288:. Often, juvenile behaviors are selected for in order to more easily domesticate a species; aggressiveness in certain species comes with adulthood when there is a need to compete for resources. If there is no need for competition, then there is no need for aggression. Selecting for juvenile behavioral characteristics can lead to neoteny in physical characteristics because, for example, with the reduced need for behaviors like aggression, there is no need for developed traits that would help in that area. Traits that may become neotenized due to decreased aggression may be a shorter muzzle and smaller general size among the domesticated individuals. Some common neotenous physical traits in domesticated animals (mainly dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, and even foxes) include floppy ears, changes in the reproductive cycle, curly tails,
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than their wild counterparts. The environment that domesticated animals are raised in determines whether or not neoteny is present in those animals. Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, and a species becomes sexually mature ahead of its "normal development". Another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means that when a behavioral trait is selected for, a physical trait may also be selected for due to mechanisms like
412:, exhibit partial neoteny. The males of both species retain juvenile plumage into adulthood, losing it when they are fully mature. In some bird species, the retention of juvenile plumage is linked to the molting time in each species. To ensure no overlap between molting and mating times, the birds may exhibit partial neoteny in plumage; males do not attain their bright, adult plumage before the females are prepared to mate. Neoteny is present because there is no need for the males to molt early, and trying to mate with immature females would be energy-inefficient.
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available resources more easily. This trend is seen in a comparison of salamander species at lower and higher altitudes; in a cool, high-altitude environment, neotenous individuals survive more and are more fecund than those which metamorphose into adult form. Insects in cooler environments tend to exhibit neoteny in flight because wings have a high surface area and lose heat quickly; it is disadvantageous for insects to metamorphose into adults.
133:
894:"Dann drängt sich die Frage auf, ob das Latenzstadium der Eier, das einerseits bei Fischen, Vögeln and Säugethieren in so höchst überraschenden Formen vorkommt, anderseits das Latenzstadium bei den Wirbellosen ¹) nicht eine Variante derselben Eigenschaft der Organismen sei, welche ich Neotenie genannt habe, und die auf irgend einer Entwichlungsstufe in Kraft treten kann."
419:. Flightlessness in insects has evolved separately a number of times; factors which may have contributed to the separate evolution of flightlessness are high altitude, geographic isolation (islands), and low temperatures. Under these environmental conditions, dispersal would be disadvantageous; heat is lost more rapidly through wings in colder climates. The
896:(Then the question arises whether on the one hand the latency stage of eggs — which occurs in such highly surprising forms in fish, birds and mammals — on the other hand the latency stage in invertebrates ¹) be not a variant of the same property of the organisms, which I have called "neoteny" and which can come into force at any stage of development.)
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Neoteny has been observed in many other species. It is important to note the difference between partial and full neoteny when looking at other species, to distinguish between juvenile traits which are advantageous in the short term and traits which are beneficial throughout the organism's life; this
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said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by sexual selection in human evolution for neotenous facial traits in women
451:
salamander species which retain their juvenile aquatic form throughout adulthood, examples of full neoteny. Gills are a common juvenile characteristic in amphibians which are kept after maturation; examples are the tiger salamander and rough-skinned newt, both of which retain gills into adulthood.
327:
neoteny, and this selective breeding for "neoteny or paedomorphism" "strengthened the human-canine bond." Humans bred dogs to have more "juvenile physical traits" as adults, such as short snouts and wide-set eyes which are associated with puppies because people usually consider these traits to be
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Neoteny is seen in domesticated animals such as dogs and mice. This is because there are more resources available, less competition for those resources, and with the lowered competition the animals expend less energy obtaining those resources. This allows them to mature and reproduce more quickly
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In 2004, a study that used 310 wolf skulls and over 700 dog skulls representing 100 breeds concluded that the evolution of dog skulls can generally not be described by heterochronic processes such as neoteny, although some pedomorphic dog breeds have skulls that resemble the skulls of juvenile
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is partially neotenous; it delays maturation during the winter as fewer resources are available; it can find resources more easily in its larval form. This encompasses both of the main causes of neoteny; the energy required to survive in the winter as a newly-formed adult is too great, so the
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Two environments which favor neoteny are high altitudes and cool temperatures, because neotenous individuals have more fitness than individuals which metamorphose into an adult form. The energy required for metamorphosis detracts from individual fitness, and neotenous individuals can utilize
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are an example of insects which may never develop wings, depending on their environment. If resources are abundant on a host plant, there is no need to grow wings and disperse. If resources become diminished, their offspring may develop wings to disperse to other host plants.
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might provide insight into the cause of neoteny in a species. Partial neoteny is the retention of the larval form beyond the usual age of maturation, with possible sexual development (progenesis) and eventual maturation into the adult form; this is seen in the frog
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retains its neoteny for a similar reason; however, the retention is permanent due to the lack of available resources throughout its lifetime. This is another example of an environmental cause of neoteny. Several avian species, such as the
1205:
Drake, Abby Grace, "Evolution and development of the skull morphology of canids: An investigation of morphological integration and heterochrony" (January 1, 2004). Doctoral
Dissertations Available from Proquest. Paper AAI3136721.
549:. Typical centrioles form via a step by step process in which a cartwheel forms, then develops to become a procentriole, and further matures into a centriole. The neotenic centriole of fruit fly resembles an early procentriole.
462:
and an evolutionary change in the timing of development. Juveniles became sexually mature before their bodies had fully developed as adults and, due to a selective advantage, the skull's neotenic structure remained.
226:
noted that Bolk's account constituted an attempted justification for "scientific" racism and sexism, but acknowledged that Bolk had been right in the core idea that humans differ from other
252:. In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in
517:), environmental conditions – high altitude, in this case – cause neoteny. Neoteny is also found in a few species of the crustacean family
973:
Hall, B.K., Hallgrímsson, B. Monroe, W.S. (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers: Canada.
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share many physical characteristics with humans, including neotenous skulls. The shape of their skull does not change into adulthood (only increasing in size), due to
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of certain insect groups become sexually mature without metamorphosis, and some do not develop wings. Flightlessness in some female insects has been linked to higher
344:
are an example of selection for neoteny because they exhibit large eyes, pendant-shaped ears and compact feet, giving them a morphology similar to puppies as adults.
640:
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exhibit the retention of "juvenile" centriole structure, which can be described as centriolar "neoteny". This neotenic, atypical centriole is known as the
1219:
Drake, Abby Grace (2011). "Dispelling dog dogma: An investigation of heterochrony in dogs using 3D geometric morphometric analysis of skull shape".
1189:
Beck, A.M. & Katcher, A.H. (1996). Between Pets and People: The
Importance of Companionship. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
1607:
Soltani-Mazouni, N.; Bordereau, C. (1987). "Changes in the cuticle, ovaries and colleterial glands during the pseudergate and neotenic molt in
248:, resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by
1067:"Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications [and comments and reply]"
985:
Das
Problem der Menschwerdung : Vortrag gehalten am 15. April 1926 auf der XXV. Versammlung der anatomischen Gesellschaft zu Freiburg
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McGreevy, P.D. & Nicholas, F.W. (1999). Some
Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding. In Animal Welfare. 8: 329–341.
488:
1669:
Brokeland, W.; Brandt, A. (2004). "Two new species of
Ischnomesidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Southern Ocean displaying neoteny".
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1725:
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209:, which had the meaning he wanted, "to retain", so that the new word would mean "the retaining of youth (into adulthood)".
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is either "neotenic" or "neotenous". For the opposite of "neotenic", different authorities use either "gerontomorphic" or "
1066:
663:
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201:". Bogin points out that Kollmann had intended the meaning to be "retaining youth", but had evidently confused the Greek
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states a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."
2102:
1830:
964:
Hetherington, R. (2010). The
Climate Connection: Climate Change and Modern Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
113:
1712:, Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol. 67, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–15,
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1194:
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The
Problem of Humanization: Lecture held on 15 April 1926 at the 25th Congress of the Anatomical Society at Freiberg
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Thiessen, D.D. (1997). Bittersweet destiny: the stormy evolution of human behavior. Transaction
Publishers, N.J.
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882:[The overwintering of European frog- and triton larvae and the transformation of the Mexican axolotl].
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Verhandlungen der
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (Proceedings of the Natural Science Society of Basel)
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104:. It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention is important in
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880:"Das Ueberwintern von europäischen Frosch- und Tritonlarven und die Umwandlung des mexikanischen Axolotl"
292:
coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears, and shortened muzzle.
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2112:
1944:
1939:
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wolves. By 2011, the findings by the same researcher were simply "Dogs are not paedomorphic wolves."
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Barbosa, P.; et al. (1989). "Life-history traits of forest-inhabiting flightless Lepidoptera".
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Neoteny is usually used to describe animal development; however, neoteny is also seen in the cell
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Shea, Brian T. (1989). "Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered".
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148:); postdisplacement, hypomorphosis, and deceleration (blue) all truncate it (paedomorphosis).
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Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human
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Many species of salamander, and amphibians in general, exhibit environmental neoteny.
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organism exhibits neotenous characteristics until it can better survive as an adult.
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more attractive. Some breeds of dogs with short snouts and broad heads such as the
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1706:"The Evolution of Centriole Structure: Heterochrony, Neoteny, and Hypermorphosis"
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Neoteny is commonly seen in flightless insects, such as the females of the order
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Price, E. (1999). "Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication".
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The Golgi Apparatus and Centriole: Functions, Interactions and Role in Disease
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Henke, W. (2007). Handbook of paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Springer Books, NY.
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144:. Predisplacement, hypermorphosis, and acceleration (red) extend development (
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1642:(Baird) during different larval, transforming, and postmetamorphic phases".
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73:, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found more in
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1572:"Extraordinary sex ratios and the evolution of male neoteny in sib-mating
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Shea, B. T. (1983). "Paedomorphosis and Neoteny in the Pygmy Chimpanzee".
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Trut, L. N. (1999). "Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment".
1980:
1960:
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described neoteny as the major process in humanization. In his 1977 book
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Bertone, J. (2006). Equine geriatric medicine and surgery. Saunders, MI.
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by men with the resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of
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in becoming sexually mature in an infantile stage of body development.
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Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Turner, Katerina (2019), Kloc, Malgorzata (ed.),
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478:, energy costs result in neoteny; many species in these families have
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Jordal, B. H.; Beaver, R. A.; Normark, B. B.; Farrell, B. D. (2002).
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19:"Paedogenesis" redirects here. For the topic of soil formation, see
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486:. Some cricket species shed their wings in adulthood; in the genus
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329:
245:
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Eagleson, G.; McKeown, B. (1978). "Changes in thyroid activity of
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Whiteman, H.H. (1994). "Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis".
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Snyder, R (1956). "Comparative Features of the Life Histories of
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1008:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap (Harvard University Press).
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533:. It was suggested that subcellular neoteny could explain why
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are more morphologically neotenous than other breeds of dogs.
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163:-like aquatic stage complete with gills, unlike other adult
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Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.
53:
38:
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Harrison, R (1980). "Dispersal Polymorphisms in Insects".
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Harrison, R (1980). "Dispersal polymorphisms in insects".
1267:"Experiments on the metamorphosis of neotenous amphibians"
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created the term "neoteny" in 1885 after he described the
44:
1613:
International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology
444:
1606:
641:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
116:. Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of
100:(changing towards forms typical of children), a type of
850:
Handbook of Trematodes of North America North of Mexico
783:
492:, males (thought to be the first example of neoteny in
387:, which remain in larval form throughout their lives.
1446:(Baird) from Populations at Low and High Altitudes".
35:
1766:
Bergstorm, Carl T. & Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2012).
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1100:
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Trematodes, Their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution
734:"Being More Infantile May Have Led to Bigger Brains"
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865:. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka 1968. Translated in 1988,
140:, a change in the timing or rate of any process in
41:
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991:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
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919:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–169.
496:) are significantly smaller than females due to
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311:When the role of dogs expanded from just being
181:, the latter constructed by Kollmann from the
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908:
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466:In some groups, such as the insect families
364:, often retaining gills throughout its life.
96:(as having the form typical of children) or
1611:(FABR.) (Isoptera : Kalotermitidae)".
1176:
1174:
754:Physical Approaches to Biological Evolution
1803:
1789:
1600:
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16:Retaining juvenile features into adulthood
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1580:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1528:
1031:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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718:
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1537:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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1406:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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2293:Index of evolutionary biology articles
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842:
790:
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506:, neoteny is seen in molting females.
299:Neoteny and reduction in skull size –
272:
92:Both neoteny and progenesis result in
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1001:
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912:
541:. One of the two sperm centrioles of
136:Diagram of the six types of shift in
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1142:
1028:
982:
967:
731:
65:, is the delaying or slowing of the
1549:10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.000523
1418:10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.000523
351:
250:sexual selection in human evolution
159:'s maturation while remaining in a
13:
2103:Evolutionary developmental biology
1760:
521:, which live in deep ocean water.
114:evolutionary developmental biology
14:
2333:
2060:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1593:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00025.x
1233:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00470.x
1109:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
946:. 2011. Accessed April 30, 2011.
732:Choi, Charles Q. (1 July 2009).
193:, "to stretch, to extend"). The
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1662:
1631:
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1303:
1289:
1271:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1212:
1199:
1183:
1136:
1065:Jones, D.; et al. (1995).
1022:
995:
976:
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871:
855:
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77:compared to other primates. In
1831:Genotype–phenotype distinction
776:
762:
746:
725:
698:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
685:
656:
628:
600:
509:In other species, such as the
342:Cavalier King Charles spaniels
1:
2088:Regulation of gene expression
1121:10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00087-8
644:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
594:
2258:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2038:Evolution of genetic systems
1846:Gene–environment correlation
1841:Gene–environment interaction
1625:10.1016/0020-7322(87)90022-5
269:for neotenous female faces.
233:
7:
2237:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1718:10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_1
1644:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1368:American Midland Naturalist
1221:Evolution & Development
1002:Gould, Stephen Jay (1977).
816:Quarterly Review of Biology
756:. Springer-Verlag: Berlin,
552:
360:The axolotl is a neotenous
10:
2338:
2113:Hedgehog signaling pathway
1990:Developmental architecture
1691:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.034
375:. Full neoteny is seen in
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2198:
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1989:
1953:
1940:Transgressive segregation
1886:
1823:
1671:Deep-Sea Research Part II
752:Volkenstein, M. V. 1994.
613:Dictionary.com Unabridged
584:Neotenic complex syndrome
916:Patterns of Human Growth
381:and some populations of
279:Domestication of animals
189:, "young") and τείνειν (
2118:Notch signaling pathway
2093:Gene regulatory network
1976:Dual inheritance theory
1506:10.1126/science.6623093
1043:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505
675:Oxford University Press
547:Proximal Centriole-Like
511:northwestern salamander
2166:cis-regulatory element
2074:Control of development
1954:Non-genetic influences
1920:evolutionary landscape
1609:Kalotermes flavicollis
1283:10.1002/jez.1400360402
1005:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
503:Kalotermes flavicollis
365:
308:
286:linkage disequilibrium
219:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
167:like frogs and toads.
149:
2312:Developmental biology
2277:Nature versus nurture
2181:Cell surface receptor
2098:Evo-devo gene toolkit
1997:Developmental biology
1935:Polygenic inheritance
1861:Quantitative genetics
913:Bogin, Barry (1999).
878:Kollmann, J. (1885).
797:Ridley, Mark (1985).
671:US English Dictionary
482:, neotenous wings or
359:
298:
277:Further information:
174:is borrowed from the
142:embryonic development
135:
128:History and etymology
2317:Evolutionary biology
2186:Transcription factor
1901:Genetic assimilation
1888:Genetic architecture
1677:(14–16): 1769–1785.
1297:"Ambystoma tigrinum"
1265:Swingle, W. (1922).
1071:Current Anthropology
983:Bolk, Louis (1926).
861:Ginetsinskaya, T.A.
403:Chiroxiphia linearis
389:Lithobates clamitans
372:Lithobates clamitans
106:evolutionary biology
2282:Morphogenetic field
2199:Influential figures
1683:2004DSRII..51.1769B
1498:1983Sci...222..521S
1310:Foster, M. (1987).
1157:1999AmSci..87.....T
944:The Free Dictionary
739:Scientific American
525:Subcellular neoteny
409:Chiroxiphia caudata
378:Ambystoma mexicanum
273:In domestic animals
262:Delbert D. Thiessen
120:traits, as seen in
2322:Taxonomy (biology)
1971:Genomic imprinting
1165:10.1511/1999.2.160
1145:American Scientist
892:From pp. 397–398:
772:. 21 January 2022.
394:Ambystoma tigrinum
384:Ambystoma tigrinum
366:
321:selective breeding
309:
150:
87:sexual development
2299:
2298:
2232:Eric F. Wieschaus
2194:
2193:
2012:Pattern formation
1916:Fitness landscape
1727:978-3-030-23173-6
1640:Ambystoma gracile
1492:(4623): 521–522.
1444:Ambystoma gracile
1015:978-0-674-63940-9
926:978-0-521-56438-0
701:. Merriam-Webster
515:Ambystoma gracile
500:. In the termite
460:sexual dimorphism
449:perennibranchiate
319:, humans started
240:Neoteny in humans
224:Stephen Jay Gould
2329:
2242:William McGinnis
2211:Richard Lewontin
2206:C. H. Waddington
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2077:
2055:Neutral networks
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1650:(6): 1377–1381.
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1401:
1392:
1391:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
993:
992:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
937:
931:
930:
910:
897:
891:
875:
869:
859:
853:
846:
840:
839:
811:
805:
804:
794:
788:
787:
780:
774:
773:
766:
760:
750:
744:
743:
729:
723:
720:
711:
710:
708:
706:
689:
683:
682:
677:. Archived from
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
604:
574:Larviform female
352:In other species
338:Maremma Sheepdog
267:sexual selection
258:J. B. S. Haldane
89:is accelerated.
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2265:
2252:Sean B. Carroll
2190:
2122:
2069:
2033:
1985:
1966:Maternal effect
1949:
1882:
1819:
1809:
1763:
1761:Further reading
1758:
1750:
1748:
1728:
1702:
1698:
1667:
1663:
1656:10.1139/z78-190
1636:
1632:
1605:
1601:
1568:
1564:
1533:
1529:
1482:
1475:
1460:10.2307/1439242
1440:
1433:
1402:
1395:
1380:10.2307/2425912
1364:
1355:
1332:10.2307/2409256
1308:
1304:
1299:. Amphibia Web.
1295:
1294:
1290:
1263:
1256:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1105:
1098:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1037:(S10): 69–101.
1027:
1023:
1016:
1000:
996:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
950:
938:
934:
927:
911:
900:
876:
872:
860:
856:
847:
843:
812:
808:
795:
791:
782:
781:
777:
768:
767:
763:
751:
747:
730:
726:
721:
714:
704:
702:
691:
690:
686:
662:
661:
657:
647:
645:
633:
629:
619:
617:
606:
605:
601:
597:
555:
527:
354:
281:
275:
254:human evolution
242:
236:
205:with the Latin
153:Julius Kollmann
130:
61:), also called
34:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2216:François Jacob
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1945:Sequence space
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1770:, W.W. Norton
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1726:
1696:
1661:
1630:
1599:
1586:(3): 353–360.
1562:
1527:
1473:
1431:
1393:
1374:(2): 262–274.
1353:
1326:(3): 547–558.
1302:
1288:
1277:(4): 397–421.
1254:
1227:(2): 204–213.
1211:
1198:
1182:
1170:
1151:(2): 160–169.
1135:
1126:
1115:(3): 245–271.
1096:
1083:10.1086/204427
1077:(5): 723–748.
1057:
1048:
1021:
1014:
994:
975:
966:
957:
948:
932:
925:
898:
870:
854:
852:, 1985, pg. 22
848:Schell, S. C.
841:
828:10.1086/418540
822:(2): 205–221.
806:
789:
786:. 6 June 2022.
775:
770:"Paedomorphic"
761:
745:
724:
712:
684:
681:on 2020-03-22.
655:
627:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
554:
551:
537:have atypical
526:
523:
353:
350:
315:to also being
274:
271:
238:Main article:
235:
232:
129:
126:
98:paedomorphosis
63:juvenilization
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:Jacques Monod
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Homeotic gene
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:Morphogenesis
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
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1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Reaction norm
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
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1777:
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1769:
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1747:
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1738:
1733:
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1507:
1503:
1499:
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1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1449:
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1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
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1377:
1373:
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1360:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1195:1-55753-077-7
1192:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
990:
986:
979:
970:
961:
952:
945:
941:
936:
928:
922:
918:
917:
909:
907:
905:
903:
895:
889:
886:(in German).
885:
881:
874:
867:
864:
858:
851:
845:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
802:
801:
793:
785:
779:
771:
765:
758:
755:
749:
741:
740:
735:
728:
719:
717:
700:
699:
694:
688:
680:
676:
672:
670:
665:
659:
643:
642:
637:
631:
616:(Online). n.d
615:
614:
609:
603:
599:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
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575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
522:
520:
519:Ischnomesidae
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
410:
405:
404:
400:
395:
390:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
373:
363:
358:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:Saint Bernard
331:
326:
325:morphological
322:
318:
314:
306:
302:
297:
293:
291:
287:
280:
270:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
220:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
147:
146:peramorphosis
143:
139:
134:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:domestication
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:paedomorphism
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:modern humans
72:
68:
67:physiological
64:
58:
28:
22:
2256:
2149:eyeless gene
2045:Evolvability
2019:Segmentation
1896:Canalisation
1870:
1866:Heterochrony
1856:Heritability
1824:Key concepts
1767:
1749:, retrieved
1709:
1699:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1489:
1485:
1454:(1): 41–50.
1451:
1447:
1443:
1409:
1405:
1371:
1367:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1291:
1274:
1270:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1201:
1185:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1112:
1108:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1051:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1004:
997:
988:
984:
978:
969:
960:
951:
943:
935:
915:
893:
887:
883:
873:
862:
857:
849:
844:
819:
815:
809:
803:. Blackwell.
799:
792:
778:
764:
753:
748:
737:
727:
703:. Retrieved
696:
687:
679:the original
667:
658:
646:. Retrieved
639:
630:
618:. Retrieved
611:
602:
528:
514:
508:
501:
487:
465:
454:
438:
434:
417:Strepsiptera
414:
407:
401:
393:
388:
382:
376:
370:
367:
346:
313:working dogs
310:
282:
243:
217:
211:
206:
202:
190:
186:
178:
171:
169:
151:
138:heterochrony
102:heterochrony
97:
93:
91:
83:paedogenesis
82:
78:
62:
26:
25:
2247:Mike Levine
2156:Distal-less
1981:Polyphenism
1961:Epigenetics
1813:development
1314:Chiroxyphia
784:"Morphosis"
579:Moe (slang)
535:sperm cells
484:none at all
472:Delphacidae
199:peramorphic
122:salamanders
21:Pedogenesis
2306:Categories
2225:Lac operon
2050:Robustness
2029:Modularity
2024:Metamerism
1930:Plasticity
1925:Pleiotropy
1878:Heterotopy
1776:039391349X
1751:2023-10-12
1543:: 95–118.
1412:: 95–118.
890:: 387–398.
595:References
539:centrioles
531:organelles
498:inbreeding
362:salamander
317:companions
214:Louis Bolk
165:amphibians
79:progenesis
2176:Morphogen
2161:Engrailed
2144:Pax genes
2065:Tinkering
1911:Epistasis
1906:Dominance
1817:phenotype
1768:Evolution
1320:Evolution
800:Evolution
705:April 21,
693:"neoteny"
664:"neoteny"
648:April 21,
636:"neoteny"
620:April 21,
608:"neoteny"
543:fruit fly
476:Carabidae
425:fecundity
323:dogs for
305:chihuahua
301:grey wolf
234:In humans
212:In 1926,
195:adjective
170:The word
2139:Hox gene
2127:Elements
2108:Homeobox
1746:31435789
1576:beetles"
1574:Ozopemon
1348:28563802
1249:20893501
1241:21410876
1091:52840802
836:83500486
589:Neotenin
564:Cuteness
553:See also
489:Ozopemon
468:Gerridae
399:manakins
330:Komondor
246:primates
228:primates
179:Neotenie
2270:Debates
2081:Systems
2007:Eyespot
1871:Neoteny
1737:7576685
1679:Bibcode
1557:2096904
1522:6623093
1514:1691380
1494:Bibcode
1486:Science
1468:1439242
1426:2096904
1388:2425912
1340:2409256
1153:Bibcode
940:Neoteny
494:beetles
456:Bonobos
441:Axolotl
421:females
290:piebald
203:teínein
191:teínein
172:neoteny
161:tadpole
157:axolotl
71:somatic
27:Neoteny
2171:Ligand
1851:Operon
1774:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1555:
1520:
1512:
1466:
1448:Copeia
1424:
1386:
1346:
1338:
1247:
1239:
1193:
1089:
1012:
923:
834:
669:Lexico
569:Kawaii
559:Ageing
429:Aphids
307:skulls
207:tenere
185:νέος (
176:German
118:larval
112:, and
1553:JSTOR
1510:JSTOR
1464:JSTOR
1422:JSTOR
1384:JSTOR
1336:JSTOR
1245:S2CID
1087:S2CID
987:[
832:S2CID
480:small
183:Greek
69:, or
1811:The
1772:ISBN
1742:PMID
1722:ISBN
1518:PMID
1452:1956
1344:PMID
1237:PMID
1208:link
1191:ISBN
1010:ISBN
921:ISBN
707:2019
650:2019
622:2019
474:and
447:are
443:and
406:and
336:and
303:and
187:neos
1815:of
1732:PMC
1714:doi
1687:doi
1652:doi
1621:doi
1588:doi
1545:doi
1502:doi
1490:222
1456:doi
1414:doi
1376:doi
1372:122
1328:doi
1279:doi
1229:doi
1161:doi
1117:doi
1079:doi
1039:doi
824:doi
445:olm
81:or
2308::
2218:+
1740:,
1730:,
1720:,
1708:,
1685:.
1675:51
1673:.
1648:56
1646:.
1617:16
1615:.
1584:75
1582:.
1578:.
1551:.
1541:11
1539:.
1516:.
1508:.
1500:.
1488:.
1476:^
1462:.
1450:.
1434:^
1420:.
1410:11
1408:.
1396:^
1382:.
1370:.
1356:^
1342:.
1334:.
1324:41
1322:.
1318:.
1275:36
1273:.
1269:.
1257:^
1243:.
1235:.
1225:13
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1173:^
1159:.
1149:87
1147:.
1113:65
1111:.
1099:^
1085:.
1075:36
1073:.
1069:.
1035:32
1033:.
942:,
901:^
830:.
820:69
818:.
736:.
715:^
695:.
673:.
666:.
638:.
610:.
470:,
427:.
332:,
256:.
222:,
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108:,
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51:ən
1918:/
1804:e
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1654::
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1623::
1596:.
1590::
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1547::
1524:.
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1350:.
1330::
1316:"
1285:.
1281::
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1231::
1167:.
1163::
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1119::
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1041::
1018:.
929:.
888:7
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826::
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742:.
709:.
652:.
624:.
513:(
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29:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
