38:
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provided the first identification key for the algae of the
British Isles, it was the 1960s before the development of such keys became routine. The 1980s with the new emphasis on ecology saw increased study of algal communities, and the place of algae in larger plant communities, and provided an
963:
While both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of algae, and the ancient
Chinese even cultivated certain varieties as food, the scientific study of algae began in the late 18th century with the description and naming of
995:
to create significant groupings within the algae. Harvey has been called "the father of modern phycology" in part for his division of the algae into four major divisions based upon their pigmentation.
2741:
1457:
A catalogue of the
British Marine Algae being a list of all the species of seaweeds known to occur on the shores of the British Islands, with the localities where they are found
1658:
Studies is an international journal of phycology which publishes peer reviewed scientific papers of international significance from the entire field of algology (phycology)
2746:
1498:
1051:
consolidated what was then known about the morphology and reproduction of the algae. This was followed in the 1950s by the development of area checklists, led by
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in the algae, but it was in the early 20th century that reproduction and development began to be extensively studied. The 1935 and 1945 comprehensive volumes of
1610:
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not only provided detailed descriptions of
Japanese coastal algae, he also provided comprehensive analysis of their distribution. Although
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3487:
3413:
102:
1582:
Figueiras, F. G.; Picher, G. C. and
Estrada, M. (2008) "Chapter 10: Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes"
2613:
1018:
by Edward Arthur Lionel
Batters that the systematic correlation of records, extensive distribution mapping and the development of
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Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.
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It was in the late 19th and early 20th century, that phycology became a recognized field of its own. Men such as
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organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true
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17:
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42:
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Ecology of the Earth: the geobiosphere: Volume 1, Ecological principles in a global perspective
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8:
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1535:Ökologie der Erde: : Geo-Biosphäre: Band 1, Ökologische Grundlagen in globaler Sicht
1328:
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905:. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including
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and followed in 1953 by her "A preliminary check-list of
British marine algae" Although
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1981:
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to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example,
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1949:
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987:, but it was not until later in the 19th century that efforts were made by
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1966:
1751:
1386: – Professional society for the advancement the study of algae
918:
765:
657:
582:
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444:
439:
264:
233:
212:
1506:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1313:, (1931–) Filipino marine biologist noted for research on seaweeds
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2019:
2014:
1931:
1921:
1508:
32(2): pp. 497–520; revised and corrected through the
1044:
672:
404:
274:
221:
207:
57:
1014:
as early as 1830, it was not until 1902 with the publication of
979:. This was followed by the descriptive work of scholars such as
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4013:
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3882:
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2189:
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continued the descriptive work. In Japan, beginning in 1889,
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225:
65:
1661:
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1558:
Stevenson, R. Jan; Bothwell, Max L. and Lowe, Rex L. (1996)
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3568:
3524:
2547:
2542:
2194:
2034:
2009:
2004:
1988:
1847:
1671:
942:. A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in
922:
902:
898:
145:
3424:
1613:. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. Archived from
3857:
2467:
2029:
1676:
1666:
1071:
The continent with the richest diversity of seaweeds is
3741:
1068:
additional tool for explaining geographical variation.
1479:
1533:
Walter, Heinrich and
Breckle, Siegmar-Walter (1983)
1368: – Use of algae as a source of energy-rich oils
1496:"A preliminary check-list of British marine algae"
1362: – Aquaculture involving the farming of algae
27:Branch of botany concerned with the study of algae
1405:"References to the algae in the Chinese classics"
4968:
1380: – Study and identification of fossil algae
1374: – History of the scientific study of algae
1305:Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon
3440:
2941:
1692:
866: 'study of') is the scientific study of
804:
2798:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1560:Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems
1642:video lecture by Russell Chapman from 2006.
3447:
3433:
2948:
2934:
1699:
1685:
1640:Algae: The World's Most Important "Plants"
1482:The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-expedition
1033:The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-expedition
811:
797:
3414:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2742:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1480:Weber-Van Bosse, A.; Foslie, M. (1904).
1431:Tokida, Jun and Hirose, Hiroyuki (1975)
36:
2955:
1562:Academic Press, San Diego, California,
1078:
1026:, a Dutch Phycologist travelled on the
1016:A Catalogue of the British Marine Algae
952:
14:
4969:
1603:
1469:Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
3428:
3409:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2929:
1680:
1593:Springer, Berlin, pp. 127–138,
1589:Granéli, E. and Turner, J. T. (2008)
1455:Batters, Edward Arthur Lionel (1902)
1408:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
4941:
4951:
938:forms known as blue-green algae or
24:
3868:Evolutionary developmental biology
1651:International Phycological Society
1522:A Handbook of the British Seaweeds
25:
4988:
3893:Post-transcriptional modification
2747:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1633:
1115:Margaret Constance Helen Blackler
1022:began in earnest. In 1899–1900,
4950:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4918:
4269:
2910:
2909:
1541:) Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany,
934:Phycology includes the study of
778:
777:
764:
64:
1576:
1467:, published as a supplement to
1403:Porterfield, William M. (1922)
1384:Phycological Society of America
1552:
1527:
1514:
1488:
1473:
1449:
1435:Junk, The Hague, Netherlands,
1425:
1413:
1397:
1123:(1902–1992), President of the
13:
1:
1433:Advance of Phycology in Japan
1390:
1030:and later in 1904, published
2788:History of plant systematics
2375:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1646:British Phycological Society
1125:British Phycological Society
1045:isogamy (sexual conjugation)
847: 'seaweed' and
7:
3454:
1353:
1075:, which has 2,000 species.
1041:Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher
874:, phycology is a branch of
10:
4993:
2604:Alternation of generations
1706:
1422:Lance Armstrong Foundation
1410:49: pp. 297–300
1197:Friedrich Traugott Kützing
1000:Friedrich Traugott Kützing
956:
850:
833:
29:
4912:
4881:
4443:
4413:
4379:Polymerase chain reaction
4339:Green fluorescent protein
4289:
4278:
4267:
4175:
4107:
4039:
3979:
3916:Earliest known life forms
3901:
3848:
3765:
3672:
3512:
3503:
3462:
3396:
2963:
2905:
2853:
2817:
2754:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2717:Biological classification
2707:
2580:
2496:
2392:
2342:
2067:
1997:
1940:
1902:
1876:
1812:
1732:
1714:
1137:Giovanni Battista de Toni
717:List of unsolved problems
2614:Evolutionary development
1591:Ecology of Harmful Algae
1143:Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker
712:List of research methods
30:Not to be confused with
4431:species discovery curve
3559:Response to environment
2265:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1299:William Randolph Taylor
1275:William Albert Setchell
881:Algae are important as
185:Response to environment
43:Freycinet National Park
4904:Plant morphology terms
4508:Biological engineering
4190:Biological interaction
3023:Biological engineering
2880:by author abbreviation
2804:Plant taxonomy systems
2722:Botanical nomenclature
1672:ANSP Phycology Section
1524:British Museum, London
1510:third revision of 1976
1494:Parke, Mary W. (1953)
1215:Hans Christian Lyngbye
1191:Vasudeva Krishnamurthy
1155:Nathaniel Lyon Gardner
702:List of biology awards
310:Biological engineering
46:
4593:Developmental biology
4568:Computational biology
4548:Cellular microbiology
3888:Mendelian inheritance
3800:Energy transformation
3108:Developmental biology
3083:Computational biology
3063:Cellular microbiology
2887:Botanical expeditions
1347:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
1043:had published on the
395:Developmental biology
370:Computational biology
350:Cellular microbiology
45:, Tasmania, Australia
41:Kelp in Hazards Bay,
40:
4811:Reproductive biology
4698:Mathematical biology
4623:Evolutionary biology
4573:Conservation biology
4384:Two-hybrid screening
4354:Protein purification
4185:Biogeochemical cycle
4147:Internal environment
3795:Cellular respiration
3328:Reproductive biology
3213:Mathematical biology
3138:Evolutionary biology
3088:Conservation biology
2619:Evolutionary history
2609:Double fertilization
2461:Cellular respiration
1520:Newton, Lily (1931)
1372:History of phycology
1323:Anna Weber-van Bosse
1287:Gilbert Morgan Smith
1269:Franz Josef Ruprecht
1161:Robert Kaye Greville
1079:Notable phycologists
1024:Anna Weber-Van Bosse
993:William Henry Harvey
959:History of phycology
953:History of phycology
735:Agricultural science
613:Reproductive biology
500:Mathematical biology
425:Evolutionary biology
375:Conservation biology
4598:Ecological genetics
4309:Gel electrophoresis
4299:Genetic engineering
4252:Population dynamics
4162:Reproductive system
3113:Ecological genetics
2957:Branches of biology
1838:Non-vascular plants
1617:on 6 September 2015
1329:George Stephen West
1221:Carola Ivena Meikle
1049:Felix Eugen Fritsch
1020:identification keys
913:); many others are
740:Biomedical sciences
400:Ecological genetics
52:Part of a series on
4925:Biology portal
4821:Structural biology
4806:Relational biology
4633:Generative biology
4628:Freshwater biology
4426:mark and recapture
4374:Restriction enzyme
4167:Respiratory system
4122:Circulatory system
4049:Epidermis (botany)
3404:History of biology
3338:Structural biology
3323:Relational biology
3148:Generative biology
3143:Freshwater biology
2343:Surface structures
2138:Flower development
1501:2011-08-26 at the
1251:Friedrich Oltmanns
1149:Sylvia Alice Earle
1103:M. S. Balakrishnan
1097:Jacob Georg Agardh
1091:Carl Adolph Agardh
985:Carl Adolph Agardh
771:Biology portal
623:Structural biology
608:Relational biology
435:Generative biology
430:Freshwater biology
47:
4964:
4963:
4826:Synthetic biology
4708:Molecular biology
4563:Cognitive biology
4439:
4438:
4265:
4264:
3956:Natural selection
3737:Organic compounds
3634:Scientific method
3624:Emergent property
3565:Hierarchy of life
3535:Energy processing
3422:
3421:
3343:Synthetic biology
3223:Molecular biology
3078:Cognitive biology
2923:
2922:
2562:Herbaceous plants
2388:
2387:
1420:"About Phycology"
1257:William J. Oswald
1039:As early as 1803
1028:Siboga expedition
1012:Algae Britannicae
889:. Most algae are
883:primary producers
870:. Also known as
821:
820:
745:Health technology
628:Synthetic biology
510:Molecular biology
365:Cognitive biology
160:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
4984:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4899:Ecological terms
4553:Chemical biology
4414:Field techniques
4287:
4286:
4273:
4132:Digestive system
4127:Endocrine system
3700:Chemical element
3659:Biology journals
3555:Self-replication
3510:
3509:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3068:Chemical biology
2950:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2892:Individual trees
2567:Secondary growth
2538:Succulent plants
2526:Prostrate shrubs
2409:Apical dominance
2394:Plant physiology
2355:Epicuticular wax
1900:
1899:
1893:
1884:Plant morphology
1701:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1580:
1574:
1556:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1459:Newman, London,
1453:
1447:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1317:Máirin de Valéra
1209:Diane S. Littler
1179:M. O. P. Iyengar
1173:Lena Tracy Hanks
1167:Michael D. Guiry
1109:Elsie M. Burrows
863:
854:
844:
837:
813:
806:
799:
786:
781:
780:
773:
769:
768:
707:List of journals
355:Chemical biology
68:
49:
48:
21:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4917:
4916:
4908:
4894:Botanical terms
4877:
4876:
4875:
4836:Systems biology
4801:Quantum biology
4435:
4409:
4291:
4281:
4274:
4261:
4171:
4152:Muscular system
4109:
4103:
4094:Vascular tissue
4041:
4035:
3975:
3936:History of life
3897:
3878:Gene regulation
3873:Gene expression
3844:
3761:
3668:
3499:
3458:
3453:
3423:
3418:
3392:
3353:Systems biology
3318:Quantum biology
2959:
2954:
2924:
2919:
2901:
2870:Botanical terms
2863:
2849:
2813:
2759:Citrus taxonomy
2737:Author citation
2703:
2597:
2576:
2498:
2492:
2488:Turgor pressure
2396:
2384:
2338:
2153:Floral symmetry
2071:
2063:
1993:
1982:Vascular bundle
1977:Vascular tissue
1936:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1872:
1843:Vascular plants
1808:
1804:Plant pathology
1728:
1710:
1705:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1581:
1577:
1557:
1553:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1503:Wayback Machine
1493:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1454:
1450:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1356:
1341:William West Jr
1293:John Stackhouse
1085:Isabella Abbott
1081:
1004:Kintarô Okamura
971:Ecklonia maxima
961:
955:
817:
776:
763:
762:
755:
754:
730:
722:
721:
688:
680:
679:
678:
677:
638:Systems biology
603:Quantum biology
248:
240:
239:
204:
189:
151:
140:
116:
108:
73:
71:Science of life
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4693:Marine biology
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:Bioinformatics
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:DNA microarray
4331:
4329:DNA sequencing
4326:
4321:
4319:Centrifugation
4316:
4314:Chromatography
4311:
4306:
4304:Transformation
4301:
4295:
4293:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:Climate change
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Nervous system
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Vascular plant
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Microevolution
3943:
3941:Macroevolution
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:Photosynthesis
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Cell signaling
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3673:Chemical basis
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3639:Taxonomic rank
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Reductionistic
3616:
3562:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3466:Introduction (
3463:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:Marine biology
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Bioinformatics
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:Related topics
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2809:Taxonomic rank
2806:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Botanical name
2719:
2713:
2711:
2709:Plant taxonomy
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2685:Megasporangium
2682:
2681:
2680:
2673:Microsporangia
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2511:Cushion plants
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2446:Plant hormones
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:Photosynthesis
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Floral formula
2145:
2143:Floral diagram
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2072:(incl. Flower)
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1972:Storage organs
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Spermatophytes
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Archaeplastida
1825:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:Phytogeography
1779:
1777:Phytochemistry
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1734:Subdisciplines
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1634:External links
1632:
1629:
1628:
1611:"Marine algae"
1602:
1575:
1551:
1526:
1513:
1487:
1484:. F. J. Brill.
1472:
1448:
1424:
1412:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:Paleophycology
1375:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1131:E. Yale Dawson
1128:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1055:with her 1931
1010:published his
1008:R. K. Greville
989:J.V. Lamouroux
957:Main article:
954:
951:
895:photosynthetic
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
774:
757:
756:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
495:Marine biology
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
305:Bioinformatics
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
215:
210:
203:
202:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:Properties of
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
115:Key components
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
95:
94:
89:
84:
78:
75:
74:
69:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4989:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4957:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Phylogenetics
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Human biology
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Chronobiology
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Biotechnology
4531:
4529:
4528:Biostatistics
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:Belt transect
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Southern blot
4367:
4365:
4364:Northern blot
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4272:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Immune system
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Ground tissue
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Phylogenetics
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Genetic drift
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
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3900:
3894:
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3879:
3876:
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3847:
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3811:
3808:
3806:
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3798:
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3778:
3776:
3773:
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3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Nucleic acids
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Chemical bond
3693:
3691:
3690:Carbohydrates
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
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3647:
3645:
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3640:
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3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
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3617:
3614:
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3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
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3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
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3528:
3526:
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3517:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Phylogenetics
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Human biology
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Chronobiology
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Biotechnology
3046:
3044:
3043:Biostatistics
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2845:Phytochemical
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
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2789:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
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2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Transpiration
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:Inflorescence
2268:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:Ground tissue
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:Plant anatomy
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Plant ecology
1797:
1795:
1794:Plant anatomy
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Archaeobotany
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1599:3-540-74009-0
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1572:0-12-668450-2
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1547:3-437-20297-9
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1445:90-6193-026-X
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:Marie Lemoine
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Dawson Turner
978:
974:
972:
968:
967:Fucus maximus
960:
950:
947:
945:
941:
940:cyanobacteria
937:
932:
930:
929:
924:
920:
916:
915:multicellular
912:
908:
907:phytoplankton
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
861:
853:
849:
846:
843:
836:
832:
829:
828:Ancient Greek
825:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
792:
791:
785:
775:
772:
767:
761:
760:
759:
758:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
694:
691:
690:
684:
683:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Phylogenetics
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
470:Human biology
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Chronobiology
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Biotechnology
333:
331:
330:Biostatistics
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
244:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
141:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
112:
111:
104:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
76:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4816:Sociobiology
4796:Protistology
4763:Photobiology
4758:Pharmacology
4748:Parasitology
4743:Paleontology
4723:Neuroscience
4703:Microbiology
4613:Epidemiology
4583:Cytogenetics
4543:Cell biology
4523:Biosemiotics
4513:Biomechanics
4493:Biogeography
4488:Biochemistry
4483:Bacteriology
4478:Astrobiology
4402:
4395:
4388:
4359:Western blot
4349:Enzyme assay
4324:Cell culture
4225:Conservation
4110:and function
4108:Animal form
4042:and function
3815:Fermentation
3593:Organ system
3551:Reproduction
3529:Properties (
3333:Sociobiology
3313:Protistology
3282:
3278:Photobiology
3273:Pharmacology
3263:Parasitology
3258:Paleontology
3238:Neuroscience
3218:Microbiology
3128:Epidemiology
3098:Cytogenetics
3058:Cell biology
3038:Biosemiotics
3028:Biomechanics
3008:Biogeography
3003:Biochemistry
2998:Bacteriology
2993:Astrobiology
2840:Horticulture
2830:Floriculture
2732:Correct name
2582:Reproduction
2572:Woody plants
2497:Plant growth
2456:Gas Exchange
2441:Phytomelanin
2319:Plant embryo
2069:Reproductive
1917:Phragmoplast
1771:
1667:Seaweed Site
1621:21 September
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1559:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1505:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1456:
1451:
1432:
1427:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1335:William West
1311:Gavino Trono
1227:Irene Manton
1185:Eifion Jones
1121:Elsie Conway
1070:
1064:
1056:
1038:
1031:
1015:
1011:
997:
970:
966:
962:
948:
933:
926:
880:
876:life science
871:
858:
855:
848:
841:
838:
831:
823:
822:
729:Applications
618:Sociobiology
598:Protistology
565:Photobiology
560:Pharmacology
550:Parasitology
545:Paleontology
525:Neuroscience
505:Microbiology
415:Epidemiology
385:Cytogenetics
345:Cell biology
325:Biosemiotics
315:Biomechanics
295:Biogeography
290:Biochemistry
285:Bacteriology
280:Astrobiology
192:
180:Reproduction
143:
70:
4956:WikiProject
4866:Xenobiology
4861:Virophysics
4831:Systematics
4786:Primatology
4733:Ornithology
4673:Ichthyology
4658:Herpetology
4653:Gerontology
4618:Epigenetics
4578:Cryobiology
4468:Agrostology
4458:Aerobiology
4453:Abiogenesis
4290:Laboratory
4137:Homeostasis
4040:Plant form
3863:Epigenetics
3785:Cell theory
3685:Amino acids
3664:Common name
3654:Peer review
3629:Mechanistic
3383:Xenobiology
3378:Virophysics
3348:Systematics
3303:Primatology
3248:Ornithology
3188:Ichthyology
3173:Herpetology
3168:Gerontology
3133:Epigenetics
3093:Cryobiology
2983:Agrostology
2973:Aerobiology
2968:Abiogenesis
2656:Pollen tube
2651:Pollinators
2641:Pollination
2636:Germination
2451:Respiration
2434:Chlorophyll
2280:Pedicellate
2214:Gametophyte
2133:Aestivation
2084:Antheridium
2079:Archegonium
1927:Plasmodesma
1904:Plant cells
1767:Paleobotany
1762:Ethnobotany
1747:Astrobotany
1656:Algological
1549:; in German
1360:Algaculture
1349:(1765–1812)
1343:(1875–1901)
1337:(1848–1914)
1331:(1876–1919)
1325:(1852–1942)
1319:(1912–1984)
1307:(1818–1897)
1301:(1895–1990)
1295:(1742–1819)
1289:(1885–1959)
1283:(1922–2014)
1277:(1864–1943)
1271:(1814–1870)
1265:(1908–1989)
1259:(1919–2005)
1253:(1860–1945)
1247:(1893–1981)
1245:Lily Newton
1241:(1817–1891)
1239:Carl Nägeli
1235:(1916–2007)
1233:Valerie May
1229:(1904–1988)
1223:(1900–1970)
1217:(1782–1837)
1205:(1887–1984)
1199:(1807–1893)
1193:(1921–2014)
1187:(1925–2004)
1181:(1886–1986)
1175:(1879–1944)
1163:(1794–1866)
1157:(1864–1937)
1145:(1901–1957)
1139:(1864–1924)
1133:(1918–1966)
1117:(1902–1981)
1111:(1913–1986)
1105:(1917–1990)
1099:(1813–1901)
1093:(1785–1859)
1087:(1919–2010)
1061:Lily Newton
977:Pehr Osbeck
975:in 1757 by
936:prokaryotic
901:, stems or
885:in aquatic
668:Xenobiology
663:Virophysics
633:Systematics
588:Primatology
535:Ornithology
475:Ichthyology
460:Herpetology
455:Gerontology
420:Epigenetics
380:Cryobiology
270:Agrostology
260:Aerobiology
255:Abiogenesis
121:Cell theory
18:Phycologist
4882:Glossaries
4851:Toxicology
4846:Teratology
4791:Proteomics
4776:Physiology
4718:Neontology
4683:Lipidology
4678:Immunology
4648:Geobiology
4608:Embryology
4588:Dendrology
4518:Biophysics
4498:Biogeology
4292:techniques
4247:Microbiome
4074:Plant stem
3966:Speciation
3911:Adaptation
3840:Prokaryote
3820:Metabolism
3780:Cell cycle
3611:>
3607:>
3603:>
3601:Population
3599:>
3595:>
3591:>
3587:>
3583:>
3579:>
3575:>
3571:>
3547:Regulation
3531:Adaptation
3368:Toxicology
3363:Teratology
3308:Proteomics
3293:Physiology
3233:Neontology
3198:Lipidology
3193:Immunology
3163:Geobiology
3123:Embryology
3103:Dendrology
3033:Biophysics
3013:Biogeology
2678:Microspore
2668:Sporangium
2646:Artificial
2334:Sporophyte
2329:Sporophyll
2324:Receptacle
2219:Gynandrium
2089:Androecium
1998:Vegetative
1868:Angiosperm
1863:Gymnosperm
1757:Dendrology
1391:References
1366:Algae fuel
1281:Paul Silva
1263:Mary Parke
1127:1965–1967.
1057:Manx Algae
1053:Mary Parke
911:microalgae
909:and other
891:eukaryotic
887:ecosystems
826:(from
653:Toxicology
648:Teratology
593:Proteomics
578:Physiology
520:Neontology
485:Lipidology
480:Immunology
450:Geobiology
410:Embryology
390:Dendrology
320:Biophysics
300:Biogeology
175:Regulation
155:Adaptation
32:Psychology
4977:Phycology
4767:Phycology
4753:Pathology
4738:Osteology
4728:Nutrition
4688:Mammalogy
4663:Histology
4404:in silico
4280:Research
4257:Resources
4230:Ecosystem
4220:Community
4205:Biosphere
4117:Breathing
3999:Eukaryote
3981:Diversity
3931:Gene flow
3903:Evolution
3810:Eukaryote
3722:Molecules
3613:Biosphere
3609:Ecosystem
3605:Community
3577:Organelle
3472:Evolution
3283:Phycology
3268:Pathology
3253:Osteology
3243:Nutrition
3203:Mammalogy
3178:Histology
2875:Botanists
2793:Herbarium
2690:Megaspore
2588:Evolution
2531:Subshrubs
2499:and habit
2424:Nutrition
2419:Cellulose
2414:Bulk flow
2397:Materials
2360:Epidermis
2224:Gynoecium
2205:Endosperm
2200:Dispersal
2116:Staminode
2052:Sessility
2040:Cataphyll
1960:Mesophyll
1912:Cell wall
1853:Lycophyte
1833:Bryophyte
1787:Geobotany
1772:Phycology
1662:AlgaeBase
1465:600805992
1073:Australia
928:Sargassum
824:Phycology
693:Biologist
569:Phycology
555:Pathology
540:Osteology
530:Nutrition
490:Mammalogy
465:Histology
136:Phylogeny
131:Evolution
126:Ecosystem
4971:Category
4936:Category
4856:Virology
4841:Taxonomy
4781:Pomology
4713:Mycology
4643:Genomics
4638:Genetics
4463:Agronomy
4444:Branches
4397:in vitro
3994:Bacteria
3971:Taxonomy
3951:Mutation
3921:Function
3850:Genetics
3752:Proteins
3597:Organism
3573:Molecule
3557:),
3513:Overview
3488:Timeline
3468:Genetics
3397:See also
3373:Virology
3358:Taxonomy
3298:Pomology
3228:Mycology
3158:Genomics
3153:Genetics
2978:Agronomy
2915:Category
2835:Forestry
2825:Agronomy
2818:Practice
2769:Cultivar
2764:Cultigen
2624:timeline
2516:Rosettes
2404:Aleurone
2380:Trichome
2297:Perianth
2109:Filament
1967:Meristem
1890:glossary
1752:Bryology
1584:page 130
1499:Archived
1437:page 241
1354:See also
1211:(1945– )
1169:(1949– )
1151:(1935– )
1065:Handbook
1063:'s 1931
921:such as
919:seaweeds
872:algology
784:Category
750:Pharming
687:Research
658:Virology
643:Taxonomy
583:Pomology
515:Mycology
445:Genomics
440:Genetics
265:Agronomy
247:Branches
234:Protists
213:Bacteria
198:Kingdoms
103:timeline
92:Glossary
4946:Commons
4889:Biology
4871:Zoology
4603:Ecology
4473:Anatomy
4390:in vivo
4282:methods
4235:Habitat
4210:Climate
4195:Biomass
4177:Ecology
4024:Protist
3989:Archaea
3883:Genomes
3830:Mitosis
3825:Meiosis
3747:Polymer
3727:Monomer
3715:Quantum
3549:,
3545:,
3541:,
3537:,
3533:,
3520:Science
3505:Biology
3483:History
3478:Outline
3456:Biology
3388:Zoology
3118:Ecology
2988:Anatomy
2593:Ecology
2350:Cuticle
2180:Capsule
2170:Anatomy
2121:Tapetum
2045:Petiole
2020:Rhizome
2015:Rhizoid
1942:Tissues
1932:Vacuole
1922:Plastid
1724:Outline
1719:History
1564:page 23
944:lichens
673:Zoology
405:Ecology
275:Anatomy
222:Animals
218:Eukarya
208:Archaea
200:of life
194:Domains
99:History
87:Outline
58:Biology
4538:Botany
4344:vector
4200:Biomes
4069:Phloem
4054:Flower
4014:Fungus
4009:Animal
3805:Enzyme
3710:Matter
3705:Lipids
3644:Theory
3585:Tissue
3539:Growth
3053:Botany
2897:Plants
2800:(IAPT)
2553:Lianas
2521:Shrubs
2473:Starch
2365:Nectar
2285:Raceme
2251:Stigma
2239:Locule
2229:Carpel
2190:Pyrena
2128:Flower
2104:Anther
2099:Stamen
2094:Pollen
1816:groups
1708:Botany
1597:
1570:
1545:
1463:
1443:
903:leaves
860:-logía
852:-λογία
842:phûkos
782:
340:Botany
230:Plants
165:Growth
4240:niche
4099:Xylem
4084:Shoot
4031:Virus
4019:Plant
3767:Cells
3757:Water
3680:Atoms
3589:Organ
3543:Order
3495:Index
2857:Lists
2774:Group
2697:Spore
2631:Flora
2548:Vines
2543:Trees
2506:Habit
2478:Sugar
2370:Stoma
2312:Sepal
2307:Petal
2302:Tepal
2290:Umbel
2275:Bract
2256:Style
2244:Ovule
2234:Ovary
2175:Berry
2165:Fruit
2158:Whorl
2025:Shoot
1823:Algae
1814:Plant
969:(now
899:roots
868:algae
835:φῦκος
830:
697:list)
226:Fungi
170:Order
82:Index
4079:Root
4064:Leaf
4004:Alga
3581:Cell
3569:Atom
3525:Life
2779:Grex
2661:Self
2195:Seed
2057:Stem
2035:Leaf
2010:Root
2005:Bulb
1989:Wood
1950:Cork
1848:Fern
1623:2014
1595:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1461:OCLC
1441:ISBN
991:and
983:and
925:and
923:kelp
196:and
146:life
3858:DNA
3775:ATP
3649:Law
2468:Sap
2185:Nut
2030:Bud
931:).
4973::
3742:pH
3470:,
1587:In
1566:,
1439:,
1036:.
946:.
893:,
878:.
232:,
228:,
224:,
3615:)
3567:(
3561:)
3553:(
3474:)
3448:e
3441:t
3434:v
2949:e
2942:t
2935:v
1892:)
1888:(
1700:e
1693:t
1686:v
1625:.
1537:(
973:)
864:)
856:(
845:)
839:(
812:e
805:t
798:v
695:(
236:)
220:(
105:)
101:(
34:.
20:)
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