1196:
3028:
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3732:(CTE), and thus has been studied in sports where athletes suffer repeated concussions. Tau is important as it helps hold together and stabilize brain neurons. Woodpeckers' brains share similarities to humans with CTE showing most build-up in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is not yet known whether these accumulations are pathological or the result of behavioral changes. More research is being done on the subject and the woodpecker is a suitable animal model to study. The orientation of the brain within the skull increases the area of contact when pecking to reduce stress on the brain, and their small size helps, given the acceleration speeds.
130:
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3782:(CFRP), this is to mimic the high-strength beak. Next is a rubber layer core for the hyoid bone for absorbing and spreading impact, a second core layer of aluminum honeycomb that is porous and light like the woodpecker's spongey bone for impact cushioning. The final layer is the same as the first a CFRP to act as the skull bone. Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams when compared to conventional beams reduced area damage by 50β80% and carried 40 to 5% of the level of stresses in the bottom layer while having an impact-resistance efficiency 1.65 to 16.22 times higher.
116:
3722:βsafety beltβ the woodpecker has uneven beak lengths which drastically reduce strains when compared to equal length. Models have shown that pecking force is changed to strain energy and stored into the body at around 99% absorption while 1% is in the head. The head also has many factors that reduce strain to the brain and small portions of energy are dissipated into the form of heat; therefore the pecks are always intermittent. Others dispute shock-absorption in the head (which reduces the force of pecking) but instead point to adaptations within the brain itself.
3649:
1000:
second) is heavily conserved within species. Comparative analyses within species between distant geographic populations have shown that cadence is heavily conserved across species' respective ranges, indicating that there likely are not 'dialects' as seen in passerine song. Drumming in woodpeckers is controlled by a set of nuclei in the forebrain that closely resemble the brain regions that underlie song learning and production in many songbirds. A 2023 study revealed a strong association between extractive foraging and relative brain size across the Family
444:
652:
893:
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as opposed to regular hammering tend to have longer and more decurved bills. Due to their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. Their long, sticky tongues, which possess barbs, aid these birds in grabbing and extracting insects from deep within a hole in a tree. The tongue was reported to be used to spear grubs, but more detailed studies published in 2004 have shown that the tongue instead wraps around the prey before being pulled out.
150:
514:, consisting of four toes, the first (hallux) and the fourth facing backward and the second and third facing forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up tree trunks, which is beneficial for activities such as foraging for food or nest excavation. In addition to their strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short, strong legs. This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. Exceptions are the
562:
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1128:
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excavation; other wood chips are liberally scattered on the ground, thus providing visual evidence of the site of the nest. Many species of woodpeckers excavate one hole per breeding season, sometimes after multiple attempts. It takes around a month to finish the job and abandoned holes are used by other birds and mammals that are cavity nesters unable to excavate their own holes.
598:, which is distributed throughout the bird's body, with only a small remaining fraction of the energy going into the brain. The pecking also causes the woodpecker's skull to heat up, which is part of the reason why they often peck in short bursts with brief breaks in between, giving the head some time to cool. During the millisecond before contact with wood, a thickened
362:. They usually nest and roost in holes that they excavate in tree trunks, and their abandoned holes are of importance to other cavity-nesting birds. They sometimes come into conflict with humans when they make holes in buildings or feed on fruit crops, but perform a useful service by their removal of insect pests on trees.
3573:, demonstrating the quality of the habitat. Their hole-making abilities make their presence in an area an important part of the ecosystem, because these cavities are used for breeding and roosting by many bird species that are unable to excavate their own holes, as well as being used by various mammals and invertebrates.
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Stepwise adaptations for drilling, tapping, and climbing head first on vertical surfaces have been suggested. The last common ancestor of woodpeckers (Picidae) was incapable of climbing up tree trunks or excavating nest cavities by drilling with its beak. The first adaptations for drilling (including
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Ecologically, woodpeckers help to keep trees healthy by keeping them from suffering mass infestations. The family is noted for its ability to acquire wood-boring grubs from the trunks and branches, whether the timber is alive or dead. Having hammered a hole into the wood, the prey is extracted by use
1079:
Other means are also used to garner prey. Some species, such as the red-naped sapsucker, sally into the air to catch flying insects, and many species probe into crevices and under bark, or glean prey from leaves and twigs. The rufous woodpecker specialises in attacking the nests of arboreal ants, and
1034:
range for efficient transmission through forested environments. Mated couples may exchange muted, low-pitched calls, and nestlings often issue noisy begging calls from inside their nest cavity. The wrynecks have a more musical song, and in some areas, the song of the newly arrived
Eurasian wryneck is
586:
surrounding it to prevent it from moving back and forth inside the skull during pecking, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which maximises the contact area between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact. The skull consists of strong but compressible, sponge-like bone,
557:
Furthermore, the tongue bone (or hyoid bone) of the woodpecker is very long, and winds around the skull through a special cavity, thereby cushioning the brain. Combined, this anatomy helps the beak absorb mechanical stress. Species of woodpecker and flicker that use their bills in soil or for probing
1167:
Cavities are in great demand for nesting by other cavity nesters, so woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. This may come from other species of woodpecker, or other cavity-nesting birds such as swallows and starlings. Woodpeckers may
1163:
Woodpeckers and piculets excavate their own nests, but wrynecks do not, and need to find pre-existing cavities. A typical nest has a round entrance hole that just fits the bird, leading to an enlarged vertical chamber below. No nesting material is used, apart from some wood chips produced during the
999:
rituals. Individual birds are thought to be able to distinguish the drumming of their mates and those of their neighbors. Drumming can be reliably used to distinguish between multiple species in a region, even if those species are phenotypically similar. Cadence (or the mean number of drum beats per
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cooperative breeder where groups of up to 12 individuals breed and help to raise the young. Young birds from previous years may stay behind to help raise the group's young, and studies have found reproductive success for the group goes up with group size, but individual success goes down. Birds may
958:
with other insectivorous birds, although they tend to stay at the edges of these groups. Joining these flocks allows woodpeckers to decrease their anti-predator vigilance and increase their feeding rate. Woodpeckers are diurnal, roosting at night inside holes and crevices. In many species the roost
990:
Drumming is a form of nonvocal communication used by most species of woodpeckers, and involves the bill being repeatedly struck on a hard surface with great rapidity. After a pause, the drum roll is repeated, with each species having a pattern that is unique in the number of beats in the roll, the
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The jaw apparatus was studied, looking into its cushioning effects. When comparing the same impact to the beak and to the forehead, the forehead experiences an impact force 1.72 times that of the beak, due to the contact time being 3.25 ms in the forehead and 4.9 ms in the beak. This is
357:
Members of this family are chiefly known for their characteristic behaviour. They mostly forage for insect prey on the trunks and branches of trees, and often communicate by drumming with their beaks, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance. Some species vary their diet
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In general, humans consider woodpeckers in a favourable light; they are viewed as interesting birds and fascinating to watch as they drum or forage, but their activities are not universally appreciated. Many woodpecker species are known to excavate holes in buildings, fencing, and utility poles,
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young. In most species, though, the male does most of the nest excavation and takes the night shift while incubating the eggs. A clutch usually consists of two to five round, white eggs. Since these birds are cavity nesters, their eggs do not need to be camouflaged and the white color helps the
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living under bark and in wood, but overall, the family is characterized by its dietary flexibility, with many species being both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. The diet includes ants, termites, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, spiders, other arthropods, bird eggs, nestlings, small
950:
behaviors include bill pointing and jabbing, head shaking, wing flicking, chasing, drumming, and vocalizations. Ritual actions do not usually result in contact, and birds may "freeze" for a while before they resume their dispute. The colored patches may be flouted, and in some instances, these
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Nevertheless, several woodpeckers are under threat as their habitats are destroyed. Being woodland birds, deforestation and clearance of land for agriculture and other purposes can reduce populations dramatically. Some species adapt to living in plantations and secondary growth, or to open
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was not included in the study. The relative positions of
Picumninae, Sasiinae and Picinae in the cladogram are uncertain. In the 2017 study the results depended upon which of two different statistical procedures were used to analyse the DNA sequence data. One method found that Sasiinae was
1004:
indicating that a larger brain does not necessarily result in more powerful drumming abilities, but is implicated in foraging behaviors, as the act of sensing and retrieving wood-boring larvae from woody substrates likely requires an increase in sensory and motor control capabilities.
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needs to survive intact when a plane falls from the sky, and modelling the black box with regard to a woodpecker's anatomy has increased the resistance of this device to damage 60-fold. The design of protective helmets is another field being influenced by the study of woodpeckers.
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is classified as extinct in the wild, with some authorities believing them extinct, though possible but disputed ongoing sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers have been made in the United States and a small population may survive in Cuba. A critically endangered species is the
753:
all move southwards in the fall in North
America. Most woodpecker movements can be described as dispersive, such as when young birds seek territories after fledging, or eruptive, to escape harsh weather conditions. Several species are altitudinal migrants, for example the
1223:, where adults continue to feed their young for several months. In general, cavity nesting is a successful strategy and a higher proportion of young is reared than is the case with birds that nest in the open. In Africa, several species of honeyguide are
3548:
Woodpeckers also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, downspouts, chimneys, vents, and aluminium sheeting. Drumming is a less-forceful type of pecking that serves to establish territory and attract mates. Houses with
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Woodpeckers possess many sophisticated shock-absorption mechanisms that help protect them from head injury. Micro-CT scans show that plate-like spongy bones are in the skull with an uneven distribution, highly accumulated in the forehead and
1021:
birds, and the sounds they make tend to be simpler in structure. Calls produced include brief, high-pitched notes, trills, rattles, twittering, whistling, chattering, nasal churrs, screams, and wails. These calls are used by both sexes in
3553:
or wooden boarding are also attractive as possible nesting or roosting sites, especially when close to large trees or woodland. Several exploratory holes may be made, especially at the junctions of vertical boards or at the corners of
533:
that they use for drilling and drumming on trees, and long, sticky tongues for extracting food (insects and larvae). Woodpecker bills are typically longer, sharper, and stronger than the bills of piculets and wrynecks, but their
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enlarged as it extended eastwards. With the exception of the green and middle-spotted woodpeckers, the increase in the amount of deadwood is likely to be the major factor explaining the population increase of these species.
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produces a significantly higher Young's modulus and ultimate strength scores compared to other birds its size. The cranial bone has a high bone mineral density with plate-like structures that are thick with high numbers of
1064:
rodents, lizards, fruit, nuts, and sap. Many insects and their grubs are taken from living and dead trees by excavation. The bird may hear sounds from inside the timber indicating where creating a hole would be productive.
526:, which have only three toes on each foot. The tails of all woodpeckers, except the piculets and wrynecks, are stiffened, and when the bird perches on a vertical surface, the tail and feet work together to support it.
995:. Woodpeckers choose a surface that resonates, such as a hollow tree, and may use man-made structures such as gutters and downpipes. Drumming serves for the mutual recognition of conspecifics and plays a part in
131:
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considered to be the harbinger of spring. The piculets either have a song consisting of a long, descending trill, or a descending series of two to six (sometimes more) individual notes, and this song alerts
978:
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in cavities, nearly always in the trunks and branches of trees, well away from the foliage. Where possible, an area of rotten wood surrounded by sound timber is used. Where trees are in short supply, the
463:
at 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in length and a weight of 8.9 g (0.31 oz). Some of the largest woodpeckers can be more than 50 cm (20 in) in length. The largest surviving species is the
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have a fast, direct form of flight, but the majority of species have a typical undulating flight pattern consisting of a series of rapid flaps followed by a swooping glide. Many birds in the genus
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from Japan, with a single declining population of a few hundred birds. It is threatened by deforestation, golf course, dam, and helipad construction, road building, and agricultural development.
3778:
Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams are inspired by the woodpecker's skull design; this beam's goal is to withstand continuous impacts without the need of replacement. The BHSB is composed of
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lives, but their behavior ranges from highly antisocial species that are aggressive towards their own kind, to species that live in groups. Solitary species defend such feeding resources as a
911:
1646:
The evolutionary history of this group is not well documented, but the known fossils allow some preliminary conclusions; the earliest known modern picids were piculet-like forms of the Late
798:
have been colonised by various species. These habitats are more easily occupied where a small number of trees exist, or in the case of desert species like the Gila woodpecker, tall
3576:
The spongy bones of the woodpecker's skull and the flexibility of its beak, both of which provide protection for the brain when drumming, have provided inspiration to engineers; a
829:
Several species are adapted to spending a portion of their time feeding on the ground, and a very small minority have abandoned trees entirely and nest in holes in the ground. The
578:
from the rapid and repeated powerful impacts, woodpeckers have a number of physical features that protect their brains. These include a relatively small and smooth brain, narrow
909:
606:
from tearing. Their nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them. Woodpeckers are capable of repeated pecking on a tree at high
3765:
where impulse is the integral of force over time. The quadrate bone and joints play an important role in extending impact time, which decreases impact load to brain tissue.
876:. Populations of all these species increased by varying amounts from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the amount of deadwood in the forest increased and the range of the
591:
which subdivides, passes on either side of the spinal column and wraps around the brain case, before ending in the right nostril cavity. It plays the role of safety-belt.
6801:
Webb DM, Moore WS (August 2005). "A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt b, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order
Piciformes)".
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makes several shallow holes for roosting which are quite distinct from its nesting site. Most birds roost alone and will oust intruders from their chosen site, but the
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countryside with forest remnants and scattered trees, but some do not. A few species have even flourished when they have adapted to man-made habitats. There are few
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Woodpeckers sometimes cause problems when they raid fruit crops, but their foraging activities are mostly beneficial as they control forest insect pests such as the
6308:"Comparative study of the mechanical properties, micro-structure, and composition of the cranial and beak bones of the great spotted woodpecker and the lark bird"
910:
6492:
Fuchs J, Pons JM (July 2015). "A new classification of the Pied
Woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny".
1654:(Mya). By that time, however, the group was already present in the Americas and Europe, and they actually may have evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the
1219:
and ready to leave the nest. In most species, soon after this, the young are left to fend for themselves, exceptions being the various social species, and the
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parents to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about 11β14 days before they hatch. About 18β30 days are then needed before the chicks are fully
714:
that are found in
Southeast Asia. The wrynecks (Jynginae) are found exclusively in the Old World, with the two species occurring in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
5407:
Benz BW, Robbins MB, Peterson AT (August 2006). "Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree".
1643:
as the sister group of all remaining true woodpeckers, besides a sister-group relationship between the true woodpecker tribes
Dendropicini and Malarpicini.
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aggressively harass potential competitors, and also use other strategies to reduce the chance of being usurped from their nesting sites; for example, the
5189:
468:, which weighs 430 g (15 oz) on average and up to 563 g (19.9 oz), and measures 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), but the extinct
6398:
Abo Sabah SH, Kueh AB, Al-Fasih MY (April 2018). "Bio-inspired vs. conventional sandwich beams: A low-velocity repeated impact behavior exploration".
4593:
Miles MC, Schuppe ER, Fuxjager MJ (2020). "Selection for Rhythm as a
Trigger for Recursive Evolution in the Elaborate Display System of Woodpeckers".
1662:(10β15 Mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. A feather enclosed in fossil
1633:
of the
Picidae, which seem to have originated in the Old World, but the geographic origins of the Picinae is unclear. The Picumninae are returned as
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483:
of woodpeckers varies from drab to conspicuous. The colours of many species are based on olive and brown and some are pied, suggesting a need for
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5871:
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length of the roll, the length of the gap between rolls, and the cadence. The drumming is mainly a territorial call, equivalent to the song of a
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faced by the various bird families, woodpeckers were the only bird family to have significantly fewer species at risk than would be expected.
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587:
which is most concentrated in the forehead and the back of the skull. Another anatomical adaptation of woodpeckers is the enormously elongated
7303:
3498:
3748:, but they do not always peck in straight lines, so they produce and resist centripetal forces. Laboratory tests show that the woodpeckers'
6355:
Xu P, Ni Y, Lu S, Liu S, Zhou X, Fan Y (January 2021). "The cushioning function of woodpecker's jaw apparatus during the pecking process".
5667:
Fuchs J, Ohlson J, Ericson P, Pasquet E (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the piculets (Piciformes: Picumninae)".
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creating health and/or safety issues for affected structures. Such activity is very difficult to discourage and can be costly to repair.
3522:
487:; others are boldly patterned in black, white, and red, and many have a crest or tufted feathers on their crowns. Woodpeckers tend to be
6455:
Dufort MJ (January 2016). "An augmented supermatrix phylogeny of the avian family
Picidae reveals uncertainty deep in the family tree".
5934:
Copeyon CK, Walters JR, Carter III JH (1991). "Induction of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Group Formation by Artificial Cavity Construction".
4902:
Winkler H, Christie DA, Kirwan GM (2020). del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (eds.). "Great Spotted Woodpecker (
6668:
Lemaitre J, Villard MA (2005). "Foraging patterns of pileated woodpeckers in a managed Acadian forest: a resource selection function".
5385:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 146, 245.
7385:
5463:
4194:
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has been the focus of much conservation effort in the southeastern United States, with artificial cavities being constructed in the
574:
Many of the foraging, breeding, and signaling behaviors of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using their bills. To prevent
7238:
1714:
excepting, the tail feathers were further transformed for specialized support, the pygostyle disc became greatly enlarged, and the
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as analogous to its real-world counterpart. Its later forms (called "evolutions" in the series) Trumbeak and Toucannon resemble a
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digs its nest in the underside of a small branch, which reduces the chance that a larger species will take it over and expand it.
696:, are distributed across the entire range of the family. The Picumninae piculets have a pantropical distribution, with species in
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1783:
to Picinae (as shown below), the other method found that Sasiinae was sister to a clade containing both Picumninae and Picinae.
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specialises in bamboos. Woodpeckers also excavate nest holes in residential and commercial structures and wooden utility poles.
1763:
1686:) evolved in the ancestral lineage of piculets and true woodpeckers. Additional adaptations for drilling and tapping (enlarged
1326:
6600:
6581:
6437:
5782:
5213:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
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4686:
4659:
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Styring, Alison R.; Hussin, Mohamed Zakaria bin (2004). "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests".
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that create galleries behind the bark and can kill trees. They also eat ants, which may be tending sap-sucking pests such as
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patterns and evolutionary history. Most notably, the relationship of the Picinae genera has been largely clarified, and the
6987:
4478:"An increase in the population of woodpeckers and other bird species thanks to an increase in the quantities of deadwood?"
6670:
5120:
Koenig WD (1981). "Reproductive success, group size, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker".
3027:
1721:
Prehistoric representatives of the extant Picidae genera are treated in the genus articles. An enigmatic form based on a
986:) tapping, with a few background sounds as well. Species/location unknown, presumably from the continental United States.
5503:
and the stepwise evolution of adaptations for drilling, tapping and climbing up in true woodpeckers (Picinae, Picidae)"
4124:
3887:
1115:
also feed on sap. The technique was once thought to be restricted to the New World, but Old World species, such as the
4764:"Forebrain nuclei linked to woodpecker territorial drum displays mirror those that enable vocal learning in songbirds"
6619:
5887:"Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data"
3636:, respectively, perhaps as a tongue-in-cheek reference to the phylogenetic relationship woodpeckers share with these
1072:, and carrion may be eaten by some species, including the great spotted woodpecker, and bird feeders are visited for
350:
habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the
3590:
3055:
954:
Group-living species tend to be communal group breeders. In addition to these species, a number of species may join
7342:
7217:
4546:"Macroevolutionary patterning of woodpecker drums reveals how sexual selection elaborates signals under constraint"
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1670:, dated to about 25 Mya, however, seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then.
646:
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3558:. The birds may also drill holes in houses as they forage for insect larvae and pupae hidden behind the woodwork.
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during the time they were abandoned in the wild, thus enabling them to survive and play their part in history.
873:
845:
704:, with the greatest diversity being in South America. The second piculet subfamily, the Sasiinae, contains the
523:
519:
7290:
5165:"Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960)"
959:
will become the nest-site during the breeding season, but in some species they have separate functions; the
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is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
955:
758:, which moves to lowlands from hills during winter. The woodpeckers that do migrate, do so during the day.
755:
7160:
6148:"How the woodpecker avoids brain injury despite high-speed impacts via optimal anti-shock body structure"
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of a long, barbed tongue. Woodpeckers consume beetles that burrow into trees, removing as many as 85% of
542:
action in birds that regularly use it on wood. The beak consists of three layers; an outer sheath called
20:
5557:
5535:
3740:
Straight-line trajectory was theorized to be the reason why woodpeckers do not injure themselves, since
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evolved. These latter characters may have facilitated enormous increases in body size in some lineages.
1715:
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637:
have distinctive, rowing wing-strokes while the piculets engage in short bursts of rapid direct flight.
7165:
6014:
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5323:
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3049:
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disputes, and alarm calls. Each species has its own range of calls, which tend to be in the 1.0 to 2.5
594:
Computer simulations have shown that 99.7% of the energy generated in pecking is stored in the form of
476:, around 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) and 516 g (18.2 oz), were probably both larger.
7347:
6926:
3676:
projects directed primarily at woodpeckers, but they benefit whenever their habitat is conserved. The
848:
has set up a monitoring program to record breeding populations of woodland birds. This has shown that
6691:
Michalek KG, Winkler H (2001). "Parental care and parentage in monogamous great spotted woodpeckers (
5366:
The name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of Zoology at the time.
4815:"Extractive foraging behaviour in woodpeckers evolves in species that retain a large ancestral brain"
3569:, as is the case with the rufous woodpecker in coffee plantations in India. Woodpeckers can serve as
3410:
1152:
excavate holes in cactus, and the Andean flicker and ground woodpecker dig holes in earth banks. The
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865:
861:
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in this case). Other species are generalists and are able to adapt to forest clearance by exploiting
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673:
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sometimes chooses termite mounds, the rufous woodpecker prefers to use ants' nests in trees and the
149:
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5172:
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1199:
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1088:. Other species, such as the wrynecks and the Andean flicker, feed wholly or partly on the ground.
960:
857:
726:
660:
611:
496:
4861:
1287:). The clade Pici (woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides) is well supported and shares a
6631:
3688:
3677:
3653:
3609:
is an animated character that appeared in theatrical short films produced between 1940 and 1972.
1112:
1081:
877:
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for breeding and roosting holes allows some woodpeckers to live in treeless deserts, such as the
615:
515:
473:
6629:
Koenig WD, Haydock J (1999). "Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers".
3613:
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study of the woodpeckers published in 2017 together with the list of bird species maintained by
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Members of Picidae are typically monogamous, with a few species breeding cooperatively and some
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7113:
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3031:
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1220:
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826:, and parks. In general, forest-dwelling species need rotting or dead wood on which to forage.
746:
465:
448:
6172:
Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Mielke, Maja (1 January 2024). "Why woodpeckers don't get concussions".
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4676:
4649:
4221:"Woodpecker drilling behavior. An endorsement of the rotational theory of impact brain injury"
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7329:
7321:
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5772:
5357:
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1107:) feed in this fashion, but the technique is not restricted to these, and others such as the
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428:
6920:
4703:
4517:
Kimberly S (1984). "Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks".
4077:"How do woodpeckers extract grubs with their tongues? A study of the Guadeloupe woodpecker (
7370:
7186:
6936:
6810:
6733:
6640:
6542:
6501:
6464:
6223:
6181:
6054:
5594:
5416:
5353:
5277:
5215:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3β²-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
4050:
4003:
1739:
1699:
1622:
1614:
1180:
1023:
902:
599:
535:
460:
236:
1637:. Morphological and behavioural characters, in addition to DNA evidence, highlights genus
1183:, where a female raises two broods with two separate males, has also been reported in the
8:
6973:
5991:
5826:
5327:
3799:
3692:
3648:
3617:
1322:
849:
775:
750:
583:
469:
123:
6814:
6737:
6644:
6546:
6505:
6468:
6227:
6185:
6058:
5598:
5420:
5300:
5281:
5265:
4855:
4007:
3757:
that are spaced closely together which all may lead to lower deformation while pecking.
1658:(50 Mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-
1629:
was found to be a surviving offshoot of protowoodpeckers. Genetic analysis supports the
115:
6893:
6789:
6656:
6380:
6337:
6246:
6211:
6129:
6077:
6042:
5951:
5911:
5886:
5456:(Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns"
5376:
5145:
5137:
5076:
4919:
4790:
4763:
4618:
4570:
4545:
4419:
4377:
4327:
4245:
4220:
4102:
4026:
3991:
3960:
3754:
3697:
1667:
1116:
1027:
689:
144:
6858:
6839:
6411:
6117:
5072:
1694:
and fused lower mandible) have evolved in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (
7316:
7173:
7151:
6826:
6751:
6652:
6615:
6596:
6577:
6560:
6517:
6480:
6433:
6384:
6372:
6329:
6282:
6269:
Gibson LJ (November 2006). "Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury".
6251:
6121:
6082:
5916:
5778:
5680:
5612:
5582:
5477:
5432:
5305:
5246:
5241:
5185:
4923:
4882:
4836:
4795:
4725:
4682:
4655:
4622:
4610:
4575:
4331:
4250:
4143:
4031:
3893:
3851:
3741:
3595:
3570:
3562:
3555:
3270:
3211:
3178:
3141:
1868:
1687:
1679:
1651:
1626:
1157:
1103:, an important source of food for some species. Most famously, the sapsuckers (genus
1093:
1014:
996:
830:
567:
488:
6912:
6341:
6133:
5713:
5149:
5080:
4381:
4106:
3964:
554:
fibers, and a middle layer made of porous bone which connects the two other layers.
443:
7375:
7178:
7017:
6885:
6876:
6853:
6818:
6781:
6772:
6741:
6708:
6679:
6660:
6648:
6550:
6509:
6472:
6407:
6364:
6319:
6286:
6278:
6241:
6231:
6189:
6113:
6101:
6072:
6062:
6009:
5943:
5906:
5898:
5844:
5742:
5676:
5637:
5602:
5514:
5472:
5424:
5386:
5295:
5285:
5236:
5226:
5181:
5129:
5068:
5005:
4911:
4826:
4813:
CΓ‘rdenas-Posada, Ghislaine; Iwaniuk, Andrew N.; Fuxjager, Matthew J. (2023-04-01).
4785:
4775:
4715:
4602:
4565:
4557:
4526:
4458:
4411:
4369:
4317:
4240:
4232:
4147:
4139:
4092:
4021:
4011:
3952:
3606:
3585:
1759:
1621:
published in 1819. The phylogeny has been updated according to new knowledge about
1207:
1132:
1108:
853:
819:
811:
742:
730:
651:
308:
6368:
4831:
4814:
4745:"Slave to the Rhythm: Variation in the Acoustic Signaling of Picoides Woodpeckers"
4450:
1271:, have traditionally been thought to be closely related to the woodpecker family (
7009:
6996:
6236:
6067:
5641:
5380:
4780:
4744:
4345:
Reichlin TS, Schaub M, Menz MH, Mermod M, Portner P, Arlettaz R, Jenni L (2008).
4322:
4297:
4016:
3681:
3577:
3347:
3126:
2510:
1835:
1311:
935:
705:
432:
366:
351:
7295:
6942:
6822:
6746:
6721:
6555:
6530:
6513:
6476:
5607:
5428:
947:
602:
closes, protecting the eye from flying debris. These membranes also prevent the
491:, but differences between the sexes are generally small; exceptions to this are
7225:
7212:
7077:
5290:
4720:
3715:
3488:
3456:
3358:
2855:
2528:
1730:
1683:
1618:
1528:
1224:
1188:
1145:
1026:
and are related to the circumstances of the occasion; these include courtship,
838:
718:
697:
579:
408:
105:
6712:
6324:
6307:
4994:) nest cavities in urban and suburban forests in Sapporo City, northern Japan"
4373:
3956:
3881:
Winkler, Hans & Christie, David A. (2002), "Family Picidae (Woodpeckers)"
7364:
6043:"Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation"
6000:
5835:
5798:
5231:
5214:
4840:
4729:
3992:"Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation"
3472:
3300:
3249:
3241:
2339:
2151:
1691:
1411:
1307:
1288:
1192:
be forced to remain in groups due to a lack of habitat to which to disperse.
1153:
595:
511:
259:
69:
6041:
Wang L, Cheung JT, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y (2011-10-26). Briffa M (ed.).
4762:
Schuppe ER, Cantin L, Chakraborty M, Biegler MT, Jarvis ER, Chen CC (2022).
4530:
1187:. Another unusual social system is that of the acorn woodpecker, which is a
7136:
7065:
7051:
6830:
6755:
6564:
6521:
6484:
6376:
6333:
6255:
6086:
5902:
5616:
5436:
5309:
5250:
4799:
4614:
4579:
4561:
4035:
3749:
3550:
3416:
3284:
3206:
2713:
2287:
2126:
2006:
1780:
1655:
1544:
1459:
1296:
1292:
1260:
1060:
834:
771:
607:
575:
412:
392:
373:
253:
211:
5920:
4915:
3828:)". In del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (eds.).
561:
550:
proteins, an inner layer of bone which has a large cavity and mineralised
7251:
7145:
7083:
6954:
6935:
5053:"Parental care and social mating system in the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
4702:
Dodenhoff, Danielle J.; Stark, Robert D.; Johnson, Eric V. (2001-02-01).
4254:
4236:
3725:
3517:(Ogallala Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, US) β possibly dendropicine
3464:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3373:
3339:
3331:
3265:
2873:
2805:
2762:
2744:
2595:
2485:
2460:
2201:
1734:
1505:
1310:
relationship between the woodpeckers and the eight other families in the
1036:
677:
335:
44:
6291:
6125:
4152:
1675:
802:
are available for nesting. Some are specialists and are associated with
543:
7095:
7000:
6897:
6793:
5955:
5141:
4423:
3745:
3719:
3665:
3629:
3397:
3381:
3276:
3257:
3217:
3191:
3173:
3048:
The woodpecker family Picidae contains 37 genera. For more detail, see
3011:
2672:
2613:
2219:
2176:
2024:
1950:
1931:
1828:
1639:
1372:
1356:
1336:
1314:
1268:
1248:
1085:
1065:
926:
701:
681:
633:
588:
484:
424:
385:
369:
339:
331:
287:
245:
201:
89:
54:
6531:"Biogeography and diversification dynamics of the African woodpeckers"
6193:
5969:
5519:
5498:
5331:
5010:
4989:
3508:β Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
1710:
included), which facilitated climbing head first up tree limbs. Genus
7256:
7199:
5096:"Classical polyandry in the West Indian woodpecker on Abaco, Bahamas"
5052:
4462:
3448:
3405:
3292:
3225:
2830:
2719:
2305:
2058:
1771:
1747:
1703:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1284:
1211:
1140:
1100:
1018:
807:
803:
791:
783:
627:
381:
358:
with fruits, birds' eggs, small animals, tree sap, human scraps, and
327:
323:
161:
94:
38:
7243:
7107:
6965:
6889:
6785:
6683:
5947:
5390:
4415:
1613:
The name Picidae for the family was introduced by English zoologist
1235:
7204:
7130:
7059:
7040:
6919:
5133:
4606:
3612:
The PokΓ©mon Pikipek was introduced in the seventh generation games
3566:
3389:
3316:
3233:
2654:
2382:
2076:
1800:
1726:
1722:
1482:
1256:
992:
779:
551:
400:
347:
275:
181:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1706:
lamina was enlarged in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (
1291:
with the Galbuli (puffbirds and jacamars). More recently, several
1047:
778:, but occur in almost all suitable habitats, including woodlands,
7034:
7026:
4704:"Do Woodpecker Drums Encode Information for Species Recognition?"
3308:
3160:
3120:
3107:
3101:
2364:
1909:
1807:
1659:
1300:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1252:
1069:
983:
939:
823:
767:
693:
619:
547:
539:
538:
is very similar. The bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the
504:
480:
456:
416:
404:
396:
359:
319:
315:
281:
221:
99:
74:
5558:"A new Pliocene woodpecker, with comments on the fossil Picidae"
5266:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
7071:
6840:"Clutch size relative to tree cavity size in northern flickers"
4761:
3885:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (2002).
3824:
Winkler H, Christie DA, Bonan A (2020). "Bar-breasted Piculet (
3633:
3594:, refers to a legend of a woodpecker bringing food to the boys
3085:
3042:
1264:
1216:
1056:
799:
795:
787:
685:
603:
510:
Woodpeckers, piculets, and wrynecks all possess characteristic
377:
343:
171:
6941:
4812:
3505:β Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of New Mexico, US)
1247:
The Picidae are just one of nine living families in the order
833:
is one such species, inhabiting the rocky and grassy hills of
7191:
3149:
1886:
1663:
1127:
1039:
to the presence of the birds, as they are easily overlooked.
1031:
734:
710:
656:
500:
420:
389:
5581:
Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017).
5536:"A feather in amber from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey"
5212:
4651:
The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors
6357:
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering
5824:
5507:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
4195:"Woodpecker Bodies Cushion Collision Impact On Bird Brains"
4098:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0509:HDWEGW]2.0.CO;2
3930:
A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America
3657:
3068:
1073:
733:, which breeds in Europe and west Asia and migrates to the
530:
415:
of these two groups. The family Picidae includes about 240
305:
191:
6100:
May PR, Newman P, Fuster JM, Hirschman A (February 1976).
4397:"Factors Affecting Nest Site Location in Gila Woodpeckers"
3533:
DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, US) β malarpicine?
946:
and returning frequently until the resource is exhausted.
507:, which have an additional partial moult before breeding.
6720:
Shakya SB, Fuchs J, Pons JM, Sheldon FH (November 2017).
5666:
5364:(15th ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 63β68 .
4543:
3660:, and some authorities believe it may already be extinct.
815:
326:. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for
6612:
The green woodpecker : a monograph on Picus viridis
6099:
5933:
4344:
4125:"Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury"
684:. They are also absent from some of the world's oceanic
5093:
4550:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4218:
1230:
737:
in Africa in the winter. More northerly populations of
640:
6962:
published in United States by Dover Publications, Inc.
6722:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
6719:
6593:
The Black Woodpecker: a monograph on Dryocopus martius
5989:
5583:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
5580:
5050:
3990:
Wang L, Cheung JT, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y (2011).
3526:(Early Pliocene of Kansas, US) β possibly dendropicine
717:
Most woodpeckers are sedentary, but a few examples of
6762:
6397:
6171:
5743:"Three Reasons Why Woodpeckers Drill Holes on Houses"
5452:"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus
4974:
4972:
4901:
4701:
4435:
4433:
4219:
May PR, Fuster JM, Haber J, Hirschman A (June 1979).
1119:
and great spotted woodpecker, also feed in this way.
1099:
The ability to excavate allows woodpeckers to obtain
435:, being extinct and a further two possibly being so.
5632:
5382:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
5322:
4592:
4544:
Miles MC, Schuppe ER, Ligon RM, Fuxjager MJ (2018).
3823:
3718:
but not in other regions. Along with the long
342:
and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in
5406:
4475:
4295:
951:antagonistic behaviors resemble courtship rituals.
365:The Picidae are one of nine living families in the
6869:"Incubation and fledging durations of woodpeckers"
6574:Woodpeckers of Europe: a study of European Picidae
6209:
6015:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22681531A125513230.en
5850:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681425A125486020.en
4969:
4430:
3800:"Family Picidae - Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks"
766:Overall, woodpeckers are arboreal birds of wooded
5555:
7362:
6765:"A quantitative analysis of woodpecker drumming"
6212:"Tau accumulations in the brains of woodpeckers"
5449:
5162:
4355: : an analysis of European ring recoveries"
3687:Two species of woodpeckers in the Americas, the
6690:
6667:
4942:"Resilient Woodpeckers hard to knock β or stop"
4910:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
4291:
4289:
967:and acorn woodpecker are cooperative roosters.
942:colony or fruit-laden tree, driving away other
6528:
6430:Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide
6040:
5496:
5362:Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum
4990:"Secondary users of Great Spotted Woodpecker (
4987:
3989:
3917:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
3832:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
3656:is classified as critically endangered by the
1206:A pair works together to help build the nest,
472:, at 55 to 61 cm (22 to 24 in), and
388:, which (along with woodpeckers) comprise the
6981:
6628:
5884:
5094:Willimont LA, Jackson JA, Jackson BJ (1991).
4935:
4933:
4074:
3942:
3909:Jackson JA (2020). "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (
1013:Woodpeckers do not have such a wide range of
688:, although many insular species are found on
6955:Life histories of North American woodpeckers
6576:. Chalfont St Peter, Bucks.: Bruce Coleman.
6305:
5970:"The search for the ivory-billed woodpecker"
5533:
5027:"Burdens of the Picid Hole-Excavating Habit"
4310:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
4296:Sangster, G.; Gaudin, J.; Fuchs, J. (2022).
4286:
3616:. In addition to being a visual homage to a
852:is an important habitat requirement for the
6763:Stark RD, Dodenhoff DJ, Johnson EV (1998).
6210:Farah G, Siwek D, Cummings P (2018-02-02).
5870:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5737:
5735:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
4881:. Princeton University Press. p. 464.
4681:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 264.
4647:
4634:
4632:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4048:
3539:
1251:. Other members of this group, such as the
6988:
6974:
6837:
5766:
5764:
5051:Wiktander U, Olsson O, Nilsson SG (2000).
4930:
4451:"The evolution of terrestrial woodpeckers"
4394:
3927:
3908:
3643:
459:, the smallest of which appears to be the
438:
114:
6866:
6857:
6800:
6745:
6554:
6529:Fuchs J, Pons JM, Bowie RC (March 2017).
6491:
6354:
6323:
6290:
6245:
6235:
6076:
6066:
6013:
5910:
5848:
5799:"Pikipek | PokΓ©dex | More at Pokemon.com"
5606:
5576:
5574:
5518:
5476:
5464:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5299:
5289:
5240:
5230:
5156:
5009:
4830:
4789:
4779:
4719:
4569:
4321:
4244:
4151:
4118:
4116:
4096:
4025:
4015:
6306:Wang L, Zhang H, Fan Y (November 2011).
5891:Computer Applications in the Biosciences
5732:
5687:
5549:
5527:
4654:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
4641:
4629:
4516:
4492:
4270:
3735:
3703:
3647:
3073:
3054:
3026:
3010:
1234:
1194:
1126:
1046:
974:
650:
560:
499:, which differ markedly. The plumage is
442:
423:. Almost 20 species are threatened with
5878:
5820:
5818:
5770:
5761:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5402:
5400:
5263:
4165:
4163:
3971:
3845:
761:
7363:
6913:Woodpecker videos, photos & sounds
6609:
6590:
6571:
6454:
6427:
6268:
6036:
6034:
6032:
5628:
5626:
5571:
5119:
5113:
4981:
4939:
4674:
4668:
4476:Mollet P, Zbinden N, Schmid H (2009).
4212:
4192:
4122:
4113:
3985:
3983:
3037:Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus
1764:International Ornithological Committee
1327:International Ornithological Committee
667:
7112:
7111:
6995:
6969:
6803:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6726:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6614:. Great Britain: Amazon/Picus Press.
6535:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6494:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6457:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6205:
6203:
5825:BirdLife International 2018 (2018) .
5708:
5706:
5648:. International Ornithologists' Union
5587:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5450:Moore WS, Weibel AC, Agius A (2006).
5443:
5409:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5352:
5334:. International Ornithologists' Union
5024:
4874:
4868:
4448:
4172:"Why woodpeckers don't get headaches"
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3841:
3839:
3797:
3768:
7231:1f2b2bf1-d885-4769-8d3b-f80159e5ac34
7092:(woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks)
5972:. Big Woods Conservation Partnership
5815:
5485:
5397:
5375:
4853:
4742:
4169:
4160:
3890:. Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers.
1231:Systematics and evolutionary history
641:Distribution, habitat, and movements
6671:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
6400:Construction and Building Materials
6029:
6001:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5836:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5623:
4895:
3980:
1762:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1743:and probably also is a woodpecker.
1325:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1042:
13:
6695:) and middle spotted woodpeckers (
6447:
6200:
5936:The Journal of Wildlife Management
5749:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2002
5703:
5332:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
3888:Handbook of the Birds of the World
3864:
3846:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
3836:
3664:In a global survey of the risk of
3601:
1617:in a guide to the contents of the
1139:All members of the family Picidae
1096:larvae from individual ash trees.
1051:Holes bored by feeding woodpeckers
891:
692:. The true woodpeckers, subfamily
565:Diagram showing the hyoid bone of
14:
7402:
7043:(puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
6906:
6859:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2001.320210.x
6412:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.201
5885:Purvis A, Rambaut A (June 1995).
5556:Cracraft J, Morony Jr JJ (1969).
5264:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
5163:Johansson US, Ericson GP (2003).
5073:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310003.x
4678:Fundamentals Of Animals Behaviour
4051:"Woodpecker Beak Shock Absorbers"
3913:)". In Poole AF, Gill FB (eds.).
3848:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
3691:is critically endangered and the
3624:encyclopedia describes the small
3588:, preserved in the work known as
3006:
1508:β New World barbets (15 species)
503:fully once a year apart from the
354:specialises in exploiting cacti.
7386:Extant Miocene first appearances
6944:The New Student's Reference Work
6653:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00256.x
6421:
6283:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x
5681:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03768.x
5646:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
5478:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x
5186:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x
4144:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x
3730:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
3728:accumulation is associated with
1702:pairs became stiffened, and the
1055:Most woodpecker species feed on
925:Problems playing this file? See
917:A woodpecker pecking into a tree
907:
676:, although they are absent from
647:List of Piciformes by population
148:
42:
6915:on the Internet Bird Collection
6391:
6348:
6299:
6262:
6165:
6140:
6093:
5990:BirdLife International (2018).
5983:
5962:
5927:
5791:
5777:. Cherry Lake. pp. 24β26.
5660:
5369:
5346:
5316:
5257:
5219:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5206:
5087:
5044:
5018:
4960:
4847:
4806:
4755:
4736:
4695:
4586:
4537:
4510:
4469:
4442:
4388:
4338:
4261:
4186:
4068:
4042:
3780:carbon fiber-reinforced plastic
1485:β African barbets (42 species)
814:, with individual tree genera (
721:species are known, such as the
663:, which uses cacti for nesting.
625:Some large woodpeckers such as
524:Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers
5774:From Woodpeckers to... Helmets
4347:"Migration patterns of Hoopoe
3936:
3921:
3902:
3817:
3791:
3684:they favour as nesting sites.
3591:Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)
1750:is based on the comprehensive
874:Eurasian three-toed woodpecker
846:Swiss Ornithological Institute
1:
6369:10.1080/10255842.2020.1838489
6118:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91477-x
6102:"Woodpeckers and Head Injury"
5534:Grimaldi DA, Case GR (1995).
5497:Manegold A, TΓΆpfer T (2013).
4988:Kotaka N, Matsuoka S (2002).
4832:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.02.003
3785:
1716:ectropodactyl toe arrangement
1531:β toucan barbets (2 species)
1462:β Asian barbets (35 species)
1295:analyses have confirmed that
956:mixed-species foraging flocks
810:woodlands, or even, like the
708:and two species in the genus
546:, made of scales formed from
455:Woodpeckers include the tiny
376:(comprising three families),
133:Tapping sound of a woodpecker
6237:10.1371/journal.pone.0191526
6068:10.1371/journal.pone.0026490
5714:"Stopping Woodpecker Damage"
5499:"The systematic position of
4944:. Birds News. Archived from
4781:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001751
4323:10.25226/bboc.v142i4.2022.a6
4075:Villard P, Cuisin J (2004).
4049:Helmenstine T (8 May 2014).
4017:10.1371/journal.pone.0026490
3153:β Asian piculets (2 species)
1430:β woodpeckers (240 species)
770:. They reach their greatest
756:grey-capped pygmy woodpecker
610:on the order of 10,000
7:
6838:Wiebe KL, Swift TL (2001).
6823:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015
6747:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
6556:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.01.007
6514:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016
6477:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.025
6312:Science China Life Sciences
5608:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
5429:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021
4298:"A new subfamily taxon for
4193:Gammon K (25 August 2014).
3945:Journal of Tropical Ecology
3850:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
3584:One of the accounts of the
2514:β orange-backed woodpecker
1414:β honeyguides (16 species)
1122:
982:The sound of a woodpecker (
970:
884:
21:Woodpecker (disambiguation)
10:
7407:
5291:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
3932:. Oxford University Press.
3928:Howell SN, Webb S (1995).
3708:
3556:tongue-and-groove boarding
3502:(Late Oligocene of France)
3050:list of woodpecker species
1210:the eggs, and raise their
1179:reported in a few others.
745:, Williamson's sapsucker,
672:Woodpeckers have a mostly
644:
451:using its tail for support
427:due to loss of habitat or
314:, which also includes the
18:
7120:
7050:
7025:
7007:
6713:10.1163/15685390152822210
6325:10.1007/s11427-011-4242-2
6008:: e.T22681531A125513230.
5843:: e.T22681425A125486020.
5565:American Museum Novitates
5543:American Museum Novitates
5242:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
4940:Graham R (24 July 2014).
4743:Baer, Alex (2018-01-05).
4455:American Museum Novitates
4395:Korol J, Hutto R (1984).
4374:10.1007/s10336-008-0361-3
3957:10.1017/S0266467404001579
3411:yellow-crowned woodpecker
3362:β 10 species (flamebacks)
2870:
2852:
2845:
2827:
2820:
2802:
2795:
2759:
2741:
2734:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2669:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2610:
2599:β 4 species (sapsuckers)
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2525:
2507:
2500:
2482:
2475:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2379:
2361:
2354:
2336:
2329:
2302:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2216:
2198:
2191:
2173:
2166:
2148:
2141:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2080:β 5 species (flamebacks)
2073:
2055:
2048:
2021:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1947:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1883:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1832:
1822:
1804:
1794:
1542:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1473:
1457:
1450:
1425:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1375:β puffbirds (38 species)
1370:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1239:Black-rumped goldenback (
1202:feeding its chick, Russia
870:European green woodpecker
866:lesser spotted woodpecker
862:middle spotted woodpecker
723:rufous-bellied woodpecker
674:cosmopolitan distribution
272:
267:
251:
244:
145:Scientific classification
143:
122:
113:
30:
16:Family of birds (Picidae)
6867:Yom-Tov Y, Ar A (1993).
6845:Journal of Avian Biology
5669:Journal of Avian Biology
5330:, eds. (December 2023).
5173:Journal of Avian Biology
5061:Journal of Avian Biology
4749:Theses and Dissertations
4721:10.1093/condor/103.1.143
4170:Puiu T (23 March 2017).
3773:
3620:, entries in the game's
3540:Relationship with humans
3377:β 4 species (sapsuckers)
3353:orange-backed woodpecker
3237:β 5 species (flamebacks)
1839:β 26 species (piculets)
1737:, has been described as
1678:, frontal overhang, and
1359:β jacamars (18 species)
1200:Great spotted woodpecker
1150:ladder-backed woodpecker
1008:
961:grey-and-buff woodpecker
858:great spotted woodpecker
727:yellow-bellied sapsucker
661:ladder-backed woodpecker
529:Woodpeckers have strong
497:orange-backed woodpecker
6927:The American Cyclopædia
6632:Journal of Biogeography
5829:Campephilus principalis
5640:, eds. (January 2023).
5122:The American Naturalist
4648:Williams Jr EH (2005).
4595:The American Naturalist
4531:10.1163/156853984X00128
4081:) in the French Indies"
3911:Campephilus principalis
3689:ivory-billed woodpecker
3678:red-cockaded woodpecker
3654:ivory-billed woodpecker
3644:Status and conservation
3130:β piculets (25 species)
3063:Xiphidiopicus percussus
2717:β 4 species (including
1890:β 2 species (piculets)
1811:β 2 species (wrynecks)
1547:β toucans (43 species)
1113:white-headed woodpecker
1082:buff-spotted woodpecker
878:white-backed woodpecker
516:black-backed woodpecker
474:ivory-billed woodpecker
439:General characteristics
6595:(1st ed.). Lynx.
5903:10.1098/rspb.1997.0057
5700:Gorman 2014, pp. 30β32
5232:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
4998:Ornithological Science
4562:10.1098/rspb.2017.2628
4507:Gorman 2014, pp. 19β20
4362:Journal of Ornithology
3977:Gorman 2014, pp. 22β23
3661:
3478:Cuban green woodpecker
3088:
3071:
3059:Cuban green woodpecker
3045:
3032:Red-crowned woodpecker
3024:
3016:Ochre-collared piculet
1768:Cuban green woodpecker
1752:molecular phylogenetic
1698:excepting). The inner
1244:
1221:Hispaniolan woodpecker
1203:
1185:West Indian woodpecker
1170:red-crowned woodpecker
1136:
1084:feeds on and nests in
1052:
987:
934:Most woodpeckers live
896:
747:red-breasted sapsucker
664:
571:
493:Williamson's sapsucker
466:great slaty woodpecker
452:
449:black-rumped flameback
7330:Paleobiology Database
5354:Leach, William Elford
4916:10.2173/bow.grswoo.01
4857:Rymes and Roundelayes
4225:Archives of Neurology
4079:Melanerpes herminieri
3736:Mechanical properties
3704:Brain impact research
3651:
3117:Subfamily: Picumninae
3077:
3058:
3030:
3014:
1238:
1198:
1130:
1076:and domestic scraps.
1050:
981:
965:Magellanic woodpecker
895:
654:
564:
446:
429:habitat fragmentation
7226:Fauna Europaea (new)
5994:Dendrocopos noguchii
4237:10.1136/bjo.86.8.843
3614:PokΓ©mon Sun and Moon
2205:β ground woodpecker
2010:β rufous woodpecker
1935:β Antillean piculet
1740:Bathoceleus hyphalus
1615:William Elford Leach
1243:) in Guwahati, India
1241:Dinopium benghalense
1135:attending its chicks
776:tropical rainforests
762:Habitat requirements
600:nictitating membrane
461:bar-breasted piculet
413:sister relationships
19:For other uses, see
6815:2005MolPE..36..233W
6738:2017MolPE.116..182S
6645:1999JBiog..26..159K
6547:2017MolPE.108...88F
6506:2015MolPE..88...28F
6469:2016MolPE..94..313D
6228:2018PLoSO..1391526F
6186:2024PhT....77a..54V
6059:2011PLoSO...626490W
5599:2017MolPE.116..182S
5421:2006MolPE..40..389B
5282:2024Natur.629..851S
4008:2011PLoSO...626490W
3798:Bouglouan, Nicole.
3693:imperial woodpecker
3618:pileated woodpecker
3164:β true woodpeckers
3136:Subfamily: Sasiinae
3098:Subfamily: Jynginae
3081:Colaptes campestris
3021:Picumnus temminckii
1323:Pamela C. Rasmussen
1303:are sister groups.
751:red-naped sapsucker
690:continental islands
668:Global distribution
584:cerebrospinal fluid
470:imperial woodpecker
372:, the others being
293:Sasiinae - piculets
124:Pileated woodpecker
7086:(American barbets)
6937:"Woodpecker"
6921:"Woodpecker"
6271:Journal of Zoology
5771:Gregory J (2012).
5636:; Donsker, David;
5326:; Donsker, David;
4978:Gorman 2014, p. 22
4966:Gorman 2014, p. 20
4908:Birds of the World
4878:Birds of Venezuela
4638:Gorman 2014, p. 28
4439:Gorman 2014, p. 18
4283:Gorman 2014, p. 15
4267:Gorman 2014, p. 27
4132:Journal of Zoology
3915:Birds of the World
3830:Birds of the World
3826:Picumnus aurifrons
3769:Bio-inspired ideas
3744:were the cause of
3742:centripetal forces
3698:Okinawa woodpecker
3662:
3563:woodboring beetles
3326:Tribe Campephilini
3089:
3072:
3046:
3025:
1872:β African piculet
1668:Dominican Republic
1245:
1204:
1137:
1117:Arabian woodpecker
1053:
988:
897:
739:Lewis's woodpecker
700:, Africa, and the
680:, Madagascar, and
665:
572:
489:sexually dimorphic
453:
411:has confirmed the
284:β true woodpeckers
7358:
7357:
7317:Open Tree of Life
7114:Taxon identifiers
7105:
7104:
7062:(African barbets)
6707:(10): 1259β1285.
6678:(10): 2387β2393.
6610:Gorman G (2020).
6602:978-84-96553-79-8
6591:Gorman G (2011).
6583:978-1-872842-05-9
6572:Gorman G (2004).
6439:978-1-77085-309-6
6432:. Firefly Books.
6428:Gorman G (2014).
6194:10.1063/PT.3.5385
6112:(7957): 454β455.
5784:978-1-61080-582-7
5638:Rasmussen, Pamela
5520:10.1111/jzs.12000
5328:Rasmussen, Pamela
5276:(8013): 851β860.
5055:Dendrocopos minor
5025:Short LL (1979).
5011:10.2326/osj.1.117
4992:Dendrocopos major
4906:), version 1.0".
4904:Dendrocopos major
4888:978-1-4008-3409-9
4875:Hilty SL (2002).
4860:. Smith. p.
4688:978-81-7141-742-1
4675:Sarkar A (2003).
4661:978-0-19-972075-0
4123:Gibson L (2006).
3898:978-84-87334-37-5
3857:978-1-4200-6444-5
3804:oiseaux-birds.com
3596:Romulus and Remus
3571:indicator species
3368:Tribe Melanerpini
3271:ground woodpecker
3212:rufous woodpecker
3186:Tribe Hemicircini
3179:Antillean piculet
3168:Tribe Nesoctitini
3145:β African piculet
3003:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2685:
2684:
2626:
2625:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2318:
2317:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2037:
2036:
1963:
1962:
1899:
1898:
1690:lateralis of the
1652:million years ago
1627:Antillean piculet
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1439:
1438:
1384:
1383:
1158:bamboo woodpecker
1094:emerald ash borer
979:
912:
831:ground woodpecker
568:Dendrocopos major
299:
298:
240:
7398:
7351:
7350:
7338:
7337:
7325:
7324:
7312:
7311:
7299:
7298:
7296:NBNSYS0000000957
7286:
7285:
7273:
7272:
7260:
7259:
7247:
7246:
7234:
7233:
7221:
7220:
7208:
7207:
7195:
7194:
7182:
7181:
7169:
7168:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7109:
7108:
7080:(toucan-barbets)
6990:
6983:
6976:
6967:
6966:
6950:
6948:
6939:
6931:
6923:
6901:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6834:
6797:
6769:
6759:
6749:
6716:
6687:
6664:
6625:
6606:
6587:
6568:
6558:
6525:
6488:
6463:(Pt A): 313β26.
6443:
6416:
6415:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6327:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6239:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6070:
6038:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6017:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5914:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5852:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5710:
5701:
5698:
5685:
5684:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5494:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5460:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5404:
5395:
5394:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5293:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5188:. Archived from
5169:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4819:Animal Behaviour
4810:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4449:Short L (1971).
4446:
4440:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4401:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4359:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4293:
4284:
4281:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4019:
3987:
3978:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3900:
3879:
3862:
3861:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3763:impulse momentum
3607:Woody Woodpecker
3586:founding of Rome
2848:
2847:
2823:
2822:
2798:
2797:
2737:
2736:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2503:
2502:
2478:
2477:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2357:
2356:
2332:
2331:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2194:
2193:
2169:
2168:
2144:
2143:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2051:
2050:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1825:
1824:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1760:Pamela Rasmussen
1522:
1521:
1499:
1498:
1476:
1475:
1453:
1452:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1273:true woodpeckers
1227:of woodpeckers.
1133:black woodpecker
1109:acorn woodpecker
1043:Diet and feeding
980:
914:
913:
894:
854:black woodpecker
820:secondary growth
812:acorn woodpecker
743:northern flicker
731:Eurasian wryneck
431:, with one, the
304:are part of the
235:
153:
152:
138:
137:
136:
134:
118:
104:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7391:Oligocene birds
7361:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7346:
7341:
7333:
7328:
7320:
7315:
7307:
7302:
7294:
7289:
7281:
7276:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7250:
7242:
7237:
7229:
7224:
7216:
7211:
7203:
7198:
7190:
7185:
7177:
7172:
7164:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7116:
7106:
7101:
7068:(Asian barbets)
7046:
7021:
7003:
6994:
6934:
6918:
6909:
6904:
6890:10.2307/1369350
6871:
6786:10.2307/1370276
6767:
6697:Picoides medius
6684:10.1139/x05-148
6622:
6603:
6584:
6450:
6448:Further reading
6440:
6424:
6419:
6396:
6392:
6353:
6349:
6318:(11): 1036β41.
6304:
6300:
6267:
6263:
6222:(2): e0191526.
6208:
6201:
6170:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6098:
6094:
6039:
6030:
6020:
6018:
5988:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5948:10.2307/3809497
5932:
5928:
5883:
5879:
5863:
5862:
5855:
5853:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5805:
5803:www.pokemon.com
5797:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5769:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5723:
5721:
5720:. 22 March 2018
5712:
5711:
5704:
5699:
5688:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5631:
5624:
5579:
5572:
5560:
5554:
5550:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5495:
5486:
5458:
5448:
5444:
5405:
5398:
5377:Bock, Walter J.
5374:
5370:
5358:"Eleventh Room"
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5321:
5317:
5262:
5258:
5211:
5207:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5118:
5114:
5103:Wilson Bulletin
5098:
5092:
5088:
5049:
5045:
5034:Wilson Bulletin
5029:
5023:
5019:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4948:on 4 April 2016
4938:
4931:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4873:
4869:
4854:Noel T (1841).
4852:
4848:
4811:
4807:
4774:(9): e3001751.
4760:
4756:
4741:
4737:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4630:
4591:
4587:
4542:
4538:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4416:10.2307/1367350
4399:
4393:
4389:
4357:
4343:
4339:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4127:
4121:
4114:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4043:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3941:
3937:
3926:
3922:
3907:
3903:
3892:Lynx Edicions.
3880:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3776:
3771:
3738:
3711:
3706:
3646:
3604:
3602:Popular culture
3542:
3348:Reinwardtipicus
3092:Family: Picidae
3083:
3079:
3066:
3060:
3040:
3034:
3018:
3009:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2785:
2776:
2686:
2627:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2511:Reinwardtipicus
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2319:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2099:
2090:
2038:
1964:
1900:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1440:
1385:
1289:zygodactyl foot
1233:
1225:brood parasites
1125:
1045:
1015:songs and calls
1011:
975:
973:
932:
931:
923:
921:
920:
919:
918:
915:
908:
905:
898:
892:
887:
822:, plantations,
764:
706:African piculet
670:
649:
643:
512:zygodactyl feet
441:
433:Bermuda flicker
419:arranged in 35
352:Gila woodpecker
263:
257:
234:
147:
132:
129:
128:
126:
109:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7404:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7339:
7326:
7313:
7300:
7287:
7274:
7261:
7248:
7235:
7222:
7213:Fauna Europaea
7209:
7196:
7183:
7170:
7157:
7142:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7078:Semnornithidae
7075:
7069:
7063:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7015:
7013:
7005:
7004:
6993:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6951:
6932:
6916:
6908:
6907:External links
6905:
6903:
6902:
6884:(2): 282β287.
6864:
6852:(2): 167β173.
6835:
6798:
6780:(2): 350β356.
6760:
6717:
6693:Picoides major
6688:
6665:
6639:(1): 159β165.
6626:
6620:
6607:
6601:
6588:
6582:
6569:
6526:
6489:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6438:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6390:
6363:(5): 527β537.
6347:
6298:
6277:(3): 462β465.
6261:
6199:
6164:
6139:
6092:
6053:(10): e26490.
6028:
5982:
5961:
5942:(4): 549β556.
5926:
5877:
5814:
5790:
5783:
5760:
5731:
5702:
5686:
5675:(5): 487β496.
5659:
5622:
5570:
5548:
5526:
5484:
5471:(4): 611β624.
5442:
5396:
5368:
5345:
5315:
5256:
5225:(1): 108β127.
5205:
5180:(2): 185β197.
5155:
5134:10.1086/283726
5128:(4): 421β443.
5112:
5086:
5067:(4): 447β456.
5043:
5017:
5004:(2): 117β122.
4980:
4968:
4959:
4929:
4894:
4887:
4867:
4846:
4805:
4754:
4735:
4714:(1): 143β150.
4694:
4687:
4667:
4660:
4640:
4628:
4607:10.1086/707748
4601:(5): 772β787.
4585:
4536:
4525:(4): 294β311.
4509:
4491:
4468:
4441:
4429:
4387:
4368:(2): 393β400.
4353:Jynx torquilla
4337:
4316:(4): 478β479.
4285:
4269:
4260:
4211:
4199:Inside Science
4185:
4159:
4138:(3): 462β465.
4112:
4091:(2): 509β514.
4067:
4041:
4002:(10): e26490.
3979:
3970:
3951:(5): 487β494.
3935:
3920:
3901:
3863:
3856:
3835:
3816:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3737:
3734:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3682:longleaf pines
3645:
3642:
3603:
3600:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3489:Incertae sedis
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3469:
3461:
3457:Leuconotopicus
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3359:Chrysocolaptes
3355:
3344:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3008:
3007:List of genera
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2856:Leuconotopicus
2851:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2529:Chrysocolaptes
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1746:The following
1731:New Providence
1619:British Museum
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:Semnornithidae
1525:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1232:
1229:
1189:polygynandrous
1146:gilded flicker
1124:
1121:
1086:termite mounds
1044:
1041:
1037:ornithologists
1010:
1007:
972:
969:
922:
916:
906:
901:
900:
899:
890:
889:
888:
886:
883:
839:Andean flicker
790:forests. Even
763:
760:
698:Southeast Asia
669:
666:
642:
639:
580:subdural space
440:
437:
409:DNA sequencing
382:toucan-barbets
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
285:
279:
270:
269:
265:
264:
258:
249:
248:
242:
241:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
120:
119:
111:
110:
106:Late Oligocene
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7403:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7098:(honeyguides)
7097:
7096:Indicatoridae
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6986:
6984:
6979:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6922:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6809:(2): 233β48.
6808:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6621:9798676711870
6617:
6613:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6422:Cited sources
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6174:Physics Today
6168:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5986:
5971:
5965:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5897:(3): 247β51.
5896:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5867:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5765:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5647:
5643:
5642:"Woodpeckers"
5639:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5415:(2): 389β99.
5414:
5410:
5403:
5401:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5195:on 2018-10-04
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4973:
4963:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4292:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4174:. ZME Science
4173:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4056:
4055:Science Notes
4052:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3476:β monotypic:
3475:
3474:
3473:Xiphidiopicus
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3409:β monotypic:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:β monotypic:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:β monotypic:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:Chrysophlegma
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3210:β monotypic:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:β monotypic:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3078:Campo flicker
3076:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:β 14 species
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:β 12 species
2808:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:β 12 species
2765:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:β 24 species
2616:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:β 12 species
2463:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2448:Campephilini
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:β 14 species
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:β 13 species
2342:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:β 11 species
2222:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:Chrysophlegma
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:β 14 species
2129:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:Xiphidiopicus
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Indicatoridae
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:campo flicker
1151:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:invertebrates
1058:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:communication
1020:
1016:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
985:
968:
966:
962:
957:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
904:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
662:
658:
653:
648:
638:
636:
635:
630:
629:
623:
621:
617:
614:(33,000
613:
609:
608:decelerations
605:
601:
597:
596:strain energy
592:
590:
585:
581:
577:
570:
569:
563:
559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
458:
450:
445:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:in the clade
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
363:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
250:
247:
243:
238:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
135:
125:
121:
117:
112:
107:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
29:
26:
22:
7381:Pici (taxon)
7121:
7089:
7072:Ramphastidae
7066:Megalaimidae
7016:
7008:
6953:
6943:
6925:
6881:
6875:
6849:
6843:
6806:
6802:
6777:
6771:
6729:
6725:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6675:
6669:
6636:
6630:
6611:
6592:
6573:
6538:
6534:
6497:
6493:
6460:
6456:
6429:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6292:1721.1/70094
6274:
6270:
6264:
6219:
6215:
6180:(1): 54β55.
6177:
6173:
6167:
6156:. Retrieved
6154:. 2014-08-11
6151:
6142:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6050:
6046:
6019:. Retrieved
6005:
5999:
5993:
5985:
5974:. Retrieved
5964:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5866:cite journal
5854:. Retrieved
5840:
5834:
5828:
5806:. Retrieved
5802:
5793:
5773:
5751:. Retrieved
5746:
5722:. Retrieved
5718:Joy of Birds
5717:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5650:. Retrieved
5645:
5590:
5586:
5567:(2400): 1β8.
5564:
5551:
5545:(3126): 1β6.
5542:
5529:
5513:(1): 72β82.
5510:
5506:
5500:
5468:
5462:
5453:
5445:
5412:
5408:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5348:
5336:. Retrieved
5318:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5197:. Retrieved
5190:the original
5177:
5171:
5158:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5089:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5046:
5037:
5033:
5020:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4983:
4962:
4950:. Retrieved
4946:the original
4907:
4903:
4897:
4877:
4870:
4856:
4849:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4771:
4768:PLOS Biology
4767:
4757:
4748:
4738:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4677:
4670:
4650:
4643:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4482:. Retrieved
4471:
4454:
4444:
4410:(1): 73β78.
4407:
4403:
4390:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4351:and Wryneck
4348:
4340:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4263:
4231:(6): 370β3.
4228:
4224:
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4198:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4153:1721.1/70094
4135:
4131:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4054:
4044:
3999:
3995:
3973:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3886:
3882:
3847:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:
3793:
3777:
3759:
3750:cranial bone
3739:
3724:
3712:
3686:
3674:conservation
3670:
3663:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3605:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3560:
3547:
3543:
3530:
3521:
3514:Palaeonerpes
3512:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3471:
3468:β 14 species
3463:
3455:
3447:
3444:β 12 species
3439:
3436:β 12 species
3431:
3423:
3417:Dendrocoptes
3415:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3385:β 24 species
3380:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3346:
3338:
3335:β 12 species
3330:
3325:
3320:β 14 species
3315:
3307:
3304:β 13 species
3299:
3291:
3285:Mulleripicus
3283:
3280:β 11 species
3275:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3245:β 14 species
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3207:Micropternus
3205:
3201:Tribe Picini
3200:
3190:
3185:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3116:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3062:
3047:
3036:
3020:
2872:
2871:
2859:β 6 species
2854:
2853:
2834:β 5 species
2829:
2828:
2804:
2803:
2761:
2760:
2748:β 3 species
2743:
2742:
2718:
2714:Dendrocoptes
2712:
2711:
2676:β 7 species
2671:
2670:
2658:β 3 species
2653:
2652:
2612:
2611:
2594:
2593:
2569:Melanerpini
2532:β 9 species
2527:
2526:
2509:
2508:
2489:β 2 species
2484:
2483:
2459:
2458:
2381:
2380:
2368:β 7 species
2363:
2362:
2338:
2337:
2309:β 6 species
2304:
2303:
2291:β 4 species
2288:Mulleripicus
2286:
2285:
2218:
2217:
2200:
2199:
2180:β 2 species
2175:
2174:
2155:β 3 species
2150:
2149:
2125:
2124:
2075:
2074:
2062:β 3 species
2057:
2056:
2028:β 4 species
2023:
2022:
2007:Micropternus
2005:
2004:
1954:β 2 species
1949:
1948:
1930:
1929:
1926:Nesoctitini
1885:
1884:
1867:
1866:
1834:
1833:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1775:
1745:
1738:
1729:deposits of
1720:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1676:rhamphotheca
1672:
1656:Early Eocene
1645:
1638:
1635:paraphyletic
1612:
1545:Ramphastidae
1543:
1527:
1504:
1481:
1460:Megalaimidae
1458:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1371:
1355:
1308:phylogenetic
1305:
1293:DNA sequence
1246:
1240:
1205:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1138:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1054:
1012:
1001:
989:
953:
944:conspecifics
933:
924:
843:
841:is another.
835:South Africa
828:
765:
716:
709:
671:
632:
626:
624:
593:
576:brain damage
573:
566:
556:
544:rhamphotheca
528:
509:
478:
454:
364:
356:
311:
301:
300:
268:Subfamilies
252:
231:
218:Infraorder:
127:
25:
7371:Woodpeckers
7252:iNaturalist
7146:Wikispecies
7084:Capitonidae
6958:(1939), by
6732:: 182β191.
6406:: 193β204.
6021:12 November
5747:Woodpeckers
5652:19 February
5634:Gill, Frank
5593:: 182β191.
5454:Veniliornis
5324:Gill, Frank
5040:(1): 16β28.
4825:: 141β152.
4349:Upupa epops
3726:Tau protein
3626:Flying-type
3499:Palaeopicus
3465:Veniliornis
3460:β 6 species
3452:β 5 species
3441:Dendrocopos
3433:Dendropicos
3428:β 3 species
3425:Chloropicus
3420:β 3 species
3401:β 7 species
3393:β 3 species
3374:Sphyrapicus
3343:β 2 species
3340:Blythipicus
3332:Campephilus
3312:β 7 species
3296:β 6 species
3288:β 4 species
3266:Geocolaptes
3261:β 2 species
3253:β 3 species
3229:β 3 species
3221:β 4 species
3195:β 2 species
3159:Subfamily:
3111:(2 species)
2874:Veniliornis
2806:Dendrocopos
2763:Dendropicos
2745:Chloropicus
2596:Sphyrapicus
2486:Blythipicus
2461:Campephilus
2202:Geocolaptes
1945:Hemicirini
1766:(IOC). The
1735:the Bahamas
1725:, found in
1684:pterygoidei
1674:reinforced
1650:, about 25
1623:convergence
1506:Capitonidae
1269:honeyguides
1105:Sphyrapicus
1066:Crustaceans
1028:territorial
678:Australasia
386:honeyguides
336:New Zealand
302:Woodpeckers
7365:Categories
7041:Bucconidae
7037:(jacamars)
7035:Galbulidae
7001:Piciformes
6541:: 88β100.
6158:2021-04-16
6106:The Lancet
5976:2017-03-26
5808:2023-04-24
5501:Hemicircus
5199:2006-09-01
5109:: 124β125.
4708:The Condor
4306:(Picidae)"
4304:Verreauxia
3809:2 December
3786:References
3755:trabeculae
3746:concussion
3720:hyoid bone
3666:extinction
3640:families.
3638:Piciformes
3630:honeyguide
3398:Yungipicus
3382:Melanerpes
3277:Campethera
3258:Pardipicus
3218:Meiglyptes
3192:Hemicircus
3174:Nesoctites
3142:Verreauxia
2673:Yungipicus
2614:Melanerpes
2220:Campethera
2177:Pardipicus
2025:Meiglyptes
1951:Hemicircus
1932:Nesoctites
1869:Verreauxia
1829:Picumninae
1756:Frank Gill
1712:Hemicircus
1708:Hemicircus
1696:Hemicircus
1640:Hemicircus
1373:Bucconidae
1357:Galbulidae
1337:Piciformes
1319:Frank Gill
1315:Piciformes
1285:sapsuckers
1249:Piciformes
1059:and other
948:Aggressive
927:media help
903:Woodpecker
837:, and the
804:coniferous
792:grasslands
784:scrublands
702:Neotropics
682:Antarctica
645:See also:
634:Melanerpes
589:hyoid bone
536:morphology
485:camouflage
425:extinction
395:, and the
370:Piciformes
340:Madagascar
332:New Guinea
324:sapsuckers
290:β piculets
288:Picumninae
278:β wrynecks
246:Type genus
208:Suborder:
202:Piciformes
108:to present
37:26β0
31:Woodpecker
7074:(toucans)
6960:A.C. Bent
6701:Behaviour
6500:: 28β37.
6385:231596453
5856:8 January
4924:226025386
4841:0003-3472
4730:0010-5422
4623:212917887
4519:Behaviour
4463:2246/2675
4332:254367038
3578:black box
3567:mealybugs
3523:Pliopicus
3449:Dryobates
3406:Leiopicus
3293:Dryocopus
3226:Gecinulus
2831:Dryobates
2720:Leiopicus
2306:Dryocopus
2059:Gecinulus
1856:Sasiinae
1772:monotypic
1748:cladogram
1704:pygostyle
1682:dorsalis
1680:processus
1666:from the
1648:Oligocene
1631:monophyly
1257:puffbirds
1212:altricial
1181:Polyandry
1019:passerine
997:courtship
993:passerine
808:deciduous
780:savannahs
772:diversity
719:migratory
628:Dryocopus
582:, little
401:puffbirds
328:Australia
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
7131:Wikidata
7060:Lybiidae
7010:Suborder
6831:15869887
6756:28890006
6565:28089840
6522:25818851
6485:26416706
6377:33439040
6342:25697639
6334:22173310
6256:29394252
6216:PLOS ONE
6152:phys.org
6134:28685873
6087:22046293
6047:PLOS ONE
5724:27 April
5617:28890006
5437:16635580
5391:2246/830
5379:(1994).
5356:(1819).
5310:38560995
5301:11111414
5251:32781465
5150:85399703
5081:56399785
4952:24 March
4800:36125990
4615:32364790
4580:29467264
4556:(1873).
4484:28 March
4457:(2467).
4382:43360238
4107:86781719
4036:22046293
3996:PLOS ONE
3965:83528456
3551:shingles
3531:Colaptes
3520:Genus: β
3511:Genus: β
3496:Genus: β
3390:Picoides
3317:Colaptes
3234:Dinopium
3127:Picumnus
3121:piculets
3102:wrynecks
3084:female,
3067:female,
3041:female,
2655:Picoides
2383:Colaptes
2077:Dinopium
1836:Picumnus
1801:Jynginae
1727:Pliocene
1723:coracoid
1692:quadrate
1688:condylus
1483:Lybiidae
1281:wrynecks
1277:piculets
1253:jacamars
1208:incubate
1177:polygamy
1123:Breeding
1101:tree sap
1070:molluscs
1002:Picidae,
971:Drumming
936:solitary
885:Behavior
850:deadwood
824:orchards
768:habitats
618:) (1000
552:collagen
520:American
518:and the
505:wrynecks
495:and the
457:piculets
397:jacamars
348:woodland
320:wrynecks
316:piculets
276:Jynginae
260:Linnaeus
228:Family:
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
7376:Picidae
7348:1459901
7322:1020138
7152:Picidae
7122:Picidae
7090:Picidae
7027:Galbuli
6949:. 1914.
6930:. 1879.
6898:1369350
6811:Bibcode
6794:1370276
6734:Bibcode
6661:5068060
6641:Bibcode
6543:Bibcode
6502:Bibcode
6465:Bibcode
6247:5796688
6224:Bibcode
6182:Bibcode
6078:3202538
6055:Bibcode
5956:3809497
5921:7583692
5912:1688257
5595:Bibcode
5417:Bibcode
5338:17 June
5278:Bibcode
5142:2460453
4791:9488818
4571:5832706
4424:1367350
4246:1771249
4204:24 July
4178:24 July
4060:24 July
4027:3202538
4004:Bibcode
3716:occiput
3709:Anatomy
3622:PokΓ©dex
3492:fossils
3309:Piculus
3161:Picinae
2365:Piculus
1980:Picini
1910:Picinae
1791:Picidae
1770:in the
1700:rectrix
1660:Miocene
1428:Picidae
1329:(IOC).
1301:Galbuli
1265:toucans
1261:barbets
1217:fledged
1131:A male
1057:insects
984:Picidae
940:termite
796:deserts
694:Picinae
686:islands
655:Use of
548:keratin
540:pecking
501:moulted
481:plumage
417:species
405:Galbuli
378:toucans
374:barbets
360:carrion
344:forests
312:Picidae
282:Picinae
232:Picidae
222:Picides
198:Order:
188:Class:
7283:178148
7270:104832
7205:1PICIF
7137:Q25439
7018:Family
6946:
6896:
6877:Condor
6829:
6792:
6773:Condor
6754:
6659:
6618:
6599:
6580:
6563:
6520:
6483:
6436:
6383:
6375:
6340:
6332:
6254:
6244:
6132:
6124:
6085:
6075:
5954:
5919:
5909:
5781:
5753:6 July
5615:
5435:
5308:
5298:
5270:Nature
5249:
5148:
5140:
5079:
4922:
4885:
4839:
4798:
4788:
4728:
4685:
4658:
4621:
4613:
4578:
4568:
4422:
4404:Condor
4380:
4330:
4255:454236
4253:
4243:
4105:
4034:
4024:
3963:
3896:
3854:
3634:toucan
3301:Celeus
3086:Brazil
3043:Tobago
2340:Celeus
1781:sister
1774:genus
1283:, and
1267:, and
1017:as do
872:, and
788:bamboo
786:, and
749:, and
729:, and
604:retina
421:genera
384:, and
309:family
262:, 1758
239:, 1819
7343:WoRMS
7335:39438
7265:IRMNG
7257:17599
7218:10840
7179:625L8
6997:Order
6894:JSTOR
6872:(PDF)
6790:JSTOR
6768:(PDF)
6657:S2CID
6381:S2CID
6338:S2CID
6130:S2CID
6126:55721
5952:JSTOR
5561:(PDF)
5539:(PDF)
5459:(PDF)
5193:(PDF)
5168:(PDF)
5146:S2CID
5138:JSTOR
5099:(PDF)
5077:S2CID
5030:(PDF)
4920:S2CID
4619:S2CID
4480:. FAO
4420:JSTOR
4400:(PDF)
4378:S2CID
4358:(PDF)
4328:S2CID
4300:Sasia
4128:(PDF)
4103:S2CID
3961:S2CID
3774:Beams
3242:Picus
3150:Sasia
2127:Picus
1887:Sasia
1664:amber
1312:order
1009:Calls
800:cacti
735:Sahel
711:Sasia
657:cacti
531:bills
390:clade
367:order
254:Picus
237:Leach
7309:9220
7304:NCBI
7278:ITIS
7244:9333
7239:GBIF
7200:EPPO
7192:1595
7166:1410
7161:BOLD
7052:Pici
6827:PMID
6752:PMID
6699:)".
6616:ISBN
6597:ISBN
6578:ISBN
6561:PMID
6518:PMID
6481:PMID
6434:ISBN
6373:PMID
6330:PMID
6252:PMID
6122:PMID
6083:PMID
6023:2021
6006:2018
5917:PMID
5872:link
5858:2020
5841:2018
5779:ISBN
5755:2017
5726:2018
5654:2023
5613:PMID
5433:PMID
5340:2024
5306:PMID
5247:PMID
4954:2016
4883:ISBN
4837:ISSN
4796:PMID
4726:ISSN
4683:ISBN
4656:ISBN
4611:PMID
4576:PMID
4486:2017
4302:and
4251:PMID
4206:2017
4180:2017
4062:2017
4032:PMID
3894:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3811:2022
3658:IUCN
3652:The
3632:and
3529:cf.
3108:Jynx
3069:Cuba
1808:Jynx
1306:The
1299:and
1297:Pici
1148:and
1141:nest
1111:and
1080:the
1074:suet
844:The
816:oaks
794:and
616:ft/s
522:and
479:The
399:and
393:Pici
322:and
306:bird
212:Pici
192:Aves
45:Preκ
7291:NBN
7187:EoL
7174:CoL
6886:doi
6854:doi
6819:doi
6782:doi
6778:100
6742:doi
6730:116
6709:doi
6705:138
6680:doi
6649:doi
6551:doi
6539:108
6510:doi
6473:doi
6408:doi
6404:169
6365:doi
6320:doi
6287:hdl
6279:doi
6275:270
6242:PMC
6232:doi
6190:doi
6114:doi
6110:307
6073:PMC
6063:doi
6010:doi
5944:doi
5907:PMC
5899:doi
5845:doi
5677:doi
5603:doi
5591:116
5515:doi
5473:doi
5425:doi
5387:hdl
5296:PMC
5286:doi
5274:629
5237:hdl
5227:doi
5182:doi
5130:doi
5126:117
5107:103
5069:doi
5006:doi
4912:doi
4862:144
4827:doi
4823:198
4786:PMC
4776:doi
4716:doi
4712:103
4603:doi
4599:195
4566:PMC
4558:doi
4554:285
4527:doi
4459:hdl
4412:doi
4370:doi
4366:150
4318:doi
4314:142
4241:PMC
4233:doi
4148:hdl
4140:doi
4136:270
4093:doi
4089:121
4085:Auk
4022:PMC
4012:doi
3953:doi
1733:in
1032:kHz
806:or
774:in
622:).
612:m/s
346:or
7367::
7345::
7332::
7319::
7306::
7293::
7280::
7267::
7254::
7241::
7228::
7215::
7202::
7189::
7176::
7163::
7148::
7133::
6999::
6940:.
6924:.
6892:.
6882:95
6880:.
6874:.
6850:32
6848:.
6842:.
6825:.
6817:.
6807:36
6805:.
6788:.
6776:.
6770:.
6750:.
6740:.
6728:.
6724:.
6703:.
6676:35
6674:.
6655:.
6647:.
6637:26
6635:.
6559:.
6549:.
6537:.
6533:.
6516:.
6508:.
6498:88
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