366:"Following his death, despairing of returning , Demetrios, who did not bear his captivity, and was weary of a life, albeit opulent, as a private person, contemplated in secret a flight to (his) kingdom. But Phrahates , who had succeeded to Arsaces , brought back the fugitive , who had been overtaken by the rapidity of the horsemen. Being taken to the king... he sent Demetrios, severely chastised, back to his wife in Hyrcania, and ordered that he be kept in confinement. Then, time having gone by... he took flight again with the same friend as companion, with equal misfortune, he was seized near the borders of his kingdom, and conducted again to the king who regarded him with ill will; he was removed from his presence. Thereupon, as a grant to his wife and children he was sent back to Hyrcania, the city of his imprisonment..."
376:
49:
461:
388:
413:. At the same time, the eastern Parthian frontier was invaded by nomads. Antiochus' forces wintered in Parthian territory; before spring, he entered into negotiations with Phraates II. Self-confident after his victories, Antiochus demanded not only the release of Demetrius, but also the return of the all lost lands and renewal of tribute fees. Phraates II, offended by the reply, broke off the negotiations and prepared for battle.
420:, where he completely alienated the local people by forcing them to pay for the upkeep of his soldiers and because, it seems, the soldiers assaulted the locals. Thus, when Phraates II attacked the Seleucid army in its winter quarters during the spring of 129 BC, the local population supported him. Antiochus was defeated and died, either in battle or by committing suicide, ending Seleucid rule east of the
229:) attempted to regain the lands lost to Phraates' father. Initially unsuccessful in the conflict, Phraates II managed to gain the upper hand and defeated Antiochus VII's forces, with the Seleucid himself dying in battle or committing suicide. Phraates II afterwards rushed to the east to repel an invasion by nomadic tribes—the
427:
Phraates II succeeded in capturing
Seleucus and Laodice, two of Antiochus' children who had accompanied their father on campaign. Phraates II later married Laodice and showed Seleucus (not to be confused with his cousin Seleucus V) great favour. He allowed Antiochus a royal funeral and later returned
452:, who quickly became a tyrant. Phraates II marched east, his army including a large force of captured Seleucid soldiers from the army of the late Antiochus. These soldiers ultimately refused to fight for the Parthian king, and he was defeated and killed in battle.
1534:
Overtoom, N. L. (2021). The
Parthians’ Failed Vassalage of Syria: The Shortsighted Western Policy of Phraates II and the Second Reign of Demetrius II (129–125 BCE), Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 60(1-2), 1-14. Retrieved Mar 16, 2022, from
424:. Phraates, relishing over the death of Antiochus, is reported to have said the following before the latter's corpse; "Your boldness and drunkenness, Antiochus, caused your fall; for you expected to drink up the kingdom of Arsaces in huge cups."
408:
Antiochus, well-aware of
Phraates II's plans to use his brother against him, invaded the Parthian realm in 130 BC to thwart it. He was reportedly well-received by many magnates, who joined him. After three battles he reclaimed
431:
Syria, which was now all that was left of the
Seleucid empire, lacked military power and Phraates II apparently planned to invade it. However, on the eastern front, various nomadic tribes already infiltrating and usurping the
428:
the body to Syria in a silver coffin along with
Seleucus. Phraates II also released Demetrius, who had been held by the Parthians as a hostage for several years, to become king of the Seleucid realm for a second time.
362:, Demetrius attempted to escape captivity twice, both times during the reign of Phraates. The first attempt occurred after Mithridates I's death, with the second attempt happening a few years after;
1077:, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7–25,
333:
ruler
Tigraios and appointed Kamnaskires the Younger on the Elymais throne as a Parthian vassal. Continuing his fathers plan, Phraates II had intentions to conquer
1366:
Nabel, Jake (2017). "The
Seleucids Imprisoned: Arsacid-Roman Hostage Submission and Its Hellenistic Precedents". In Schlude, Jason M.; Rubin, Benjamin B. (eds.).
505:) as a political act in order to establish friendly relations with their Greek subjects. An unusual title attested during the reign of Phraates was the title of "
211:
Because he was still very young when he came to the throne, his mother Rinnu initially ruled on his behalf. His short reign was mainly marked by his war with the
1145:
1389:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2010). "Mithradates I of
Parthia and His Conquests up to 141 B.C.". In Dabrowa, E.; Dzielska, M.; Salamon, M.; Sprawski, S. (eds.).
321:
Phraates succeeded his father in 132 BC; due to still being a minor, his mother ruled with him for a few months. Around this period, Phraates gave
757:
444:, penetrated to the borders of the realm in 129 BC, and threatened the Parthian realm. The king had to rush to the eastern front, installing
668:
2022:
2027:
1615:
1073:
Curtis, Vesta
Sarkhosh (2007), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.),
963:
2037:
1413:
1379:
1188:
1082:
908:
472:" in his coinage, and instead used the title of "great king". Like the rest of the Parthian kings, he used the title of
2032:
1334:
1296:, Ann Arbor: Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, pp. 67–90,
1505:
1476:
1356:
1301:
1266:
1240:
1218:
1102:
1055:
1036:
1007:
741:
1608:
1440:
487:), which had become a royal honorific among the Parthian monarchs out of admiration for his achievements.
2042:
1405:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
1714:
1497:
1028:
999:
137:
1393:
Hortus Historiae: Studies in Honour of Professor Jósef Wolski on the 100th Anniversary of his Birthday
517:), which was rarely used by the Seleucid monarchs. Like his father, Phraates is wearing a Hellenistic
1930:
1746:
1698:
1624:
1575:
903:. Vol. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali.
938:
1946:
1938:
1922:
1906:
1826:
1674:
1568:
495:
306:
198:
147:
82:
1593:
1986:
1898:
1834:
1818:
1778:
1601:
1536:
1210:
2017:
1874:
1690:
1585:
441:
238:
92:
48:
1292:(1996), "Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives", in Kennedy, David L.; Braund, David (eds.),
1802:
1730:
1650:
1466:
1324:
1258:
1092:
392:
348:
219:
1326:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
1642:
344:
1452:
Shayegan, Rahim M. (2007), "On Demetrius II Nicator's Arsacid Captivity and Second Rule",
375:
8:
1722:
1198:
1493:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
1203:
1024:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
995:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
926:
885:
445:
359:
1468:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
1436:
1370:
Arcasids, Romans, and Local Elites: Cross-Cultural Interactions of the Parthian Empire
1501:
1472:
1409:
1375:
1352:
1330:
1297:
1262:
1236:
1214:
1184:
1098:
1078:
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1003:
914:
904:
737:
506:
460:
263:
183:
1424:
1251:
1289:
1165:
1160:
494:("friend of the Greeks"), which had been introduced during the reign of his father
309:, the fifth Parthian king, and a noblewoman named Rinnu, who was the daughter of a
1516:
387:
1786:
1628:
1491:
1487:
1403:
1178:
1022:
1018:
993:
989:
976:
402:
215:
194:
64:
1311:
1112:
Dąbrowa, Edward (2010). "The Arsacids and their State". In Rollinger, R. (ed.).
1550:
1344:
1174:
334:
310:
277:
259:
167:
2011:
1277:
1017:
Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids". In
918:
469:
34:
946:
Assar, Gholamreza F. (2009). "Artabanus of Trogus Pompeius' 41st Prologue".
1978:
1954:
1738:
521:, whilst his beard represents the traditional Iranian/Near Eastern custom.
1970:
1882:
1850:
1770:
270:
1890:
1866:
1858:
1842:
1794:
1706:
1666:
1658:
959:
437:
1128:"The Parthian Aristocracy: its Social Position and Political Activity"
1962:
1810:
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410:
380:
322:
1368:
1127:
1914:
1623:
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339:
54:
1391:
416:
Whilst wintering, Antiochus VII quartered himself and his army in
510:
449:
330:
132:
38:
518:
476:
on his coinage, which was the name of the first Parthian ruler
326:
234:
212:
1537:
https://akjournals.com/view/journals/068/60/1-2/article-p1.xml
1116:
Altertum und Gegenwart: 125 Jahre alte Geschichte in Innsbruck
701:
253:
157:
1486:
Sellwood, David (1983). "Minor States in Southern Iran". In
347:—as an instrument against his brother—the new Seleucid king
775:
674:
433:
337:, and planned to use his captive—the former Seleucid king (
230:
691:
689:
590:
787:
734:
Polygamy Prostitutes and Death. The Hellenistic Dynasties
736:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 150.
686:
646:
624:
622:
197:
from 132 BC to 127 BC. He was the son and successor of
988:
Bickerman, Elias J. (1983). "The Seleucid Period". In
888:, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.
847:
835:
799:
763:
634:
578:
237:, where he met his end. He was succeeded by his uncle
1064:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2007),
713:
609:
607:
605:
1253:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1235:, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.,
901:
A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 BC
823:
619:
859:
566:
1390:
1367:
1250:
1202:
1126:
1113:
602:
554:
530:
811:
542:
329:. Furthermore, he also defeated and captured the
2009:
455:
358:). According to the 2nd-century Roman historian
725:
1471:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539.
24:
1609:
1441:"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"
1068:, Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London: I. B. Tauris
1063:
781:
325:kingship over the southern Iranian region of
285:
1401:
468:Phraates refrained from using the title of "
1183:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
1075:The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran
958:
707:
1616:
1602:
1514:
1422:
1230:
383:and its surroundings in the 2nd-century BC
47:
1316:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4
1164:
987:
981:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1
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1429:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
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1124:
1111:
1045:
968:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
841:
805:
628:
536:
490:Furthermore, he also used the title of
2010:
1521:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 2
1343:
1275:
1180:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1072:
865:
829:
719:
663:
661:
1597:
1365:
1257:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
1016:
974:
945:
898:
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613:
572:
560:
1408:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1197:
1050:, London & New York: Routledge,
750:
187:
25:
1322:
817:
658:
548:
286:
16:King of Kings, Arsaces, Philhellene
13:
1528:
1425:"Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty"
14:
2054:
2023:2nd-century BC Parthian monarchs
1091:Colledge, Malcolm A. R. (1977).
879:
2028:2nd-century BC monarchs in Asia
1402:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
1374:. Oxbow Books. pp. 25–50.
1231:Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005),
1120:. Vol. XI. pp. 21–52.
892:
874:
500:
482:
353:
224:
203:
53:Coin of Phraates II, minted at
1454:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1349:The Land of the Elephant Kings
1166:10.4467/20800909EL.18.005.8925
1:
2038:2nd-century BC Iranian people
1048:The Persians: An Introduction
899:Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006).
524:
503: 171 – 132 BC
485: 247 – 217 BC
456:Coinage and Imperial ideology
299:
293:
106:
1351:. Harvard University Press.
1146:"Arsacid Dynastic Marriages"
269:(𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕), itself from the
7:
2000:usurpers or rival claimants
1576:King of the Parthian Empire
1465:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
1205:The History of Ancient Iran
10:
2059:
1515:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2000).
1498:Cambridge University Press
1294:The Roman Army in the East
1029:Cambridge University Press
1000:Cambridge University Press
254:
2033:Monarchs killed in action
1998:
1638:
1582:
1573:
1565:
1544:
1310:Hansman, John F. (1998).
975:Brown, Stuart C. (1997).
782:Curtis & Stewart 2007
163:
153:
143:
131:
123:
115:
102:
98:
88:
78:
70:
62:
46:
32:
21:
1144:Dąbrowa, Edward (2018).
1125:Dąbrowa, Edward (2013).
1097:. Elek. pp. 1–200.
1066:The Age of the Parthians
298:Phraates II was born in
276:("gained, earned"). The
1423:Schippmann, K. (1986).
1249:Grousset, René (1970).
1046:Brosius, Maria (2006),
708:Bing & Sievers 1986
244:
962:; Sievers, J. (1986).
732:Ogden, Daniel (1999).
465:
442:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
405:
384:
371:War with Antiochus VII
368:
356: 138–129 BC
317:Early reign and policy
227: 138–129 BC
206: 171–132 BC
119:127 BC (aged 19 or 20)
1445:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1323:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1282:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1276:Invernizzi, Antonio.
1209:. C.H.Beck. pp.
513:cuneiform tablets as
463:
393:Antiochus VII Sidetes
390:
378:
364:
349:Antiochus VII Sidetes
220:Antiochus VII Sidetes
1500:. pp. 299–322.
1199:Frye, Richard Nelson
345:Demetrius II Nicator
305:; he was the son of
1431:. pp. 525–536.
1397:. pp. 229–245.
1318:. pp. 373–376.
970:. pp. 125–135.
710:, pp. 125–135.
683:, pp. 128–129.
599:, pp. 103–104.
464:Coin of Phraates II
2043:Kings of the Lands
1031:. pp. 21–99.
466:
406:
385:
193:) was king of the
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1632:(247 BC – 224 AD)
1592:
1591:
1583:Succeeded by
1415:978-1-84511-645-3
1381:978-1-78570-593-9
1190:978-0-19-987575-7
1084:978-1-84511-406-0
1002:. pp. 3–20.
983:. pp. 80–84.
910:978-8-881-47453-0
796:, pp. 41–42.
507:King of the Lands
218:, who under king
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1678:(165/4–132 BC)
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1523:. p. 195.
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1336:978-1610693912
1335:
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1302:
1290:Kennedy, David
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808:, p. 169.
798:
786:
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749:
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722:, p. 162.
712:
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685:
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645:
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633:
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589:
587:, p. 178.
577:
575:, p. 134.
565:
553:
551:, p. 160.
541:
528:
526:
523:
457:
454:
440:destroyed the
372:
369:
318:
315:
295:
292:
278:Modern Persian
246:
243:
178:(also spelled
171:
170:
168:Zoroastrianism
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2055:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:127 BC deaths
2016:
2015:
2013:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:Mithridates V
1945:
1940:
1939:Sinatruces II
1937:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1923:Vologases III
1921:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1907:Artabanus III
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1838:(36–38/41 AD)
1836:
1833:
1828:
1827:Tiridates III
1825:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1710:(91–87/80 BC)
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1675:Mithridates I
1673:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1569:Mithridates I
1564:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1507:0-521-20092-X
1503:
1499:
1496:. Cambridge:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:9780521766418
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1358:9780674728820
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1303:1-887829-18-0
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:9780813513041
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1242:1-55786-860-3
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1220:9783406093975
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1104:9780236400850
1100:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1057:0-415-32089-5
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:0-521-20092-X
1034:
1030:
1027:. Cambridge:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1009:0-521-20092-X
1005:
1001:
998:. Cambridge:
997:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
928:
920:
916:
912:
906:
902:
897:
896:
887:
884:
883:
880:Ancient works
867:
862:
856:, p. 43.
855:
854:Shayegan 2011
850:
843:
838:
832:, p. 11.
831:
826:
820:, p. 23.
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
794:Shayegan 2011
790:
784:, p. 11.
783:
778:
772:, p. 31.
771:
770:Grousset 1970
766:
759:
753:
745:
739:
735:
728:
721:
716:
709:
704:
697:
696:Shayegan 2011
692:
690:
682:
681:Shayegan 2011
677:
670:
664:
662:
654:
653:Shayegan 2011
649:
642:
641:Shayegan 2011
637:
631:, p. 76.
630:
625:
623:
616:, p. 32.
615:
610:
608:
606:
598:
597:Shayegan 2011
593:
586:
585:Shayegan 2011
581:
574:
569:
563:, p. 58.
562:
557:
550:
545:
538:
533:
529:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
497:
496:Mithridates I
493:
488:
479:
475:
471:
470:King of Kings
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
404:
400:
399:
394:
389:
382:
377:
367:
363:
361:
350:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
307:Mithridates I
303: 147 BC
291:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
251:
242:
240:
236:
232:
221:
217:
214:
209:
200:
199:Mithridates I
196:
192:
185:
181:
177:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
148:Mithridates I
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110: 147 BC
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:Mithridates I
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
61:
56:
50:
45:
42:
41:, Philhellene
40:
36:
35:King of Kings
31:
20:
1990:(213–224 AD)
1987:Artabanus IV
1982:(208–228 AD)
1979:Vologases VI
1974:(191–208 AD)
1958:(147–191 AD)
1955:Vologases IV
1950:(129–140 AD)
1934:(116–117 AD)
1926:(110–147 AD)
1918:(109–129 AD)
1899:Vologases II
1835:Artabanus II
1819:Artabanus II
1779:Tiridates II
1739:Phraates III
1694:(127–124 BC)
1686:(132–127 BC)
1682:
1662:(191–170 BC)
1654:(217–191 BC)
1646:(247–217 BC)
1574:
1557:
1549:
1546:Phraates II
1520:
1492:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1428:
1404:
1392:
1369:
1348:
1329:. ABC-CLIO.
1325:
1315:
1293:
1281:
1252:
1233:The Persians
1232:
1224:
1204:
1179:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1115:
1094:Parthian art
1093:
1074:
1065:
1047:
1023:
994:
980:
967:
951:
947:
900:
893:Modern works
875:Bibliography
868:, p. 9.
861:
849:
842:Daryaee 2012
837:
825:
813:
806:Daryaee 2012
801:
789:
777:
765:
752:
733:
727:
715:
703:
676:
648:
636:
629:Dąbrowa 2018
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
537:Schmitt 2005
532:
514:
491:
489:
473:
467:
430:
426:
415:
407:
396:
365:
338:
320:
297:
281:
273:
266:
262:form of the
249:
248:
210:
190:
179:
175:
174:
63:King of the
33:
1971:Vologases V
1894:(78–110 AD)
1883:Vardanes II
1875:Vologases I
1851:Gotarzes II
1798:(2 BC–4 AD)
1790:(2 BC–4 AD)
1771:Phraates IV
1702:(124–91 BC)
1691:Artabanus I
1683:Phraates II
1586:Artabanus I
1580:132–127 BC
1517:"Frataraka"
964:"Antiochus"
866:Curtis 2007
830:Curtis 2007
743:07156-29301
720:Kosmin 2014
492:Philhellene
280:version is
271:Old Iranian
239:Artabanus I
176:Phraates II
93:Artabanus I
79:Predecessor
22:Phraates II
2012:Categories
1910:(79–81 AD)
1902:(78–80 AD)
1891:Pacorus II
1886:(55–58 AD)
1878:(51–78 AD)
1867:Vonones II
1862:(49–51 AD)
1859:Meherdates
1854:(40–51 AD)
1846:(40–46 AD)
1843:Vardanes I
1830:(35–36 AD)
1822:(12–35 AD)
1803:Orodes III
1795:Phraates V
1758:(57–38 BC)
1750:(57–54 BC)
1742:(69–57 BC)
1734:(75–69 BC)
1731:Sinatruces
1726:(80–75 BC)
1718:(87–80 BC)
1707:Gotarzes I
1667:Phraates I
1659:Priapatius
1651:Arsaces II
977:"Ecbatana"
614:Nabel 2017
573:Assar 2009
561:Assar 2006
525:References
515:šar mātāti
511:Babylonian
294:Background
74:132–127 BC
1963:Osroes II
1814:(6–12 AD)
1811:Vonones I
1774:(37–2 BC)
1763:Pacorus I
1755:Orodes II
1643:Arsaces I
1312:"Elymais"
1159:: 73–83.
954:. Kraków.
937:ignored (
927:cite book
919:1128-6342
478:Arsaces I
422:Euphrates
411:Babylonia
401:) of the
381:Babylonia
323:Darayan I
313:magnate.
274:*Frahāta-
258:) is the
180:Frahad II
89:Successor
57:in 129 BC
1966:(191 AD)
1942:(116 AD)
1915:Osroes I
1806:(4–6 AD)
1723:Orodes I
1460:: 83–103
1439:(2005).
1347:(2014).
1201:(1984).
1177:(2012).
1153:Electrum
1139:: 53–62.
1133:Parthica
960:Bing, D.
948:Electrum
818:Kia 2016
756:Justin,
667:Justin,
549:Kia 2016
418:Ecbatana
398:basileus
395:, king (
391:Coin of
340:basileus
264:Parthian
250:Phraátēs
188:𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕
184:Parthian
164:Religion
55:Seleucia
26:𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕
1870:(51 AD)
1782:(32 BC)
1766:(39 BC)
1627:of the
1490:(ed.).
1021:(ed.).
992:(ed.).
758:xli. 39
669:xli. 38
474:Arsaces
450:Babylon
446:Himeros
438:Tokhari
379:Map of
331:Elymais
255:Φραάτης
133:Dynasty
127:Laodice
39:Arsaces
1625:Rulers
1560:127 BC
1556:
1504:
1475:
1412:
1378:
1355:
1333:
1300:
1278:"Nisa"
1265:
1261:-687.
1239:
1225:false.
1217:
1213:–411.
1187:
1101:
1081:
1054:
1035:
1006:
917:
907:
886:Justin
740:
519:diadem
360:Justin
327:Persis
311:Median
282:Farhād
267:Frahāt
235:Yuezhi
191:Frahāt
154:Mother
144:Father
124:Spouse
1558:Died:
1149:(PDF)
335:Syria
287:فرهاد
260:Greek
213:Greek
158:Rinnu
71:Reign
1787:Musa
1502:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1004:ISBN
939:help
915:ISSN
905:ISBN
738:ISBN
436:and
434:Saka
245:Name
233:and
231:Saka
208:).
116:Died
103:Born
1161:doi
290:).
2014::
1519:.
1458:17
1456:,
1443:.
1427:.
1314:.
1280:.
1223:.
1157:25
1155:.
1151:.
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1135:.
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952:15
950:.
931::
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925:{{
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204:r.
186::
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1481:.
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1384:.
1361:.
1339:.
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1271:.
1259:1
1211:1
1193:.
1169:.
1163::
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941:)
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