:
589:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
569:
561:
560:
557:
556:
555:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
538:
531:
530:
524:
523:
520:
519:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
481:
480:
474:
473:
467:
466:
460:Picini
459:
458:
452:
451:
448:
447:
439:
438:
435:
434:
433:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
415:
407:
406:
400:
399:
392:
391:
387:
386:
378:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
307:
301:
298:
288:
285:
281:
275:
272:
268:
265:in its small
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
208:
204:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
134:
129:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2321:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2190:
2173:
2138:
2134:
2100:
2087:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2024:
2017:
1999:
1992:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:, the genus
1847:
1842:
1826:
1817:
1810:Palaeonerpes
1808:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1734:Dendrocoptes
1732:
1729:(Indomalaya)
1720:
1712:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:(Indomalaya)
1656:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1605:
1597:
1591:Mulleripicus
1589:
1581:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1518:(Indomalaya)
1511:Micropternus
1509:
1504:Tribe Picini
1503:
1502:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1303:
1302:
1279:
1278:
1237:
1236:
1222:Dendrocoptes
1220:
1219:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1123:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1048:
990:
989:
973:
972:
949:
948:
925:
924:
839:
838:
822:
821:
798:
797:
774:
773:
750:
749:
699:
698:
682:
681:
658:
657:
627:Mulleripicus
625:
624:
608:
607:
554:Micropternus
552:
551:
535:
534:
502:
501:
485:
484:
430:
429:
412:
411:
371:
359:
351:
349:
330:
326:Mulleripicus
324:
318:
304:
302:
294:
276:
259:
235:
216:
200:
190:
173:
149:
148:
141:
122:
24:Woodpeckers
18:
2346:Wikispecies
2250:sequence".
2244:Sphyrapicus
2179:Gill, Frank
2141:: 182–191.
1964:Veniliornis
1864:Veniliornis
1797:(Caribbean)
1782:Veniliornis
1758:Dendrocopos
1750:Dendropicos
1742:Chloropicus
1686:Sphyrapicus
1650:Blythipicus
1642:Campephilus
1571:Geocolaptes
1480:(Caribbean)
1346:Veniliornis
1281:Dendrocopos
1189:Dendropicos
1172:Chloropicus
1068:Sphyrapicus
951:Blythipicus
927:Campephilus
841:Geocolaptes
320:Campephilus
297:convergence
291:Systematics
169:Australasia
158:subfamilies
154:woodpeckers
119:Subfamily:
2422:Categories
2240:Melanerpes
1895:References
1885:Melanerpes
1714:Yungipicus
1694:Melanerpes
1583:Campethera
1563:Pardipicus
1523:Meiglyptes
1497:Indomalaya
1492:Hemicircus
1473:Nesoctites
1452:Frank Gill
1125:Yungipicus
1051:Melanerpes
824:Campethera
800:Pardipicus
537:Meiglyptes
432:Nesoctites
414:Hemicircus
271:mandibular
207:zygodactyl
103:Piciformes
2009:2246/6700
1856:Dryobates
1819:Pliopicus
1766:Dryobates
1722:Leiopicus
1707:Holarctic
1612:Neotropic
1599:Dryocopus
1531:Gecinulus
1305:Dryobates
1239:Leiopicus
610:Dryocopus
504:Gecinulus
306:Dryocopus
243:starlings
128:Bonaparte
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
2379:58972277
2331:Wikidata
2280:16814571
2165:28890006
2079:15869887
1947:16635580
1827:Colaptes
1702:Picoides
1627:Colaptes
1578:(Africa)
1539:Dinopium
1108:Picoides
684:Colaptes
487:Dinopium
315:Americas
239:grackles
203:wrynecks
109:Family:
83:Chordata
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
2428:Picinae
2352:Picinae
2337:Q561145
2322:Picinae
2260:Bibcode
2143:Bibcode
2059:Bibcode
1927:Bibcode
1846:In the
1619:Piculus
701:Piculus
311:Eurasia
245:, some
223:chisels
165:Picidae
150:Picinae
136:Genera
123:Picinae
113:Picidae
99:Order:
89:Class:
2392:553479
2278:
2242:, and
2219:18 May
2197:17 May
2163:
2107:
2077:
2032:
1945:
1816:Genus
1807:Genus
1607:Celeus
660:Celeus
381:Genera
356:tribes
317:) and
227:tongue
219:tunnel
212:tongue
162:family
2405:58501
1834:Notes
1547:Picus
752:Picus
341:genus
335:, of
284:hyoid
247:ducks
2387:ITIS
2276:PMID
2221:2020
2199:2020
2161:PMID
2105:ISBN
2075:PMID
2030:ISBN
1943:PMID
1862:and
1825:cf.
366:and
329:and
313:and
251:owls
249:and
231:grub
176:tree
130:1838
93:Aves
2374:EoL
2366:K5T
2361:CoL
2268:doi
2151:doi
2139:116
2067:doi
2005:hdl
1978:doi
1935:doi
2424::
2402::
2389::
2376::
2363::
2348::
2333::
2274:.
2266:.
2256:41
2254:.
2238:,
2189:.
2159:.
2149:.
2137:.
2133:.
2119:^
2095:;
2073:.
2065:.
2055:36
2053:.
1974:87
1972:.
1968:.
1941:.
1933:.
1923:40
1921:.
1454:,
257:.
241:,
189:,
171:.
2282:.
2270::
2262::
2248:b
2223:.
2201:.
2167:.
2153::
2145::
2113:.
2081:.
2069::
2061::
2038:.
2011:.
2007::
1986:.
1980::
1949:.
1937::
1929::
1887:.
1881:b
1866:.
1709:)
1614:)
1499:)
309:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
