27:
849:
205:
865:
1830:
Arenas-Mena, C. (2010) Indirect development, transdifferentiation and the macroregulatory evolution of metazoans. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Feb 27, 2010 Vol.365 no.1540
1808:
222:. This could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases, the larval form may differ more than the adult form from the group's common origin.
967:, these larvae have abdominal prolegs, in addition to usual thoracic legs. They are poorly sclerotized and relatively inactive. They live in close contact with their food. Best example is
977:– have well developed head capsule and mouthparts are similar to the adult, but without compound eyes. They have six legs. No abdominal prolegs. Two types can be seen:
1720:
1694:
1805:
169:, adults are immobile but their larvae are mobile, and use their mobile larval form to distribute themselves. These larvae used for dispersal are either
186:(a paper wasp) the males are also capable of feeding larvae but they are much less efficient, spending more time and getting less food to the larvae.
1400:
1647:
158:. By living in a distinct environment, larvae may be given shelter from predators and reduce competition for resources with the adult population.
1547:. Vol. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. O121, O122, O125.
1766:
Leis, J. M. & Carson-Ewart, B. M., eds. (2000). The Larvae of Indo-Pacific
Coastal Fishes. An Identification Guide to Marine Fish Larvae
363:
1349:
Wakahara, Masami (1996). "Heterochrony and
Neotenic Salamanders: Possible Clues for Understanding the Animal Development and Evolution".
147:) including different unique structures and organs that do not occur in the adult form. Their diet may also be considerably different.
1247:
Chen, Zhang-Fan; Zhang, Huoming; Wang, Hao; Matsumura, Kiyotaka; Wong, Yue Him; Ravasi, Timothy; Qian, Pei-Yuan (2014-02-13).
1850:
1678:
1623:
1552:
1544:
1431:
1232:
170:
949:– larva have many different forms and often unlike a normal insect form. They hatch from eggs which contain very little
1414:
Nagy, Lisa M.; Grbić, Miodrag (1999), "Cell
Lineages in Larval Development and Evolution of Holometabolous Insects",
886:
show complete metamorphosis, including a distinct larval stage. Several classifications have been suggested by many
161:
Animals in the larval stage will consume food to fuel their transition into the adult form. In some organisms like
1314:
Sen, R; Gadagkar, R (2006). "Males of the social wasp
Ropalidia marginata can feed larvae, given an opportunity".
1698:
987:
Scarabeiform – poorly sclerotized, flat thorax and abdomen. Usually short legged and inactive burrowing forms. (
570:
protaspis (unjointed), meraspis (increasing number of joints, but 1 less than the holaspis), holaspis (=adult)
1541:
Arthropoda I – Arthropoda
General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha
1568:
325:
321:
610:
nauplius, metanauplius, protozoea, antizoea, pseudozoea, zoea, postlarva, cypris, primary larva, mysis
150:
Larvae are frequently adapted to different environments than adults. For example, some larvae such as
698:
980:
Campodeiform – well sclerotized, dorso-ventrally flattened body. Usually long legged predators with
1829:
1167:
20:
1394:
1195:
1028:
219:
130:
114:
1503:
1260:
308:
8:
1024:
182:
1264:
1641:
1480:
1447:
1423:
1382:
1331:
1291:
1249:"Quantitative Proteomics Study of Larval Settlement in the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite"
1248:
800:
1674:
1629:
1619:
1548:
1524:
1507:
1485:
1467:
1427:
1374:
1366:
1296:
1278:
1228:
1003:
609:
154:
live almost exclusively in aquatic environments, but can live outside water as adult
1386:
1335:
1785:
An
Identification Guide to the Larval Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest
1666:
1519:
1475:
1459:
1419:
1358:
1323:
1286:
1268:
1220:
1065:
927:
Hemicephalus – with a reduced head capsule, retractable in to the thorax. Found in
82:
49:
1728:
1327:
26:
1845:
1812:
1777:
1273:
1224:
1118:
1085:
1061:
1018:
1008:
894:
classification in 1913. There are four main types of endopterygote larvae types:
891:
853:
723:
299:
1122:
1105:
817:
756:, vitellaria, brachiollaria, pluteus, ophiopluteus, echinopluteus, auricularia
466:
338:
32:
1670:
1633:
1839:
1471:
1370:
1282:
1132:
988:
883:
823:
748:
347:
248:
110:
1049:
204:
1799:
A field guide to the pelagic invertebrates larvae of the maritime
Antarctic
1489:
1463:
1300:
1089:
1053:
939:
921:
761:
735:
621:
426:
396:
367:
351:
1378:
848:
658:
1448:"Origins of the other metazoan body plans: the evolution of larval forms"
1099:
1079:
981:
968:
917:
773:
642:
636:
593:
524:
486:
446:
418:
392:
379:
304:
177:
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1362:
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913:
887:
789:
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709:
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589:
575:
561:
554:
519:
413:
355:
317:
289:
162:
1592:
1452:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
984:
mouthparts. (lacewing, trichopterans, mayflies and some coleopterans).
136:
A larva's appearance is generally very different from the adult form (
1186:
1150:
1075:
1057:
928:
902:
830:
806:
717:
625:
579:
565:
515:
403:
359:
334:
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276:
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144:
122:
36:
864:
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693:
613:
548:
544:
532:
507:
496:
476:
456:
436:
387:
374:
329:
241:
176:
Some larvae are dependent on adults to feed them. In many eusocial
166:
126:
197:
and do not develop further into the adult form. This is a type of
1792:
A Guide to Marine
Coastal Plankton and Marine Invertebrate Larvae
1141:
1112:
1095:
1039:
1013:
906:
879:
835:
713:
537:
511:
343:
281:
209:
198:
194:
151:
1569:"Division: Endopterygota – Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES)"
1137:
954:
705:
689:
682:
665:
653:
649:
632:
118:
106:
1508:"Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle"
1217:
Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids
97:
1154:
91:
58:
1215:
Qian, Pei-Yuan (1999), "Larval settlement of polychaetes",
1146:
950:
912:
Eucephalous – with well sclerotized head capsule. Found in
813:
796:
783:
677:
617:
247:
coeloblastula (= blastula, amphiblastula), parenchymula (=
190:
155:
64:
778:
tadpole (does not feed, technically a "swimming embryo")
673:
669:
1616:
BORROR AND DELONG'S INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INSECTS
171:
planktotrophic (feeding) or lecithotrophic (non-feeding)
1797:
Stanwell-Smith, D., Hood, A. & Peck, L. S. (1997).
1756:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates.
1246:
901:– no legs at all and are poorly sclerotized. Based on
16:
Juvenile form of distinct animals before metamorphosis
1219:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 239–253,
218:
It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always
1768:. Fauna Malesiana handbooks, vol. 2. Brill, Leiden.
94:
88:
61:
55:
1787:. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. 256 pp.
85:
52:
180:species, the larvae are fed by female workers. In
113:into their next life stage. Animals with indirect
1819:, chapter 2, pp. 25–42. Springer: Dordrecht.
1837:
1614:JOHNSON, NORMAN. TRIPLEHORN, CHARLES A. (2020).
860:) are among the largest of any species of insect
189:The larvae of some organisms (for example, some
1774:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
1399:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1759:Hall, B. K. & Wake, M. H., eds. (1999).
1646:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1806:Keys for Identification of Immature Insects
1313:
938:Acephalus – without head capsule. Found in
890:, and following classification is based on
225:
1752:Brusca, R. C. & Brusca, G. J. (2003).
1502:
1523:
1512:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1479:
1413:
1290:
1272:
1131:, a juvenile that resembles the adult in
220:reflects the group's evolutionary history
1761:The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms
1660:
1416:The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms
1348:
1153:, intermediate stages between larva and
863:
847:
203:
25:
1817:Current Concepts in Forensic Entomology
1790:Smith, D. & Johnson, K. B. (1977).
1776:. Oxford University Press. p. 160–170.
1532:
129:typically have a larval phase of their
1838:
1801:. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge.
1545:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
1538:
1445:
1214:
105:) is a distinct juvenile form many
1794:. Kendall/Hunt Plublishing Company.
1772:Minelli, A. (2009). The larva. In:
1665:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
905:. All Apocrita are apodous. Three
584:euproöps larva ("trilobite larva")
461:pilidium, Iwata larva, Desor larva
73:
13:
14:
1862:
1823:
1593:"Recognizing Insect Larval Types"
1525:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00236.x
1424:10.1016/b978-012730935-4/50010-9
957:larvae of parasitic hymenoptera.
843:
81:
48:
1815:. In: Amendt, J. et al. (ed.).
1746:
1713:
1687:
1661:Capinera, John L., ed. (2008).
1654:
1607:
1585:
716:(dragonflies and damselflies),
1561:
1496:
1439:
1418:, Elsevier, pp. 275–300,
1407:
1342:
1307:
1240:
1208:
1:
1618:. CENGAGE LEARNING CUSTOM P.
1446:Raff, Rudolf A (2008-01-11).
1328:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.022
1201:
712:(crickets and grasshoppers),
284:(= stereogastrula), actinula
1851:Insect developmental biology
1763:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1727:. 2017-03-23. Archived from
1274:10.1371/journal.pone.0088744
1225:10.1007/978-94-017-2887-4_14
1164:Protozoan life cycle stages
1140:, intermediate between each
1027:(immature) stages and other
7:
1697:. Agri info. Archived from
997:
10:
1867:
1663:Encyclopedia of Entomology
18:
1671:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6
1174:Algal life cycle stages:
1595:. University of Kentucky
991:and other coleopterans).
451:pandora, chordoid larva
421:, vesiculariform larvae
226:Selected types of larvae
214:Goldenrod Gall Fly larva
1721:"Types of Insect Larva"
1695:"Types of Insect Larva"
1365:(inactive 2024-04-10).
1168:Apicomplexan life cycle
639:(butterflies and moths)
1804:Thyssen, P.J. (2010).
1783:Shanks, A. L. (2001).
1464:10.1098/rstb.2007.2237
909:forms are recognized.
875:
868:Campodeiform larva of
861:
215:
39:
21:Larva (disambiguation)
1504:Williamson, Donald I.
1196:Marine larval ecology
867:
851:
743:(hypothetical larva)
207:
29:
1539:Moore, R.C. (1959).
1121:, immature forms in
431:nematomorphan larva
19:For other uses, see
1458:(1496): 1473–1479.
1265:2014PLoSO...988744C
408:pelagosphera larva
271:infusoriform larva
183:Ropalidia marginata
1811:2017-08-09 at the
1363:10.2108/zsj.13.765
1351:Zoological Science
1023:Non-larval animal
876:
862:
852:The larvae of the
801:Petromyzontiformes
251:, stereogastrula)
216:
40:
1680:978-1-4020-6242-1
1625:978-0-357-67127-6
1554:978-0-8137-3015-8
1433:978-0-12-730935-4
1234:978-90-481-5340-4
1157:(the adult stage)
1119:Nymphs and naiads
1004:Crustacean larvae
971:of lepidopterans.
858:Dynastes hercules
841:
840:
836:tadpole, polliwog
1858:
1740:
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1736:
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1573:www.amentsoc.org
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1316:Animal Behaviour
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1276:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1212:
965:eruciform larvae
963:– also known as
311:, Götte's larva;
294:cydippid larvae
261:Wagener's larva
230:
229:
104:
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90:
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1086:Platyhelminthes
1052:, scyphistoma,
1019:Spawn (biology)
1009:Ichthyoplankton
1000:
975:Oligopod larvae
947:Protopod larvae
892:Antonio Berlese
854:Hercules beetle
846:
790:Ichthyoplankton
620:
612:
501:loricate larva
342:
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300:Platyhelminthes
236:Name of larvae
228:
109:undergo before
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1701:on 14 May 2016
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903:sclerotization
899:Apodous larvae
884:Endopterygotes
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818:Anguilliformes
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1747:Bibliography
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1689:
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1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1587:
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1572:
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1395:cite journal
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1185:
1177:
1108:: cystacanth
1090:hydatid cyst
1060:, hydranth,
1038:: olynthus,
974:
969:caterpillars
964:
960:
946:
940:Cyclorrhapha
922:Cerambycidae
898:
877:
869:
857:
762:Hemichordata
622:Rhizocephala
441:actinotroch
427:Nematomorpha
397:microfilaria
382:, polytroch
368:plerocercoid
352:cysticercoid
217:
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175:
160:
149:
141:caterpillars
137:
135:
77:
43:
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31:
1725:agriinfo.in
1187:Conchocelis
1100:avicularium
1080:cephalopods
982:prognathous
918:Buprestidae
786:(generally)
774:Urochordata
730:wriggler]]
720:(true bugs)
643:caterpillar
637:Lepidoptera
604:Crustaceans
594:Pycnogonida
525:trochophore
520:sipunculids
487:Brachiopoda
447:Cycliophora
419:cyphonautes
393:Dauer larva
380:nectochaete
348:cysticercus
305:Turbellaria
212:solidaginis
178:Hymenoptera
163:polychaetes
145:butterflies
115:development
1840:Categories
1735:2021-11-22
1634:1163940863
1578:2020-08-03
1202:References
1029:life cycle
933:Brachycera
914:Nematocera
831:Amphibians
754:bipinnaria
741:dipleurula
710:Orthoptera
694:Mosquitoes
590:Arthropoda
576:Arthropoda
562:Arthropoda
555:glochidium
516:nemerteans
414:Ectoprocta
364:coracidium
356:oncosphere
318:miracidium
290:Ctenophora
277:Cnidarians
131:life cycle
127:cnidarians
123:amphibians
1642:cite book
1472:0962-8436
1371:0289-0003
1283:1932-6203
1151:chrysalis
1076:paralarva
1058:gonangium
935:families.
929:Tipulidae
924:families.
807:ammocoete
803:(lamprey)
718:Hemiptera
626:kentrogon
608:General:
580:Xiphosura
566:Trilobita
551:(mussels)
471:acanthor
437:Phoronids
404:Sipuncula
360:hexacanth
335:Monogenea
322:sporocyst
314:Trematoda
267:Dicyemida
244:(sponges)
195:pubescent
167:barnacles
37:butterfly
1809:Archived
1705:28 April
1599:28 April
1506:(2006).
1490:18192188
1387:35101681
1336:39848913
1301:24551147
1253:PLOS ONE
1179:Codiolum
1129:Subimago
1078:, young
1072:Mollusca
1054:strobila
1046:Cnidaria
1036:Porifera
1031:stages:
1025:juvenile
998:See also
871:Micromus
767:tornaria
699:wriggler
614:Decapoda
549:Bivalvia
545:Mollusca
533:molluscs
531:Certain
512:annelids
508:molluscs
506:Certain
497:Priapula
477:Locifera
457:Nemertea
388:Nematoda
375:Annelida
330:cercaria
242:Porifera
152:tadpoles
117:such as
1831:653–669
1481:2614227
1379:9107136
1292:3923807
1261:Bibcode
1142:ecdysis
1125:insects
1113:Insecta
1096:Bryozoa
1040:gemmule
1014:Maggots
907:apodous
882:, only
880:Insects
878:Within
714:Odonata
706:Insecta
690:Insecta
666:Insecta
654:Beetles
650:Insecta
633:Insecta
538:veliger
344:Cestoda
282:planula
210:Eurosta
199:neoteny
119:insects
107:animals
1846:Larvae
1677:
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1334:
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1281:
1231:
1190:-phase
1182:-phase
1138:Instar
1066:medusa
1050:ephyra
955:instar
820:(eels)
683:maggot
233:Animal
78:larvae
1383:S2CID
1332:S2CID
1155:imago
1062:polyp
724:nymph
678:Wasps
670:Flies
326:redia
191:newts
156:frogs
125:, or
44:larva
1778:link
1707:2016
1675:ISBN
1648:link
1630:OCLC
1620:ISBN
1601:2016
1549:ISBN
1486:PMID
1468:ISSN
1428:ISBN
1401:link
1375:PMID
1367:ISSN
1297:PMID
1279:ISSN
1229:ISBN
1149:and
1147:Pupa
951:yolk
931:and
920:and
814:Fish
797:Fish
784:Fish
674:Bees
659:grub
618:zoea
518:and
358:(or
165:and
143:and
138:e.g.
1667:doi
1520:doi
1516:148
1476:PMC
1460:doi
1456:363
1420:doi
1359:doi
1324:doi
1287:PMC
1269:doi
1221:doi
1111:In
1104:In
1094:In
1084:In
1070:In
1044:In
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