Pharisees - Knowledge

3812:"...because there men achieve sainthood through study of Torah and imitation of the conduct of the masters. In doing so, they conform to the heavenly paradigm, the Torah believed to have been created by God "in his image," revealed at Sinai, and handed down to their own teachers ... If the masters and disciples obey the divine teaching of Moses, "our rabbi," then their society, the school, replicates on earth the heavenly academy, just as the disciple incarnates the heavenly model of Moses, "our rabbi." The rabbis believe that Moses was (and the Messiah will be) a rabbi, God dons phylacteries, and the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions. These beliefs today may seem as projections of rabbinical values onto heaven, but the rabbis believe that they themselves are projections of heavenly values onto earth. The rabbis thus conceive that on earth they study Torah just as God, the angels, and Moses, "our rabbi," do in heaven. The heavenly schoolmen are even aware of Babylonian scholastic discussions, so they require a rabbi's information about an aspect of purity taboos. 4247: 5693:

of Israel, take heed to yourselves what you intend to do regarding these men. 36 For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody. A number of men, about four hundred, joined him. He was slain, and all who obeyed him were scattered and came to nothing. 37 After this man, Judas of Galilee rose up in the days of the census, and drew away many people after him. He also perished, and all who obeyed him were dispersed. 38 And now I say to you, keep away from these men and let them alone; for if this plan or this work is of men, it will come to nothing; 39 but if it is of God, you cannot overthrow it—lest you even be found to fight against God."" (

4402:, Jesus' actions are actually similar to and consistent with Jewish beliefs and practices of the time, as recorded by the Rabbis, that commonly associate illness with sin and healing with forgiveness. Jews (according to E.P. Sanders) reject the New Testament suggestion that the healing would have been critical of, or criticized by, the Pharisees as no surviving Rabbinic source questions or criticizes this practice, and the notion that Pharisees believed that "God alone" could forgive sins is more of a rhetorical device than historical fact. Another argument from Sanders is that, according to the New Testament, Pharisees wanted to punish Jesus for 3426: 4134:, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and defeats the wicked," and which is understood as a rejection of sectarians and sectarianism. This shift by no means resolved conflicts over the interpretation of the Torah; rather, it relocated debates between sects to debates within Rabbinic Judaism. The Pharisaic commitment to scholarly debate as a value in and of itself, rather than merely a byproduct of sectarianism, emerged as a defining feature of Rabbinic Judaism. 5190:, Flavius Josephus, Translated by William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo John E. Beardsley, 1895, sections 142–150: "And now did many of the priests, even when they saw their enemies assailing them with swords in their hands, without any disturbance, go on with their Divine worship, and were slain while they were offering their drink-offerings, ... The greatest part of them were slain by their own countrymen, of the adverse faction, and an innumerable multitude threw themselves down precipices" 3290:

factors that distinguished the Pharisees from other groups prior to the destruction of the Temple was their belief that all Jews had to observe the purity laws (which applied to the Temple service) outside the Temple. The major difference, however, was the continued adherence of the Pharisees to the laws and traditions of the Jewish people in the face of assimilation. As Josephus noted, the Pharisees were considered the most expert and accurate expositors of Jewish law.

3143:, which was completed in 515 BCE, had been constructed under the auspices of a foreign power, and there were lingering questions about its legitimacy. This provided the condition for the development of various sects or "schools of thought," each of which claimed exclusive authority to represent "Judaism," and which typically shunned social intercourse, especially marriage, with members of other sects. In the same period, the council of sages known as the 3248: 3824:) to infer that the Pharisees were more legalistic than other sects in the Second Temple Era. The authors of the Gospels present Jesus as speaking harshly against some Pharisees (Josephus does claim that the Pharisees were the "strictest" observers of the law). Yet, as Neusner has observed, Pharisaism was but one of many "Judaisms" in its day, and its legal interpretation are what set it apart from the other sects of Judaism. 3923:

the rabbis believed that "the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions." Thus, in debating and disagreeing over the meaning of the Torah or how best to put it into practice, no rabbi felt that he (or his opponent) was rejecting God or threatening Judaism; on the contrary, it was precisely through such arguments that the rabbis imitated and honored God.

3669:, who both lived in the latter half of the 1st century BCE. A Gentile once challenged Shammai to teach him the wisdom of the Torah while he stood on one foot. Shammai drove him away. The same gentile approached Hillel and asked of him the same thing. Hillel chastised him gently by saying, "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation – now go and study." 4236: 3764:, this view is a distortion. He suggests that two things fundamentally distinguished the Pharisaic from the Sadducean approach to the Torah. First, Pharisees believed in a broad and literal interpretation of Exodus (19:3–6), "you shall be my own possession among all peoples; for all the earth is mine, and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation," and the words of 3942:. After Hillel died in 20 CE, Shammai assumed the office of president of the Sanhedrin until he died in 30 CE. Followers of these two sages dominated scholarly debate over the following decades. Although the Talmud records the arguments and positions of the school of Shammai, the teachings of the school of Hillel were ultimately taken as authoritative. 3899:. The Pharisees based their authority to innovate on the verses: "....according to the word they tell you... according to all they instruct you. According to the law they instruct you and according to the judgment they say to you, you shall do; you shall not divert from the word they tell you, either right or left" (Deuteronomy 17:10–11) (see 3862:(the disagreements recorded in the Mishna and Talmud generally focus on methods of exegesis), and Laws with Mosaic authority that cannot be derived from the Biblical text (these include measurements (e.g. what amount of a non-kosher food must one eat to be liable), the amount and order of the scrolls to be placed in the phylacteries, etc.). 5178:, Paolo Sacchi, ch. 8 p. 269: "At this point, the majority of the city's inhabitants, pro-Pharisee and pro-Hyrcanus, decided to open the city's gates to the Romans. Only a small minority of Sadducees took refuge in the Temple and decided to hold out until the very end. This was Autumn 63 BCE. On this occasion Pompey broke into the Temple." 4395:. In the story, Jesus counters the accusation that he does not have the power to forgive sins by pronouncing forgiveness of sins and then healing the man. The account of the Paralytic Man and Jesus's performance of miracles on the Sabbath are often interpreted as oppositional and at times antagonistic to that of the Pharisees' teachings. 4184:. In Judea, these discussions occurred at important academies at Tiberias, Caesarea, and Sepphoris. In Babylonia, these discussions largely occurred at important academies that had been established at Nehardea, Pumpeditha and Sura. This tradition of study and debate reached its fullest expression in the development of the 3752:

applying even to the mundanities of life. This was a more participatory (or "democratic") form of Judaism, in which rituals were not monopolized by an inherited priesthood but rather could be performed by all adult Jews individually or collectively, whose leaders were not determined by birth but by scholarly achievement.

3166:, the houses of study and worship remained important secondary institutions in Jewish life. Outside Judea, the synagogue was often called a house of prayer. While most Jews could not regularly attend the Temple service, they could meet at the synagogue for morning, afternoon and evening prayers. On Mondays, Thursdays and 3515:(the Feast of Tabernacles). The Pharisees, like the Sadducees, were politically quiescent, and studied, taught, and worshiped in their own way. At this time serious theological differences emerged between the Sadducees and Pharisees. The notion that the sacred could exist outside the Temple, a view central to the 3792:

from what modern scholars consider literal. Saldarini states that the Oral Torah did not come about until the third century CE, although there was an unstated idea about it in existence. Every Jewish community in a way possessed their own version of the Oral Torah which governed their religious practices.

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According to S. Baron however, there existed "a general willingness of the people to follow its self imposed Rabbinic rulership". Although the Rabbis lacked authority to impose capital punishment "Flagellation and heavy fines, combined with an extensive system of excommunication were more than enough

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were perhaps intended originally for the priests, but were extended to the whole people; similarly the prohibition of cutting the flesh in mourning for the dead. The Pharisees believed that all Jews in their ordinary life, and not just the Temple priesthood or Jews visiting the Temple, should observe

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Regardless of the importance they gave to the Temple, and despite their support of Bar Koseba's revolt, the Pharisees' vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives provided them with a position from which to respond to all four challenges

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The Pharisees were also innovators in that they enacted specific laws as they saw necessary according to the needs of the time. These included prohibitions to prevent an infringement of a biblical prohibition (e.g. one does not take a Lulav on Shabbat "Lest one carry it in the public domain") called

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The standard view is that the Pharisees differed from Sadducees in the sense that they accepted the Oral Torah in addition to the Scripture. Anthony J. Saldarini argues that this assumption has neither implicit nor explicit evidence. A critique of the ancient interpretations of the Bible are distant

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At first, the values of the Pharisees developed through their sectarian debates with the Sadducees; then they developed through internal, non-sectarian debates over the law as an adaptation to life without the Temple, and life in exile, and eventually, to a more limited degree, life in conflict with

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merely reads: "33 When they heard this, they were furious and plotted to kill them. 34 Then one in the council stood up, a Pharisee named Gamaliel, a teacher of the law held in respect by all the people, and commanded them to put the apostles outside for a little while. 35 And he said to them: "Men

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speculated that Jesus was himself a Pharisee and that his arguments with Pharisees is a sign of inclusion rather than fundamental conflict (disputation being the dominant narrative mode employed in the Talmud as a search for truth, and not necessarily a sign of opposition). However, Maccoby's views

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Thus, as the Pharisees argued that all Israel should act as priests, the Rabbis argued that all Israel should act as rabbis: "The rabbis furthermore want to transform the entire Jewish community into an academy where the whole Torah is studied and kept .... redemption depends on the "rabbinization"

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Just as important as (if not more important than) any particular law was the value the rabbis placed on legal study and debate. The sages of the Talmud believed that when they taught the Oral Torah to their students, they were imitating Moses, who taught the law to the children of Israel. Moreover,

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The sages of the Talmud believed that the Oral law was simultaneously revealed to Moses at Sinai, and the product of debates among rabbis. Thus, one may conceive of the "Oral Torah" as both based on the fixed text and as an ongoing process of analysis and argument in which God is actively involved;

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After the destruction of the First Temple, Jews believed that God would forgive them and enable them to rebuild the Temple – an event that actually occurred within three generations. After the destruction of the Second Temple, Jews wondered whether this would happen again. When the

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stated that the Sadducees only followed literal interpretations of the Torah. To Saldarini, this only means that the Sadducees followed their own way of Judaism and rejected the Pharisaic version of Judaism. To Rosemary Ruether, the Pharisaic proclamation of the Oral Torah was their way of freeing

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The Pharisees believed that the idea that all of the children of Israel were to be like priests was expressed elsewhere in the Torah, for example, when the Law itself was transferred from the sphere of the priesthood to every man in Israel. Moreover, the Torah already provided ways for all Jews to

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suggests that this was not, in fact, a matter of religion. He claims that the complete rejection of Judaism would not have been tolerated under the Hasmonean rule and therefore Hellenists maintained that they were rejecting not Judaism but Rabbinic law. Thus, the Sadducees were in fact a political

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established a new monarchy in the form of the priestly Hasmonean dynasty in 152 BCE, thus establishing priests as political as well as religious authorities. Although the Hasmoneans were considered heroes for resisting the Seleucids, their reign lacked the legitimacy conferred by descent from

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The "Judaism" of the rabbis at this time is in no degree either normal or normative, and speaking descriptively, the schools cannot be called "elite." Whatever their aspirations for the future and pretensions in the present, the rabbis, though powerful and influential, constitute a minority group

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Fundamentally, the Pharisees continued a form of Judaism that extended beyond the Temple, applying Jewish law to mundane activities in order to sanctify the everyday world. This was monumental as a practice during this era, as it helped the Jews of the time to truly align themselves with the law,

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asking him to interfere and restore the old priesthood while abolishing the royalty of the Hasmoneans altogether. Pharisees also opened Jerusalem's gates to the Romans, and actively supported them against the Sadducean faction. When the Romans finally broke the entrance to the Jerusalem's Temple,

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influences in the development of Pharisaical Judaism. The Pharisees, among other Jewish sects, were active from the middle of the second century BCE until the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. Josephus first mentions them in connection with Jonathan, the successor of Judas Maccabeus. One of the

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According to historian Shaye Cohen, by the time three generations had passed after the destruction of the Second Temple, most Jews concluded that the Temple would not be rebuilt during their lives, nor in the foreseeable future. Jews were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions:

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record a host of rulings by rabbis, some of whom are believed to be from among the Pharisees, concerning sacrifices and other ritual practices in the Temple, torts, criminal law, and governance. In their day, the influence of the Pharisees over the lives of the common people was strong and their

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The Temple is destroyed. We never witnessed its glory. But Rabbi Joshua did. And when he looked at the Temple ruins one day, he burst into tears. "Alas for us! The place which atoned for the sins of all the people Israel lies in ruins!" Then Rabbi Yohannan ben Zakkai spoke to him these words of

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conquered Persia in 332 BCE. The rift between the priests and the sages developed during this time, when Jews faced new political and cultural struggles. This created a sort of schism in the Jewish community. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Judea was ruled by the Egyptian-Hellenic

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Rabbinic Judaism eventually emerged as normative Judaism and in fact many today refer to Rabbinic Judaism simply as "Judaism." Jacob Neusner, however, states that the Amoraim had no ultimate power in their communities. They lived at a time when Jews were subjects of either the Roman or Iranian

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After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The Rabbis avoided the term "Pharisee," perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian. The Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the

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Josephus indicates that the Pharisees received the backing and good-will of the common people, apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees associated with the ruling classes. In general, whereas the Sadducees were aristocratic monarchists, the Pharisees were eclectic, popular, and more

4173:, considered by the rabbis to be the definitive expression of the Oral Torah (although some of the sages mentioned in the Mishnah are Pharisees who lived prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, or prior to the Bar Kozeba Revolt, most of the sages mentioned lived after the revolt). 6240:(Tel Aviv: Dvir Press, 2019, in Hebrew), supporting the thesis that the priests who sentenced Jesus to death were Sadducees, in a time where the majority of the Jews followed the beliefs of the Pharisees, who were close to the ideas preached by Jesus and would not have wanted his death. 3797:

Judaism from the clutches of Aaronite priesthood, represented by the Sadducees. The Oral Torah was to remain oral but was later given a written form. It did not refer to the Torah in a status as a commentary, rather had its own separate existence which allowed Pharisaic innovations.

3544:, is devoted to theological issues; these texts are concerned primarily with interpretations of Jewish law, and anecdotes about the sages and their values. Only one chapter of the Mishnah deals with theological issues; it asserts that three kinds of people will have no share in "the 5979: 4417:

in 70 CE. Only Christianity and Pharisaism survived the destruction of the Temple, and the two competed for a short time until the Pharisees emerged as the dominant form of Judaism . When many Jews did not convert, Christians sought new converts from among the Gentiles.

4196:(Parthian and Persian) empires. These empires left the day-to-day governance in the hands of the Jewish authorities: in Roman Palestine, through the hereditary office of Patriarch (simultaneously the head of the Sanhedrin); in Babylonia, through the hereditary office of the 3360:

made himself king and openly sided with the Sadducees by adopting their rites in the Temple. His actions caused a riot in the Temple, and led to a brief civil war that ended with a bloody repression of the Pharisees. However, on his deathbed Jannaeus advised his widow,

4157:(from the Aramaic word for "repeat;" the Aramaic root TNY is equivalent to the Hebrew root SNY, which is the basis for "Mishnah." Thus, Tannaim are "Mishnah teachers"), the sages who repeated and thus passed down the Oral Torah. During this period rabbis finalized the 3308:, literally, bastard, according to the Pharisaic definition, is an outcast child born of a forbidden relationship, such as adultery or incest, in which marriage of the parents could not lawfully occur. The word is often, but incorrectly, translated as "illegitimate".) 4091:. Romans did eventually reconstitute the Sanhedrin under the leadership of Judah haNasi (who claimed to be a descendant of King David). They conferred the title of "Nasi" as hereditary, and Judah's sons served both as Patriarch and as heads of the Sanhedrin. 3011:, an authoritative codification of Pharisaic interpretations, around 200 CE. Most of the authorities quoted in the Mishnah lived after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE; it thus marks the beginning of the transition from Pharisaic to 3138:

as the dominant authority. Without the constraining power of the monarchy, the authority of the Temple in civic life was amplified. It was around this time that the Sadducee party emerged as the party of priests and allied elites. However, the

3492:, Herod's notorious treatment of his own family and of the last Hasmonaeans further eroded his popularity. According to Josephus, the Pharisees ultimately opposed him and thus fell victims (4 BCE) to his bloodthirstiness. The family of 3987:. Their vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives was a position meaningful to the majority of Jews. Such teachings extended beyond ritual practices. According to the classic 4410:. Despite the Mishna and Gemara being replete with restrictions on healing on the Sabbath (for example, Mishna Shabbat, 22:6), E.P. Sanders stated that no Rabbinic rule has been found according to which Jesus would have violated Sabbath. 3369:, a leading Pharisee. Josephus attests that Salome was favorably inclined toward the Pharisees, and their political influence grew tremendously under her reign, especially in the Sanhedrin or Jewish Council, which they came to dominate. 3580:, however, said that Jews must "be meticulous in small religious duties as well as large ones, because you do not know what sort of reward is coming for any of the religious duties," suggesting that all laws are of equal importance). 3352:

at his own table, suggesting that he should abandon his role as High Priest due to a rumour, probably untrue, that he had been conceived while his mother was a prisoner of war. In response, he distanced himself from the Pharisees.

2820:). It may refer to their separation from Gentiles, sources of ritual impurity or from irreligious Jews.Alternatively, it may have a particular political meaning as "separatists" due to their division from the Sadducee elite, with 3894:

are Rabbinic innovations. Much of the legal system is based on "what the sages constructed via logical reasoning and from established practice". Also, the blessings before meals and the wording of the Amidah. These are known as

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as king, confirming the termination of the Hasmonean dynasty. According to Josephus, Sadducean opposition to Herod led him to treat the Pharisees favorably. Herod was an unpopular ruler, perceived as a Roman puppet. Despite his

5951: 4072:(later known as Bar Kokhba), who established a short-lived independent state that was conquered by the Romans in 135. With this defeat, Jews' hopes that the Temple would be rebuilt were crushed. Nonetheless, belief in a 3717:

Unlike the Sadducees, who are generally held to have rejected any existence after death, the sources vary on the beliefs of the Pharisees on the afterlife. According to the New Testament the Pharisees believed in the

3315:". The Pharisaic understanding was that the value of an eye was to be paid by the perpetrator. In the Sadducees' view the words were given a more literal interpretation, in which the offender's eye would be removed. 3560:(who deny divine supervision of human affairs). Another passage suggests a different set of core principles: normally, a Jew may violate any law to save a life, but in Sanhedrin 74a, a ruling orders Jews to accept 3380:, was in conflict with Hyrcanus, and tried to seize power. The Pharisees seemed to be in a vulnerable position at this time. The conflict between the two sons culminated in a civil war that ended when the 5971: 3801:

it was this ongoing process that was revealed at Sinai along with the scripture, and by participating in this ongoing process rabbis and their students are actively participating in God's ongoing act of

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instituted the requirement that Jews both in Judea and in the diaspora pray three times a day (morning, afternoon and evening), and include in their prayers a recitation of these passages in the morning

3326:, that is normative, mainstream Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple. All mainstream forms of Judaism today consider themselves heirs of Rabbinic Judaism and, ultimately, the Pharisees. 4000:

comfort: "Be not grieved, my son. There is another way of gaining ritual atonement, even though the Temple is destroyed. We must now gain ritual atonement through deeds of loving-kindness."

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took place in the context of much broader and longstanding social and religious conflicts among Jews, made worse by the Roman conquest. One conflict was cultural, between those who favored

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3:19, "Rabbi Akiva said: All is foreseen, but freedom of choice is given". According to Josephus, Pharisees were further distinguished from the Sadducees in that Pharisees believed in the

4349:, presents especially the leadership of the Pharisees as obsessed with man-made rules (especially concerning purity) whereas Jesus is more concerned with God's love; the Pharisees scorn 4413:

Paula Frederiksen and Michael J. Cook believe that those passages of the New Testament that are seemingly most hostile to the Pharisees were written sometime after the destruction of

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Jews and Christians : the parting of the ways, A.D. 70 to 135 : the second Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism (Durham, September 1989)

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posits that the Sadducees were the more hidebound adherents to an ancient Halacha whereas the Pharisees were more willing to develop Halacha as the times required. See however,

3399:. As Josephus was himself a Pharisee, his account might represent a historical creation meant to elevate the status of the Pharisees during the height of the Hasmonean Dynasty. 4044:

to the priests and sacrificing offerings at the (now-destroyed) Temple, the rabbis instructed Jews to give charity. Moreover, they argued that all Jews should study in local

4369:), the word "pharisee" (and its derivatives: "pharisaical", etc.) has come into semi-common usage in English to describe a hypocritical and arrogant person who places the 3934:

mark different generations of scholars in terms of different pairs of contending schools. In the first century, for example, the two major Pharisaic schools were those of

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Sadducees rejected the Pharisaic tenet of an Oral Torah, creating two Jewish understandings of the Torah. An example of this differing approach is the interpretation of, "

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Many, including some scholars, have characterized the Sadducees as a sect that interpreted the Torah literally, and the Pharisees as interpreting the Torah liberally. R'

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Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and rabbinic movements from the mid to late second century to the fourth century.

2914:(37–100 CE) in a description of the "four schools of thought", or "four sects", into which he divided the Jews in the 1st century CE. (The other schools were the 6152: 3972:

in 73 CE). Similarly, the Sadducees, whose teachings were closely connected to the Temple, disappeared with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The

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in 587 BCE, resulted in dramatic changes to Jewish culture and religion. During the 70-year exile in Babylon, Jewish houses of assembly (known in Hebrew as a

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of all Israel, that is, upon the attainment of all Jewry of a full and complete embodiment of revelation or Torah, thus achieving a perfect replica of heaven."

1740: 3472:(military governor of Galilee). In 40 BCE Aristobulus's son Antigonus overthrew Hyrcanus and named himself king and high priest, and Herod fled to Rome. 6293: 1395: 1090: 4219:

assumed the title Rabbana, heretofore assumed by the exilarch, and appeared together with two other Rabbis as an official delegation "at the gate of King

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While it stood, the Second Temple remained the center of Jewish ritual life. Jews were required to travel to Jerusalem and offer sacrifices at the Temple

1282: 5302:, 1994, p. 395) interprets Josephus to be most likely talking about resurrection, while Jason von Ehrenkrook ("The Afterlife in Philo and Josephus", in 6849: 4307:, the highly respected rabbi and, according to Christianity, defender of the apostles, was also a Pharisee, and according to some Christian traditions 3456:(a lesser title than "king"). Six years later Hyrcanus was deprived of the remainder of political authority and ultimate jurisdiction was given to the 2490: 4211:

In Neusner's view, the rabbinic project, as acted out in the Talmud, reflected not the world as it was but the world as rabbis dreamed it should be.

254: 1277: 4180:(from the Aramaic word for "speaker") rabbis and their students who continued to debate legal matters and discuss the meaning of the books of the 3496:, whom Herod had raised to the high-priesthood, revived the spirit of the Sadducees, and thenceforth the Pharisees again had them as antagonists. 3395:

Josephus' account may overstate the role of the Pharisees. He reports elsewhere that the Pharisees did not grow to power until the reign of Queen

3624:, who did not have access to the Temple, recited these passages in their houses of assembly. According to the Mishnah and Talmud, the men of the 1525: 5776: 3854:. This chain of tradition includes the interpretation of unclear statements in the Bible (e.g. that the "fruit of a beautiful tree" refers to a 4335: 3976:

too disappeared, perhaps because their teachings so diverged from the concerns of the times, perhaps because they were sacked by the Romans at

2608:(the Sadducees) and those who resisted it (the Pharisees). Another was juridical-religious, between those who emphasized the importance of the 4202:, the "Head of the Exile" or "Exilarch" (who ratified the appointment of the heads of Rabbinical academies.) According to Professor Neusner: 4005: 1779: 4864: 4357:, which is the only gospel where Nicodemus is mentioned, particularly portrays the sect as divided and willing to debate.) Because of the 6786: 6693: 6527: 764: 727: 4188:, elaborations of the Mishnah and records of Rabbinic debates, stories, and judgements, compiled around 400 in Judea and around 500 in 3984: 3015:. The Mishnah was supremely important because it compiled the oral interpretations and traditions of the Pharisees and, later on, the 6715: 6201: 2665:

to be around 6,000. He claimed that the Pharisees' influence over the common people was so great that anything they said against the

1703: 4227:, King of Persia. Thus, the Rabbis had significant means of "coercion" and the people seem to have followed the Rabbinic rulership. 3322:

see a direct link between themselves and the Pharisees, and historians generally consider Pharisaic Judaism to be the progenitor of

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The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

4266: 3170:, a weekly Torah portion was read publicly in the synagogues, following the tradition of public Torah readings instituted by Ezra. 1726: 3231:. Jerusalem was liberated in 165 BCE and the Temple was restored. In 141 BCE an assembly of priests and others affirmed 6776: 6766: 6522: 4215:

to uphold the authority of the courts." In fact, the Rabbis took over more and more power from the Reish Galuta until eventually

3019:, into a single authoritative text, thus allowing oral tradition within Judaism to survive the destruction of the Second Temple. 1076: 3162:

The Temple was no longer the only institution for Jewish religious life. After the building of the Second Temple in the time of

6844: 2483: 1653: 1588: 1470: 6681: 6676: 5494: 5467: 5353: 3148: 774: 4493: 6698: 6409: 5591:

The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity

4262: 1212: 6869: 6361: 6343: 5715: 1480: 1297: 1287: 527: 5950:, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.358 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 210–213; Jonathan Bourgel, 4223:'s court." The Amorah (and Tanna) Rav was a personal friend of the last Parthian king Artabenus and Shmuel was close to 6381: 5118: 4938: 3726:, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of good people would be 2878:

denies this, stating: "Practically all scholars now agree that the name "Pharisee" derives from the Hebrew and Aramaic

2661:), believed by many historians to have been a Pharisee, estimated the total Pharisee population before the fall of the 1876: 1826: 1791: 1485: 1350: 1217: 6158: 6140: 6126: 6108: 6095: 6081: 6067: 6040: 6027: 6008: 5028: 4726: 4673: 3022:

However, none of the Rabbinic sources include identifiable eyewitness accounts of the Pharisees and their teachings.

2476: 1568: 1530: 1505: 1425: 1410: 1257: 1197: 1152: 6859: 6854: 4207:

seeking to exercise authority without much governmental support, to dominate without substantial means of coercion.

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invaded Judea, entered the Temple, and stripped it of money and ceremonial objects. He imposed a program of forced

1861: 1843: 1749: 1643: 1495: 1490: 1415: 1380: 1247: 2712:, who was a disciple, and an unknown number of "those of the party of the Pharisees who believed", among them the 6686: 6633: 6623: 6537: 6318: 5674: 4430: 4083:), and forbade any plan to rebuild the Temple. Instead, it took over the Province of Judea directly, renaming it 3756: 3344:

Although the Pharisees did not support the wars of expansion of the Hasmoneans and the forced conversions of the

3257: 2821: 2379: 2278: 1833: 1816: 1769: 1668: 1578: 1515: 1465: 1445: 1440: 1360: 1334: 1309: 1187: 1177: 1167: 1147: 1142: 2918:, who were generally apolitical and who may have emerged as a sect of dissident priests who rejected either the 6188: 5882: 5836: 5631: 5598: 5542: 5260: 1852: 1838: 1806: 1786: 1754: 1698: 1673: 1648: 1628: 1618: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1535: 1450: 1435: 1355: 1314: 1267: 1262: 1182: 1127: 3553: 2673:

was believed, apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees, who were the upper class. Pharisees claimed

6532: 5276: 3348:, the political rift between them became wider when a Pharisee named Eleazar insulted the Hasmonean ethnarch 2273: 1811: 1796: 1759: 1721: 1693: 1683: 1678: 1663: 1658: 1638: 1623: 1608: 1583: 1549: 1520: 1420: 1405: 1329: 1319: 1237: 1207: 1132: 1118: 42: 5711: 5707: 5678: 6864: 6703: 6542: 6288: 6258: 5815: 5804: 5534: 5425: 4370: 4029: 3066: 3062: 1881: 1801: 1764: 1688: 1633: 1500: 1475: 1400: 1375: 1365: 1304: 1227: 1222: 1202: 1192: 1172: 1157: 1050: 754: 518: 513: 117: 5436: 4318:

being a Pharisee before converting to Christianity, and other members of the Pharisee sect are known from

4246: 6552: 6547: 6391: 6371: 5398: 4808: 4689: 4647: 3951: 2593:. Although the group does not exist anymore, their traditions are considered important among all various 1871: 1866: 1821: 1774: 1460: 1430: 1390: 1385: 1242: 548: 5402: 6333: 6328: 5440: 5394: 5390: 4635: 3500: 3445: 3285:

The Pharisees emerged largely out of the group of scribes and sages. Some scholars observe significant

2966: 2910:

views are described. A later historical mention of the Pharisees comes from the Jewish-Roman historian

2594: 2586: 2345: 2190: 1898: 1292: 488: 478: 214: 5784: 5444: 5410: 6879: 6475: 4118:

in a way meaningful to the vast majority of Jews. Their responses would constitute Rabbinic Judaism.

2935: 2613: 2459: 2152: 2003: 1944: 835: 17: 5966:

Philippe Bobichon, "Autorités religieuses juives et 'sectes' juives dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr",

5935: 5421: 5406: 6118: 4270: 3719: 3696: 3549: 2641: 2162: 2142: 1252: 732: 273: 4566: 6643: 6308: 6303: 6251: 5655: 5527: 5287: 4890: 4694: 4652: 4606: 4577: 4518: 3685:, the Pharisees believed that people have free will but that God also has foreknowledge of human 3420: 2994: 2906:, in which both their meticulous adherence to their interpretation of the Torah as well as their 2303: 2293: 2258: 2137: 2127: 1910: 1081: 1023: 857: 536: 493: 208: 6016:, The Book of Acts, Revised Edition (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988) 4555: 4414: 3610:

begins with the verses, "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God; the Lord is one." According to the

6669: 6470: 6182: 5694: 4832: 3768:(2:17): "God gave all the people the heritage, the kingdom, the priesthood, and the holiness." 3461: 3425: 3220: 2986: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2549: 2422: 2157: 2071: 1137: 689: 308: 278: 5952:"The Holders of the "Word of Truth": The Pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27–71," 5457: 3734:

and "pass into other bodies," while "the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment."

6741: 6720: 6659: 6654: 6480: 6414: 6172: 5484: 5343: 5306:, ed. J. Harold Ellens; vol. 1, pp. 97–118) understands the passage to refer to reincarnation 4440: 4362: 3961: 2670: 2582: 2313: 2308: 2253: 2041: 956: 684: 671: 566: 283: 5866: 5526: 3444:

they killed the priests who were officiating the Temple services on Saturday. They regarded

6401: 6386: 5874: 4388: 4339: 4024:, a leading Pharisee, was appointed the first Patriarch (the Hebrew word, Nasi, also means 3808:

As Jacob Neusner has explained, the schools of the Pharisees and rabbis were and are holy:

3448:

as a divine punishment of Sadducean misrule. Pompey ended the monarchy in 63 BCE and named

3188: 3152: 3046: 2903: 2825: 2824:

characterizing the Sadducees and Pharisees as political sects, not religious ones. Scholar

2589:

in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis for

2384: 2336: 2076: 1934: 747: 612: 601: 559: 4471: 3252: 8: 6884: 6874: 6746: 6586: 6419: 5623: 5616: 4366: 4300: 4061: 3203: 3183:(Hebrew for "Teacher/master"), dominated the study of the Torah. These men maintained an 3070: 2978: 2709: 2561: 2437: 2132: 810: 677: 580: 573: 503: 391: 266: 5529:

Judaic law from Jesus to the Mishnah : a systematic reply to Professor E.P. Sanders

4322::5 to have become Christian believers. It was some members of his group who argued that 6839: 6761: 6376: 6356: 4715: 4373:. Jews today typically find this insulting and some consider the use of the word to be 4021: 3887: 3816:

The commitment to relate religion to daily life through the law has led some (notably,

3366: 3357: 2907: 2871: 2805: 2620:. A specifically religious point of conflict involved different interpretations of the 2288: 2238: 2185: 2180: 2094: 1964: 1232: 1061: 820: 740: 594: 160: 71: 4403: 4153:

The Rabbinic era itself is divided into two periods. The first period was that of the

6793: 6664: 6579: 6502: 6465: 6429: 6136: 6122: 6104: 6091: 6077: 6063: 6036: 6023: 6004: 5878: 5832: 5627: 5594: 5573: 5538: 5490: 5463: 5349: 5256: 5202:, H.H. Ben-Sasson, p. 223: "Thus the independence of Hasmonean Judea came to an end;" 5114: 5043: 5024: 4934: 4722: 4669: 4666:

A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English

4037: 4009: 3968:

had been crushed by the Romans, and had little credibility (the last Zealots died at

3528:

Christianity. These shifts mark the transformation of Pharisaic to Rabbinic Judaism.

3489: 3115: 3058: 2875: 2829: 2802: 2574: 2432: 2374: 2354: 2171: 1731: 1370: 830: 701: 631: 508: 421: 288: 6166: 3926:

One sign of the Pharisaic emphasis on debate and differences of opinion is that the

3850:) from Moses at Mount Sinai down to R' Ashi, redactor of the Talmud and last of the 6574: 6460: 6455: 6434: 6366: 6313: 4974: 4765: 4407: 4346: 4315: 4284: 4142:

at this time and afterwards contained the idea of the Heavenly Academy, a heavenly

4139: 4088: 4084: 4069: 4065: 3955: 3935: 3735: 3662: 3396: 3362: 3323: 3294:

democratic. The Pharisaic position is exemplified by the assertion that "A learned

3266: 3228: 3050: 3012: 2958: 2931: 2855: 2724:

that opposing the disciples of Jesus could prove to be tantamount to opposing God.

2666: 2590: 2510: 2402: 2283: 2243: 2207: 1905: 1455: 966: 722: 626: 541: 431: 223: 148: 76: 4464: 2898:

The first historical mention of the Pharisees and their beliefs comes in the four

6736: 6566: 6514: 6490: 6485: 5867: 5108: 4928: 4836: 4017: 3965: 3640: 3480: 3469: 3232: 3212: 3163: 3123: 2998: 2970: 2775: 2570: 2540: 2364: 2323: 2318: 2298: 2220: 2214: 2147: 2099: 1939: 1920: 1071: 800: 712: 695: 239: 5459:

Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society: A Sociological Approach

4239: 3661:. The Pharisaic attitude is perhaps best exemplified by a story about the sages 3588:

One belief central to the Pharisees which was shared by all Jews of the time is

2624:

and how to apply it to current Jewish life, with Sadducees recognizing only the

6756: 6424: 6323: 6274: 4783:

Finkelstein, Louis (1929). "The Pharisees: Their Origin and Their Philosophy".

4361:'s frequent depictions of Pharisees as self-righteous rule-followers (see also 4354: 4274: 4158: 4147: 4129: 3907: 3879: 3682: 3625: 3381: 3377: 3312: 3227:, requiring Jews to abandon their own laws and customs, thus precipitating the 3131: 2851: 2464: 2263: 2118: 1998: 1977: 1954: 1949: 1927: 1915: 1510: 991: 925: 890: 868: 805: 643: 621: 483: 462: 438: 204: 186: 4915: 4903: 4308: 6833: 6781: 5647: 4399: 4358: 4280: 4220: 4080: 3911: 3839: 3821: 3761: 3731: 3677:

According to Josephus, whereas the Sadducees believed that people have total

3545: 3349: 3270: 3224: 3216: 3156: 3140: 3004: 2982: 2733: 2697: 2662: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2412: 2407: 1613: 1540: 1066: 915: 910: 905: 895: 873: 825: 587: 426: 331: 293: 244: 5735: 2885: 2879: 2859: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2763: 2751: 6818: 6439: 6233: 6047:

Host, Guest, Enemy, and Friend: Portraits of the Pharisees in Luke and Acts

4380: 4374: 4331: 4327: 4198: 4166: 4073: 3727: 3577: 3484: 3433: 3279: 3275: 3106: 2713: 2442: 2268: 2109: 2104: 2062: 2015: 1109: 976: 961: 920: 885: 498: 340: 5651: 4803: 4618: 4589: 4068:, some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a rebellion led by 3765: 3656: 3493: 3476: 3457: 3449: 3373: 3199: 2990: 2939: 2427: 2369: 2034: 940: 935: 930: 900: 81: 5614:

Wise, Michael; Abegg, Martin Jr.; Cook, Edward, eds. (11 October 1996).

4979: 4962: 4865:"Jacob Neusner, 'The Rabbinic traditions about the Pharisees before 70'" 4769: 6798: 6351: 6013: 4459: 4254: 4004:

Following the destruction of the Temple, Rome governed Judea through a

3833: 3817: 3802: 3786: 3614:, these passages were recited in the Temple along with the twice-daily 3589: 3335: 3184: 2637: 2629: 2617: 2085: 1099: 1028: 986: 815: 795: 354: 261: 181: 130: 6181: 5978:, Editions universitaires de Fribourg, 2003, Introduction, pp. 73–108 5912:

From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus

4052:

is "the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob" (Deuteronomy 33:4).

3247: 3130:

and rebuild the Temple. He did not, however, allow the restoration of

3103:) were the primary meeting places for prayer, and the house of study ( 6591: 6495: 6238:

The Messiah Controversy (מחלוקת המשיח): Who Are the Jews Waiting For?

4546:

Ber. 48b; Shab. 14b; Yoma 80a; Yeb. 16a; Nazir 53a; Ḥul. 137b; et al.

4392: 4292: 4143: 4045: 4013: 3708: 3678: 3632: 3557: 3389: 3339: 3236: 3208: 3144: 3098: 3081: 2923: 2736: 2721: 2705: 2601: 2248: 2233: 1323: 1271: 1033: 981: 971: 652: 638: 553: 313: 125: 110: 6216:"The Jews Aren't to Blame for Jesus' Death, a Bible Scholar Asserts" 2769: 2757: 1001: 6751: 6611: 4304: 4224: 4216: 3891: 3859: 3793: 3723: 3621: 3573: 3565: 3504: 3453: 3345: 2919: 2911: 2717: 2647: 2417: 2027: 1959: 790: 298: 249: 135: 31: 6088:

A History of the Jews: From Earliest Times Through the Six Day War

5021:

A History of the Jews: From Earliest Times Through the Six Day War

3738:

declared himself to be a Pharisee even after his belief in Jesus.

6606: 6601: 6243: 6219: 5831:(3rd ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 83–88, 105–108. 4842: 4435: 4323: 4319: 4235: 4189: 4170: 4154: 4057: 3988: 3973: 3939: 3927: 3896: 3851: 3686: 3666: 3537: 3516: 3508: 3465: 3403: 3286: 3174: 3167: 3135: 3119: 3054: 3008: 2927: 2915: 2748: 2700:. While the writers record hostilities between the Pharisees and 2686: 2682: 2678: 2633: 2393: 2359: 2228: 2022: 1011: 1006: 878: 769: 664: 660: 656: 405: 400: 377: 359: 234: 229: 219: 197: 172: 6165: 3191:

alongside the Torah of Moses; a God-given interpretation of the

2696:

Pharisees are notable by the numerous references to them in the

6708: 6616: 6596: 6153:

Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Jewish Sects

6115:

Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World

5689: 4296: 4263:

Jewish Christian § Split of early Christianity and Judaism

4185: 4181: 4162: 4123: 4033: 4025: 3977: 3969: 3931: 3855: 3773: 3611: 3569: 3561: 3541: 3512: 3440: 3407: 3385: 3319: 3297: 2899: 2704:, they also reference Pharisees who believed in him, including 2578: 2053: 2048: 2008: 1993: 1104: 996: 416: 382: 368: 303: 5976:

Dialogue avec Tryphon (Dialogue with Trypho), édition critique

4963:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism" 4079:

Romans forbade Jews to enter Jerusalem (except for the day of

3917: 2922:-appointed or the Hasmonean high priests as illegitimate; the 2708:, who said it is known that Jesus is a teacher sent from God, 2528: 2519: 5251:

Philip S. Alexander (7 April 1999). Dunn, James D. G. (ed.).

5110:

Jewish Leadership in Roman Palestine from 70 C.E. to 135 C.E.

4389:

story of Jesus declaring the sins of a paralytic man forgiven

4288: 4169:

edited together Tannaitic judgements and traditions into the

4060:

threatened to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city dedicated to

4049: 4041: 3883: 3712: 3601: 3595: 3365:, to seek reconciliation with the Pharisees. Her brother was 3192: 3179: 3127: 3092: 3016: 2943: 2742: 2701: 2690: 2674: 2621: 1016: 445: 349: 318: 35: 5486:

Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism

3914:'s "Karaite Halacha" which rejects many of Geiger's proofs. 3376:

was generally supported by the Pharisees. Her younger son,

3219:, seized control. Then, in 167 BCE, the Seleucid king 3173:

Although priests controlled the rituals of the Temple, the

2974: 2844:, meaning "Persian" or "Persianizer", based on the demonym 2567: 2522: 168: 5560:

From Politics to Piety: the emergence of Pharisaic Judaism

5041:

Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1956). Schwartz, Leo Walden (ed.).

2930:.) Other sects may have emerged at this time, such as the 4350: 3832:

The Mishna in the beginning of Avot and (in more detail)

3653:

Pharisaic wisdom was compiled in one book of the Mishna,

3411:

rulings on Jewish law were deemed authoritative by many.

4740: 4738: 3681:

and the Essenes believed that all of a person's life is

3604:(Deuteronomy 6:4), at the Temple and in synagogues; the 5873:(1st Fortress Press ed.). Fortress Press. p. 4756:

Manson, Thomas Walter (1938). "Sadducee and Pharisee".

4107:

How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?

3858:

as opposed to any other fruit), the methods of textual

2832:

suggest that "Pharisee" derives from the Aramaic words

6135:, London : T & T Clark International, 2004, 3235:

as high priest and leader, in effect establishing the

3155:), from which, following the return from Babylon, the 5764:

The Mythmaker. Paul and the Invention of Christianity

4735: 4314:

There are several references in the New Testament to

3439:

According to Josephus, the Pharisees appeared before

2977:

of the work. It included several theological points:

2865: 2531: 2525: 2516: 5455: 5304:

Heaven, Hell, and the Afterlife: Eternity in Judaism

4127: 3873: 3867: 3845: 3837: 3690: 3654: 3638: 3630: 3615: 3605: 3593: 3303: 3295: 3104: 3086: 3074: 2809: 2790: 2778: 2554: 2032: 2013: 436: 5589:VanderKam, James; Flint, Peter (26 November 2002). 5250: 3302:takes precedence over an ignorant High Priest." (A 2681:, while Sadducees represented the authority of the 2616:, and those who emphasized the importance of other 2513: 5615: 5042: 4714: 4463: 3760:party not a religious sect. However, according to 3592:. This is evident in the practice of reciting the 3536:No single tractate of the key Rabbinic texts, the 3460:, who ruled through Hyrcanus's Idumaean associate 3356:After the death of John Hyrcanus, his younger son 34:. For the followers of the Zoroastrian faith, see 5593:(1st ed.). HarperSanFrancisco. p. 292. 3149:canonized the latter sections of the Hebrew Bible 2926:, the main antagonists of the Pharisees; and the 41:"Parush" redirects here. For places in Iran, see 6831: 5948:Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James 5482: 4110:How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world? 6049:(Peter Lang, 1991; ppk, Wipf & Stock, 2008) 4283:, engaging in conflicts between themselves and 3672: 2685:and prerogatives established since the days of 5588: 4831: 4494:"The Dead Sea Scrolls: History & Overview" 3600:, a prayer composed of select verses from the 3490:restoration and expansion of the Second Temple 3446:Pompey's defilement of the Temple in Jerusalem 2774:), meaning "set apart, separated", related to 6259: 5618:The Dead Sea scrolls : a new translation 5613: 5449: 4303:entombed Jesus' body at great personal risk. 4230: 3242: 3211:until 198 BCE, when the Syrian-Hellenic 3030: 2693:, their ancestor, officiated as high priest. 2484: 5341: 5335: 4104:How to achieve atonement without the Temple? 4040:) under Pharisee control. Instead of giving 3872:, among others. The commandment to read the 3519:, was shared and elevated by the Pharisees. 3049:of an unknown number of Jews of the ancient 2946:. However, their status as Jews is unclear. 2815: 2796: 2784: 27:Jewish social movement and school of thought 5489:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 53–. 5476: 5067:Babylonian Talmud tractate Bava Kamma Ch. 8 4782: 4113:How to connect present and past traditions? 4094: 3945: 3918:Significance of debate and study of the law 3827: 3777:rules and rituals concerning purification. 728:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 6266: 6252: 5995:A Social and Religious History of the Jews 5700: 5668: 4926: 3689:. This also accords with the statement in 2491: 2477: 6850:70s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 6102:Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People 6074:Invitation to the Talmud: a Teaching Book 5774: 5622:(First ed.). HarperCollins. p. 5579:Ch. 15 (English edition by Jacob Schacter 5379:Invitation to the Talmud: a Teaching Book 5045:Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People 4978: 4338:within the early Church addressed at the 4242:: Dispute between Jesus and the Pharisees 4032:), and he reestablished the Sanhedrin at 3111:) was the counterpart for the synagogue. 30:For the followers of the Vilna Gaon, see 6163: 5348:. Baker Publishing Group. pp. 51–. 4887:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4491: 4267:Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity 4245: 4234: 4076:remains a cornerstone of Jewish belief. 3424: 3246: 6133:The History of the Second Temple Period 5864: 5845: 5646: 5557: 5524: 5215:, 14:9 § 4; 15:1 § 1; 10 § 4; 11 §§ 5–6 5176:The History of the Second Temple Period 4862: 4384:have been widely rejected by scholars. 3746: 3329: 14: 6832: 5826: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 4884: 4838:The Gospel According to Peter: A Study 4755: 3983:Of all the major Second Temple sects, 2677:authority for their interpretation of 6247: 5777:"It's 'Kosher' To Accept Real Jesus?" 5577:The Students Guide through the Talmud 5509: 5040: 4960: 4712: 4699: 4663: 4391:and the Pharisees calling the action 3564:rather than violate the laws against 3475:In Rome, Herod sought the support of 3265:After defeating the Seleucid forces, 3187:that they believed had originated at 6410:Timeline of the Second Temple period 5924:Modern Jews Engage the New Testament 5751:Modern Jews Engage the New Testament 5106: 4758:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 4531: 4458: 4345:The New Testament, particularly the 3202:period of Jewish history began when 2770: 2758: 5362: 5345:Apostle Paul: His Life and Theology 4534:The Antiquities of the Jews, 13.288 4353:whereas Jesus seeks them out. (The 4251:Jesus at the house of the Pharisean 3414: 2816: 2797: 2785: 2544: 24: 6294:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 6273: 6208: 5955:Journal of Early Christian Studies 4930:A Brief History of the Middle East 4801: 4371:letter of the law above its spirit 4309:secretly converted to Christianity 25: 6896: 6146: 6021:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah 5946:See for instance: Lily C. Vuong, 4717:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah 4387:Examples of passages include the 4176:The second period is that of the 3780: 3483:, and secured recognition by the 3468:(military governor of Judea) and 3464:, and later Antipater's two sons 3430:Pompey in the Temple of Jerusalem 3063:first deportation in 597 BCE 2965:and concludes with the defeat of 2961:against the Seleucids under king 2566:'separated ones') were a 519:Historical population comparisons 6198:Pharisees, Jesus and the Kingdom 6061:Torah From our Sages: Pirke Avot 5829:The Gospel according to St. Mark 5462:. W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 303–. 5255:. W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 1–25. 4927:Catherwood, Christopher (2011). 4885:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999). 3702: 2600:Conflicts between Pharisees and 2587:destruction of the Second Temple 2509: 1163:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1077:Historical population by country 6624:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 6382:Judah's revolts against Babylon 5968:Revue des Études Augustiniennes 5960: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5891: 5858: 5820: 5809: 5798: 5768: 5756: 5743: 5729: 5720: 5683: 5640: 5607: 5582: 5566: 5551: 5518: 5503: 5430: 5415: 5384: 5326: 5309: 5292: 5281: 5269: 5244: 5231: 5218: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5156: 5147: 5134: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5070: 5061: 5034: 5013: 5000: 4987: 4954: 4920: 4908: 4897: 4878: 4856: 4825: 4816: 4795: 4776: 4749: 4682: 4657: 4640: 4629: 4619:"Acts 23:6 Greek Text Analysis" 4611: 4600: 4590:"Acts 22:3 Greek Text Analysis" 4431:The Seekers after Smooth Things 3258:Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum 3085:) and houses of prayer (Hebrew 3001:also alludes to the Pharisees. 6202:Australian National University 6189:New International Encyclopedia 6159:Jewish Encyclopedia: Pharisees 5899:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5853:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5775:Gregerman, Adam (2012-02-09). 5200:A History of the Jewish People 4863:Neusner, Jacob (12 May 2016). 4582: 4571: 4560: 4549: 4540: 4525: 4511: 4485: 4452: 4340:Apostolic Council in Jerusalem 3844:records a chain of tradition ( 3372:After her death her elder son 13: 1: 6845:2nd-century BC establishments 5987: 5456:Anthony J. Saldarini (2001). 4492:Sussman, Ayala; Peled, Ruth. 4404:healing a man's withered hand 3583: 3032: 2651: 734:Christianity and Judaism 6704:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 4933:. Little, Brown Book Group. 4498:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4446: 4279:The Pharisees appear in the 3741: 3673:Free will and predestination 3099: 2886: 2880: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2764: 2752: 2737: 2727: 2636:, and doctrines such as the 7: 6164:Driscoll, James F. (1913). 6045:Gowler, David B. 1991/2008 5706:Apostle Paul as a Pharisee 5533:. Scholars Press. pp. 5512:The Antiquities of the Jews 4809:Online Etymology Dictionary 4424: 4128: 3985:only the Pharisees remained 3964:, revolutionaries like the 3952:Origins of Rabbinic Judaism 3874: 3868: 3846: 3838: 3691: 3655: 3639: 3631: 3616: 3606: 3594: 3304: 3296: 3105: 3087: 3075: 2957:in the Bible, focus on the 2866: 2810: 2791: 2779: 2732:"Pharisee" is derived from 2555: 2033: 2014: 1741:Latin America and Caribbean 437: 10: 6901: 6870:Jewish religious movements 6232:Discussion of the book by 6000:Boccaccini, Gabriele 2002 4785:Harvard Theological Review 4713:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1987). 4470:. Schocken Books. p. 4330:and obliged to follow the 4260: 4231:Pharisees and Christianity 3949: 3784: 3772:lead a priestly life: the 3706: 3531: 3511:(the Feast of Weeks), and 3418: 3333: 3243:Emergence of the Pharisees 3126:allowed Jews to return to 3093: 3025: 2893: 2743: 2595:Jewish religious movements 2346:Jewish political movements 2043:Conversion to Judaism 40: 29: 6809: 6729: 6642: 6565: 6513: 6448: 6400: 6342: 6281: 6002:Roots of Rabbinic Judaism 5827:Hooker, Morna D. (1999). 5483:Rosemary Ruether (1996). 4721:. The Westminster Press. 4087:, and renaming Jerusalem 3906:In an interesting twist, 3903:entry "Divrei Soferim"). 3648: 3522: 3388:intervened, and captured 3313:an eye in place of an eye 3065:and continuing after the 749:Hinduism and Judaism 144: 116: 106: 98: 90: 64: 50: 6634:Revolt against Heraclius 6362:Ancient Israel and Judah 6344:Ancient Israel and Judah 6196:Letchford, Roderick R., 6119:Harvard University Press 5910:Paula Frederiksen, 1988 5300:Death & Eternal Life 4271:Christianity and Judaism 4095:Post-Temple developments 3946:From Pharisees to rabbis 3828:Innovators or preservers 3720:resurrection of the dead 3697:resurrection of the dead 3550:resurrection of the dead 3177:and sages, later called 2642:resurrection of the dead 575:Temple in Jerusalem 268:Bar and bat mitzvah 55: 6860:1st-century BCE Judaism 6855:2nd-century BCE Judaism 6319:Expulsions and exoduses 6052:Halevi, Yitzchak Isaac 6032:Fredriksen, Paula 1988 6019:Cohen, Shaye J.D. 1988 5865:Sanders, E. P. (1985). 5656:Encyclopedia Britannica 5562:. KTAV. pp. 82–90. 5558:Neusner, Jacob (1979). 5525:Neusner, Jacob (1993). 4891:Oxford University Press 4668:. University of Haifa. 4519:Antiquities of the Jews 3836:in his Introduction to 3421:Judaea (Roman province) 3157:Torah was read publicly 2995:New Testament apocrypha 537:Twelve Tribes of Israel 6670:Invasion of Banu Nadir 6471:First Jewish-Roman War 5970:48/1 (2002), pp. 3–22 5922:Michael J. Cook, 2008 5695:New King James Version 5107:Choi, Junghwa (2013). 4664:Klein, Ernest (1987). 4398:However, according to 4293:Nicodemus the Pharisee 4258: 4243: 4209: 4002: 3814: 3774:laws of kosher animals 3620:offering; Jews in the 3548::" those who deny the 3436: 3262: 3147:may have codified and 3122:, and in 537 BCE 2987:intercession of saints 2963:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 2955:deuterocanonical books 2951:Books of the Maccabees 6721:Medieval antisemitism 6660:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 6655:Siege of Banu Qurayza 6629:Revolt against Gallus 6415:Second Temple Judaism 6173:Catholic Encyclopedia 5974:; Philippe Bobichon, 5342:Udo Schnelle (2013). 5077:Encyclopaedia Judaica 4961:Levin, Yigal (2020). 4466:A History of the Jews 4441:Woes of the Pharisees 4363:Woes of the Pharisees 4249: 4238: 4204: 3997: 3901:Encyclopedia Talmudit 3810: 3554:divinity of the Torah 3552:, those who deny the 3428: 3402:Later texts like the 3250: 2969:, in 161 BCE by 2583:Second Temple Judaism 1283:São Tomé and Príncipe 1278:Republic of the Congo 672:Second Temple Judaism 543:Kingdom of Judah 514:Modern historiography 6682:Sephardic Golden Age 6476:Battle of Beth Horon 6402:Second Temple period 6387:Babylonian captivity 6034:From Jesus to Christ 5957:25.2 (2017) 171–200. 5228:, 17:2 § 4; 6 §§ 2–4 5188:The Wars of the Jews 4695:Strong's Concordance 4653:Strong's Concordance 3757:Yitzhak Isaac Halevi 3747:A kingdom of priests 3330:The Hasmonean period 3114:In 539 BCE the 3061:, starting with the 3045:The deportation and 2904:Acts of the Apostles 2858:and further akin to 2826:Thomas Walter Manson 2822:Yitzhak Isaac Halevi 2679:Jewish religious law 2385:World Agudath Israel 1526:United Arab Emirates 613:Second Temple period 603:Babylonian captivity 6865:1st-century Judaism 6420:Hellenistic Judaism 6329:Political movements 6222:. 28 September 2019 6131:Sacchi, Paolo 2004 6100:Schwartz, Leo, ed. 5740:The Free Dictionary 5426:Deuteronomy 14:3–21 5113:Brill. p. 90. 4980:10.3390/rel11100487 4770:10.7227/BJRL.22.1.6 4532:Josephus, Flavius. 4367:Legalism (theology) 4301:Joseph of Arimathea 3993:Avot D'Rabbi Nathan 3251:John Hyrcanus from 3204:Alexander the Great 3132:the Judean monarchy 3069:and destruction of 2979:prayer for the dead 2710:Joseph of Arimathea 2683:priestly privileges 2581:during the time of 678:Hellenistic Judaism 256:Land of Israel 215:Principles of faith 6377:Assyrian Captivity 6357:Origins of Judaism 6299:Population history 6218:. Ofer Aderet for 5897:E.P. Sanders 1993 5851:E.P. Sanders 1993 5749:Michael Cook 2008 5514:. pp. 13.5.9. 5437:Deuteronomy 14:1–2 4259: 4244: 4022:Yohanan ben Zakkai 3501:three times a year 3458:Proconsul of Syria 3437: 3367:Shimon ben Shetach 3358:Alexander Jannaeus 3263: 3040: 160 BC 2872:Harvard University 2828:and Talmud-expert 2806:passive participle 2659: 100 CE 2614:rites and services 2239:Jewish Koine Greek 1781:Dominican Republic 1062:Judaism by country 741:Jews and Christmas 596:Assyrian captivity 72:Simeon ben Shetach 65:Historical leaders 6827: 6826: 6819:WP:Jewish history 6677:Under Muslim rule 6665:Battle of Khaybar 6580:Synagogal Judaism 6561: 6560: 6503:Bar Kokhba revolt 6466:Jewish-Roman Wars 6430:Hasmonean kingdom 6372:Kingdom of Israel 6183:"Pharisees" 6167:"Pharisees" 6054:Dorot Ha'Rishonim 5869:Jesus and Judaism 5762:H. Maccoby, 1986 5574:Zvi Hirsch Chajes 5496:978-0-9653517-5-1 5469:978-0-8028-4358-6 5399:Deuteronomy 11:19 5355:978-1-4412-4200-6 4904:Jeremiah 52:28–30 4802:Harper, Douglas. 4745:Dorot Ha'Rishonim 4690:Hebrew word #6567 4326:converts must be 4146:where God taught 4038:Council of Jamnia 4036:(see the related 3962:Jewish–Roman wars 3886:and to light the 3318:The sages of the 3253:Guillaume Rouillé 3134:, which left the 3079:or in Greek as a 3067:fall of Jerusalem 3059:Nebuchadnezzar II 2876:Shaye J. D. Cohen 2830:Louis Finkelstein 2720:, who warned the 2575:school of thought 2565: 2553: 2501: 2500: 2450: 2449: 2198: 2197: 1945:Reconstructionist 1889: 1888: 1041: 1040: 848: 847: 685:Jewish–Roman wars 633:Hasmonean dynasty 549:Kingdom of Israel 453: 452: 154: 153: 16:(Redirected from 6892: 6880:Rabbinic Judaism 6815: 6651:Mohammedan Wars 6575:Rabbinic Judaism 6528:Byzantine Empire 6481:Galilee campaign 6461:Judean Civil War 6456:Maccabean Revolt 6449:Wars and revolts 6446: 6445: 6435:Herodian kingdom 6392:Babylonian Yehud 6367:Kingdom of Judah 6304:Military history 6268: 6261: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6169: 5982: 5964: 5958: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5872: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5824: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5783:. Archived from 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5704: 5698: 5687: 5681: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5621: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5586: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5532: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5453: 5447: 5434: 5428: 5419: 5413: 5403:Deuteronomy 31:9 5388: 5382: 5375: 5360: 5359: 5339: 5333: 5332:Acta 23.6, 26.5. 5330: 5324: 5313: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5104: 5098: 5097:Nickelsburg, 93. 5095: 5089: 5088:Ant. 13.288–296. 5086: 5080: 5079:s.v. "Sadducees" 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5038: 5032: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4747: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4720: 4710: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4648:Greek word #5330 4644: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4615: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4586: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4456: 4347:Synoptic Gospels 4316:Paul the Apostle 4285:John the Baptist 4140:Rabbinic Judaism 4133: 4089:Aelia Capitolina 4085:Syria Palaestina 4070:Simon Bar Kosiba 4066:Aelia Capitolina 3956:Rabbinic Judaism 3877: 3871: 3849: 3843: 3736:Paul the Apostle 3694: 3663:Hillel the Elder 3660: 3644: 3636: 3619: 3609: 3599: 3452:high priest and 3415:The Roman period 3397:Salome Alexandra 3392:in 63 BCE. 3363:Salome Alexandra 3324:Rabbinic Judaism 3307: 3301: 3267:Judas Maccabaeus 3229:Maccabean Revolt 3159:on market-days. 3110: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3078: 3051:Kingdom of Judah 3041: 3037: 3034: 3013:Rabbinic Judaism 2959:Maccabean Revolt 2932:Early Christians 2889: 2883: 2869: 2863: 2856:Persian language 2849: 2843: 2837: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2591:Rabbinic Judaism 2585:. Following the 2560: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2342: 2341: 2223: 2044: 2038: 2019: 1983: 1982: 1930: 1877:New Zealand 1829: 1792:El Salvador 1782: 1714:Northern America 1706: 1300: 1056: 1055: 967:Crimean Karaites 863: 862: 841: 839: 760: 758: 750: 744: 735: 723:Rabbinic Judaism 704: 698: 692: 680: 668: 634: 627:Maccabean Revolt 604: 597: 591: 583: 576: 570: 562: 544: 468: 467: 442: 337: 336: 269: 257: 156: 155: 149:Rabbinic Judaism 77:Salome Alexandra 58: 48: 47: 21: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6813: 6805: 6794:Israeli history 6737:Jewish question 6725: 6638: 6567:Rabbinic period 6557: 6509: 6491:Diaspora revolt 6486:Siege of Masada 6444: 6396: 6338: 6309:Genetic history 6277: 6272: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6211: 6209:Further reading 6180: 6149: 6113:Segal, Alan F. 6072:Neusner, Jacob 6059:Neusner, Jacob 5993:Baron, Salo W. 5990: 5985: 5965: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5716:Philippians 3:5 5705: 5701: 5688: 5684: 5673: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5587: 5583: 5571: 5567: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5523: 5519: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5441:Leviticus 19:28 5435: 5431: 5420: 5416: 5395:Deuteronomy 6:7 5391:Exodus 19:29–24 5389: 5385: 5377:Neusner, Jacob 5376: 5363: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5314: 5310: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5039: 5035: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4916:Nehemiah 8:1–18 4913: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4843:Longmans, Green 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4700: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4636:Philippians 3:5 4634: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4427: 4334:, leading to a 4277: 4233: 4097: 4018:Fiscus Judaicus 4016:and levied the 3958: 3950:Main articles: 3948: 3920: 3830: 3789: 3783: 3749: 3744: 3722:. According to 3715: 3705: 3675: 3651: 3637:) and evening ( 3586: 3534: 3525: 3423: 3417: 3342: 3334:Main articles: 3332: 3276:Davidic dynasty 3245: 3233:Simon Maccabeus 3213:Seleucid Empire 3164:Ezra the Scribe 3124:Cyrus the Great 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 2999:Gospel of Peter 2971:Judas Maccabeus 2967:General Nicanor 2896: 2730: 2716:– a student of 2658: 2654: 2571:social movement 2512: 2508: 2497: 2452: 2451: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2319:Judeo-Malayalam 2299:Judaeo-Georgian 2219: 2210: 2200: 2199: 2100:Yiddish theatre 2042: 1980: 1970: 1969: 1928: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1827: 1780: 1704: 1298: 1082:Genetic studies 1053: 1043: 1042: 860: 850: 849: 837: 836: 756: 755: 748: 738: 733: 715:and Middle Ages 713:Rabbinic period 700: 694: 687: 675: 646: 632: 602: 595: 586: 578: 574: 565: 560:in Judaism 557: 542: 465: 455: 454: 334: 324: 323: 267: 255: 200: 140: 86: 60: 59: 56: 54: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6757:Reform Judaism 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6716:Ottoman Empire 6713: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6425:Yehud Medinata 6422: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6289:Historiography 6285: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6275:Jewish history 6271: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6178: 6161: 6156: 6148: 6147:External links 6145: 6144: 6143: 6129: 6111: 6098: 6084: 6070: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6030: 6017: 6011: 5998: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5959: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5890: 5883: 5857: 5844: 5837: 5819: 5808: 5797: 5767: 5755: 5742: 5728: 5719: 5699: 5682: 5667: 5650:(2023-03-04). 5648:Zaleski, Carol 5639: 5632: 5606: 5599: 5581: 5565: 5550: 5543: 5517: 5502: 5495: 5475: 5468: 5448: 5445:Leviticus 21:5 5429: 5414: 5411:Jeremiah 18:18 5383: 5361: 5354: 5334: 5325: 5308: 5291: 5280: 5268: 5261: 5243: 5230: 5217: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5155: 5146: 5133: 5120:978-9004245143 5119: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5069: 5060: 5049:. Random House 5033: 5012: 4999: 4986: 4953: 4940:978-1849018074 4939: 4919: 4907: 4896: 4893:. p. 350. 4877: 4855: 4833:Walter Richard 4824: 4815: 4794: 4775: 4748: 4734: 4727: 4698: 4681: 4674: 4656: 4639: 4628: 4610: 4599: 4581: 4570: 4559: 4548: 4539: 4524: 4510: 4484: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4415:Herod's Temple 4355:Gospel of John 4291:, and because 4275:Law and Gospel 4232: 4229: 4130:birkat haMinim 4115: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4096: 4093: 3960:Following the 3947: 3944: 3919: 3916: 3908:Abraham Geiger 3880:Book of Esther 3829: 3826: 3785:Main article: 3782: 3781:The Oral Torah 3779: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3704: 3701: 3674: 3671: 3650: 3647: 3626:Great Assembly 3585: 3582: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3419:Main article: 3416: 3413: 3378:Aristobulus II 3331: 3328: 3244: 3241: 3185:oral tradition 3136:Judean priests 3042: 3029: 3027: 3024: 2908:eschatological 2895: 2892: 2729: 2726: 2628:and rejecting 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2380:Territorialism 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2264:Judaeo-Spanish 2261: 2259:Judaeo-Iranian 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705:United Kingdom 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1138:Bilad-el-Sudan 1135: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1091:Land of Israel 1087: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 951: 950: 949:Related groups 946: 945: 944: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 876: 861: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 845: 844: 843: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 806:Jewish atheism 803: 798: 793: 785: 784: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757:Islamic–Jewish 752: 745: 730: 725: 717: 716: 709: 708: 707: 706: 682: 669: 641: 636: 629: 624: 622:Yehud Medinata 616: 615: 609: 608: 607: 606: 599: 592: 584: 571: 563: 551: 546: 539: 531: 530: 528:Ancient Israel 524: 523: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 484:Land of Israel 481: 473: 472: 466: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 450: 449: 448: 443: 439:Shulchan Aruch 434: 429: 424: 419: 411: 410: 409: 408: 403: 395: 394: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 372: 371: 365: 364: 363: 362: 357: 352: 344: 343: 335: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 264: 259: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 217: 212: 205:God in Judaism 201: 196: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 184: 176: 175: 165: 164: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 128: 122: 120: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 85: 84: 79: 74: 68: 66: 62: 61: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6897: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6820: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6782:The Holocaust 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:United States 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:Enlightenment 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6141:9780567044501 6138: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127:0-674-75076-4 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109:0-394-60413-X 6106: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6096:0-8052-0009-6 6093: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6082:1-59244-155-6 6079: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6068:0-940646-05-6 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6041:0-300-04864-5 6038: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6028:0-664-25017-3 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6009:0-8028-4361-1 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5801: 5787:on 2016-04-27 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5675:Matthew 3:1–7 5671: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5610: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5513: 5506: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5150: 5143: 5137: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5064: 5047: 5046: 5037: 5030: 5029:0-8052-0009-6 5026: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4866: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4728:9780664219116 4724: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4675:965-220-093-X 4671: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4552: 4543: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400:E. P. Sanders 4396: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4359:New Testament 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281:New Testament 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4165:, and in 200 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012:and a Jewish 4011: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3912:Bernard Revel 3909: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3840:Mishneh Torah 3835: 3825: 3823: 3822:Martin Luther 3819: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3788: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3762:Jacob Neusner 3758: 3753: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3703:The afterlife 3700: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3578:Judah ha-Nasi 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546:world to come 3543: 3539: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3350:John Hyrcanus 3347: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3271:John Hyrcanus 3268: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:Hellenization 3222: 3218: 3217:Antiochus III 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141:Second Temple 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3036: 600 BC 3023: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3007:redacted the 3006: 3005:Judah ha-Nasi 3002: 3000: 2997:known as the 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:last judgment 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2793: 2781: 2777: 2771:פְּרִישַׁיָּא 2766: 2754: 2750: 2739: 2735: 2734:Ancient Greek 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:New Testament 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:Second Temple 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:Written Torah 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:Hellenization 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2506: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304:Judeo-Aramaic 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2294:Judeo-Italian 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2274:Ghardaïa Sign 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899:Denominations 1895: 1894: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727:United States 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1213:Guinea-Bissau 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067:Lists of Jews 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 952: 948: 947: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 870: 867: 866: 865: 864: 859: 854: 853: 842: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:The Holocaust 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 787: 786: 782: 781: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 753: 751: 746: 742: 736: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 719: 718: 714: 711: 710: 703: 697: 691: 686: 683: 679: 673: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 605: 600: 598: 593: 589: 585: 582: 577: 572: 568: 564: 561: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 540: 538: 535: 534: 533: 532: 529: 526: 525: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 470: 469: 464: 459: 458: 447: 444: 441: 440: 435: 433: 430: 428: 427:Mishneh Torah 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 412: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 397: 396: 393: 390: 389: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 373: 370: 367: 366: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 345: 342: 339: 338: 333: 328: 327: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 265: 263: 260: 258: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 216: 213: 210: 206: 203: 202: 199: 194: 193: 188: 187:Who is a Jew? 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 162: 158: 157: 150: 147: 143: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 121: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 67: 63: 49: 44: 37: 33: 19: 6777:World War II 6767:Soviet Union 6747:Emancipation 6742:Disabilities 6523:Roman Empire 6440:Roman Judaea 6237: 6234:Israel Knohl 6226:28 September 6224:. Retrieved 6197: 6187: 6171: 6132: 6114: 6101: 6087: 6086:Roth, Cecil 6073: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6033: 6020: 6001: 5994: 5975: 5967: 5962: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5936:Romans 11:25 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5898: 5893: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5828: 5822: 5811: 5800: 5789:. Retrieved 5785:the original 5780: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5736: 5731: 5722: 5702: 5685: 5679:Luke 7:28–30 5670: 5659:. Retrieved 5642: 5617: 5609: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5553: 5528: 5520: 5511: 5505: 5485: 5478: 5458: 5451: 5432: 5422:Leviticus 11 5417: 5407:Jeremiah 2:8 5386: 5378: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5320: 5319:2.8.14; cf. 5316: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5283: 5271: 5252: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5212: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5158: 5153:Sievers, 155 5149: 5141: 5136: 5124:. Retrieved 5109: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5044: 5036: 5020: 5019:Roth, Cecil 5015: 5007: 5002: 4994: 4989: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4944:. Retrieved 4929: 4922: 4910: 4899: 4886: 4880: 4868:. Retrieved 4858: 4847:. Retrieved 4837: 4827: 4818: 4807: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4744: 4716: 4684: 4665: 4659: 4642: 4631: 4623:biblehub.com 4622: 4613: 4602: 4594:biblehub.com 4593: 4584: 4573: 4562: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4527: 4517: 4513: 4501:. Retrieved 4497: 4487: 4475:. 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