362:. This document contained a new definition for who held Philippine citizenship which included any individual who was a citizen at the time of the constitution's adoption, any person born in the country to non-citizen parents but had been elected to public office, someone whose father was a citizen, or a person whose mother was a citizen and who had elected to be a Philippine citizen after reaching the age of majority. When these provisions were adopted, the drafters overlooked the effect of judicial rulings on conferring birthright citizenship and assumed that birth in the Philippines alone was not enough to make a person a Philippine citizen. Although the citizenship definition chosen by the constitutional convention showed a clear preference for citizenship transmission by descent rather than unrestricted birthright citizenship, subsequent court rulings determined that the convention had not decided to overturn the precedent established by the
335:
retroactively applied to all births prior to its enactment for the purposes of determining
Philippine citizenship. Despite the fact that the child would have been regarded as Chinese had the Civil Code been in force at the time of their birth, they would have had a right to make a declaration to become a Spanish subject within one year of reaching the age of majority but lacked the ability to do so because of the 1898 change in sovereignty. Acknowledging this, the court decided that the circumstantial changes caused by the U.S. conquest should not prevent anyone from becoming a Philippine citizen. Furthermore, the court determined that prevailing conventions for citizenship in the U.S. had become applicable in the territory after the Philippine Organic Act came into force, specifically
391:, it reinforced this prerequisite in a subsequent 1961 decision in which the only exemptions for this requirement were granted to persons who were born and educated in the Philippines and whose children have also been educated in both domestic primary and secondary schools. Further judicial decisions in the 1950s also dictated that the domestic education requirement for children of naturalization candidates could not be waived for circumstances that made enrollment in a Philippine school impossible, including where a child was withdrawn from school due to marriage or where a child could not be enrolled due to their wartime imprisonment.
402:. The citizenship provisions of the new constitution remained almost identical to those in the 1935 version, but removed the requirement for children of Filipina mothers and foreign fathers to formally elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching legal age. Since the 1987 Constitution came into force, persons born to Filipina mothers before January 17, 1973 have again been subject to this formal election requirement. The 1973 constitution also allowed Filipina women who married foreign men to retain Philippine citizenship on their marriage even if they had acquired their husbands' nationalities.
434:
to a review committee which would then make recommendations to the president who issued presidential decrees naturalizing successful candidates. Female spouses and minor children of men who naturalized also became
Philippine citizens by the same process. Naturalization applications under this facilitated process were required to have been submitted by June 30, 1975. The deadline was extended twice, first to September 30, 1975, and again to April 1, 1976. This expedited process was intended to quickly naturalize a large number of the
30:
314:, which began a transition period until the territory became independent, Philippine citizens entering the U.S. became subject to an entry quota of only 50 people per year and would thereafter be regarded as aliens for immigration purposes. This drastically decreased the number of Filipinos migrating to the U.S. from over 36,000 in 1931 to just 72 in 1937. Conversely, Philippine citizens who had successfully entered the U.S. could not be subject to deportation nor were they restricted from acquiring property by
2892:
2864:
490:. Filipina women who had lost Philippine citizenship on their marriage to a foreigner or any former Philippine citizen who lost their citizenship due to political or economic reasons before October 23, 1995 may also reacquire Philippine citizenship after taking the oath of allegiance. Any dependents of an individual who naturalize or reacquire Philippine citizenship are also granted citizenship.
215:
unless the parents made a declaration choosing
Spanish nationality for the child and had it recorded in the local civil registry. If such a declaration was not made on their behalf, the child could do so within one year of reaching adult age. However, these registries had not been created in the Philippines by 1898, which later became consequential in Philippine law.
458:
employed in a profitable occupation, demonstrating proficiency in
English or Spanish as well as a Philippine language, and fulfilling a good character requirement. Additionally, any minor children they may have must be enrolled in a Philippine school. The residency requirement is reduced to five years if an applicant is employed by the
422:, which directed overseas Chinese populations to naturalize in their chosen places of residence, these local-born Chinese began to apply for naturalization. However, they found the requirements for acquiring citizenship too onerous and expensive and many chose not to complete the process. Ethnic Chinese residents aligned with the
257:
this Act's enactment remained
Spanish subjects. Foreign nationals could naturalize as Philippine citizens under requirements detailed in the 1939 Revised Naturalization Law, which largely remains unchanged. Under this law, individuals intending to become citizens are required to file a petition for naturalization with the
318:. Filipinos who migrated to the U.S. while the Philippines were a U.S. territory continued to be protected from deportation orders even after Philippine independence in 1946 and the consequent loss of their non-citizen U.S. nationality because they had not entered the U.S. from a foreign place at the time of their entry.
457:
found in the country are presumed to have been born to
Philippine citizens and are considered natural-born citizens. Foreign nationals aged 21 or older may naturalize as Philippine citizens after residing in the country for 10 years, acquiring real estate valued at least ₱5,000 or otherwise gainfully
409:
as part of a wider effort to more closely tie migrant
Filipino populations with the home country. Over the following decade, former natural-born Philippine citizens were granted visa-free entry, expanded ability to invest, and property purchase rights. These efforts culminated with the passage of the
386:
Although legal statutes governing the requirements for naturalization were largely straightforward and seldom changed, Supreme Court rulings in the immediate post-independence period created a changing landscape of procedural barriers for foreign nationals attempting to acquire citizenship. While the
433:
The naturalization process was temporarily streamlined in 1975, allowing individuals who wanted to acquire citizenship to apply through an administrative application procedure rather than through the usually required court petition. Applicants indicated their interest in becoming
Philippine citizens
269:
was extended to the
Philippines in 1902. All persons of Chinese origin other than former and existing Philippine residents, as well as those in approved occupational classes, were barred from entering the territory. Chinese immigration was restricted until the Act's repeal in all U.S. territories in
256:
and established separate
Philippine citizenship in 1902. Spanish subjects ordinarily resident in the Philippines on April 11, 1899, who remained living there at the time of the Act's passage, and their descendants, became Philippine citizens. Native Filipinos who departed from the Philippines before
382:
decision and reversed earlier policies granting citizenship by birth to any person born in the Philippines. The court determined that the doctrine of birthright citizenship had not been fully extended to the country either by new supporting legislation since the 1935 Constitution or by extension of
297:
under U.S. law and were generally exempt from immigration restrictions when entering the U.S. during a time when virtually all other Asians were excluded from entry into the country. However, this was not an unrestricted right, and Filipinos with Chinese ancestry were barred from entering the U.S.
292:
did not fully apply. Philippine citizens were treated as non-citizen U.S. nationals, rather than full citizens. Consequently, they were ineligible to vote in federal, state, and local elections and were excluded from exercising constitutional civil rights. Despite this, they were not considered
214:
became applicable in the Philippines on December 8, 1889. Under this law, any person born in a Spanish territory (including the Philippines) or born overseas to a Spanish parent was automatically a Spanish subject at birth. A child under the age of majority held the nationality of their parents
438:
population as part of the Marcos regime's preparations to recognize the People's Republic of China and to minimize potential future problems with that government, though it was not limited to that ethnic group and was open to any foreign nationals. Since June 8, 2001, naturalization under this
134:
in addition to their status as Philippine citizens. During American rule, any person born in the country automatically received Philippine citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Since independence, citizenship is generally acquired only by descent from Filipino
334:
in which a person born to a Chinese father and Filipina mother prior to the application of the Civil Code was ruled to be a Philippine citizen. Although contemporary law before 1889 was unclear on whether all persons born in the colony were automatically Spanish subjects, the Civil Code was
485:
during a time of war. However, voluntary renunciations are prohibited while the country is at war. Natural-born Philippine citizens who previously lost citizenship after naturalization in a foreign country before 2003 may subsequently reacquire Philippine citizenship by taking an
462:, has made significant economic or scientific contributions to the state, married to a Filipino citizen, has taught in a Philippine school for at least two years, or was born in the country. Individuals wishing to acquire Philippine citizenship must normally petition the
477:, diagnosed with a mental or incurable contagious disease, have not become socially integrated into Filipino society, or hold citizenship of a country that the Philippines is at war with or that does not allow Philippine citizens to naturalize.
302:; contemporary legislation only allowed "white persons, persons of African nativity or descent, and descendants of races indigenous to the Western Hemisphere" the ability to naturalize, with an exception for military personnel and veterans.
480:
Philippine citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation. It is also automatically revoked when a citizen serves in another country's armed forces, swears an oath of allegiance to another country, or deserts the
410:
Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003, which allowed any person who had lost Philippine citizenship due to naturalization in a foreign country to reacquire citizenship and halted further revocations in such cases.
155:
which exercises jurisdiction over that particular person and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation.
261:
in the province where they had resided for at least the previous year. Philippine women who married foreign men and gained their husbands' nationalities on their marriage automatically lost Philippine citizenship.
305:
While only fewer than 3,000 Filipinos were living in the U.S. in 1910, this number had increased substantially to 110,000 residents by 1930. As non-citizen U.S. nationals, Philippine citizens were eligible for
298:
mainland under the Chinese Exclusion Act in spite of their non-alien status. Philippine citizens living in the U.S. also had no pathway to full U.S. citizenship during this time unless they served in the
466:
in the province where they have resided in the preceding 12 months, but those who were born in the country and aged 18 or older may acquire citizenship by application rather than by judicial process.
469:
Any person who falls under one of the following scenarios is barred from naturalizing as a Philippine citizen: they are opposed to organized government, actively promote violence, practice
387:
Court had determined in 1948 that a declaration of intention to naturalize was not required of naturalization candidates on the assumption that any such documents were destroyed during the
383:
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to the Philippines. Since this ruling, Philippine citizenship has primarily been acquired by descent from a Filipino parent.
339:. Subsequently, all children born in the Philippines during this time were considered to have acquired Philippine citizenship by birth. Furthermore, local legislation enacted by the
230:, the U.S. Congress held authority to determine the future citizenship of native residents in the Philippines and its other newly acquired territories. Any person born on the
2214:
2119:
197:
2129:
1947:
418:
By the 1950s, large numbers of ethnic Chinese had been born and raised in the Philippines who treated the country as their home. Encouraged by the newly established
175:. In the modern post-independence Philippine context, there is no legal distinction between citizenship and nationality and the two terms are used interchangeably.
2254:
2244:
348:
1379:
265:
Due to American fears that the new territory could be used by Chinese migrants as a way to circumvent immigration restrictions in the U.S. mainland, the
927:
210:
applied to the colony. No definitive nationality legislation for Philippine residents existed for almost the entire period of Spanish rule until the
151:
is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers to a status given to an individual indicating the
111:
as Philippine citizens after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually 10 years), acquiring real estate, demonstrating proficiency in either
1583:
439:
simplified process was made available to any person born in the Philippines aged at least 18 and who has been resident in the country since birth.
1061:
Aguilar, Filomeno V. (2010). "The Riddle of the Alien-Citizen: Filipino Migrants as US Nationals and the Anomalies of Citizenship, 1900s–1930s".
1889:
131:
310:
and afforded the same consular protection as full U.S. citizens when traveling outside of American territory. After the passage of the 1934
2633:
243:
37:
2629:
336:
1934:
1493:
504:
57:
1943:
171:, but were excluded from political participation and could be treated as foreigners in some circumstances at the discretion of the
343:
ambiguously described "those who acquire the status of citizens of the Philippine Islands by birth", which was interpreted by the
355:
168:
2475:
1919:
1821:
1748:
2637:
1418:
1217:
448:
374:
Following Philippine independence in 1946, the Supreme Court changed its position on birthright citizenship in the 1947 case
453:
Any person born to at least one parent who is a Philippine citizen automatically receives Philippine citizenship at birth.
189:
1788:
344:
2505:
2174:
1861:
1268:
1232:
395:
2681:
2600:
2271:
1240:
289:
923:
487:
331:
285:
160:
1360:
1147:
2922:
2912:
2728:
2610:
2369:
1723:
1563:
482:
359:
247:
163:, Philippine citizens held non-citizen U.S. nationality. As American nationals, Filipinos were considered to owe
101:
107:
Any person born to at least one Filipino parent receives Philippine citizenship at birth. Foreign nationals may
1758:
1738:
1638:
1486:
1172:
499:
2625:
2189:
2074:
1939:
1753:
1598:
1361:"Statelessness in Philippine Law: Expanding Horizons of the International Stateless Person Protection Regime"
1095:
459:
279:
253:
2495:
2846:
2199:
2159:
1924:
1558:
1443:
916:
120:
2716:
2671:
2590:
2585:
2565:
2510:
2500:
2465:
2194:
2114:
2049:
1846:
1733:
1683:
1553:
1434:
Weightman, G.H. (1986). "Changing Patterns of Internal and External Migration Among Philippine Chinese".
1375:
2882:
2666:
2643:
2580:
2560:
2520:
2404:
2379:
2374:
2204:
2084:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1929:
1914:
1909:
1884:
1866:
1798:
1728:
1698:
1588:
299:
2535:
2419:
2394:
2349:
2344:
2294:
2219:
2169:
2144:
2139:
2109:
2064:
2054:
2014:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1879:
1856:
1831:
1768:
1688:
1613:
1578:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1479:
1251:
1163:
Hernandez, Carolina G. (February 1988). "The Philippines in 1987: Challenges of Redemocratization".
2917:
2867:
2620:
2490:
2480:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2409:
2319:
2299:
2284:
2134:
2104:
2059:
2044:
2004:
1994:
1969:
1899:
1894:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1573:
1533:
1523:
1113:
Burnett, Christina Duffy (2005). "Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation".
311:
223:
2595:
2575:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2485:
2429:
2424:
2384:
2364:
2359:
2324:
2304:
2289:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2149:
2124:
2099:
2089:
2069:
1979:
1904:
1793:
1783:
1718:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1568:
1528:
1334:
207:
2833:
2615:
2605:
2570:
2470:
2414:
2399:
2334:
2329:
2314:
2209:
2184:
2154:
2079:
2039:
1871:
1743:
1678:
1663:
1648:
340:
307:
227:
172:
1138:
Fernando, Enrique M. (1959). "Brief Survey of the Legal Status of Aliens in the Philippines".
2676:
2434:
2389:
2354:
2339:
2309:
2164:
2094:
1851:
1259:
1122:
426:
largely declined to voluntarily become Philippine citizens during this time, adhering to the
266:
1325:
Peck, Cornelius J. (1965). "Nationalistic Influences on the Philippine Law of Citizenship".
347:
and the local judiciary as having established birthright citizenship in the same way as the
2797:
2770:
2661:
2224:
463:
326:
The lack of clarity in Spanish law applicable in the Philippines before 1898 was tested in
258:
8:
2787:
2706:
2249:
211:
193:
2896:
2686:
1447:
1414:
1405:
1366:
1346:
1313:
1280:
1201:
1184:
1151:
1126:
1082:
406:
1094:
Aguilar, Filomeno V. (January 2017). Report on Citizenship Law: Philippines (Report).
2828:
2780:
1236:
1213:
1086:
454:
234:
who remained resident in the ceded territories could opt to remain Spanish subjects.
231:
2711:
1338:
1305:
1301:
1272:
1205:
1176:
1099:
1074:
435:
399:
116:
112:
1400:
1292:
Pearson, M.N. (April 1969). "The Spanish 'Impact' on the Philippines, 1565-1770".
100:. The two primary pieces of legislation governing these requirements are the 1987
29:
2792:
1502:
1070:
474:
398:, a new constitution was enacted in 1973 that entrenched dictatorial rule led by
315:
2823:
2723:
1078:
203:
152:
108:
2906:
2853:
2802:
2734:
2276:
219:
127:
2749:
1229:
At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943
388:
218:
Spain governed the islands for over 300 years until they were ceded to the
1209:
2807:
2765:
294:
148:
144:
97:
93:
47:
1451:
1155:
1391:
1317:
1284:
1188:
1130:
427:
164:
1350:
1104:
288:
that was not considered an integral part of the country and where the
1309:
1276:
1180:
2775:
2741:
1471:
1436:
Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1342:
470:
917:
Primer on Philippine Dual Citizenship Act (Republic Act No. 9225)
430:'s policy that overseas Chinese should remain Chinese citizens.
423:
252:
Pursuant to the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. Congress enacted the
354:
As the U.S. prepared to grant the Philippines independence, a
1466:
810:
762:
419:
1008:
986:
984:
651:
198:
United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands
969:
738:
563:
561:
167:
to the U.S. and held some rights and protections from the
641:
639:
626:
624:
405:
Beginning in the late 1980s, concessions were granted to
1294:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1020:
996:
981:
945:
897:
875:
873:
786:
774:
692:
690:
885:
858:
846:
750:
663:
573:
558:
522:
675:
636:
621:
442:
413:
349:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2880:
957:
870:
702:
687:
597:
585:
534:
183:
1032:
834:
822:
798:
714:
609:
546:
366:case and upheld the status quo for the time being.
1359:
202:The Philippine islands were incorporated into the
126:The Philippines was previously a territory of the
1401:"American Nationals and Interstitial Citizenship"
726:
143:The distinction between the meaning of the terms
2904:
273:
123:, and fulfilling a good character requirement.
473:, have been convicted of a crime constituting
92:details the conditions by which a person is a
1487:
369:
2634:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
244:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
337:birthright citizenship in the United States
1494:
1480:
1252:"Our Non-Citizen Nationals, Who Are They?"
237:
206:during the mid-16th century. Accordingly,
28:
1433:
1162:
1103:
975:
528:
505:Visa requirements for Philippine citizens
321:
104:and the 1939 Revised Naturalization Law.
1398:
1357:
1249:
1137:
1014:
816:
792:
780:
768:
756:
657:
591:
579:
567:
540:
284:The U.S. governed the Philippines as an
1327:The American Journal of Comparative Law
1291:
1112:
1093:
1060:
1038:
1026:
1002:
990:
963:
951:
903:
879:
840:
828:
804:
744:
720:
708:
696:
681:
645:
615:
603:
159:When the Philippines was governed as a
2905:
1250:McGovney, Dudley O. (September 1934).
1475:
1195:
552:
488:oath of allegiance to the Philippines
449:List of naturalized Filipino citizens
1501:
1382:from the original on August 10, 2022
1324:
1115:The University of Chicago Law Review
891:
864:
852:
669:
630:
190:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1421:from the original on August 4, 2022
1226:
1063:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
933:from the original on August 5, 2022
732:
443:Acquisition and loss of citizenship
414:Facilitated naturalization pathways
345:Governor-General of the Philippines
13:
1269:University of California, Berkeley
1233:University of North Carolina Press
184:Spanish rule and American conquest
14:
2934:
1460:
290:Constitution of the United States
2890:
2863:
2862:
1584:Democratic Republic of the Congo
924:Commission on Filipinos Overseas
396:martial law was declared in 1972
332:Supreme Court of the Philippines
2729:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
1053:
909:
483:Armed Forces of the Philippines
376:Tam Chong v. Secretary of Labor
360:Constitution of the Philippines
248:Commonwealth of the Philippines
102:Constitution of the Philippines
21:Constitution of the Philippines
2566:Federated States of Micronesia
1930:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1399:Villazor, Rose Cuison (2017).
1358:Temprosa, Francis Tom (2013).
1173:University of California Press
500:Visa policy of the Philippines
138:
1:
1198:Citizenship in a Global World
1148:Université libre de Bruxelles
1096:European University Institute
510:
460:Government of the Philippines
378:, in which it overturned the
280:United States nationality law
2847:British Overseas Territories
1444:Northern Illinois University
1196:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001).
515:
274:Non-citizen U.S. nationality
7:
2717:Renunciation of citizenship
1376:Ateneo de Manila University
493:
358:was held to draft the 1935
330:, a 1912 case heard by the
328:Roa v. Collector of Customs
10:
2939:
1079:10.1177/011719681001900202
1048:
922:(Report) (2018 ed.).
446:
420:People's Republic of China
370:Post-independence policies
300:United States Armed Forces
277:
241:
187:
178:
132:non-citizen U.S. nationals
90:Philippine nationality law
2842:
2816:
2758:
2699:
2652:
2553:
2443:
2270:
2263:
2032:
1957:
1814:
1807:
1516:
1509:
356:constitutional convention
226:. Under the terms of the
130:and local residents were
79:
71:
63:
58:Constitutional plebiscite
53:
43:
38:Constitutional Commission
36:
27:
20:
1564:Central African Republic
286:unincorporated territory
2662:Commonwealth of Nations
1335:Oxford University Press
308:United States passports
259:Court of First Instance
238:United States territory
208:Spanish nationality law
161:United States territory
23:Article IV: Citizenship
2923:Law of the Philippines
2913:History of nationality
2476:Bosnia and Herzegovina
341:Philippine Legislature
322:Birthright citizenship
254:Philippine Organic Act
222:in 1898 following the
173:United States Congress
2859:Partially recognized.
1724:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1467:Bureau of Immigration
1260:California Law Review
1210:10.1057/9780333993880
1123:University of Chicago
819:, pp. 1716–1717.
771:, pp. 1715–1716.
267:Chinese Exclusion Act
2798:Second-class citizen
2771:Multiple citizenship
2240:United Arab Emirates
1874:(Kingdom of Denmark)
464:Regional Trial Court
312:Tydings–McDuffie Act
224:Spanish–American War
2788:Permanent residency
2707:Loss of citizenship
2682:Caribbean Community
1935:Trinidad and Tobago
1920:St. Kitts and Nevis
1822:Antigua and Barbuda
1227:Lee, Erika (2003).
1017:, pp. 176–177.
894:, pp. 471–472.
867:, pp. 468–469.
855:, pp. 467–468.
747:, pp. 800–801.
672:, pp. 463–464.
660:, pp. 593–595.
633:, pp. 464–465.
212:Civil Code of Spain
194:Spanish East Indies
121:Philippine language
83:Current legislation
1862:Dominican Republic
1415:Fordham University
1406:Fordham Law Review
1367:Ateneo Law Journal
1202:Palgrave Macmillan
455:Abandoned children
407:overseas Filipinos
169:federal government
44:Territorial extent
2878:
2877:
2852:Open border with
2695:
2694:
2549:
2548:
2028:
2027:
1948:US Virgin Islands
1875:
1599:Equatorial Guinea
1219:978-0-333-80266-3
1029:, pp. 16–19.
1005:, pp. 20–21.
993:, pp. 15–16.
978:, pp. 88–89.
954:, pp. 14–15.
906:, pp. 11–12.
424:Republic of China
232:Iberian Peninsula
87:
86:
2930:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2866:
2865:
2712:Denaturalization
2601:Papua New Guinea
2586:Marshall Islands
2268:
2267:
1873:
1812:
1811:
1514:
1513:
1503:Nationality laws
1496:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1455:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1363:
1354:
1321:
1288:
1256:
1246:
1223:
1192:
1159:
1134:
1109:
1107:
1090:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
932:
921:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
634:
628:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
436:Chinese Filipino
400:Ferdinand Marcos
389:Second World War
75:February 2, 1987
67:February 2, 1987
32:
18:
17:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2918:Nationality law
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2838:
2812:
2793:Right of return
2754:
2691:
2654:
2648:
2611:Solomon Islands
2545:
2511:Northern Cyprus
2506:North Macedonia
2439:
2274:
2259:
2024:
1953:
1803:
1505:
1500:
1463:
1458:
1424:
1422:
1385:
1383:
1310:10.2307/3596057
1277:10.2307/3476939
1254:
1243:
1220:
1181:10.2307/2644824
1071:SAGE Publishing
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
936:
934:
930:
919:
915:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
795:, p. 1716.
791:
787:
783:, p. 1718.
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
688:
680:
676:
668:
664:
656:
652:
648:, pp. 4–5.
644:
637:
629:
622:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
582:, p. 1720.
578:
574:
570:, p. 1676.
566:
559:
555:, pp. 2–3.
551:
547:
539:
535:
527:
523:
518:
513:
496:
475:moral turpitude
451:
445:
416:
372:
324:
316:alien land laws
282:
276:
250:
240:
228:Treaty of Paris
200:
186:
181:
141:
22:
12:
11:
5:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2900:
2899:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:Naturalization
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Nordic Council
2674:
2669:
2667:European Union
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2630:American Samoa
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2541:United Kingdom
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2444:Rest of Europe
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Czech Republic
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2272:European Union
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Western Sahara
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Congo Republic
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:External links
1459:
1457:
1456:
1431:
1396:
1355:
1343:10.2307/838452
1322:
1289:
1247:
1241:
1224:
1218:
1193:
1160:
1135:
1110:
1091:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
980:
976:Weightman 1986
968:
956:
944:
908:
896:
884:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
759:, p. 606.
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
686:
684:, p. 219.
674:
662:
650:
635:
620:
608:
606:, p. 165.
596:
584:
572:
557:
545:
533:
531:, p. 230.
529:Hernandez 1988
520:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
502:
495:
492:
444:
441:
415:
412:
371:
368:
323:
320:
275:
272:
239:
236:
204:Spanish Empire
185:
182:
180:
177:
140:
137:
85:
84:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Passed by
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
34:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:Schengen Area
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Statelessness
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:Ius sanguinis
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2687:African Union
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:organizations
2653:International
2651:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:United States
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Liechtenstein
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2277:Schengen Area
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:United States
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Guinea-Bissau
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1420:
1417:: 1673–1724.
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1242:0-8078-5448-4
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Civilisations
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1015:Fernando 1959
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
985:
977:
972:
966:, p. 15.
965:
960:
953:
948:
929:
926:. p. 1.
925:
918:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
882:, p. 11.
881:
876:
874:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
818:
817:Villazor 2017
813:
806:
801:
794:
793:Villazor 2017
789:
782:
781:Villazor 2017
777:
770:
769:Villazor 2017
765:
758:
757:McGovney 1934
753:
746:
741:
735:, p. 46.
734:
729:
722:
717:
711:, p. 17.
710:
705:
699:, p. 13.
698:
693:
691:
683:
678:
671:
666:
659:
658:McGovney 1934
654:
647:
642:
640:
632:
627:
625:
617:
612:
605:
600:
594:, p. 61.
593:
592:Temprosa 2013
588:
581:
580:Villazor 2017
576:
569:
568:Villazor 2017
564:
562:
554:
549:
543:, p. 43.
542:
541:Temprosa 2013
537:
530:
525:
521:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
491:
489:
484:
478:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
450:
440:
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
411:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
384:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
303:
301:
296:
291:
287:
281:
271:
268:
263:
260:
255:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:United States
216:
213:
209:
205:
199:
195:
191:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
136:
133:
129:
128:United States
124:
122:
119:as well as a
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
39:
35:
31:
26:
19:
16:
2868:
2834:Soviet Union
2829:Ancient Rome
2824:Nazi Germany
2750:Repatriation
2740:
2733:
2700:By procedure
2235:Turkmenistan
2190:Saudi Arabia
2179:
1754:South Africa
1739:Sierra Leone
1544:Burkina Faso
1510:By continent
1439:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1410:
1404:
1390:– via
1384:. Retrieved
1371:
1365:
1330:
1326:
1297:
1293:
1264:
1258:
1228:
1197:
1168:
1165:Asian Survey
1164:
1143:
1139:
1118:
1114:
1066:
1062:
1054:Publications
1041:, p. 2.
1039:Aguilar 2017
1034:
1027:Aguilar 2017
1022:
1010:
1003:Aguilar 2017
998:
991:Aguilar 2017
971:
964:Aguilar 2017
959:
952:Aguilar 2017
947:
935:. Retrieved
911:
904:Aguilar 2017
899:
887:
880:Aguilar 2017
860:
848:
843:, p. 9.
841:Aguilar 2017
836:
831:, p. 7.
829:Aguilar 2017
824:
812:
807:, p. 6.
805:Aguilar 2017
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
745:Burnett 2005
740:
728:
723:, p. 4.
721:Aguilar 2017
716:
709:Aguilar 2017
704:
697:Aguilar 2017
682:Aguilar 2010
677:
665:
653:
646:Aguilar 2017
618:, p. 3.
616:Aguilar 2017
611:
604:Pearson 1969
599:
587:
575:
548:
536:
524:
479:
468:
452:
432:
417:
404:
393:
385:
379:
375:
373:
363:
353:
327:
325:
304:
283:
264:
251:
217:
201:
158:
142:
125:
106:
89:
88:
80:
15:
2897:Philippines
2808:Travel visa
2766:Citizenship
2591:New Zealand
2435:Switzerland
2390:Netherlands
2200:South Korea
2180:Philippines
2160:North Korea
2040:Afghanistan
1944:Puerto Rico
1867:El Salvador
1759:South Sudan
1644:Ivory Coast
1337:: 459–478.
1304:: 165–186.
1271:: 593–635.
1175:: 229–241.
1150:: 173–183.
1125:: 797–879.
1073:: 203–236.
149:nationality
145:citizenship
139:Terminology
98:Philippines
48:Philippines
2907:Categories
2521:San Marino
2501:Montenegro
2466:Azerbaijan
2380:Luxembourg
2245:Uzbekistan
2215:Tajikistan
2120:Kyrgyzstan
2115:Kazakhstan
2075:East Timor
2050:Bangladesh
1872:Greenland
1847:Costa Rica
1749:Somaliland
1734:Seychelles
1699:Mozambique
1684:Mauritania
1669:Madagascar
1624:The Gambia
1559:Cape Verde
1446:: 83–114.
1392:HeinOnline
1105:1814/45147
553:Kondo 2001
511:References
447:See also:
428:Kuomintang
278:See also:
242:See also:
188:See also:
165:allegiance
109:naturalize
2759:By result
2561:Australia
2375:Lithuania
2205:Sri Lanka
2195:Singapore
2175:Palestine
2085:Indonesia
2020:Venezuela
1965:Argentina
1925:St. Lucia
1910:Nicaragua
1885:Guatemala
1689:Mauritius
1425:August 3,
1386:August 7,
1378:: 29–80.
1087:146854713
937:August 9,
892:Peck 1965
865:Peck 1965
853:Peck 1965
670:Peck 1965
631:Peck 1965
516:Citations
135:parents.
72:Commenced
2869:Category
2781:Internal
2776:Passport
2742:Ius soli
2672:Mercosur
2581:Kiribati
2420:Slovenia
2415:Slovakia
2405:Portugal
2295:Bulgaria
2225:Thailand
2170:Pakistan
2145:Mongolia
2140:Malaysia
2065:Cambodia
2010:Suriname
2000:Paraguay
1985:Colombia
1895:Honduras
1857:Dominica
1832:Barbados
1808:Americas
1799:Zimbabwe
1769:Tanzania
1614:Ethiopia
1609:Eswatini
1589:Djibouti
1554:Cameroon
1539:Botswana
1452:40860215
1419:Archived
1380:Archived
1156:41230144
928:Archived
733:Lee 2003
494:See also
471:polygamy
94:national
2817:Defunct
2644:Vanuatu
2554:Oceania
2536:Ukraine
2491:Moldova
2481:Georgia
2471:Belarus
2461:Andorra
2456:Armenia
2451:Albania
2410:Romania
2355:Ireland
2350:Iceland
2345:Hungary
2335:Germany
2325:Finland
2320:Estonia
2315:Denmark
2300:Croatia
2290:Belgium
2285:Austria
2250:Vietnam
2150:Myanmar
2135:Lebanon
2045:Bahrain
2015:Uruguay
1990:Ecuador
1970:Bolivia
1900:Jamaica
1880:Grenada
1827:Bahamas
1779:Tunisia
1744:Somalia
1729:Senegal
1714:Nigeria
1704:Namibia
1694:Morocco
1659:Liberia
1654:Lesotho
1604:Eritrea
1574:Comoros
1549:Burundi
1524:Algeria
1318:3596057
1285:3476939
1189:2644824
1131:4495514
1049:Sources
179:History
117:Spanish
113:English
96:of the
81:Status:
2883:Portal
2621:Tuvalu
2531:Turkey
2526:Serbia
2516:Russia
2496:Monaco
2486:Kosovo
2430:Sweden
2400:Poland
2395:Norway
2365:Latvia
2340:Greece
2330:France
2305:Cyprus
2264:Europe
2230:Turkey
2220:Taiwan
2125:Kuwait
2110:Jordan
2100:Israel
2060:Brunei
2055:Bhutan
1995:Guyana
1975:Brazil
1915:Panama
1905:Mexico
1842:Canada
1837:Belize
1794:Zambia
1784:Uganda
1719:Rwanda
1674:Malawi
1634:Guinea
1529:Angola
1517:Africa
1450:
1374:(29).
1351:838452
1349:
1316:
1283:
1239:
1216:
1187:
1154:
1129:
1085:
394:After
295:aliens
270:1943.
196:, and
64:Passed
2616:Tonga
2606:Samoa
2596:Palau
2576:Nauru
2425:Spain
2385:Malta
2360:Italy
2255:Yemen
2210:Syria
2185:Qatar
2155:Nepal
2105:Japan
2080:India
2070:China
1980:Chile
1958:South
1890:Haiti
1815:North
1764:Sudan
1709:Niger
1664:Libya
1649:Kenya
1629:Ghana
1619:Gabon
1594:Egypt
1534:Benin
1448:JSTOR
1442:(3).
1413:(4).
1347:JSTOR
1333:(3).
1314:JSTOR
1302:Brill
1300:(2).
1281:JSTOR
1267:(6).
1255:(PDF)
1185:JSTOR
1171:(2).
1152:JSTOR
1146:(2).
1127:JSTOR
1121:(3).
1083:S2CID
1069:(2).
931:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
153:state
2638:Guam
2571:Fiji
2275:and
2165:Oman
2130:Laos
2095:Iraq
2090:Iran
2033:Asia
2005:Peru
1852:Cuba
1774:Togo
1679:Mali
1569:Chad
1427:2022
1388:2022
1237:ISBN
1214:ISBN
939:2022
246:and
147:and
1339:doi
1306:doi
1273:doi
1206:doi
1177:doi
1100:hdl
1075:doi
380:Roa
364:Roa
115:or
2909::
2636:,
2632:,
1946:,
1438:.
1411:85
1409:.
1403:.
1372:58
1370:.
1364:.
1345:.
1331:14
1329:.
1312:.
1298:12
1296:.
1279:.
1265:22
1263:.
1257:.
1235:.
1231:.
1212:.
1204:.
1200:.
1183:.
1169:28
1167:.
1142:.
1119:72
1117:.
1098:.
1081:.
1067:19
1065:.
983:^
872:^
689:^
638:^
623:^
560:^
351:.
192:,
2885::
2856:.
2849:.
2640:)
2628:(
1950:)
1942:(
1495:e
1488:t
1481:v
1454:.
1440:2
1429:.
1394:.
1353:.
1341::
1320:.
1308::
1287:.
1275::
1245:.
1222:.
1208::
1191:.
1179::
1158:.
1144:9
1133:.
1108:.
1102::
1089:.
1077::
941:.
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