United States nationality law

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authority, Congress has determined when inhabitants can become nationals and what their status is at any given time. Prior to 1898, all persons born in U.S. possessions were treated as having been born in the United States, and upon acquisition, provisions were made for collective naturalization. After that date, possessions have been selectively judged to foreign localities and not subject to the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Because of that determination, all persons in the U.S. outlying possessions were considered U.S. nationals, non-citizens, until Congress chose to convey full rights of citizenship. This included inhabitants of American Samoa, Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Non-citizen nationals do not have full protection of their rights, though they may reside in the United States and gain entry without a visa. Likewise, territorial citizens do not have the ability for full participation in national politics.

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relinquish nationality, but advised each case was to be reviewed in context. Nationals were advised to write a statement advising that their actions were not an intent to give up their nationality and file it with an embassy or consulate official. In 1990, Section 1481 was revised again, to reflect a new policy of the State Department to presume that an individual did not intend to give up nationality, if the person performed a potentially expatriating act. Based on a consular memorandum, this meant that, for example, acquisition of nationality in another nation which included a routine declaration of allegiance, or accepting foreign employment in a non-policy position of another nation, should result in the assumption that the person had no intention of relinquishing their nationality through their actions. From that time, the United States effectively has allowed nationals to acquire new nationality while remaining a U.S. national, thereby holding

675:' opinion in the case was that men do not establish a legal tie to a child except by choice; whereas, a woman's legal tie is established by biology. In essence, a woman's tie with her child is legal when birth occurs and cannot be severed without legally terminating her parental rights, but a man can choose to walk away or establish a tie. The ruling meant that mothers were able to pass on their nationality at the birth of an illegitimate child born abroad, if the mother had lived for a continuous period of one year prior to the child's birth in the United States or a U.S. territory. For an unmarried man to pass nationality to an illegitimate child born abroad, before the child's eighteenth birthday, a blood relationship must be proved in court, the child must be recognized and legitimized, and the father's nationality at the time of birth must be confirmed. On the basis of 640:

citizenship. In 1982, Congress enacted provisions for children born between 1950 and 1982 to facilitate immigration for children of U.S. national fathers. Intended to assist children born in areas where the U.S. had been militarily active, it applied to children born in Kampuchea, Korea, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. The special provisions did not give children nationality, but loosened the requirements for legitimization and financial support for children born abroad, removed scrutiny of the father's marital status, requiring only that the Attorney General establish that a presumed father was a citizen and that a sponsor agreed to take legal custody and support a child under the age of eighteen. In 1987, the Amerasian Homecoming Act facilitated resettlement of immigrant Vietnamese mothers and their children born between 1962 and 1972 to U.S. military personnel.

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U.S. national are eligible for a reduced residency period of three years with half of it requiring physical presence. For the period immediately preceding application, persons must have three months residence established in the jurisdiction in which they are filing and must remain continuously in residence until completion of the granting of nationality. Non-citizen nationals of U.S. possessions are eligible for naturalization upon establishing residency in a state. The territory of the United States, for the purposes of determining a person's period of residence, includes the fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, specifically excluding residence in American Samoa, except for American Samoans seeking naturalization.

1110:. The questions are publicly available on the web and require the applicant to answer ten out of one hundred possible questions. Most applicants must also have a working knowledge of the English language, demonstrated by testing their basic ability in reading and writing, rather than fluency. Long-term permanent residents are exempt from the language test. For example, a person who is over age fifty with twenty years of residency or over fifty-five with fifteen years of residency can opt to take the civics test in their original language. Persons over age sixty-five with twenty years residency may be given a shorter list of questions and those with physical or mental disadvantages are exempt from either the language or civics examinations. Granting of nationality is contingent upon taking an 878: 832: 1257:, or legal expatriation, includes the voluntary relinquishment of a national identity and all rights and privileges associated with it. It is accomplished by making a formal declaration, which is sworn before a designated authority in the United States during a time of war, or abroad at any time to a consular officer. Evidence which clearly establishes the intent to expatriate must be approved and if there is doubt, such as in the case where a declarant would become stateless, the Department of State may be reluctant to accept the declaration. After an interview and counseling on the consequences of renunciation, if the applicant wishes to proceed, a fee is paid, the declaration is made, and a renunciation ceremony, in which the applicant signs a 597:, retroactively removed the nationality of Asian men, automatically revoking their wives' nationality. If a U.S. woman married to a man of Asian descent left the country, she could not be readmitted to the United States. Husbands could petition for an exception allowing their foreign-born wives to lawfully immigrate, but wives were unable to petition for their husbands. Immediately after passage of the 1924 Act, the Department of Labor Secretary, James Davis, recommended extending its provisions to immigrants from Mexico and other countries in the Americas. Every year from 1926 to 1930, Congress considered bills evaluating imposing quotas for immigration from the other nations in the western hemisphere. In June 1924, the 1060: 844: 3688: 1133: 3741: 613:

mother. Their nationality was dependent on whether the mother had resided in the United States before the child was born. As the law was not retroactive, children born before 1934 were typically prevented from deriving citizenship from their mother. The statute also provided preferential naturalization for any foreign spouse married to a U.S. national. It stated that eligible foreigners, who met all other requirements of naturalization, could naturalize under reduced requirements forgoing a declaration of intent and needing only three years of continuous residency within the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico.

1030: 939: 1095: 1305:, 377 U.S. 163 (1964), it found that persons who have been naturalized in the United States have the right to return to their native countries and to resume a former nationality while remaining a U.S. national. This applies even if they never return to the United States. Since 1990, the State Department has allowed multiple nationalities. Official policy is one of recognition that such a status exists, but the U.S. government does not endorse a policy of having multiple nationalities, though it is permitted. Dual nationality may run counter to expectations of government agencies in matters of 987:. Each of these sections confer nationality on persons living in these territories as of a certain date, and usually confer native-born status on persons born in incorporated territories after that date. Specified effective dates in the territories include April 11, 1899, for Guam and Puerto Rico; January 17, 1917, for the U.S. Virgin Islands; and November 4, 1986, for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Since passage of the Nationality Act of 1952, people born in these territories acquire nationality at birth. 270: 38: 840:

for any length of time in the United States or its possessions. Section 301(g) establishes that to attain automatic nationality for a child born abroad to a citizen and a foreign national, residency in the United States or its possessions is also required. Time served as active military service was considered equivalent to residence in the U.S. For children with one national parent, requirements vary, depending on when they were born, and whether the parents were married.

462:, or the assumption that a woman's loyalty and obligations to her spouse were more important than her loyalty and obligation to the nation. While the Nationality Act did not forbid a woman to have her own nationality, judicial rulings and custom on domestic matters established that infants, slaves, and women were unable to participate in public life, as a result of the belief that they lacked critical judgment and had no right to exercise free will or control property. 10132: 813:

section 301(a). Regardless of the status of the parent, unless they are in the employ of a foreign government, birth within the territory confers nationality. The Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled whether children born in the United States to unauthorized migrants present in the country are birthright nationals, but it is generally presumed they are. Birth certificates from U.S. jurisdictions are typically acceptable proof of nationality.

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husband's. A wife who married a foreign husband in this period was assumed to have suspended her nationality in favor of his. She was able to repatriate upon termination of the marriage and resumption of residence in the United States. While the 1855 Act specified that foreign wives gained U.S. nationality, the law created confusion as to whether it required American women who married aliens to take the nationality of the spouse. For example,

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on residence and her husband's eligibility to naturalize; if she lived abroad, her nationality on re-entry to U.S. territory was therefore subject to the restrictions of the Quota Act. However, because the Cable Act was worded to specifically state that "women citizens" who married ineligible foreigners lost their nationality, it did not apply to American Samoan women, as they were non-citizen nationals.

679:(486 U.S. 456, 1988), no similar requirement applies for a married man. However, for both married men and unmarried men, the statute "required the U.S.-born parent to have ten years' physical presence in the United States prior to the child's birth, 'at least five of which were after attaining' age 14". In 2001, the Supreme Court again upheld the unequal regulations in the case of 1299:, 343 U.S. 717 (1952) that dual nationality is a long-recognized status in the law and that "a person may have and exercise rights of nationality in two countries and be subject to the responsibilities of both. The mere fact he asserts the rights of one nationality does not, without more, mean that he renounces the other". In 509:. The language of the Amendment was race-neutral and granted nationality to anyone born in the United States who had no allegiance to a foreign power, but specifically excluded all Native Americans who adhered to tribal governance. It did not extend nationality to Native Americans or to women of any race. In 1329:

Because the status of the parents was irrelevant, except if they were in the employ as part of the military or diplomatic corps of a foreign government or Native American, U.S.-born women could pass on their nationality to their children born in the United States, as could parents who themselves were

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If the child was born between November 14, 1986, and June 11, 2017, to a U.S. mother who had resided in the United States or its possessions for one year, or to a U.S. father who had resided in the United States or its possessions five years before the child's birth, with two of them after the age of

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If the birth occurred between January 13, 1941, and December 23, 1952, to a U.S. mother who had at any time resided in the United States or its possessions, or to a U.S. father who had legitimized the child during its minority and who had resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years,

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of paternity prior to a child reaching the age of majority for derivative nationality from the father. The 1940 Act also allowed all women who had previously lost their citizenship because of marriage to repatriate without regard to their marital status, by swearing the oath of allegiance, as opposed

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Removing these items from the potential means of forfeiting U.S. nationality, the Nationality Act retained as possible causes of denaturalization, treason, sedition, or conspiring against the United States; employment as an official with policy-making authority of a foreign government; and voluntary

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The United States has a lengthy history of involuntary expatriation (loss of nationality). From 1907, naturalized persons who returned to their country of origin for two or more years could be expatriated, as could native-born nationals who moved abroad and took allegiance to another nation. Married

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Some exemptions from permanent residency exist for certain qualifying naturalization applicants. For example, since 1940, an immigrant who honorably served in the U.S. military during a designated period of hostility may naturalize without having first been a permanent resident. During peace time, a

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of the United States, and have had a status of a legal permanent resident in the United States for five years before applying. A minimum physical presence in the territory for two and a half years is required, and absences of over six months reset the time frame. Persons married to and living with a

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For children born abroad, a Consular Report of Birth Abroad may be requested to confirm entitlement as a national. Section 301(c) of the Nationality Act of 1952 extends automatic nationality at birth to children born abroad to two parents who are U.S. nationals, as long as one of the parents resided

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of 1917, conferred nationality with citizenship rights upon all inhabitants of Puerto Rico, regardless of when their birth occurred in the territory. In 1927, U.S. nationals of the U.S. Virgin Islands were granted citizenship rights. American Samoa became a U.S. territory in 1929 and its inhabitants

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were subject to ten years of continued taxation on their U.S.-source income, to prevent ex-nationals from taking advantage of special tax incentives offered to foreigners investing in the United States. Since 2008, these provisions no longer apply; instead, ex-citizens who meet certain asset or tax

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Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." The language has been codified in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952,

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was passed, declaring that an American woman could not be denied the right to naturalize because she was married. It established procedures for women, who had previously lost their citizenship because of marriage, to repatriate as naturalized (not birthright) citizens. A wife's nationality depended

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eliminated the uncertainty created in 1855, definitively stating that marriage solely determined all women's nationality. The law immediately revoked the nationality of married women, regardless of whether they were born in the United States or naturalized, if they were married to a non-citizen. It

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For people born in U.S. territories or possessions, nationality hinges upon whether they were born prior to the area being covered by U.S. sovereignty, during a period of U.S. sovereignty, or after U.S. sovereignty was terminated. Separate sections of the Nationality Act of 1952 handle territories

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The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 provided that a minor child born abroad to a U.S.-national parent who had not satisfied the residency requirements for nationality at birth could qualify for special naturalization. In lieu of the parent, a child may also qualify under this process if the child's

930:, effective for children under eighteen or born on or after February 27, 2001, foreign adoptees of U.S. nationals, brought to the United States by a legal custodial parent in their minority, automatically derive nationality upon legal entry to the country and finalization of the adoption process. 740:

was modified to include language that persons born in the Canal Zone or in Panama itself, on or after February 26, 1904, to a parent who was, or formerly was, a United States national derived U.S. birthright citizenship. In 1906, Congress passed legislation to allow persons born in unincorporated

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Under the terms of the 1924 act, also known as the Asian Exclusion Act, Asians were not allowed to enter the country and were excluded from naturalization. It stated that an American-born woman whose nationality was lost because of marriage, regardless of whether that marriage had terminated, was

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were passed by Congress to address the concern that white authority was declining. The 1921 Act, known as the Emergency Quota Act, restricted immigration from various countries. The limits applied to foreign husbands and children of U.S.-born women, but provided an exemption for foreign wives and

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white culture. From 1802, only fathers were able to pass on their nationality to their children. The Naturalization Act of 1804 confirmed that a woman's nationality was dependent upon her marital status and the Naturalization Act of 1855 tied a wife's nationality, and that of her children, to her

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If the child was born between December 24, 1952, and November 13, 1986, to a U.S. mother who had resided in the United States or its possessions for one year, or to a U.S. father who had legitimized the child during its minority and who had resided in the United States or its possessions for ten

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signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, legally reserving limitations for domestic legislative review. The Equal Nationality Act of 1934 was the first statute that allowed derivative nationality for children born abroad to pass from their

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issued a partial list of actions such as paying taxes or recording a will in the United States, which would indicate intent to retain a national identity, or using a foreign passport when entering the United States or registering with a foreign political party, which might indicate an intent to

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of the Constitution gave Congress authority to regulate on behalf of United States territories and possessions. Using that power, Congress made distinctions for those territories which were to be incorporated eventually as states, and those that were not on a path of statehood. Because of this

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Until 1972, the Nationality Laws of the United States required that children born abroad to U.S. nationals complete a five-year residency by establishing a continuous domicile in the territory prior to their twenty-third birthday. Failure to establish a residence nullified U.S. nationality and

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policy that provides that the citizenship provisions of the Constitution do not apply to persons born in American Samoa violates the 14th Amendment." Government attorneys had argued that "Such a novel holding would be contrary to the decisions of every court of appeals to have considered the

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Amendments to the Cable Act and nationality laws continued until 1940, when married women were granted their own nationality without restriction. That year, Congress amended the Nationality Act, distinguishing for the first time different rules for derivative nationality for legitimate and

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has been able to prove that the naturalization was obtained by concealing their involvement in war crimes committed during World War II. They cannot be tried for crimes committed elsewhere, thus are denaturalized for immigration violations, and once they become aliens, ordered deported.

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If a birth abroad occurred after December 24, 1952, but prior to November 13, 1986, the U.S. national parent must have been the legal and genetic or gestational parent, and have resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years, with five of them after the age of

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In a series of Acts, the United States conveyed nationality upon outlying territories not destined for statehood. Inhabitants became neither aliens, eligible for naturalization, nor citizens with full rights. In 1900, legislation defined inhabitants in Puerto Rico as both

917:(137 S. Ct. 1678, 2017), the Supreme Court struck down the unequal residence requirement for unmarried parents to pass on nationality to their children born abroad, ruling that the equal but longer term of five years residency should apply until Congress amended the law. 565:. According to the decision, those born in insular possessions or unincorporated territories were not eligible for citizenship, though they were considered nationals and could hold a U.S. passport and gain diplomatic protection from the United States. Passage of the 647:(721 F. Supp. 243, N.C. Cal 1989) confirmed that a child born abroad prior to 1934 to a U.S.-born woman could obtain derivative nationality. As the case was not a class-action lawsuit, it did not impact others in similar situations; however, the 1993 ruling in 925:

Prior to 2000, adoptees had to be naturalized and could be subject to deportation in later life for various offenses. Adopted children born on or before February 26, 1983, are subject to the law in effect at the time they were adopted. With passage of the

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in 1952. Though it ended utilizing race as a criterion for admission to the country of nationalization, continued use of quotas to restrict immigration from Asian countries did not end racial exclusion. Until immigration laws were reformed by the

769:, were admitted as a territory, and inhabitants were conferred U.S. nationality with the rights of citizens. Co-administration of Panama and the Canal Zone commenced on October 1, 1979, and thereafter, U.S. nationality could not be acquired. 342:, various laws, and international agreements. Citizenship is established as a right under the Constitution, not as a privilege, for those born in the United States under its jurisdiction and those who have been "naturalized". While the words 894:

the child during its minority and who had resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years, with five of them after the age of sixteen, as long as the child resided in the United States for five years prior to the age of

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grandparent has satisfied the five-year residency in the United States with two of those years occurring after the child reached the age of 14. Eligible children are not required to meet any other requirements for naturalization.

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are distinct and the United States recognizes the distinction between those who are entitled or not entitled to rights, its statutes typically use the words "citizen" and "citizenship" instead of "national" and "nationality". The

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women were automatically expatriated upon marriage to foreign men or men who were unable to qualify for naturalization. From 1940, reasons for involuntary termination of nationality included service to a foreign government or in

6728: 1281:, a 1996 law, bars former nationals as inadmissible to the United States if the Attorney General finds that they renounced citizenship for purposes of avoiding taxes; however, it has never been enforced. Proposals such as the 685:(533 U.S. 53 2001) confirming that in the case of nationality, the inequality is present, which serves governmental objectives, to establish both a biological tie and a customary relationship between the child and parent. 6109: 889:

Effective 90 days after October 14, 1940 (whether born before or after this date), if the birth occurred to a U.S. mother who had at any time resided in the United States or its possessions, or to a U.S. father who had

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question, inconsistent with over a century of historical practice by all three branches of the United States government, and conflict with the strong objection of the local government of American Samoa." Waddoups

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The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they

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If a birth abroad occurred after May 24, 1934, but prior to December 23, 1952, the U.S. national parent must have resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years, with five of them after the age of

6077: 3468: 649: 291: 5601: 397:, where individuals are typically non-citizen U.S. nationals at birth. Foreign nationals living in any state or qualified territory may naturalize after going through the legal process of qualifying as 1145:, voting in a foreign election, military desertion, treason, or evidence of dual nationality, except for possession of a passport. The Supreme Court's interpretation of expatriation was made clear in 868:

If the birth occurred on or after November 14, 1986, the U.S. national must have resided in the United States for five years, two of them after the age of fourteen, previous to the birth of the child.

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and U.S. nationals. In 1902, similar legislation to that passed for Puerto Rico came in to force concerning the Philippines. The United States established special rules for people working in the

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allow unauthorized immigrants who were brought to the United States as children to enlist in the military as a pathway to naturalization. Enlistment requires verification of immigration status.

1214: 1173:, 387 U.S. 253, which found that for a person's voluntary action to initiate a loss of nationality, an inference of abandonment by the action must have been present. By 1978, the decision in 7589: 8096: 7526: 6587: 4358: 1277:

liability thresholds pay a capital gains tax on a deemed sale of their U.S. and non-U.S. assets, including retirement accounts, regardless of their reasons for giving up citizenship. The

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fourteen. In addition, the father had to prove a biological relationship, agree to financially support the child, and formally legitimize the child prior to its majority (18 years old).

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to the previous policy of repatriation by naturalization. Racial exclusions for derivative naturalization of husbands of U.S.-citizen wives remained in place until passage of the

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American Citizenship Rights of Women: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate, Seventy-second Congress, Second Session...March 2, 1933

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became non-citizen nationals. Since passage of the Nationality Act of 1940, non-citizen nationals may transmit their non-citizen U.S. nationality to children born abroad. The

9482: 9387: 8713: 6984: 913: 6269: 5041: 8728: 6557: 1157: 458:. It limited those who were eligible to be nationals as free, white persons. Following the practices of English common law, the legal system of the United States absorbed 8066: 4407: 4129: 7599: 7483: 7283: 7215: 8051: 6407: 5347: 5343: 1236: 7469: 6085: 3939: 1127: 9397: 9215: 8247: 7454: 7444: 6701: 6641: 710: 8086: 9522: 7464: 7459: 7449: 7439: 6735: 6646: 6636: 5467: 5066: 4302: 298: 4548: 9512: 7419: 6626: 1235:. Juries are typically not present and the defendant may be compelled to testify. Failure to testify may result in a presumption of guilt, though defendants can 1106:

and pay requisite fees. They must demonstrate good moral character, evidenced by a lack of a criminal history, and must pass a test on United States history and

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program may naturalize without first having been a permanent resident. Similarly, an immigrant who has made extraordinary contributions, such as scientists or

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foreigner's honorable military service reduces the residency requirement to one year. A legal but not permanent immigrant who successfully completed the

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ineligible for naturalization and was considered to have been "born in the country of which a citizen or subject". The Supreme Court ruling of 1923, in

998:, who are granted the status of non-citizen-nationals. A December 12, 2019, ruling by U.S. District Judge Clark Waddoups struck down the special status 8646: 8076: 7971: 7339: 7319: 7309: 7045: 6250: 1103: 154: 5154: 7781: 7349: 7344: 7329: 7324: 7314: 7304: 6599: 6354: 5339: 4676: 3959: 1209:

renunciation. Fraud, committed in conjunction with an application for naturalization can also make nationality voidable. Typically, prominent former

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There are various ways a person can acquire United States nationality, either at birth by naturalization or through court decisions and treaties.

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of the United States, which were not on a path toward statehood, had limited applicability of the U.S. Constitution. At the time, these included

542: 92: 4348: 1313:. The State Department issued a memorandum in 2016, advising agencies of proper evaluation procedures to weigh the risks of plural nationality. 1076:, can be exempted from residency as well as the physical presence requirement and prohibitions for support of totalitarianism and or communism. 9157: 8657: 7263: 7258: 7010: 6939: 6873: 1336:(169 U.S. 649, 1898) that children born in the United States to immigrants, who were not eligible for naturalization, were birthright citizens. 1069: 5489: 657:

declared section 1993, which denied a woman's ability to transmit nationality to her children born before 1934, unconstitutional. In the case

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The process of denaturalization is a legal procedure which results in nullifying nationality. Based upon the 1943 Supreme Court decision of

9901: 8464: 7516: 5390: 4510:. 110th Congress, First Session, House of Representatives, Document No. 110-50. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 4273: 1272:. Originally, under the Foreign Investors Tax Act of 1966, people determined to be giving up their nationality for the purpose of avoiding 766: 702: 5115: 4192: 3986: 9897: 8177: 7976: 7112: 6750: 6723: 6543: 1254: 1193: 803: 694: 417:

defines the legal relationship between a person and a state or nation, specifying who is a member or subject of a particular nation. The

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in 1950, the Court ruled that not knowing the consequences of one's actions was equally voluntary expatriation. The 1958 decision in

10163: 7951: 7921: 7707: 7672: 7652: 7152: 6944: 5815: 4434: 3696: 431: 138: 6515: 5447: 1167:, which upheld denaturalization for foreign voting, marked a turning point, and the decision was reversed in 1967 in the ruling for 9211: 7956: 6934: 6696: 6022: 5977: 5606: 4298:"Born in the U.S.A., But Not Natural Born: How Congressional Territorial Policy Bars Native-Born Puerto Ricans from the Presidency" 706: 191: 159: 87: 5328:

Smith, Marian L. (Summer 1998). "'Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married...': Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802–1940".

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illegitimate children. Under the provisions, children born out of wedlock passed from mother to child automatically, but required

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To become naturalized in the United States, an applicant must be at least eighteen years of age at the time of filing, a legal

877: 754: 7941: 5003:"The Supreme Court Strikes Down a Nationality Law That Treated Fathers Differently Than Mothers Based on Outdated Stereotypes" 9905: 8479: 7569: 7564: 7491: 7142: 7095: 6526:

U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7: Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions

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A person who was not born a United States national may acquire U.S. nationality through a process known as naturalization.

4042: 3618: 3542:"'She Was Surprised and Furious': Expatriation, Suffrage, Immigration, and the Fragility of Women's Citizenship,1907–1940" 9056: 8588: 8207: 7799: 7069: 6959: 6899: 6664: 5721: 1052: 593: 4594:"The Restraints of Schneider v. Rusk upon the Foreign Policy Powers of the Political Branches: How Meaningful Are They?" 990:

Congress has conferred birthright nationality, through legislation, to persons born in all inhabited territories except

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was retroactive and did not require a wife's consent, leaving many women unaware that they had lost their nationality.

516: 108: 4774:"American Samoa or Eastern Samoa? The Potential for American Samoa to Become Freely Associated with the United States" 9949: 9868: 9539: 8187: 7549: 7224: 6745: 4582: 4528: 4297: 4077: 4031: 3677: 3417: 1205:, and has ceased seeking records of newly nationalized persons abroad to evaluate their potential denationalization. 1197: 1184: 1000: 980: 972: 964: 956: 948: 942:

Message in the passport of an American Samoan stating that the passport holder is a national, not citizen, of the U.S

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are defined by this relationship, as well as the protections to which nationals are entitled. Though nationality and

339: 57: 1059: 529:(112 U.S. 94, 1884) confirmed that Native Americans did not have birthright nationality in United States territory. 8692: 8687: 8031: 7100: 5684: 4897: 4260: 418: 386: 118: 52: 20: 6373: 5918: 3920: 9996: 9878: 9637: 8991: 8831: 8036: 8021: 7137: 6863: 6614: 6347: 5670: 5584: 4607: 3855: 3568: 1244: 5572:. Vol. 2: January 1944 to August 1947. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 778–782. 4716: 9026: 9006: 8906: 8754: 8443: 7132: 6904: 6772: 5010: 3842: 3791: 3669: 3606: 1136:

A Certificate of Loss of Nationality, signifying that the bearer has relinquished or renounced U.S. nationality

1017:

his ruling on December 13 pending appellate review, so it did not take immediate effect. On June 15, 2021, the

6125: 4773: 1155:'s conduct, choosing to marry a non-national, was a voluntary acceptance to be denationalized. In the case of 843: 9457: 9342: 9021: 8866: 8217: 8157: 7746: 7157: 6964: 5405: 5130: 3935: 1332: 1273: 1223: 938: 927: 258: 207: 9763: 6235: 10114: 9467: 9427: 9192: 8826: 8707: 8505: 7936: 7809: 7614: 7496: 7296: 5273: 3772: 1278: 1232: 654: 506: 6510: 3961:

A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties

1132: 9984: 9939: 9858: 9853: 9833: 9778: 9768: 9733: 9462: 9382: 9317: 9114: 9001: 8951: 8821: 8721: 8625: 8583: 8578: 7981: 7667: 7632: 7064: 6969: 4387: 3663: 3644: 1467: 750: 485:, reacquired her U.S. nationality in 1898 by an Act of Congress, after a divorce from a British husband. 77: 19:

This article is about laws for acquiring U.S. nationality. For rights and privileges of citizenship, see

6181: 1114:; however since 2000 an exception has been made for people with diminished physical or mental capacity. 753:

became effective in 1946, and thereafter, Filipinos did not have U.S. nationality. The residents of the

9934: 9911: 9848: 9828: 9788: 9672: 9647: 9642: 9472: 9447: 9352: 9287: 9277: 9267: 9257: 9197: 9182: 9177: 9152: 9134: 9066: 8996: 8966: 8856: 8675: 8122: 8091: 7814: 7579: 7574: 6929: 6894: 5660: 5615: 5497: 4790: 4485: 4048:(Report). Washington, D. C.: Committee on Resources, House of Representatives. B-271897. Archived from 3792:"The U.S. Tax Consequences of Expatriation: Is It a Tax Planning Opportunity or a Trap for the Unwary?" 3705: 455: 196: 4909: 4568: 4504: 3987:"Though Ordered Deported, Suspected Nazi War Criminals Never Left U.S.; Other Nations Won't Take Them" 9803: 9687: 9662: 9617: 9612: 9562: 9487: 9437: 9412: 9407: 9377: 9332: 9322: 9282: 9252: 9242: 9232: 9147: 9124: 9099: 9036: 8956: 8881: 8846: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8747: 8423: 8303: 8102: 7834: 7657: 7534: 7380: 7030: 6718: 5173:

Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery: The Constitution, Common Law, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866

1367: 1295: 6453: 10135: 9888: 9758: 9748: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9677: 9587: 9567: 9552: 9402: 9372: 9327: 9312: 9272: 9262: 9237: 9167: 9162: 9109: 9104: 9094: 9046: 9041: 9031: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8961: 8941: 8936: 8926: 8896: 8886: 8876: 8871: 8861: 8841: 8801: 8791: 8392: 8262: 8126: 7986: 7905: 7751: 7741: 7609: 6713: 6708: 6691: 6246: 5200:"Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States" 4781: 725: 566: 562: 498: 201: 82: 5919:"Human Rights Law and the Taxation Consequences for Renouncing Citizenship Renouncing Citizenship" 885:

Automatic nationality is extended based upon the law applicable at the time of the child's birth:

856:

Automatic nationality is extended based upon the law applicable at the time of the child's birth:

9863: 9843: 9808: 9798: 9793: 9783: 9753: 9697: 9692: 9652: 9632: 9627: 9592: 9572: 9557: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9417: 9392: 9367: 9357: 9337: 9247: 9172: 9061: 9051: 8986: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8891: 8836: 8796: 8182: 8130: 8056: 7884: 7761: 7756: 7692: 7662: 7604: 6674: 6609: 6323: 6299: 5870: 5177: 5059:"The Citizenship Clause, Original Meaning, and the Egalitarian Unity of the Fourteenth Amendment" 4857: 3991: 3965: 3901: 3851: 3802: 1285:

to rewrite the Reed Amendment and make it enforceable failed in committee in both 2012 and 2013.

578: 520: 253: 218: 10101: 9883: 9873: 9838: 9738: 9682: 9667: 9602: 9597: 9582: 9477: 9452: 9422: 9347: 9307: 9139: 9011: 8946: 8931: 8916: 8345: 7864: 7789: 7736: 7687: 7511: 7105: 6832: 6679: 6525: 5722:"Divesting Citizenship: On Asian American History and the Loss of Citizenship through Marriage" 5480: 4177: 4000: 1310: 1247:

and the Supreme Court. Once the legal process has concluded, the Department of State issues a

1228: 1029: 745: 598: 468: 435: 213: 128: 5995: 5967: 5799: 5763: 5565: 5379: 4830: 4748: 4700: 4662: 4479: 4178:"Supreme Court of the United States: Syllabus – Sessions, Attorney General v. Morales-Santana" 4017: 671:

in the treatment of women and men passing their nationality to illegitimate children. Justice

9944: 9702: 9657: 9622: 9607: 9577: 9432: 9362: 9119: 8552: 7931: 7899: 7730: 7559: 7506: 6954: 6767: 6500: 6461: 5578: 5384:. Vol. 17: June 1979 – February 1981. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 5204: 5171: 5095: 5036: 4946: 4724: 4667: 4451: 3895: 3764: 3638: 473: 5855: 4835:

The Greatest and the Grandest Act: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 from Reconstruction to Today

732:

in 1903, under the terms of the Panamanian-U.S. Canal Convention. Under its provisions, the

10065: 10038: 9929: 9492: 8697: 8252: 7966: 7961: 7916: 7889: 7839: 7584: 5516: 5371: 5262:"Contested Citizenship: National Identity and the Mexican Immigration Debates of the 1920s" 4598: 3515:"US Court Clears Path for Fast-Track Citizenship for Foreign-Born Military Service Members" 2675: 1473: 1227:, clear and convincing evidence must be evaluated in processing a denaturalization action. 1202: 1089: 605: 274: 123: 4425:"Citizenship for Military Service? California Democrat Renews Bill to Let Dreamers Enlist" 4424: 1094: 8: 10055: 9974: 9517: 8680: 8469: 8197: 8061: 7849: 7794: 7697: 7554: 6274: 4268: 4173: 4125: 3556: 3481:(1). Charlottesville, Virginia: John Bassett Moore Society of International Law: 93–139. 3464: 3408: 2768: 2766: 1142: 1014: 762: 604:

In 1933, the United States delegation to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference,

574: 511: 454:

The first statute to define nationality and naturalization in the United States was the

9954: 8382: 8366: 8227: 8041: 8016: 8001: 7911: 7879: 7869: 7829: 7819: 7177: 7053: 6853: 6817: 6482: 6324:"Policy Manual: Chapter 4 – Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)" 6205: 6142: 6133: 6042: 5898: 5738: 5675: 5643: 5309: 5293: 5241: 4966: 4754: 4232: 4086: 3875: 3733: 3689:"Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the "Gift" of U.S. Citizenship" 3437: 2829: 1306: 1243:, but rather clear, convincing, and unequivocal evidence. Decisions may be appealed in 799: 716: 659: 494: 439: 234: 5518: 5517:

United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women; Chinkin, Christine (June 2003).

4070:"The Uncertain Role of Innocence in United StatesEfforts to Deport Nazi War Criminals" 2781: 2763: 2662: 2660: 891: 765:, were conferred the rights of citizenship. In 1976, the Trust Territories became the 761:, but it was not included as a territory at that time. U.S. nationals of Guam, by the 10096: 10048: 8702: 8448: 8433: 8413: 8287: 8162: 8141: 8113: 7717: 7544: 6909: 6535: 6438: 6154: 6146: 6058: 6050: 6034: 6018: 5991: 5981: 5942: 5934: 5902: 5890: 5882: 5835: 5795: 5787: 5779: 5750: 5742: 5696: 5688: 5647: 5635: 5627: 5588: 5537: 5529: 5475:. 7th Conference of American Republics, Montevideo, December 1933. Washington, D.C.: 5439: 5359: 5351: 5330: 5313: 5301: 5285: 5245: 5233: 5225: 5213: 5199: 5181: 5087: 5079: 4974: 4958: 4901: 4842: 4802: 4794: 4758: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4611: 4578: 4540: 4532: 4489: 4461: 4399: 4391: 4323: 4315: 4277: 4240: 4224: 4149: 4141: 4098: 4090: 4027: 3969: 3905: 3867: 3806: 3776: 3737: 3725: 3717: 3673: 3648: 3610: 3560: 3490: 3482: 3445: 3429: 1301: 1283:

Expatriation Prevention by Abolishing Tax-Related Incentives for Offshore Tenancy Act

1175: 1163: 729: 672: 7193: 5816:"Protecting Sex: Sexual Disincentives and Sex-Based Discrimination in Nguyen v. INS" 3157: 2610: 2608: 1008:

of American Samoans as non-citizen nationals as unconstitutional, holding that "any

9979: 8324: 8071: 7946: 7874: 7859: 7594: 7539: 7501: 7147: 7117: 7035: 6684: 6669: 6474: 6279: 6026: 5874: 5827: 5764:"Citizenship in U.S. Territories: Constitutional Right or Congressional Privilege?" 5619: 5490:"The US Has Come a Long Way Since Its First, Highly Restrictive Naturalization Law" 5277: 5217: 4950: 4475: 3859: 3709: 3587: 3519: 3421: 2657: 1269: 1240: 1188: 1179:

made it clear that a specific intent to expatriate must exist to lose nationality.

1009: 1004: 609: 482: 382: 2816: 2814: 2796: 2738: 2736: 1659: 663:(523 U.S. 420 1998), the court upheld discriminatory regulations set out in Title 10060: 8770: 8609: 8557: 8438: 8397: 8308: 8232: 8136: 8118: 7854: 7824: 7682: 6822: 6797: 6520: 6432: 6215: 6126:"American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism" 5971: 5729: 5401: 5195: 5126: 4564: 4429: 3931: 3897:

The Founders on Citizenship and Immigration: Principles and Challenges in America

2605: 1196:

must exist when performing a voluntary act for loss of nationality to occur. The

1169: 984: 976: 968: 960: 952: 847:

A State Department certification of report of birth, issued between 1990 and 2010

737: 668: 316: 5528:. New York, New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 4929: 4517:"Dual Nationality, the Myth of Election, and a Kinder, Gentler State Department" 4069: 827:

Birth certificate § Consular reports of birth for individuals born overseas

10091: 9991: 8547: 8526: 8510: 8474: 8418: 8387: 8202: 7059: 7025: 6979: 6210: 5775: 5375: 5221: 4717:"Demanding their Rights: The Latino Struggle for Educational Access and Equity" 4574: 4376:"What Was Taney Thinking? American Indian Citizenship in the Era of Dred Scott" 4349:"Opinion Analysis: Court Rejects Gender-Based Distinctions in Citizenship Laws" 4049: 4023: 3765:"Justice for All? Marriage and Deprivation of Citizenship in the United States" 3591: 2811: 2733: 1282: 1231:

for the district in which a defendant resides bring suit in the jurisdiction's

991: 758: 525: 472:(60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 1857) were only eligible to become naturalized if they 394: 320: 6158: 5946: 5894: 5791: 5700: 5639: 5623: 5305: 5237: 5091: 4978: 4692: 4570:

No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship

4544: 4327: 4244: 4153: 4102: 3729: 3713: 3449: 10152: 10121: 10070: 10002: 9544: 8652: 8573: 8531: 8500: 8428: 8350: 8222: 8192: 8108: 8011: 7722: 7677: 7167: 7162: 7090: 6858: 6150: 6054: 6038: 5938: 5886: 5839: 5783: 5754: 5746: 5692: 5631: 5541: 5533: 5463: 5443: 5363: 5355: 5289: 5229: 5155:"American Samoans' Citizenship Status Still in Limbo After Judge Issues Stay" 5083: 4962: 4905: 4798: 4684: 4615: 4536: 4403: 4395: 4319: 4281: 4228: 4145: 4094: 3973: 3871: 3833: 3810: 3760: 3721: 3614: 3564: 3486: 3433: 1073: 995: 822: 681: 538: 466:

were considered to be subjects of foreign governments and per decisions like

335: 6206:"Convention on the Nationality of Women (Inter-American); December 26, 1933" 5878: 5831: 4806: 3494: 446:, there was no other language in the Constitution dealing with nationality. 37: 10017: 7127: 6868: 6802: 6062: 5592: 1751: 1192:

was amended based on these court decisions to affirm that the intention to

618: 546: 478: 2647: 2645: 757:

came under U.S. jurisdiction in 1947, pursuant to an arrangement with the

601:

granted Native Americans, unilaterally, nationality in the United States.

10075: 10033: 8604: 8484: 4744: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2546: 881:

A State Department consular report of birth abroad, issued beginning 2011

558: 554: 422: 414: 371: 331: 6530: 5297: 5261: 4236: 4212: 1124:

List of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality

8329: 6505: 6486: 6270:"Former Nazi Camp Guard, 94, Who Lived in US for Years, to Be Deported" 6046: 6004: 4970: 4626: 4353: 3977: 3879: 3837: 3505: 3469:"Gendered States: A Comparative Construction of Citizenship and Nation" 3441: 3403: 2642: 1474:

United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women & Chinkin 2003

398: 378: 72: 4484:. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: 4213:"Married Women's Nationality in the International Context (1918–1935)" 2623: 2534: 835:

A State Department certification of birth abroad, issued prior to 1990

8237: 5826:(1). New York, New York: Columbia University School of Law: 222–273. 5281: 4636:"'I'm An American' Radio Show Promoted Inclusion Before World War II" 3665:

A Nationality of her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship

2581: 1350: 583: 459: 6478: 6030: 5576: 4954: 3863: 3425: 1665: 1330:

part of a restricted group. For example, the Supreme Court ruled in

1098:

Questions and answers for the civics portion of the citizenship test

1063:

A person holding up his certificate of derivative citizenship (2010)

10043: 10009: 8739: 7172: 7122: 6763:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

6084:. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of State. 2014. Archived from 5434: 1990: 1787: 1572: 807: 782: 390: 311: 4130:"Sexual Equality Under the Fourteenth and Equal Rights Amendments" 3838:"Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830–1934" 2218: 2182: 1213:

officers who acquired U.S. nationality have had it revoked if the

8272: 7702: 6102:"Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship at Birth by a Child Born Abroad" 6078:"Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship at Birth by a Child Born Abroad" 5570:

Administrative Decisions Under Immigration & Nationality Laws

5381:

Administrative Decisions Under Immigration & Nationality Laws

5032:"Two Senators Want to Stop Facebook's Saverin from Dodging Taxes" 3996: 2274: 2272: 2121: 2119: 1523: 1521: 816: 5970:. In Davis, Michael H.; Rizzo, Danielle M.; Vrapi, Olsi (eds.). 3379: 3307: 3223: 1484: 1482: 532: 7182: 6180: 5863:

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

2438: 2344: 1757: 1107: 634: 6521:

U.S. regulations regarding loss and restoration of citizenship

4505:"The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended" 2980: 2978: 2976: 2426: 2269: 2230: 2194: 2170: 2116: 1870: 1518: 947:

that the United States has acquired over time, such as Alaska

488: 338:, nationality is typically obtained through provisions in the 2593: 2486: 2402: 1479: 330:

details the conditions in which a person holds United States

3201: 3199: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3106: 3104: 2522: 2148: 2146: 1729: 1727: 1560: 438:

the authority to establish a naturalization law. Before the

4502: 4223:(1: Gender and the Citizen). Paris: Éditions Belin: 73–94. 3894:

Erler, Edward J.; West, Thomas G.; Marini, John A. (2007).

3331: 2973: 2552: 2375: 2373: 2371: 1775: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1596: 1538: 1536: 1210: 550: 401:

and meeting a residence requirement (normally five years).

6516:

U.S. Citizenship Laws & Policy (U.S. State Department)

6100: 6076: 4261:"When Saying "I Do" Meant Giving Up Your U.S. Citizenship" 2651: 2636: 2065: 1712: 1431: 1128:

List of denaturalized former citizens of the United States

5158: 4640: 4040: 3790:

Buss, David; Hryck, David; Granwell, Alan (August 2007).

3343: 3295: 3283: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3128: 3101: 3089: 2259: 2257: 2143: 1918: 1894: 1739: 1724: 1419: 741:

territories to be naturalized, under special provisions.

711:

United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality

430:

did not define either nationality or citizenship, but in

6736:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

5602:"US Territorial Citizenship Today: Four Interpretations" 5566:"In the Matter of W: In Exclusion Proceedings A-6391576" 5276:

for the Immigration & Ethnic History Society: 3–35.

5067:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

4883:"Unreformed: Towards Gender Equality in Immigration Law" 4864:. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of State. 4357:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. 4303:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

4043:

U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution

3319: 3041: 2869:"US court overturns American Samoa citizenship decision" 2498: 2414: 2368: 2356: 1831: 1829: 1695: 1533: 4855: 4015: 3271: 3247: 2963: 2961: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2540: 2320: 2206: 2104: 2082: 2080: 2029: 2007: 2005: 1996: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1268:

People giving up U.S. nationality may be subject to an

319:

receiving his Certificate of Naturalization from Judge

6565: 6430: 5430:"Why Americans Abroad Are Giving Up Their Citizenship" 3549:

Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties

3355: 3031: 3029: 2946: 2922: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2284: 2254: 2242: 2092: 2053: 1671: 1548: 1047:

Ideological restrictions on naturalization in U.S. law

503:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

7223: 6108:. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of State. 2017. 3367: 3259: 3235: 3211: 3116: 3077: 3065: 2751: 2296: 2041: 1978: 1906: 1882: 1826: 1804: 1802: 1763: 1613: 1611: 1506: 1494: 354:

is a broader legal term, such that a person can be a

6300:"Policy Manual: Chapter 2 – Becoming a U.S. Citizen" 6236:"Dual Citizenship – Security Clearance Implications" 5856:"The Value of Citizenship and Service to the Nation" 5370: 4858:"The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)" 3958:

Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929).

3145: 2958: 2934: 2910: 2887: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2690: 2450: 2158: 2077: 2017: 2002: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1858: 1841: 1814: 1793: 1683: 1635: 1584: 1578: 1407: 1019:

United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit

963:, both incorporated, and unincorporated Puerto Rico 688: 582:

children of birthright male nationals. In 1922, the

6741:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

6379:. Washington, D.C.: US Congress. October 14, 1940. 6268: 6234: 4016:Gansallo, Ayodele; Bernstein-Baker, Judith (2016). 3385: 3163: 3053: 3026: 3014: 2990: 2558: 2510: 2474: 2462: 2385: 2332: 2308: 1647: 1623: 1443: 903:

years, with five of them after the age of fourteen.

8647:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 6531:Free Online U.S. Citizenship Practice Test (USCIS) 6124: 5968:"Renouncing U.S. Citizenship Through Expatriation" 5481:Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements 4743: 2835: 2587: 2131: 1799: 1608: 1455: 1104:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 1102:Applicants must apply for naturalization with the 631:, the restrictive quota system remained in place. 6406:. Washington, D.C.: US House of Representatives. 5671:"American Nationals and Interstitial Citizenship" 5340:U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 4677:University of California, Berkeley, School of Law 3789: 3313: 3002: 2844: 2721: 2709: 1385: 1040: 793: 10150: 6702:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 6353:. Washington, D.C.: US Congress. June 27, 1952. 5854:Wong, Cara; Bonaguro, Jonathan (November 2020). 5599: 2444: 2350: 933: 911:In 2017, in a unanimous decision in the case of 5113: 3893: 3463: 2599: 2528: 2432: 2278: 2236: 2224: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2125: 1345:Though bills have been introduced, neither the 786:A judge swears in a new citizen. New York, 1910 93:Deportation of Americans from the United States 16:History and regulations of American citizenship 8658:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 6372: 6346: 6322: 6298: 6204: 5427: 4478:(1999). Appleby, Joyce; Ball, Terence (eds.). 4041:General Accounting Office (November 7, 1997). 3957: 3767:. In Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas R. (eds.). 3337: 2820: 2802: 2787: 2772: 2742: 2681: 2666: 2614: 2408: 2071: 1070:Military Accessions Vital to National Interest 817:Through birth abroad to United States citizens 389:are United States citizens (and nationals) by 8755: 7209: 7016:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 6551: 5577:U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration (1933). 4747:; Forte, David F.; Spalding, Matthew (2005). 4521:University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 4503:Joint Committee on Printing (July 25, 2007). 4210: 3769:Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory 1437: 1083: 777: 650:Wauchope v. United States Department of State 533:Restrictions and interpretations 1900 to 1965 449: 292: 9902:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 6400:"Title 8, Chapter 12, USC 1101: Definitions" 5853: 5564:United States Department of Justice (1950). 4274:National Archives and Records Administration 2984: 767:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 703:Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality 635:Refinements and interpretations 1966 to 2001 409: 7113:Democratic backsliding in the United States 6751:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 5600:Venator-Santiago, Charles R. (March 2017). 5029: 4644:. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio. 3325: 899:with five of them after the age of sixteen. 804:Birthright citizenship in the United States 695:American Samoan citizenship and nationality 489:Expansions and interpretations 1866 to 1900 68:Effects of immigration to the United States 8762: 8748: 7216: 7202: 6558: 6544: 6454:"Our Non-Citizen Nationals, Who Are They?" 5391:"Report on Citizenship Law: United States" 5169: 5125:. Translated by Rubio Grundell, Lucrecia. 4019:Understanding Immigration Law and Practice 3661: 3640:Multiple Nationality And International Law 3592:"Citizenship in the American Constitution" 3401: 3229: 2152: 1924: 1706: 1602: 1542: 645:Elias v. United States Department of State 299: 285: 249:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 5056: 4714: 4474: 4453:Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America 4067: 3697:Studies in American Political Development 3205: 3190: 3178: 3139: 1888: 1745: 1733: 1666:U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration 1933 1566: 31:United States citizenship and immigration 8714:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 6451: 6023:Center for Migration Studies of New York 5978:American Immigration Lawyers Association 5668: 5487: 5428:Stcherbatcheff, Barbara (July 1, 2014). 5259: 4880: 4449: 4172: 4124: 3686: 3555:(Special Issue). Palo Alto, California: 2504: 2492: 2420: 2379: 2362: 2302: 2059: 2047: 2035: 1781: 1769: 1641: 1554: 1131: 1093: 1058: 1028: 937: 876: 872: 842: 830: 781: 707:Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality 310: 6758:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 6714:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 6398: 6328:US Citizenship and Immigration Services 6304:US Citizenship and Immigration Services 5965: 5916: 5813: 5551:from the original on September 21, 2020 5462: 4927: 4551:from the original on September 21, 2020 3984: 3918: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3151: 2940: 2290: 2263: 2248: 2098: 1488: 1449: 1425: 629:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 240:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 63:Immigration policy of the United States 10151: 6995:United States Virgin Islands residents 6452:McGovney, Dudley O. (September 1934). 6310:from the original on February 22, 2021 6256:from the original on December 31, 2020 6222:from the original on December 27, 2020 6192:from the original on December 23, 2018 5563: 5415:from the original on December 13, 2019 5194: 5114:Rodríguez Serna, Nicolás (June 2016). 5017:from the original on November 12, 2020 4868:from the original on November 16, 2019 4828: 4771: 4750:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 4633: 4591: 4563: 4437:from the original on November 19, 2020 4410:from the original on November 25, 2020 4334:from the original on September 4, 2020 4258: 4211:Guerry, Linda; Rundell, Ethan (2016). 4198:from the original on February 24, 2021 3586: 3539: 3512: 3402:Aleinikoff, T. Alexander (June 1986). 3361: 3047: 2996: 2952: 2928: 2212: 2137: 2110: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1912: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1835: 1820: 1718: 1689: 1677: 1653: 1629: 1527: 1512: 1500: 1391: 1347:Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals 1117: 1033:A certificate of naturalization (1955) 851: 755:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 653:(985 F.2d 1407, 9th Cir. 1993) by the 541:of 1901, the Supreme Court ruled that 505:to grant citizenship status to former 8743: 7197: 6539: 6360:from the original on January 26, 2021 6168:from the original on October 27, 2017 6005:"Explaining Immigrant Naturalization" 5917:Worster, William Thomas (Fall 2017). 5761: 5719: 5607:PS – Political Science & Politics 5504:from the original on October 28, 2020 5388: 5327: 5165:from the original on January 5, 2021. 5076:University of Pennsylvania Law School 5044:from the original on October 20, 2020 4514: 4374:Hoxie, Frederick E. (December 2006). 4373: 4361:from the original on December 3, 2020 4312:University of Pennsylvania Law School 4068:Getschman, Gregory J. (Summer 1988). 3921:"Report on Citizenship Law: Colombia" 3820:from the original on February 1, 2014 3527:from the original on January 15, 2021 3474:Virginia Journal of International Law 3373: 3349: 3217: 3122: 3110: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3035: 3020: 2967: 2904: 2757: 2703: 2575: 2456: 2086: 1808: 1617: 1590: 699:Guamanian citizenship and nationality 561:, acquired in 1898 at the end of the 419:rights and obligations of citizenship 8769: 6588:House Electors Qualifications Clause 6506:U.S. Citizenship Information (USCIS) 6002: 5931:Saint Louis University School of Law 5669:Villazor, Rose Cuison (March 2017). 5519:"Women, Nationality and Citizenship" 5438:. New York, New York: Newsweek LLC. 5152: 5057:Rodríguez, Cristina M. (July 2009). 5000: 4938:The University of Chicago Law Review 4928:Orfield, Lester B. (December 1934). 4573:(1st ed.). New York, New York: 4422: 4346: 4295: 3832: 3759: 3636: 3008: 2916: 2855: 2727: 2715: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2164: 2023: 2011: 1948: 1936: 1900: 1758:Civil War on the Western Border 2016 1461: 1413: 350:are sometimes used interchangeably, 8681:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 8208:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 6410:from the original on April 23, 2018 6186:Civil War on the Western Border.org 5912:from the original on March 1, 2021. 5707:from the original on March 22, 2020 5153:Romo, Vanessa (December 13, 2019). 5116:"Report on Citizenship Law: Panama" 4881:Olivares, Mariela (February 2015). 4816:from the original on March 12, 2021 4660: 4648:from the original on April 12, 2020 4138:Washington University School of Law 4112:from the original on March 13, 2021 3513:Barros, Aline (September 3, 2020). 2541:Gansallo & Bernstein-Baker 2016 2516: 2480: 2468: 2396: 1288: 594:United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind 13: 7772:Drafting and ratification timeline 7517:District of Columbia Voting Rights 6985:Northern Mariana Islands residents 6567:Voting rights in the United States 6471:University of California, Berkeley 6424: 6386:from the original on March 8, 2021 6334:from the original on March 1, 2021 6112:from the original on March 3, 2021 6010:The International Migration Review 5953:from the original on March 7, 2020 5923:Saint Louis University Law Journal 5820:Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 5776:Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños 5477:Inter-American Commission of Women 5469:Report on the Nationality of Women 5266:Journal of American Ethnic History 5140:from the original on June 16, 2017 4988:from the original on March 6, 2021 4839:Southern Illinois University Press 4715:MacDonald, Victoria-María (2014). 4634:Laskow, Sarah (October 16, 2017). 4458:University of North Carolina Press 4189:Supreme Court of the United States 3945:from the original on March 6, 2018 3662:Bredbenner, Candice Lewis (1998). 3624:from the original on March 7, 2021 1794:Smith, Milhollan & Nelson 1981 1579:Smith, Milhollan & Nelson 1981 1249:Certificate of Loss of Nationality 377:Individuals born in any of the 50 14: 10175: 7225:Constitution of the United States 6746:Federal Voting Assistance Program 6494: 5074:(5). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 5030:Puzzanghera, Jim (May 18, 2012). 4833:. In Samito, Christian G. (ed.). 4772:Michal, Edward J. (Spring 1992). 4731:from the original on May 27, 2020 4663:"Americans, Almost and Forgotten" 4661:Lin, Tom C. W. (September 2019). 4606:(3). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 4592:Kramer, Daniel C. (Spring 1965). 4529:University of Miami School of Law 4515:Kelly, H. Ansgar (January 1992). 4310:(2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 4078:Cornell International Law Journal 3418:University of Michigan Law School 3404:"Theories of Loss of Citizenship" 1024: 772: 689:U.S. outlying territorial history 643:In 1989, a ruling in the case of 428:Constitution of the United States 58:Emigration from the United States 10164:United States constitutional law 10131: 10130: 8852:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7628:Convention to propose amendments 7153:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 7070:Women's poll tax repeal movement 5966:Worster, William Thomas (2012). 5685:Fordham University School of Law 5212:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: 4898:Chapman University School of Law 4856:Office of the Historian (2020). 4134:Washington University Law Review 3704:(1). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 2861: 2588:Meese, Forte & Spalding 2005 2553:Joint Committee on Printing 2007 1339: 1237:plead against self-incrimination 1215:Office of Special Investigations 268: 73:Permanent Residency (Green Card) 53:Immigration to the United States 36: 21:Citizenship of the United States 9997:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 6697:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 6615:Privileges or Immunities Clause 6501:Immigration and Nationality Act 6431:Robert James McWhirter (2007). 6282:. March 6, 2020. Archived from 6188:. Kansas City, Missouri. 2016. 6141:(6). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6003:Yang, Philip Q. (Autumn 1994). 5814:Weinrib, Laura (January 2003). 5585:U.S. Government Printing Office 5488:Taparata, Evan (July 4, 2016). 5260:Sheridan, Clare (Spring 2002). 4831:"The Janus of Civil Rights Law" 4608:Temple University School of Law 4456:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 3856:American Historical Association 3394: 3314:Buss, Hryck & Granwell 2007 2652:Bureau of Consular Affairs 2014 2637:Bureau of Consular Affairs 2017 1323: 1239:. The standard of proof is not 501:and later that year passed the 9834:Federated States of Micronesia 9198:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 8243:Separation of church and state 6975:District of Columbia residents 6905:Multiple non-transferable vote 6828:Voter registration in the U.S. 6773:Election Assistance Commission 6593:Congressional Elections Clause 5973:The Consular Practice Handbook 5737:(2). Los Angeles, California: 5568:. In Sharon, Joel Paul (ed.). 5011:American Civil Liberties Union 5001:Park, Sandra (June 13, 2017). 4829:Miller, Darrell A. H. (2018). 4296:Hein, John R. (January 2009). 3985:Forliti, Amy (July 30, 2013). 3919:Escobar, Cristina (May 2015). 3843:The American Historical Review 3687:Bruyneel, Kevin (April 2004). 3670:University of California Press 3607:James E. Rogers College of Law 1397: 1041:Eligibility for naturalization 794:Birth within the United States 432:Article 1, section 8, clause 4 1: 10159:United States nationality law 7747:Virginia Ratifying Convention 7158:National Voting Rights Museum 6768:Help America Vote Act of 2002 6145:: 1680–1703. April 10, 2017. 5406:European University Institute 5389:Spiro, Peter J. (July 2015). 5131:European University Institute 4930:"The Citizenship Act of 1934" 4481:Jefferson: Political Writings 3936:European University Institute 3637:Boll, Alfred Michael (2007). 2600:Erler, West & Marini 2007 1374: 1333:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1224:Schneiderman v. United States 1151:in 1915 with the ruling that 934:Birth in outlying possessions 928:Child Citizenship Act of 2000 328:United States nationality law 259:Child Citizenship Act of 2000 208:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 176:United States nationality law 134:Relinquishment of nationality 10115:British Overseas Territories 8708:National Constitution Center 8506:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 7805:Assemble and Petition Clause 7021:Timeline of women's suffrage 6437:. American Bar Association. 5274:University of Illinois Press 4527:(2). Coral Gables, Florida: 4423:Irby, Kate (June 20, 2019). 3799:International Tax Strategies 3773:University of Michigan Press 3540:Batlan, Felice (July 2020). 1997:Office of the Historian 2020 1379: 920: 655:9th Circuit Court of Appeals 7: 9985:Renunciation of citizenship 8579:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 7633:State ratifying conventions 7570:Equal Opportunity to Govern 7565:Electoral College abolition 7492:Congressional Apportionment 7075:History of direct democracy 7065:Selma to Montgomery marches 6808:Initiatives and referendums 6511:U.S. Naturalization (USCIS) 5762:Weare, Neil (Spring 2017). 5170:Rutherglen, George (2013). 5040:. Los Angeles, California. 4721:American Latino Theme Study 4675:(4). Berkeley, California: 4388:Chicago-Kent College of Law 4347:Howe, Amy (June 12, 2017). 4259:Hacker, Meg (Spring 2014). 3645:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1360: 1293:The Supreme Court ruled in 1255:Renunciation of nationality 914:Sessions v. Morales-Santana 751:Philippine Independence Act 523:did not apply to women and 10: 10180: 6895:First-past-the-post voting 6665:U.S. Department of Justice 6330:. Washington, D. C. 2021. 6306:. Washington, D. C. 2021. 6214:. New Haven, Connecticut: 6182:"Civil Rights Act of 1866" 6106:Bureau of Consular Affairs 6082:Bureau of Consular Affairs 5929:(1). St. Louis, Missouri: 5616:Cambridge University Press 5498:Public Radio International 5496:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: 5272:(3). Champaign, Illinois: 5222:10.1177/003232928401300101 4791:University of Hawaii Press 4486:Cambridge University Press 4191:. 137 S. Ct. 1678 (2017). 4136:(1). St. Louis, Missouri: 3706:Cambridge University Press 3416:(7). Ann Arbor, Michigan: 2409:Flournoy & Hudson 1929 1259:Statement of Understanding 1158:Savorgnan v. United States 1121: 1087: 1084:Process for naturalization 1044: 971:, the U.S. Virgin Islands 820: 797: 778:Acquisition of nationality 692: 543:unincorporated territories 456:Naturalization Act of 1790 450:Nationality laws 1790–1866 404: 197:Naturalization Act of 1790 18: 10110: 10084: 10026: 9967: 9920: 9821: 9711: 9538: 9531: 9300: 9225: 9082: 9075: 8784: 8777: 8666: 8638: 8618: 8597: 8566: 8540: 8519: 8493: 8457: 8406: 8375: 8359: 8338: 8317: 8296: 8280: 8271: 8150: 8032:Privileges and Immunities 7845:Congressional enforcement 7780: 7767:Rhode Island ratification 7658:Articles of Confederation 7645: 7623: 7600:Parental Rights amendment 7525: 7482: 7407: 7379: 7358: 7295: 7291: 7282: 7231: 7083: 7031:Woman Suffrage Procession 7003: 6922: 6887: 6841: 6790: 6783: 6719:Voting Rights Act of 1965 6655: 6573: 6434:The citizenship flowchart 6017:(3). New York, New York: 5869:(3). New York, New York: 5774:(1). New York, New York: 5683:(4). New York, New York: 5624:10.1017/S1049096516003103 5614:(2). New York, New York: 4896:(2). Orange, California: 4862:Foreign Service Institute 3995:. Jacksonville, Florida. 3850:(5). New York, New York: 3714:10.1017/S0898588X04000021 1438:Guerry & Rundell 2016 1368:United States v. Matheson 1296:Kawakita v. United States 515:(21 Wall 162, 1875), the 410:Constitutional foundation 119:U.S. citizens / nationals 8832:Central African Republic 8263:Unitary executive theory 8037:Privileges or Immunities 7752:New York Circular Letter 7742:Massachusetts Compromise 6970:American Samoa residents 6709:Civil Rights Act of 1960 6692:Civil Rights Act of 1957 6247:U.S. Department of State 4945:(1). Chicago, Illinois: 4837:. Carbondale, Illinois: 4782:The Contemporary Pacific 4450:Isenberg, Nancy (1998). 4386:(1). Chicago, Illinois: 3902:Rowman & Littlefield 3668:. Berkeley, California: 3386:Department of State 2016 2985:Wong & Bonaguro 2020 2687:, pp. 236, 238–239. 1879:, pp. 319–320, 324. 1530:, pp. xxiii, 11–12. 1316: 1245:federal appellate courts 575:Immigration Acts of 1921 567:Expatriation Act of 1907 499:Civil Rights Act of 1866 493:In the aftermath of the 481:, daughter of President 393:. The sole exception is 385:or almost any inhabited 275:United States portal 202:Civil Rights Act of 1866 192:Colonial nationality law 83:Diversity Immigrant Visa 9930:Commonwealth of Nations 8183:Dormant Commerce Clause 8027:Presidential succession 7762:Fayetteville Convention 7757:Hillsborough Convention 7693:Three-fifths Compromise 7673:Philadelphia Convention 7663:Mount Vernon Conference 7550:Campaign finance reform 6675:Enforcement Act of 1870 6610:Equal Protection Clause 5879:10.7758/rsf.2020.6.3.05 5871:Russell Sage Foundation 5832:10.7916/cjgl.v12i1.2449 5664:(subscription required) 5374:; Milhollan, David L.; 5338:(2). Washington, D.C.: 5178:Oxford University Press 4789:(1). Honolulu, Hawaii: 4433:. Modesto, California. 4380:Chicago-Kent Law Review 4085:(2). Ithaca, New York: 3992:The Florida Times-Union 3966:Oxford University Press 3852:Oxford University Press 3803:Commerce Clearing House 3771:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: 1229:United States Attorneys 726:citizens of Puerto Rico 497:, Congress enacted the 370:who have the status of 254:Immigration Act of 1990 219:Nationality Act of 1940 9744:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8346:William Samuel Johnson 8218:Nondelegation doctrine 7790:Admission to the Union 7737:Anti-Federalist Papers 7688:Connecticut Compromise 6680:Second Enforcement Act 5659: – via 5205:Politics & Society 5176:. New York, New York: 5009:. New York, New York: 4022:. New York, New York: 3964:. New York, New York: 3605:(2). Tucson, Arizona: 1491:, p. 61, Part II. 1311:classified information 1233:Federal District Court 1203:multiple nationalities 1194:relinquish nationality 1137: 1099: 1064: 1034: 943: 882: 848: 836: 787: 599:Indian Citizenship Act 469:Dred Scott v. Sandford 324: 214:Indian Citizenship Act 114:Birthright citizenship 10127:Partially recognized. 8992:São Tomé and Príncipe 8553:Richard Dobbs Spaight 8022:Presidential Electors 7997:Original Jurisdiction 7937:Full Faith and Credit 7810:Assistance of Counsel 7731:The Federalist Papers 7560:Crittenden Compromise 7133:Elections in the U.S. 6990:Puerto Rico residents 6729:covered jurisdictions 6462:California Law Review 6218:. December 26, 1933. 5583:. Washington, D. C.: 5466:(November 28, 1933). 5372:Smith, William French 5037:The Los Angeles Times 4947:University of Chicago 4725:National Park Service 4723:. Washington, D. C.: 4668:California Law Review 4272:. Washington, D. C.: 3801:. Chicago, Illinois: 3232:, pp. 1475–1476. 2495:, pp. 1710–1711. 2445:Venator-Santiago 2017 2351:Venator-Santiago 2017 1903:, pp. 1466–1468. 1135: 1097: 1062: 1032: 1021:reversed the ruling. 941: 880: 873:Illegitimate children 846: 834: 785: 314: 10066:Second-class citizen 10039:Multiple citizenship 9508:United Arab Emirates 9142:(Kingdom of Denmark) 8722:A More Perfect Union 8698:Constitution Gardens 8619:Convention Secretary 8281:Convention President 8253:Symmetric federalism 8248:Separation of powers 7982:Necessary and Proper 7977:Natural-born citizen 7922:Freedom of the Press 7860:Copyright and Patent 7850:Contingent Elections 7668:Annapolis Convention 6245:. Washington, D.C.: 5976:. Washington, D.C.: 5720:Volpp, Leti (2005). 5526:Women2000 and Beyond 5157:. Washington, D.C.: 4841:. pp. 233–264. 4753:. Washington, D.C.: 4599:Temple Law Quarterly 4488:. pp. 219–220. 4187:. Washington, D.C.: 4174:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader 4126:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader 3997:Gannett News Service 3900:. Lanham, Maryland: 3588:Bickel, Alexander M. 3465:Augustine-Adams, Kif 2529:Rodríguez Serna 2016 2433:Rodríguez Serna 2016 2279:Augustine-Adams 2001 2237:Augustine-Adams 2001 2225:Augustine-Adams 2001 2201:Augustine-Adams 2001 2189:Augustine-Adams 2001 2177:Augustine-Adams 2001 2126:Augustine-Adams 2001 1721:, pp. 244, 265. 1263:Oath of Renunciation 1143:foreign armed forces 1090:American Civics Test 610:Joshua Butler Wright 606:Alexander W. Weddell 563:Spanish–American War 444:Fourteenth Amendment 442:and adoption of the 383:District of Columbia 227:Relevant legislation 139:Honorary citizenship 10056:Permanent residency 9975:Loss of citizenship 9950:Caribbean Community 9203:Trinidad and Tobago 9188:St. Kitts and Nevis 9090:Antigua and Barbuda 8729:Worldwide influence 8470:Gunning Bedford Jr. 8198:Executive privilege 8178:Criminal sentencing 8101:Title of Nobility ( 8092:Taxing and Spending 7992:Oath or Affirmation 7952:House Apportionment 7815:Case or Controversy 7698:Committee of Detail 7590:"Liberty" amendment 7555:Christian amendment 6286:on February 2, 2021 6275:The Times of Israel 5450:on January 20, 2021 4160:on December 6, 2020 3557:Stanford Law School 3523:. Washington, D.C. 3409:Michigan Law Review 3352:, pp. 429–430. 3338:Stcherbatcheff 2014 3165:The Times of Israel 3113:, pp. 444–445. 3098:, pp. 442–444. 2793:, pp. 236–237. 2778:, pp. 236–238. 2590:, pp. 385–389. 2329:, pp. 434–436. 2227:, pp. 101–102. 2191:, pp. 137–138. 2072:Avalon Project 1933 1784:, pp. 162–163. 1569:, pp. 219–220. 1118:Loss of nationality 852:Legitimate children 763:Organic Act of 1950 624:McCarran-Walter Act 547:insular possessions 512:Minor v. Happersett 399:permanent residents 78:Refugees and asylum 9130:Dominican Republic 8383:William Livingston 8367:Alexander Hamilton 8173:Criminal procedure 8168:Constitutional law 8103:Foreign Emoluments 8067:State of the Union 8052:Self-Incrimination 8042:Recess appointment 7835:Compulsory Process 7497:Titles of Nobility 7178:Voter registration 7054:Give Us the Ballot 6950:Transgender people 6854:Grandfather clause 6818:Provisional ballot 6143:Harvard Law School 6134:Harvard Law Review 5739:UCLA School of Law 5676:Fordham Law Review 4915:on August 14, 2020 4890:Chapman Law Review 4755:Regnery Publishing 4087:Cornell Law School 3775:. pp. 77–98. 3599:Arizona Law Review 2837:Harvard Law Review 1428:, p. Part II. 1307:security clearance 1138: 1112:Oath of Allegiance 1100: 1065: 1053:permanent resident 1035: 944: 883: 849: 837: 800:Citizenship Clause 788: 746:Jones–Shafroth Act 717:Territorial Clause 660:Miller v. Albright 440:American Civil War 325: 235:Citizenship Clause 109:Oath of Allegiance 88:Illegal immigrants 10146: 10145: 10120:Open border with 9963: 9962: 9817: 9816: 9296: 9295: 9216:US Virgin Islands 9143: 8867:Equatorial Guinea 8737: 8736: 8703:Constitution Week 8688:Independence Mall 8676:National Archives 8634: 8633: 8449:Gouverneur Morris 8434:Thomas Fitzsimons 8414:Benjamin Franklin 8288:George Washington 8188:Enumerated powers 8163:Concurrent powers 8158:Balance of powers 7987:No Religious Test 7927:Freedom of Speech 7718:Independence Hall 7641: 7640: 7545:Bricker amendment 7478: 7477: 7191: 7190: 7138:Electoral College 6960:African Americans 6918: 6917: 6910:One man, one vote 6879:Voter suppression 6444:978-1-59031-921-5 6249:. February 2016. 6243:careers.state.gov 6088:on March 28, 2015 6019:SAGE Publications 5987:978-1-57370-308-6 5331:Prologue Magazine 5214:SAGE Publications 5187:978-0-19-973970-7 4848:978-0-8093-3652-4 4764:978-1-59698-001-3 4495:978-0-521-64841-7 4476:Jefferson, Thomas 4467:978-0-8078-4746-6 4003:on August 5, 2020 3911:978-0-7425-5855-7 3836:(December 1998). 3782:978-0-472-02368-4 3654:978-90-04-14838-3 3304:, pp. 87–88. 3292:, pp. 85–86. 3050:, pp. 58–59. 2215:, pp. 43–44. 2113:, pp. 60–61. 1605:, pp. 18–19. 1302:Schneider v. Rusk 1176:Vance v. Terrazas 1164:Perez v. Brownell 1148:Mackenzie v. Hare 730:Panama Canal Zone 673:John Paul Stevens 340:U.S. Constitution 309: 308: 10171: 10134: 10133: 9980:Denaturalization 9869:Papua New Guinea 9854:Marshall Islands 9536: 9535: 9141: 9080: 9079: 8782: 8781: 8771:Nationality laws 8764: 8757: 8750: 8741: 8740: 8693:Constitution Day 8584:Charles Pinckney 8393:William Paterson 8325:Nathaniel Gorham 8278: 8277: 8057:Speech or Debate 7885:Equal Protection 7595:Ludlow amendment 7580:Flag Desecration 7575:Federal Marriage 7540:Blaine amendment 7502:Corwin Amendment 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7148:Electoral system 7143:Electoral reform 7118:Disfranchisement 7106:Native Americans 7096:Campaign finance 7041:U.S. suffragists 7036:Silent Sentinels 6965:Native Americans 6788: 6787: 6685:Ku Klux Klan Act 6670:Enforcement Acts 6560: 6553: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6490: 6458: 6448: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6374:"Public Law 853" 6369: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6352: 6348:"Public Law 414" 6343: 6341: 6339: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6280:Associated Press 6265: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6240: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6130: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6073: 6071: 6069: 5999: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5913: 5911: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5758: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5596: 5573: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5484: 5474: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5446:. Archived from 5424: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5395: 5385: 5367: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5282:10.2307/27502846 5256: 5254: 5252: 5196:Sapiro, Virginia 5191: 5166: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5101:on July 15, 2011 5100: 5094:. Archived from 5063: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5026: 5024: 5022: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4908:. Archived from 4887: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4852: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4815: 4778: 4768: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4588: 4565:Kerber, Linda K. 4560: 4558: 4556: 4511: 4509: 4499: 4471: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4185:SupremeCourt.gov 4182: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156:. Archived from 4128:(January 1979). 4121: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4055:on March 4, 2021 4054: 4047: 4037: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3999:. Archived from 3981: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3944: 3925: 3915: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3796: 3786: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747:on March 6, 2021 3746: 3740:. Archived from 3693: 3683: 3658: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3596: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3574:on July 15, 2020 3573: 3567:. Archived from 3546: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3520:Voice of America 3509: 3503: 3501: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3326:Puzzanghera 2012 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2842: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1839: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1680:, pp. 9–10. 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1531: 1525: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1416:, p. 66-67. 1411: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1354: 1343: 1337: 1327: 1289:Dual nationality 1270:expatriation tax 1241:reasonable doubt 1198:State Department 1191: 1074:Olympic athletes 1010:State Department 1007: 521:equal protection 483:Ulysses S. Grant 464:Native Americans 301: 294: 287: 273: 272: 271: 124:Citizenship test 40: 28: 27: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10106: 10080: 10061:Right of return 10022: 9959: 9922: 9916: 9879:Solomon Islands 9813: 9779:Northern Cyprus 9774:North Macedonia 9707: 9542: 9527: 9292: 9221: 9071: 8773: 8768: 8738: 8733: 8668: 8662: 8630: 8626:William Jackson 8614: 8610:Abraham Baldwin 8593: 8562: 8558:Hugh Williamson 8536: 8515: 8489: 8480:Richard Bassett 8453: 8439:Jared Ingersoll 8402: 8398:Jonathan Dayton 8371: 8355: 8334: 8313: 8309:Nicholas Gilman 8292: 8267: 8233:Reserved powers 8213:Judicial review 8146: 7942:General Welfare 7865:Double Jeopardy 7776: 7703:List of Framers 7683:New Jersey Plan 7637: 7619: 7615:Victims' Rights 7535:Balanced budget 7521: 7474: 7403: 7375: 7354: 7278: 7227: 7222: 7192: 7187: 7079: 6999: 6914: 6883: 6849:Electoral fraud 6837: 6833:Voting in space 6823:Recall election 6798:Absentee ballot 6779: 6657: 6651: 6575: 6569: 6564: 6497: 6479:10.2307/3476939 6456: 6445: 6427: 6425:Further reading 6422: 6413: 6411: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6337: 6335: 6313: 6311: 6289: 6287: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6238: 6225: 6223: 6216:Yale Law School 6195: 6193: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6128: 6115: 6113: 6091: 6089: 6067: 6065: 6031:10.2307/2546816 5988: 5956: 5954: 5909: 5858: 5844: 5842: 5804: 5802: 5730:UCLA Law Review 5724: 5710: 5708: 5663: 5652: 5650: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5521: 5507: 5505: 5472: 5453: 5451: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5402:Badia Fiesolana 5393: 5376:Nelson, Alan C. 5318: 5316: 5250: 5248: 5188: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5127:Badia Fiesolana 5118: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5061: 5047: 5045: 5020: 5018: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4955:10.2307/1596298 4932: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4885: 4871: 4869: 4849: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4776: 4765: 4734: 4732: 4705: 4703: 4651: 4649: 4620: 4618: 4585: 4575:Hill & Wang 4554: 4552: 4507: 4496: 4468: 4440: 4438: 4430:The Modesto Bee 4413: 4411: 4364: 4362: 4337: 4335: 4286: 4284: 4263: 4249: 4247: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4180: 4163: 4161: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4072: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4034: 4006: 4004: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3932:Badia Fiesolana 3923: 3912: 3884: 3882: 3864:10.2307/2649963 3823: 3821: 3817: 3794: 3783: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3691: 3680: 3655: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3594: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3544: 3530: 3528: 3499: 3497: 3454: 3452: 3426:10.2307/1288994 3397: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280:, pp. 7–9. 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256:, pp. 3–4. 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3230:Aleinikoff 1986 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2875:. June 16, 2021 2867: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2841:, p. 1683. 2834: 2830: 2819: 2812: 2801: 2797: 2786: 2782: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2691: 2680: 2676: 2672:, p. 1139. 2665: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2624: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519:, p. 1257. 2515: 2511: 2507:, p. 1707. 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2483:, p. 1259. 2479: 2475: 2471:, p. 1260. 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2435:, pp. 7–8. 2431: 2427: 2423:, p. 1697. 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399:, p. 1262. 2395: 2386: 2382:, p. 1673. 2378: 2369: 2365:, p. 1676. 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2167:, p. 1469. 2163: 2159: 2153:Bredbenner 1998 2151: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026:, p. 1467. 2022: 2018: 2014:, p. 1466. 2010: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951:, p. 1464. 1947: 1943: 1939:, p. 1466. 1935: 1931: 1925:Bredbenner 1998 1923: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1842: 1834: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1748:, p. 1367. 1744: 1740: 1736:, p. 1366. 1732: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1707:Rutherglen 2013 1705: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1609: 1603:Bredbenner 1998 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1543:Rutherglen 2013 1541: 1534: 1526: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1480: 1476:, pp. 2–3. 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1344: 1340: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1291: 1183: 1170:Afroyim v. Rusk 1153:Ethel Mackenzie 1130: 1120: 1092: 1086: 1049: 1043: 1027: 999: 936: 923: 875: 854: 829: 819: 810: 798:Main articles: 796: 780: 775: 713: 691: 637: 535: 519:confirmed that 491: 452: 412: 407: 366:is reserved to 317:Albert Einstein 305: 269: 267: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10177: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10128: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992:Naturalization 9989: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9945:Nordic Council 9942: 9937: 9935:European Union 9932: 9926: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9898:American Samoa 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9809:United Kingdom 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9712:Rest of Europe 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9578:Czech Republic 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9549: 9547: 9540:European Union 9533: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9086: 9084: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9057:Western Sahara 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8847:Congo Republic 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8744: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8718: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8567:South Carolina 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8548:William Blount 8544: 8542: 8541:North Carolina 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8511:Daniel Carroll 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8475:John Dickinson 8472: 8467: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8419:Thomas Mifflin 8416: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8388:David Brearley 8385: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8258:Taxation power 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8203:Implied powers 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8151:Interpretation 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8047:Recommendation 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7932:Fugitive Slave 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7900:Excessive Bail 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7800:Appropriations 7797: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7610:Single subject 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7381:Reconstruction 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7297:Bill of Rights 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7221: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060:Freedom Summer 7057: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7026:Suffrage Hikes 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6980:Guam residents 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6900:Gerrymandering 6897: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6647:26th Amendment 6644: 6642:24th Amendment 6639: 6637:23rd Amendment 6634: 6632:19th Amendment 6629: 6627:17th Amendment 6624: 6622:15th Amendment 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6605:14th Amendment 6602: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6579: 6577: 6574:Constitutional 6571: 6570: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6495:External links 6493: 6492: 6491: 6449: 6443: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6396: 6370: 6344: 6320: 6296: 6266: 6232: 6211:Avalon Project 6202: 6178: 6122: 6098: 6074: 6000: 5986: 5963: 5914: 5851: 5811: 5768:Centro Journal 5759: 5717: 5666: 5661:Cambridge Core 5597: 5574: 5561: 5514: 5485: 5464:Stevens, Doris 5460: 5425: 5386: 5368: 5325: 5257: 5198:(March 1984). 5192: 5186: 5167: 5150: 5111: 5054: 5027: 4998: 4925: 4878: 4853: 4847: 4826: 4769: 4763: 4741: 4712: 4658: 4631: 4589: 4583: 4561: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4472: 4466: 4460:. p. 45. 4447: 4420: 4371: 4344: 4293: 4256: 4208: 4170: 4122: 4065: 4038: 4032: 4024:Wolters Kluwer 4013: 3982: 3955: 3916: 3910: 3891: 3834:Cott, Nancy F. 3830: 3787: 3781: 3761:Cott, Nancy F. 3757: 3684: 3678: 3659: 3653: 3634: 3584: 3537: 3510: 3461: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3376:, p. 445. 3366: 3364:, p. 283. 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3220:, p. 444. 3210: 3208:, p. 293. 3206:Getschman 1988 3195: 3193:, p. 292. 3191:Getschman 1988 3183: 3181:, p. 290. 3179:Getschman 1988 3171: 3156: 3144: 3142:, p. 289. 3140:Getschman 1988 3127: 3125:, p. 447. 3115: 3100: 3088: 3086:, p. 441. 3076: 3074:, p. 439. 3064: 3052: 3040: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2972: 2957: 2955:, p. 141. 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 140. 2921: 2919:, p. 459. 2909: 2886: 2860: 2843: 2828: 2810: 2808:, p. 237. 2804:Public Law 414 2795: 2789:Public Law 414 2780: 2774:Public Law 414 2762: 2760:, p. 148. 2750: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2689: 2683:Public Law 414 2674: 2668:Public Law 853 2656: 2641: 2622: 2620:, p. 236. 2616:Public Law 414 2604: 2592: 2580: 2557: 2545: 2543:, p. 570. 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 149. 2449: 2447:, p. 517. 2437: 2425: 2413: 2411:, p. 574. 2401: 2384: 2367: 2355: 2353:, p. 515. 2343: 2341:, p. 443. 2331: 2319: 2317:, p. 433. 2307: 2295: 2293:, p. 257. 2283: 2281:, p. 103. 2268: 2266:, p. 224. 2253: 2251:, p. 263. 2241: 2239:, p. 104. 2229: 2217: 2205: 2203:, p. 138. 2193: 2181: 2179:, p. 137. 2169: 2157: 2155:, p. 244. 2142: 2130: 2128:, p. 102. 2115: 2103: 2101:, p. 110. 2091: 2089:, p. 420. 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2038:, p. 422. 2028: 2016: 2001: 1989: 1987:, p. 780. 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1927:, p. 100. 1917: 1915:, p. 324. 1905: 1893: 1889:MacDonald 2014 1881: 1869: 1857: 1840: 1838:, p. 319. 1825: 1813: 1798: 1796:, p. 201. 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1746:Rodríguez 2009 1738: 1734:Rodríguez 2009 1723: 1711: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1622: 1607: 1595: 1593:, p. 330. 1583: 1581:, p. 195. 1571: 1567:Jefferson 1999 1559: 1547: 1532: 1517: 1515:, p. 370. 1505: 1503:, p. 369. 1493: 1478: 1466: 1464:, p. 114. 1454: 1442: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1396: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1338: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1290: 1287: 1279:Reed Amendment 1261:and takes the 1189:§ 1481(a) 1119: 1116: 1085: 1082: 1042: 1039: 1026: 1025:Naturalization 1023: 1005:§ 1408(1) 992:American Samoa 935: 932: 922: 919: 909: 908: 904: 900: 896: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 862: 853: 850: 818: 815: 795: 792: 779: 776: 774: 773:Current scheme 771: 759:United Nations 690: 687: 677:Clark v. Jeter 636: 633: 619:legitimization 534: 531: 526:Elk v. Wilkins 490: 487: 451: 448: 411: 408: 406: 403: 395:American Samoa 321:Phillip Forman 307: 306: 304: 303: 296: 289: 281: 278: 277: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 237: 229: 228: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 204: 199: 194: 186: 185: 181: 180: 179: 178: 170: 169: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 149: 148: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 103: 102: 98: 97: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10176: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10139: 10138: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10122:Schengen Area 10119: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10071:Statelessness 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10007: 10005: 10004: 10003:Ius sanguinis 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9955:African Union 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923:organizations 9921:International 9919: 9913: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9894:United States 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9638:Liechtenstein 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9545:Schengen Area 9541: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9208:United States 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8907:Guinea-Bissau 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8753: 8751: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8653:Jacob Shallus 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8589:Pierce Butler 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8574:John Rutledge 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8532:James Madison 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8501:James McHenry 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8429:George Clymer 8427: 8425: 8424:Robert Morris 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8351:Roger Sherman 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318:Massachusetts 8316: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297:New Hampshire 8295: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:Plenary power 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8193:Equal footing 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8114:Trial by Jury 8112: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967:Ineligibility 7965: 7963: 7962:Import-Export 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917:Free Exercise 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7906:Ex Post Facto 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890:Establishment 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:Confrontation 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7723:Syng inkstand 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678:Virginia Plan 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7605:School Prayer 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Secret ballot 7166: 7164: 7163:Redistricting 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:Ballot access 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888:Vote dilution 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874:Voter ID laws 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:Literacy test 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:Postal voting 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6600:1st Amendment 6598: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6409: 6405: 6404:www.uscis.gov 6401: 6397: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6285: 6281: 6278:. Jerusalem. 6277: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5718: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5687:: 1673–1724. 5686: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398:cadmus.eui.eu 5392: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123:cadmus.eui.eu 5117: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5078:: 1363–1371. 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4926: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4679:: 1249–1302. 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4584:0-8090-7383-8 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176:(June 2017). 4175: 4171: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4066: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4033:9781454850380 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4014: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928:cadmus.eui.eu 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858:: 1440–1474. 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3679:0-520-20650-9 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3467:(Fall 2001). 3466: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420:: 1471–1503. 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3316:, p. 11. 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2987:, p. 99. 2986: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2970:, p. 14. 2969: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2907:, p. 12. 2906: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2838: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2822:Policy Manual 2817: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2744:Policy Manual 2739: 2737: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2706:, p. 11. 2705: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2602:, p. 67. 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2578:, p. 10. 2577: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2555:, p. 16. 2554: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2505:Villazor 2017 2501: 2494: 2493:Villazor 2017 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2421:Villazor 2017 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2381: 2380:Villazor 2017 2376: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2363:Villazor 2017 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2303:Ginsburg 2017 2299: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2073: 2068: 2062:, p. 30. 2061: 2060:Bruyneel 2004 2056: 2049: 2048:Sheridan 2002 2044: 2037: 2036:Olivares 2015 2032: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1975:, p. 59. 1974: 1969: 1963:, p. 12. 1962: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1867:, p. 58. 1866: 1861: 1855:, p. 43. 1854: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1823:, p. 10. 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1782:Ginsburg 1979 1778: 1771: 1770:Sheridan 2002 1766: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1715: 1709:, p. 22. 1708: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1692:, p. 41. 1691: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1668:, p. 19. 1667: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1642:Taparata 2016 1638: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1557:, p. 45. 1556: 1555:Isenberg 1998 1551: 1545:, p. 21. 1544: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1440:, p. 73. 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1400: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1309:or access to 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1274:U.S. taxation 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1091: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1038: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 996:Swains Island 993: 988: 986: 982: 981:8 U.S.C. 978: 974: 973:8 U.S.C. 970: 966: 965:8 U.S.C. 962: 958: 957:8 U.S.C. 954: 950: 949:8 U.S.C. 940: 931: 929: 918: 916: 915: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 887: 886: 879: 867: 863: 859: 858: 857: 845: 841: 833: 828: 824: 823:jus sanguinis 814: 809: 805: 801: 791: 784: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 742: 739: 735: 734:8 U.S.C. 731: 727: 721: 718: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 686: 684: 683: 682:Nguyen v. INS 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:8 U.S.C. 662: 661: 656: 652: 651: 646: 641: 632: 630: 625: 620: 614: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 595: 588: 585: 580: 576: 571: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539:Insular Cases 530: 528: 527: 522: 518: 517:Supreme Court 514: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 486: 484: 480: 475: 471: 470: 465: 461: 457: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 420: 416: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:United States 333: 329: 322: 318: 313: 302: 297: 295: 290: 288: 283: 282: 280: 279: 276: 266: 265: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 231: 230: 226: 225: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 183: 182: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 167: 166: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 146: 145: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104: 100: 99: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 50: 49: 48: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 10136: 10102:Soviet Union 10097:Ancient Rome 10092:Nazi Germany 10018:Repatriation 10008: 10001: 9968:By procedure 9893: 9503:Turkmenistan 9458:Saudi Arabia 9207: 9022:South Africa 9007:Sierra Leone 8812:Burkina Faso 8778:By continent 8720: 8712: 8645: 8444:James Wilson 8407:Pennsylvania 8304:John Langdon 8062:Speedy Trial 7904: 7795:Appointments 7729: 7512:Equal Rights 7408:20th century 7128:Election law 7046:Publications 6955:Young adults 6869:Voter caging 6803:Early voting 6791:Voter access 6658:and agencies 6656:Federal laws 6466: 6460: 6433: 6412:. 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Retrieved 2872: 2863: 2836: 2831: 2821: 2803: 2798: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2753: 2743: 2723: 2711: 2682: 2677: 2667: 2615: 2595: 2583: 2548: 2536: 2531:, p. 8. 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2305:, p. 1. 2298: 2291:Weinrib 2003 2286: 2264:Weinrib 2003 2249:Weinrib 2003 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2133: 2106: 2099:Orfield 1934 2094: 2067: 2055: 2050:, p. 7. 2043: 2031: 2019: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1816: 1811:, p. 3. 1789: 1777: 1772:, p. 3. 1765: 1753: 1741: 1714: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1656:, p. 9. 1649: 1637: 1632:, p. 3. 1625: 1620:, p. 1. 1598: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1550: 1508: 1496: 1489:Stevens 1933 1469: 1457: 1452:, p. 1. 1450:Escobar 2015 1445: 1433: 1426:Stevens 1933 1421: 1409: 1399: 1387: 1366: 1341: 1331: 1325: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1222: 1220: 1207: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1146: 1139: 1101: 1078: 1066: 1050: 1036: 989: 945: 924: 912: 910: 884: 855: 838: 811: 789: 743: 722: 714: 680: 676: 658: 648: 644: 642: 638: 615: 603: 592: 589: 573:The federal 572: 536: 524: 510: 492: 479:Nellie Grant 467: 453: 413: 376: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 327: 326: 206: 175: 25: 10076:Travel visa 10034:Citizenship 9859:New Zealand 9703:Switzerland 9658:Netherlands 9468:South Korea 9448:Philippines 9428:North Korea 9308:Afghanistan 9212:Puerto Rico 9135:El Salvador 9027:South Sudan 8912:Ivory Coast 8605:William Few 8485:Jacob Broom 8465:George Read 8339:Connecticut 8273:Signatories 8123:Legislative 8097:Territorial 8017:Presentment 8002:Origination 7957:Impeachment 7912:Extradition 7880:Engagements 7870:Due Process 7820:Citizenship 7507:Child Labor 7101:Citizenship 6842:Vote denial 6473:: 593–635. 6172:October 27, 6025:: 449–477. 5778:: 136–163. 5741:: 405–483. 5618:: 515–519. 5342:: 146–153, 4900:: 419–450. 4793:: 137–160. 4610:: 279–287. 4531:: 421–464. 4390:: 329–359. 4314:: 423–457. 4140:: 161–178. 4089:: 287–316. 3609:: 369–387. 3559:: 315–349. 3362:Kramer 1965 3048:Hacker 2014 2997:Barros 2020 2953:Michal 1992 2929:Michal 1992 2879:November 1, 2213:Kerber 1998 2138:Hacker 2014 2111:Hacker 2014 1985:Sharon 1950 1973:Hacker 2014 1961:Sapiro 1984 1913:Batlan 2020 1877:Batlan 2020 1865:Hacker 2014 1853:Kerber 1998 1836:Batlan 2020 1821:Sapiro 1984 1719:Miller 2018 1690:Kerber 1998 1678:Sapiro 1984 1654:Sapiro 1984 1630:Sapiro 1984 1528:Kerber 1998 1513:Bickel 1973 1501:Bickel 1973 1392:Laskow 2017 1265:, is held. 985:§ 1407 979:, and Guam 977:§ 1406 969:§ 1402 961:§ 1405 955:and Hawaii 953:§ 1404 892:legitimized 738:§ 1403 669:§ 1409 559:Puerto Rico 555:Philippines 474:assimilated 423:citizenship 415:Nationality 379:U.S. states 372:citizenship 332:nationality 168:Legislation 101:Citizenship 45:Immigration 10153:Categories 9789:San Marino 9769:Montenegro 9734:Azerbaijan 9648:Luxembourg 9513:Uzbekistan 9483:Tajikistan 9388:Kyrgyzstan 9383:Kazakhstan 9343:East Timor 9318:Bangladesh 9140:Greenland 9115:Costa Rica 9017:Somaliland 9002:Seychelles 8967:Mozambique 8952:Mauritania 8937:Madagascar 8892:The Gambia 8827:Cape Verde 8717:(painting) 8669:and legacy 8527:John Blair 8376:New Jersey 8330:Rufus King 8228:Preemption 8142:War Powers 8077:Suspension 7895:Exceptions 7585:Human Life 7484:Unratified 7284:Amendments 6945:Foreigners 6784:State laws 6724:amendments 6576:provisions 6159:7023192332 5947:7249732835 5933:: 85–101. 5895:8866861962 5873:: 96–116. 5792:7107053144 5701:8090930759 5640:8271230316 5555:January 2, 5306:5556646221 5238:4650679194 5144:January 2, 5092:8091446338 4979:5544328554 4949:: 99–118. 4693:8270441227 4627:HeinOnline 4545:8092081763 4354:SCOTUSblog 4328:8092055580 4245:7788119453 4154:8092712430 4103:7128216778 3978:HeinOnline 3730:4669043126 3643:. Leiden: 3506:HeinOnline 3450:5544296499 3374:Kelly 1992 3350:Kelly 1992 3218:Kelly 1992 3123:Kelly 1992 3111:Kelly 1992 3096:Kelly 1992 3084:Kelly 1992 3072:Kelly 1992 3060:Spiro 2015 3036:Spiro 2015 3021:Spiro 2015 2968:Spiro 2015 2905:Spiro 2015 2758:Weare 2017 2704:Spiro 2015 2576:Spiro 2015 2457:Weare 2017 2087:Volpp 2005 1809:Spiro 2015 1618:Smith 1998 1591:Hoxie 2006 1375:References 1122:See also: 1088:See also: 1045:See also: 821:See also: 693:See also: 537:Under the 391:birthright 358:but not a 315:Physicist 10027:By result 9829:Australia 9643:Lithuania 9473:Sri Lanka 9463:Singapore 9443:Palestine 9353:Indonesia 9288:Venezuela 9233:Argentina 9193:St. Lucia 9178:Nicaragua 9153:Guatemala 8957:Mauritius 8238:Saxbe fix 8127:Executive 8082:Take Care 8072:Supremacy 7947:Guarantee 7875:Elections 7646:Formation 7359:1795–1804 6583:Article I 6414:March 12, 6338:March 12, 6290:March 13, 6260:March 13, 6151:0017-811X 6068:March 12, 6055:425856564 6039:0197-9183 5957:March 13, 5939:0036-3030 5903:226282857 5887:2377-8253 5840:1062-6220 5784:1538-6279 5755:193654281 5747:0041-5650 5693:0015-704X 5653:March 12, 5648:151942364 5632:1049-0965 5542:614497525 5534:2071-1514 5494:The World 5454:March 13, 5444:0028-9604 5364:208742006 5356:0033-1031 5314:157521905 5290:0278-5927 5246:153555230 5230:0032-3292 5084:1521-2823 5048:March 13, 4963:0041-9494 4906:2381-3245 4820:March 12, 4799:1043-898X 4685:0008-1221 4621:March 13, 4616:0040-2974 4555:March 13, 4537:0884-1756 4441:March 12, 4404:143598229 4396:0009-3599 4320:1521-2823 4282:0033-1031 4276:: 56–61. 4229:2554-3822 4146:2166-7993 4116:March 13, 4095:0010-8812 4007:March 13, 3974:875321407 3872:0002-8762 3811:231356574 3738:145698348 3722:0898-588X 3708:: 30–43. 3615:0004-153X 3565:1553-7951 3531:March 12, 3487:0042-6571 3455:March 13, 3434:0026-2234 3009:Irby 2019 2917:Yang 1994 2856:Romo 2019 2728:Howe 2017 2716:Park 2017 2339:Hein 2009 2327:Hein 2009 2315:Hein 2009 2165:Cott 1998 2024:Cott 1998 2012:Cott 1998 1949:Cott 1998 1937:Cott 2009 1901:Cott 2009 1462:Boll 2007 1414:Boll 2007 1380:Citations 1351:DREAM Act 1182:In 1986, 921:Adoptions 895:majority. 865:fourteen. 861:fourteen. 584:Cable Act 495:Civil War 460:coverture 387:territory 368:nationals 334:. In the 129:Passports 10137:Category 10049:Internal 10044:Passport 10010:Ius soli 9940:Mercosur 9849:Kiribati 9688:Slovenia 9683:Slovakia 9673:Portugal 9563:Bulgaria 9493:Thailand 9438:Pakistan 9413:Mongolia 9408:Malaysia 9333:Cambodia 9278:Suriname 9268:Paraguay 9253:Colombia 9163:Honduras 9125:Dominica 9100:Barbados 9076:Americas 9067:Zimbabwe 9037:Tanzania 8882:Ethiopia 8877:Eswatini 8857:Djibouti 8822:Cameroon 8807:Botswana 8520:Virginia 8494:Maryland 8458:Delaware 8360:New York 8137:Vicinage 8131:Judicial 7855:Contract 7825:Commerce 7713:Printing 7527:Proposed 7239:Preamble 7232:Articles 7173:Suffrage 7123:Election 7011:Timeline 6923:By group 6864:Poll tax 6408:Archived 6390:March 8, 6381:Archived 6364:March 8, 6355:Archived 6332:Archived 6314:March 9, 6308:Archived 6251:Archived 6220:Archived 6190:Archived 6163:Archived 6116:March 8, 6110:Archived 6092:March 8, 6063:12345790 5951:Archived 5907:Archived 5845:March 4, 5805:March 9, 5711:March 9, 5705:Archived 5546:Archived 5502:Archived 5435:Newsweek 5419:March 8, 5410:Archived 5378:(1981). 5319:March 6, 5298:27502846 5216:: 1–26. 5163:Archived 5135:Archived 5105:March 6, 5042:Archived 5021:March 6, 5015:Archived 5007:aclu.org 4992:March 6, 4983:Archived 4866:Archived 4811:Archived 4807:79847993 4729:Archived 4706:March 9, 4652:March 7, 4646:Archived 4567:(1998). 4549:Archived 4435:Archived 4414:March 5, 4408:Archived 4365:March 6, 4359:Archived 4338:March 9, 4332:Archived 4269:Prologue 4237:26242543 4202:March 6, 4193:Archived 4164:March 6, 4107:Archived 4059:March 9, 3940:Archived 3854:for the 3815:Archived 3763:(2009). 3751:March 6, 3628:March 7, 3619:Archived 3590:(1973). 3525:Archived 3500:March 4, 3495:93293362 2517:Lin 2019 2481:Lin 2019 2469:Lin 2019 2397:Lin 2019 1404:reside". 1361:See also 1185:8 U.S.C. 1001:8 U.S.C. 808:Jus soli 436:Congress 362:, while 356:national 352:national 348:national 147:Agencies 10085:Defunct 9912:Vanuatu 9822:Oceania 9804:Ukraine 9759:Moldova 9749:Georgia 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