Doctor of Philosophy

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additional years, for a total of seven, but this is rare. For full-time PhDs, a four-year time limit has now been fixed and students must apply for an extension to submit a thesis past this point. Since the early 1990s, British funding councils have adopted a policy of penalising departments where large proportions of students fail to submit their theses in four years after achieving PhD-student status (or pro rata equivalent) by reducing the number of funded places in subsequent years. Inadvertently, this leads to significant pressure on the candidate to minimise the scope of projects with a view on thesis submission, regardless of quality, and discourage time spent on activities that would otherwise further the impact of the research on the community (e.g., publications in high-impact journals, seminars, workshops). Furthermore, supervising staff are encouraged in their career progression to ensure that the PhD students under their supervision finalise the projects in three rather than the four years that the program is permitted to cover. These issues contribute to an overall discrepancy between supervisors and PhD candidates in the priority they assign to the quality and impact of the research contained in a PhD project, the former favouring quick PhD projects over several students and the latter favouring a larger scope for their own ambitious project, training, and impact.

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the thesis, which is open to the public in some, but not all, universities. At most Canadian universities, the time needed to complete a PhD degree typically ranges from four to six years. It is, however, not uncommon for students to be unable to complete all the requirements within six years, particularly given that funding packages often support students for only two to four years; many departments will allow program extensions at the discretion of the thesis supervisor or department chair. Alternative arrangements exist whereby a student is allowed to let their registration in the program lapse at the end of six years and re-register once the thesis is completed in draft form. The general rule is that graduate students are obligated to pay tuition until the initial thesis submission has been received by the thesis office. In other words, if a PhD student defers or delays the initial submission of their thesis they remain obligated to pay fees until such time that the thesis has been received in good standing.

554: 2035:'s degree and is considered a lower degree than the dr. phil. degree; officially, the ph.d. is not considered a doctorate, but unofficially, it is referred to as "the smaller doctorate", as opposed to the dr. phil., "the grand doctorate." Holders of a ph.d. degree are not entitled to style themselves as "Dr." Currently Denmark distinctions between the dr. phil. as the proper doctorate and a higher degree than the ph.d., whereas in Norway, the historically analogous dr. philos. degree is officially regarded as equivalent to the new ph.d. Today, the Norwegian PhD degree is awarded to candidates who have completed a supervised doctoral programme at an institution, while candidates with a master's degree who have conducted research on their own may submit their work for a Dr. Philos. defence at a relevant institution. PhD candidates must complete one trial lecture before they can defend their thesis, whereas Dr. Philos. candidates must complete two trial lectures. 2269:

extensions in funding of up to twelve months available to offset periods of absence for maternity leave, shared parental leave, adoption leave, absences covered by a medical certificate, and extended jury service. PhD work beyond this may be unfunded or funded from other sources. A very small number of scientific studentships are sometimes paid at a higher rate – for example, in London, Cancer Research UK, the ICR and the Wellcome Trust stipend rates start at around £19,000 and progress annually to around £23,000 a year; an amount that is tax and national insurance free. Research Council funding is distributed to Doctoral Training Partnerships and Centres for Doctoral Training, who are responsible for student selection, within the eligibility guidelines established by the Research Councils. The ESRC (Economic and Social Science Research Council), for example, explicitly state that a 2.1 minimum (or a master's degree) is required.

1129:(APA) until its dissolution in 2017. It was replaced by Research Training Program (RTP), awarded to students of "exceptional research potential", which provides a living stipend to students of approximately A$ 34,000 a year (tax-free). RTPs are paid for a duration of 3 years, while a 6-month extension is usually possible upon citing delays out of the control of the student. Some universities also fund a similar scholarship that matches the APA amount. Due to a continual increase in living costs, many PhD students are forced to live under the poverty line. In addition to the more common RTP and university scholarships, Australian students have other sources of scholarship funding, coming from industry, private enterprise, and organisations. 2614: 1159:, and linking chapters between papers. The PhD thesis is sent to external examiners who are experts in the field of research and who have not been involved in the work. Examiners are nominated by the candidate's university, and their identities are often not revealed to the candidate until the examination is complete. A formal oral defence is generally not part of the examination of the thesis, largely because of the distances that would need to be travelled by the overseas examiners; however, since 2016, there is a trend toward implementing this in many Australian universities. At the University of South Australia, PhD candidates who started after January 2016 now undertake an oral defence via an online conference with two examiners. 928:. The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component. Germany is one of the few nations engaging these issues, and it has been doing so by reconceptualising PhD programs to be training for careers, outside academia, but still at high-level positions. This development can be seen in the extensive number of PhD holders, typically from the fields of law, engineering, and economics, at the very top corporate and administrative positions. To a lesser extent, the UK research councils have tackled the issue by introducing, since 1992, the 873:

provide a premium of 23% and a bachelor's 14%. While this is a small return to the individual (or even an overall deficit when tuition and lost earnings during training are accounted for), he claims there are significant benefits to society for the extra research training. However, some research suggests that overqualified workers are often less satisfied and less productive at their jobs. These difficulties are increasingly being felt by graduates of professional degrees, such as law school, looking to find employment. PhD students may need to take on debt to undertake their degree.

1484:(in French, "école doctorale"). A PhD candidate may follow some in-service training offered by the graduate school while continuing their research in a laboratory. Their research may be carried out in a laboratory, at a university or in a company. In the first case, the candidates can be hired by the university or a research organisation. In the last case, the company hires the candidate and they are supervised by both the company's tutor and a lab's professor. Completion of the PhD degree generally requires 3 years after the master's degree but it can last longer in specific cases. 2476:) and is still awarded in some post-Soviet states (Russian Federation, Belarus, and others). According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries," in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees (like Russian Federation, some post-Soviet states, Germany, Poland, Austria and Switzerland), should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree, and in countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Kandidat Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this PhD degree. 2282: 797: 2570: 2400:; those students who begin a PhD program with a master's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner. As PhD programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education, there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Overall, 57% of students who begin a PhD program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years. 2595:

were first distinguished by Acker, Hill and Black (1994; cited in Wisker, 2005). Considerable literature exists on the expectations that supervisors may have of their students (Phillips & Pugh, 1987) and the expectations that students may have of their supervisors (Phillips & Pugh, 1987; Wilkinson, 2005) in the course of PhD supervision. Similar expectations are implied by the Quality Assurance Agency's Code for Supervision (Quality Assurance Agency, 1999; cited in Wilkinson, 2005).

1738:) of the university and sometimes on the status of the doctoral student, such certificates may not be required. Usually, former students, research assistants or lecturers from the same university, may be spared from attending extra classes. Instead, under the tutelage of a single professor or advisory committee, they are expected to conduct independent research. In addition to doctoral studies, many doctoral candidates work as teaching assistants, research assistants, or lecturers. 1093:

thesis prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director and reviewed by a Doctoral Committee. This committee should be composed of examiners that are external to the program, and at least one of them should also be external to the institution. The academic degree of Doctor, respective to the correspondent field of science that the candidate has contributed with original and rigorous research, is received after a successful defense of the candidate's dissertation.

995:(ISCED), states that: "Programmes to be classified at ISCED level 8 are referred to in many ways around the world such as PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar terms. However, it is important to note that programmes with a similar name to 'doctor' should only be included in ISCED level 8 if they satisfy the criteria described in Paragraph 263. For international comparability purposes, the term 'doctoral or equivalent' is used to label ISCED level 8." 788:" became the formula for faculty advancement in the research universities. After World War II, state universities across the country expanded greatly in undergraduate enrollment, and eagerly added research programs leading to masters or doctorate degrees. Their graduate faculties had to have a suitable record of publication and research grants. Late in the 20th century, "publish or perish" became increasingly important in colleges and smaller universities. 744:

Germany. However, half of the institutions awarding earned PhDs in 1899 were undergraduate institutions that granted the degree for work done away from campus. Degrees awarded by universities without legitimate PhD programs accounted for about a third of the 382 doctorates recorded by the US Department of Education in 1900, of which another 8–10% were honorary. The awarding of PhD as an honorary degree was banned by the

2146:) is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine. Upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue their studies and get a post-doctoral degree called "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc. 8141: 503:. The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree. Whereas in the Middle Ages the arts faculty had a set curriculum, based upon the 780:. In the United States, by contrast, private universities and state universities alike were independent of the federal government. Independence was high, but funding was low. The breakthrough came from private foundations, which began regularly supporting research in science and history; large corporations sometimes supported engineering programs. The postdoctoral fellowship was established by the 216: 2298:

completed within the next three years. As this includes the MRes all deadlines and timeframes are brought forward to encourage completion of both MRes and PhD within four years from commencement. These programs are designed to provide students with a greater range of skills than a standard PhD, and for the university, they are a means of gaining an extra years' fees from public sources.

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is longer than a full-time degree, the overall cost may be the same or higher. The part-time PhD degree option provides free time in which to earn money for subsistence. Students may also take part in tutoring, work as research assistants, or (occasionally) deliver lectures, at a rate of typically £12–14 per hour, either to supplement existing low income or as a sole means of funding.

1250:. At this stage, the student is known as a "PhD student" or "doctoral student." It is usually expected that the student will have completed most of their required coursework by the end of this stage. Furthermore, it is usually required that by the end of eighteen to thirty-six months after the first registration, the student will have successfully completed the comprehensive exams. 7705:"Лучук О. Коли ми діждемося Вашинґтона? Тоді ж і станем "докторами"! До питання про академічні посади, наукові ступені та вчені звання в українському та американському наукових дискурсах // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність: Збірник наукових праць. Випуск 21. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І.Крип'якевича НАН України" 511:, by the 19th century it had come to house all the courses of study in subjects now commonly referred to as sciences and humanities. Professors across the humanities and sciences focused on their advanced research. Practically all the funding came from the central government, and it could be cut off if the professor was politically unacceptable. 2525:) belongs to ISCED level 8, or "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, DLitt, DSc, LLD, Doctorate, or similar. It is mentioned in the Russian version of ISCED 2011 (par.262) on the UNESCO website as an equivalent to PhD belonging to this level. In the same way as PhD degrees awarded in many English-speaking countries, Kandidat Nauk ( 6242:... a Dr. philos. degree, which is the highest academic degree in Norway, roughly equivalent to the German Doktor Habilitation. Traditionally, this degree, which was considered a prerequisite for obtaining top positions within academia, was earned rather late in life, often after one had passed 50 years of age. 2111:

the candidate with questions on their research. If approved, they will receive the doctorate. Four marks can be granted: Unsatisfactory, Pass, Satisfactory, and Excellent. "Cum laude" (with all honours, in Latin) denomination can be added to the Excellent ones if all five members of the tribunal agree.

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Indeed there is a 'new route' to the PhD in some UK institutions where in an individual may complete a series of postgraduate level taught courses as a part of the doctoral programme. This is called the 'New Route PhD', an integrated PhD that resembles somewhat the American PhD program. For a list of

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Wisker (2005) has reported that research into this field distinguishes two models of supervision: The technical-rationality model of supervision, emphasising technique; and the negotiated order model, which is less mechanistic, emphasising fluid and dynamic change in the PhD process. These two models

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for the last three years), although this can rise to over £16,000 at elite institutions. Higher fees are often charged for laboratory-based degrees. As of 2022/23, the national indicative fee for PhD students is £4,596, increasing annually, typically with inflation; there is no regulation of the fees

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The courses at the doctoral level are mainly completed in the first and second years, and the remaining years are spent doing experiments/research and writing papers. At most universities, the maximum duration of doctoral study is 7 years. If a doctoral student does not complete their degree within 7

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The motivation may also include increased salary, but in many cases, this is not the result. Research by Bernard H. Casey of the University of Warwick, U.K, suggests that, over all subjects, PhDs provide an earnings premium of 26% over non-accredited graduates, but notes that master's degrees already

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Many students who are not in receipt of external funding may choose to undertake the degree part-time, thus reducing the tuition fees. The tuition fee per annum for part-time PhD degrees are typically 50–60% of the equivalent full-time doctorate. However, since the duration of a part-time PhD degree

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In the United Kingdom, universities admit applicants to PhD programs on a case-by-case basis; depending on the university, admission is typically conditional on the prospective student having completed an undergraduate degree with at least upper second-class honours or a postgraduate master's degree

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Australian citizens, permanent residents, and New Zealand citizens are not charged course fees for their PhD or research master's degree, with the exception in some universities of the student services and amenities fee (SSAF) which is set by each university and typically involves the largest amount

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A PhD is also required in some positions outside academia, such as research jobs in major international agencies. In some cases, the Executive Directors of some types of foundations may be expected to hold a PhD. A PhD is sometimes felt to be a necessary qualification in certain areas of employment,

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In 1917, the current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students. The slightly older degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature/Letters still exist at British universities; together with the

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These reforms proved extremely successful, and fairly quickly the German universities started attracting foreign students, notably from the United States. The American students would go to Germany to obtain a PhD after having studied for a bachelor's degree at an American college. So influential was

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At some universities, there may be training for those wishing to supervise PhD studies. There is much literature available, such as Delamont, Atkinson, and Parry (1997). Dinham and Scott (2001) have argued that the worldwide growth in research students has been matched by the increase in the number

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On 19 June 2013, for the first time in the Russian Federation, defenses were held for the PhD degree awarded by universities, instead of the Candidate of Sciences degree awarded by the State Supreme Certification Commission. Renat Yuldashev, the graduate of the Department of Applied Cybernetics of

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programme and may transfer to PhD regulations upon satisfactory progress, this is sometimes referred to as APG (Advanced Postgraduate) status. This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the PhD degree. If a student fails to make satisfactory progress,

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The student must write their thesis presenting a new discovery or original contribution to science. If approved by her or his "thesis director (or directors)", the study will be presented to a panel of 3–5 distinguished scholars. Any doctor attending the public presentations is allowed to challenge

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The duration of the doctorate depends on the field. A doctorate in medicine may take less than a full-time year to complete; those in other fields, two to six years. Most doctorates are awarded with specific Latin designations for the field of research (except for engineering, where the designation

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Upon successful completion of the comprehensive exams, the student becomes known as a "PhD candidate." From this stage on, the bulk of the student's time will be devoted to their own research, culminating in the completion of a PhD thesis or dissertation. The final requirement is an oral defense of

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with high academic standing, in order to be considered for a PhD program. In the US, Canada, India, and Denmark, for example, many universities require coursework in addition to research for PhD degrees. In other countries (such as the UK) there is generally no such condition, though this varies by

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Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in the early 21st century, many European countries (e.g., Belgium, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries) had in all faculties triple degree structures of bachelor (or candidate) − licentiate −

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For the defense procedure in the field of mathematics, it was used the experience of joint Finnish-Russian research and educational program organized in 2007 by the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Jyväskylä and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State

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decided in 2010 that those doctorates do not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree. There are different forms of university-level institution in Germany, but only professors from "Universities" (Univ.-Prof.) can serve as doctoral supervisors – "Universities of Applied Sciences"

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called doctoral contract: the institution of higher education is the employer and the PhD candidate the employee. However, the candidate can apply for funds from a company, which can host them at its premises (as in the case where PhD candidates do their research at a company). In another possible

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Completion requirements vary. Most Australian PhD programs do not have a required coursework component. The credit points attached to the degree are all in the product of the research, which is usually an 80,000-word thesis that makes a significant new contribution to the field. Recent pressure on

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or dissertation containing original research in science or in the humanities. In Germany, the name of the doctorate was adapted after the philosophy faculty started being split up − e.g. Dr. rer. nat. for doctorates in the faculty of natural sciences − but in most of the English-speaking world the

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There has recently been an increase in the number of Integrated PhD programs available, such as at the University of Southampton. These courses include a Master of Research (MRes) in the first year, which consists of a taught component as well as laboratory rotation projects. The PhD must then be

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After two or two and a half years, it is expected that the research work of the doctoral candidate be submitted in the form of oral qualification, where suggestions and corrections about the research hypothesis and methodology, as well as on the course of the research work, are performed. The PhD

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and research assistantships; experience as a teaching assistant is encouraged but not requisite in many programs. Some programs may require all PhD candidates to teach, which may be done under the supervision of their supervisor or regular faculty. Besides these sources of funding, there are also

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While some students work outside the university (or at student jobs within the university), in some programs students are advised (or must agree) not to devote more than ten hours per week to activities (e.g., employment) outside of their studies, particularly if they have been given funding. For

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Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. The doctoral candidate's work should be presented in a dissertation or

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A career in academia generally requires a PhD, although in some countries it is possible to reach relatively high positions without a doctorate. In North America, professors are increasingly being required to have a PhD, and the percentage of faculty with a PhD may be used as a university ratings

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In China, doctoral programs can be applied directly after obtaining a bachelor's degree or applied after obtaining a master's degree. Those who directly apply for a doctoral program after a bachelor's degree usually need four to five years to obtain a doctorate and will not be awarded a master's

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Admission to a PhD program in Australia requires applicants to demonstrate capacity to undertake research in the proposed field of study. The standard requirement is a bachelor honours degree with either first-class or upper second-class honours. Research master's degrees and coursework master's

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While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as the Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full

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which focused on its PhD program. By the 1890s, Harvard, Columbia, Michigan and Wisconsin were building major graduate programs, whose alumni were hired by new research universities. By 1900, 300 PhDs were awarded annually, most of them by six universities. It was no longer necessary to study in

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Typically, PhD programs require applicants to have a bachelor's degree in a relevant field, and, in many cases in the humanities, a master's degree, reasonably high grades, several letters of recommendation, relevant academic coursework, a cogent statement of interest in the field of study, and

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There is usually a preliminary assessment to remain in the program and the thesis is submitted at the end of a three- to four-year program. These periods are usually extended pro rata for part-time students. With special dispensation, the final date for the thesis can be extended for up to four

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for doctorates awarded by institutes of technology (for doctorates in engineering or natural science related subjects such as materials science, molecular biology, computer science etc.). The Swedish term fil. dr is often also used as a translation of corresponding degrees from e.g. Denmark and

963:, was opposed to the PhD system and did not have a PhD degree. On the other hand, it was understood by all his peers that he was a world leading scientist with many accomplishments already under his belt during his graduate study years and he was eligible to gain the degree at any given moment. 2325:

Recent years have seen the introduction of professional doctorates, which are the same level as PhDs but more specific in their field. Most tend not to be solely academic, but combine academic research, a taught component or a professional qualification. These are most notably in the fields of

2322:(Doctor of Science), which may be granted on the recommendation of a committee of examiners on the basis of a substantial portfolio of submitted (and usually published) research. However, some UK universities still maintain the option of submitting a thesis for the award of a higher doctorate. 1196:

scores. A common criterion for prospective PhD students is the comprehensive or qualifying examination, a process that often commences in the second year of a graduate program. Generally, successful completion of the qualifying exam permits continuance in the graduate program. Formats for this

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of what they term "how-to" texts for both students and supervisors, citing examples such as Pugh and Phillips (1987). These authors report empirical data on the benefits to a PhD candidate from publishing; students are more likely to publish with adequate encouragement from their supervisors.

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As of 2022/23, the national minimum stipend for UKRI-funded students is £16,062 per year, increasing annually typically with inflation. The period of funding for a PhD project is between three and four years, depending on the research council and the decisions of individual institutions, with

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and commonly abbreviated fil. dr or FD. The degree represents the traditional Faculty of Philosophy and encompasses subjects from biology, physics, and chemistry, to languages, history, and social sciences, being the highest degree in these disciplines. Sweden currently has two research-level

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this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university; this defense is open to the public in some countries, and held in private in others; in other countries, the dissertation is examined by a panel of expert examiners who stipulate whether the dissertation is in principle

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associated with this usage may be subject to the professional ethics of the particular scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or

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candidates are required to appear for an interview with the available PhD supervisor and give presentations of their research proposal (plan of work or synopsis). During study, candidates must submit progress reports and after successful completion of the coursework, are required to give a

628:), and few students undertook formal study in theology. This contrasted with the situation in the continental European universities at the time, where the preparatory role of the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts was to a great extent taken over by secondary education: in modern France, the 2410:

awarded by US universities has risen nearly every year since 1957, according to data compiled by the US National Science Foundation. In 1957, US universities awarded 8,611 PhD diplomas; 20,403 in 1967; 31,716 in 1977; 32,365 in 1987; 42,538 in 1997; 48,133 in 2007, and 55,006 in 2015.

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In English (but not Scottish) universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century. Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals, the legal training for the common law system was provided by the

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tests, although the requirements may vary depending on the institution. 143 UK universities require applicants to undergo IELTS before admission, with minimum acceptable scores ranging from 4 to 6.5 and above. However, some universities are willing to accept students without IELTS.

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allowed by the Australian government. All fees are paid for by the Australian government, except for the SSAF, under the Research Training Program. International students and coursework master's degree students must pay course fees unless they receive a scholarship to cover them.

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or equivalent or higher. In order to submit a successful PhD admission application, copies of academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, a research proposal, and a personal statement are often required. Most universities also invite for a special interview before admission.

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At the start of the 20th century, U.S. universities were held in low regard internationally and many American students were still traveling to Europe for PhDs. The lack of centralised authority meant anyone could start a university and award PhDs. This led to the formation of the

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PhD graduates represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries. Slovenia, Switzerland and Luxembourg have higher numbers of PhD Graduates per capita as illustrated here. For Slovenia, this is because MSc degrees before

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degree is only received after a successful defense of the candidate's thesis is performed (four or five years after the enrollment), most of the time also requiring the most important results having been published in at least one peer-reviewed high-impact international journal.

7623:"Décret n° 2003-744 du 1er août 2003 portant publication de l'accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie – sur la reconnaissance mutuelle des documents sur les grades et titres universitaires, signé à Saint-Pétersbourg" 1270:

China has thirteen statutory types of academic degrees, which also apply to doctorate degrees. Despite the naming difference, all these thirteen types of doctoral degrees are research and academic degrees that are equivalent to PhD degrees. These thirteen doctorates are:

6998:

Groves, Nicholas (2014). "The Academic Robes of Graduates of the University of Cambridge The Academic Robes of Graduates of the University of Cambridge from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day".

1988:, a document presenting the author's research and findings, and successfully defended the doctoral thesis. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, by a supervisory committee with expertise in the given discipline. 1340:, the PhD course admission may require a master's degree (Magíster) in some universities, specially public universities. However, it could also be applied for a direct doctorate in specific cases, according to the jury's recommendations on the thesis proposal. 2007:

Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a degree known as a doctorate of philosophy, based upon the German model. Denmark and Norway both introduced the Dr. Phil(os). degree in 1824, replacing the Magister's degree as the highest degree, while

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A PhD student or candidate is conventionally required to study on campus under close supervision. With the popularity of distance education and e-learning technologies, some universities now accept students enrolled into a distance education part-time mode.

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let PhD holders to take seat and cover their heads during an act in the University of Salamanca in which the King took part so as to recognise their merits. This right to cover their heads in the presence of the King is traditionally reserved in Spain to

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awarded by universities in most fields of study. There are more than 282 universities in the United States that award the PhD degree, and those universities vary widely in their criteria for admission, as well as the rigor of their academic programs.

2103:(Royal Decree in Spanish) 99/2011 from the 2014/2015 academic year. They are granted by a university on behalf of the King, and its diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a National Registry of Theses called TESEO. 856:" program, PhD candidates do not spend their entire study period at the same university. Instead, the PhD candidates spend the first and last periods of the program at their home universities and in between conduct research at another institution or 196:

PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a

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About 88% of Russian students studying at state universities study at the expense of budget funds. The average stipend in Russia (as of August 2011) is $ 430 a year ($ 35/month). The average tuition fee in graduate school is $ 2,000 per year.

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Others apply for funds to CONICET, the national public body of scientific and technical research, which typically awards more than a thousand scholarships each year for this purpose, thus guaranteeing many PhD candidates remain within the system.

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In German-speaking nations, most Eastern European nations, successor states of the former Soviet Union, most parts of Africa, Asia, and many Spanish-speaking countries, the corresponding degree to a Doctor of Philosophy is simply called "Doctor"

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that total reform of PhD programs in almost every field is necessary in the U.S. and that pressure to make the necessary changes will need to come from many sources (students, administrators, public and private sectors, etc.). Other articles in

1852:(research doctorate), abbreviated to "Dott. Ric." or "PhD", is an academic title awarded at the end of a course of not less than three years, admission to which is based on entrance examinations and academic rankings in the Bachelor of Arts (" 1204:). Depending on the field, the student may also be required to demonstrate ability in one or more additional languages. A prospective student applying to French-speaking universities may also have to demonstrate some English language ability. 1468:

Students pursuing the PhD degree must first complete a master's degree program, which takes two years after graduation with a bachelor's degree (five years in total). The candidate must apply to a doctoral research project associated with a

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doctor as opposed to bachelor − master − doctor; the meaning of the different degrees varied from country to country, however. To this day, this is also still the case for the pontifical degrees in theology and canon law; for instance, in

6095: 2260:. Tuition fees are charged at different rates for "Home/EU" and "Overseas" students, generally £3,000–£6,000 per year for the former and £9,000–14,500 for the latter (which includes EU citizens who have not been normally resident in the 1220:

At some Canadian universities, most PhD students receive an award equivalent to part or all of the tuition amount for the first four years (this is sometimes called a tuition deferral or tuition waiver). Other sources of funding include

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situation, the company and the institute can sign a funding agreement together so that the candidate still has a public doctoral contract but is works at the company on a daily basis (for example, this is particularly the case for the

772:

by 14 leading research universities (producing nearly 90% of the approximately 250 legitimate research doctorates awarded in 1900), with one of the main goals being to "raise the opinion entertained abroad of our own Doctor's Degree."

387:

such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil", depending on the awarding institution. It is, however, traditionally considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals together, although usage in that regard has been evolving over time.

5433: 2330:), educational psychology (DEdPsych), occupational psychology (DOccPsych), clinical psychology (DClinPsych), health psychology (DHealthPsy), social work (DSW), nursing (DNP), public administration (DPA), business administration ( 1381:. A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies. Other universities such as 413:). All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees (bachelor of arts, of theology, of laws, of medicine) and final degrees. Initially, the titles of master and doctor were used interchangeably for the final degrees—the title 8012:"R. Yuldashev, Dissertation "Nonlinear Analysis and Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loops (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki), Saint-Petersburg State University Studies in Mathematics, Vol. 1, 2013 (PhD thesis)" 2306:

Some UK universities (e.g. Oxford) abbreviate their Doctor of Philosophy degree as "DPhil", while most use the abbreviation "PhD"; but these are stylistic conventions, and the degrees are in all other respects equivalent.

7541:

Gemeinsame Erklärungzur gegenseitigen akademischen Anerkennungvon tudienzeiten und Abschlüssen im Hochschulbereichsowie von Urkunden über russische wissenschaftliche Gradeund deutsche akademische Qualifikationen zwischen

483:, but before the early modern era, many exceptions to this existed. Most students left the university without becoming masters of arts, whereas regulars (members of monastic orders) could skip the arts faculty entirely. 2427:. Graduate schools increasingly encourage their students to seek outside funding; many are supported by fellowships they obtain for themselves or by their advisers' research grants from government agencies such as the 1197:

examination include oral examination by the student's faculty committee (or a separate qualifying committee), or written tests designed to demonstrate the student's knowledge in a specialized area (see below) or both.

919:

The U.S. higher education system often offers little incentive to move students through PhD programs quickly and may even provide incentive to slow them down. To counter this problem, the United States introduced the

2342:. These typically have a more formal taught component consisting of smaller research projects, as well as a 40,000–60,000-word thesis component, which together are officially considered equivalent to a PhD degree. 1759:

The typical duration of a doctoral program can depend heavily on the subject and area of research. Usually, three to five years of full-time research work are required. The average time to graduation is 4.5 years.

5733: 5623: 455:

in the 17th century (circa 1652). There were no PhDs in Germany before the 1650s (when they gradually started replacing the MA as the highest academic degree; arguably, one of the earliest German PhD holders is

7124: 6615: 2106:

All doctoral programs are of a research nature. The studies should include original results and can take a maximum of three years, although this period can be extended under certain circumstances to 5 years.

911:

fellows earned less than or equal to an average construction worker ($ 38,600 a year). According to the article, only the fastest developing countries (e.g. China or Brazil) have a shortage of PhDs. In 2022,

6225:

Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe; Gro Mandt; Jenny-Rita Næss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect, The Norwegian case". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).

1117:

degrees with a 25% research component are usually considered equivalent. It is also possible for research master's degree students to "upgrade" to PhD candidature after demonstrating sufficient progress.

7596:Совместное заявление о взаимном академическом признании периодов обучения в высших учебных заведениях, документов о высшем образовании, российских ученых степенях и германских академических квалификациях 7682: 7391: 5036: 3662: 1980:. Students with a master's degree or equivalent are accepted to a doctoral entrance exam. The title of PhD is awarded to a scientist who has completed a minimum of three years of PhD studies (Pol. 3613: 2229:

for courses in sensitive areas where research could be used for weapons development. This requirement was introduced in 2007 due to concerns about overseas terrorism and weapons proliferation.

1200:

At English-speaking universities, a student may also be required to demonstrate English language abilities, usually by achieving an acceptable score on a standard examination (for example the

1709:

While most German doctorates are considered equivalent to the PhD, an exception is the medical doctorate, where "doctoral" dissertations are often written alongside undergraduate study. The

636:

transformed the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts (and its more recent successors such as the Faculty of Sciences) from a lower faculty into one on a par with the Faculties of Law and Medicine.

1155:

as opposed to the more traditional Ph.D by dissertation, which typically requires a minimum of two publications, but which also requires traditional thesis elements such as an introductory

5679: 2439:

and other well-endowed universities provide funding for the entire duration of the degree program (if it is short) or for most of it, especially in the forms of tuition waivers/stipends.

776:

In Germany, the national government funded the universities and the research programs of the leading professors. It was impossible for professors who were not approved by Berlin to train

421:

the terms Master of Arts and Doctor of Theology/Divinity, Doctor of Law, and Doctor of Medicine had become standard in most places (though in the German and Italian universities the term

4715: 5590: 4684: 2808: 2578:

the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University, was the first to defend his thesis in field of mathematics according to new rules for the PhD SPbSU degree.

1189:

to a PhD program; other programs allow a student to fast-track to a doctoral program after one year of outstanding work in a Master's program (without having to complete the Master's).

5192: 2289:. Reflecting the status of the PhD as a lower doctorate, it uses a black Master's gown with scarlet facings rather than the scarlet Doctor's gown of the higher doctorates at Cambridge. 1977: 1730:) can be required to attend formal classes or lectures, some of them also including exams or other scientific assignments, in order to get one or more certificates of qualification ( 519:

started granting the PhD degree to younger students who, after having obtained the bachelor's degree, had completed a prescribed course of graduate study and successfully defended a

5558: 3397:, to distinguish the proposed arrangement from both the DLitt and the German PhD by adopting the English title "doctor of philosophy" (DPhil), the scheme meet with little opposition 2557:

in Germany, Poland and several other countries. It constitutes a higher qualification compared to PhD as against the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) or Dublin Descriptors.

1946:" (master degree) or similar academic title awarded abroad which has been recognised as equivalent to an Italian degree by the Committee responsible for the entrance examinations. 1887:) in Italy were introduced by law and Presidential Decree in 1980, referring to the reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods. 680:

Until the mid-19th century, advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. That began to change as the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to

6255: 6180: 3925: 2047:

degrees, the Licentiate's degree, which is comparable to the Danish degree formerly known as the Licentiate's degree and now as the ph.d., and the higher doctorate of philosophy,

577:

introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced study course, following on directly from the BSc, rather than a research degree. The first higher doctorate in the modern sense was

7056: 4515: 6056:"Article 3 of the Law of 14 February 1987, No.41 | L. 14 febbraio 1987, n. 41 Istituzione della Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento S. Anna di Pisa" 8018: 6817: 2403:

The median age of PhD recipients in the US is 32 years. While many candidates are awarded their degree in their 20s, 6% of PhD recipients in the US are older than 45 years.

1702:, dropping the designation entirely. However, leaving out the designation is only allowed when the doctorate degree is not an honorary doctorate, which must be indicated by 451:

According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal

8044:"R.Yuldashev, Dissertation "Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loop" (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, T. Tiihonen), Jyväskylä University Printing House, 2013" 7197: 3719: 2582:

University: co-chairs of the program — N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, were organizers of the first defenses and co-supervisors of dissertations.

6484:"Raíces de las normas y tradiciones del protocolo y ceremonial universitario actual: las universidades del Antiguo Régimen y los actos de colación. Protocolo y Etiqueta" 5727: 5162: 745: 5613: 895:

in the public service is seeing a dramatic increase in the number of graduate positions going to PhDs and masters degrees becoming the base entry level qualification".

201:, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a 7802: 7222: 6558: 4463: 2479:

Since most education systems only have one advanced research qualification granting doctoral degrees or equivalent qualifications (ISCED 2011, par.270), the degree of

8050: 5649: 1694:

Over fifty such designations exist, many of them rare or no longer in use. As a title, the degree is commonly written in front of the name in abbreviated form, e.g.,

1492:

The financing of PhD research comes mainly from funds for research of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. The most common procedure is a short-term

7114: 7736: 3184: 3134: 2608:

are ranked at the same level of education as PhD. Without the MSc, Slovenia has 1.4% PhD graduates, which is comparable to the average in OECD and EU-23 countries.

2127:. The concession is remembered in solemn ceremonies held by the University by telling Doctors to take seat and cover their heads as a reminder of that royal leave. 829:

context. Moreover, some PhD programs, especially in science, require one to three published articles in peer-reviewed journals. In many countries, a candidate must

7956: 7769: 7137:

282 is the sum of all three categories of doctoral universities. Since some primarily undergraduate institutions also award the PhD, the number is greater than 282

6487: 3393:

by opening the DLitt to persons offering a suitable dissertation nine terms after graduation. Apart from a successful move led by Sidney Ball, philosophy tutor at

2486:

According to the Joint Statement by the Permanent Conference of the Ministers for Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder of the Federal Republic of Germany (

2023:

The degrees were uncommon and not a prerequisite for employment as a professor; rather, they were seen as distinctions similar to the British (higher) doctorates (

752:

in 1897. This had a nation-wide impact, and after 1907, less than 10 honorary PhDs were awarded in the United States each year. The last authenticated PhD awarded

316: 6003: 4159:

C. Singer and S.W.F. Holloway, Early Medical Education in England in Relation to the Pre-History of the University of London, Med Hist. 1960 January; 4(1): 1–17.

3189: 553: 804:

Detailed requirements for the award of a PhD degree vary throughout the world and even from school to school. It is usually required for the student to hold an

7678: 7387: 5032: 236:, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, 6890: 6864: 3806: 326:

The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to

7026: 6326: 5325: 5263: 3646: 3478: 300: 287:

this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the

7149: 5010: 1348:

Most of postgraduate students in Colombia must finance their tuition fees by means of teaching assistant seats or research works. Some institutions such as

4357: 232:

In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of

4304:, "Research, graduate education, and the ecology of American universities: An interpretive history." in Lester F. Goodchild and Harold S. Weschler, eds., 7849: 7626: 7119: 5469: 925: 592:

transforming its DSc into a research degree in 1885. These were, however, very advanced degrees, rather than research-training degrees at the PhD level.

428:

The doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current PhD degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original

8363: 8325: 8288: 8251: 3620: 992: 7549: 3588: 2265:

charged by institutions, but if they charge a higher fee they may not require Research Council funded students to make up any difference themselves.

1227: 6792: 6357: 527:

The PhD degree and similar awards spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France in 1808, replacing

338:; a student who has completed any necessary coursework and related examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a 7656: 7824: 5671: 2351: 1235: 8539: 7330: 4739: 4707: 2483:(Kandidat Nauk) of the former USSR countries is usually considered to be at the same level as the doctorate or PhD degrees of those countries. 1777:

In India, a master's degree is usually required to gain admission to a doctoral program. Direct admission to a PhD program after graduating to

887:

in Washington's foreign policy world, it is no wonder many are starting to feel that the PhD is a necessary escalation, another case of costly

6293: 5581: 4676: 4654: 3765:, Society for Research into Higher Education, 1994, p. 8; Bourner, T., Bowden, R., & Laing, S. (2001). "Professional doctorates in England 813:

university and field. Some individual universities or departments specify additional requirements for students not already in possession of a

7711: 6971:

Bray, M.; Kwok, P. (2003). "Demand for private supplementary tutoring: Conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong".

6949: 6552: 5188: 2084: 1794: 3413: 1565:, which literally translate to "doctor's father" and "doctor's mother" respectively. The formal admission is the beginning of the so-called 6920: 6127: 6062: 5104: 5939: 5891: 5550: 5528: 4541: 2521:

According to the International Standard Classification of Education, for purposes of international educational statistics, Kandidat Nauk (

4215: 1786: 1192:

An application package typically includes a research proposal, letters of reference, transcripts, and in some cases, a writing sample or

972: 7600: 6838: 6732: 6262: 5913: 5865: 5130: 5082: 3916: 3046: 2837: 8224: 7063: 5346: 5221: 4507: 2495: 7428: 6703: 6535: 6461: 6387: 6153: 4335: 1612:; humanities such as philosophy, philology, history, and social sciences such as sociology, political science, or psychology as well); 1182:

in a related field, with sufficiently high grades and proven research ability. In some cases, a student may progress directly from an

8011: 6435: 4113: 4083: 308: 1071:

degree. Non-Argentine Master's titles are generally accepted into a PhD program when the degree comes from a recognized university.

907:

that, based on pre-2000 data, only 20% of life science PhD students would gain a faculty job in the U.S., and that in Canada 80% of

3294: 2553:) is given as an example of second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates in ISCED 2011 (par.270) and is similar to 1125:

PhD students are sometimes offered a scholarship to study for their PhD degree. The most common of these was the government-funded

841:-speaking world have begun adopting similar standards to those of the anglophone PhD degree for their research doctorates (see the 405:, study was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and law ( 6513: 2130:

All Doctor Degree holders are reciprocally recognized as equivalent in Germany and Spain ("Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994").

784:

in 1919. Meanwhile, the leading universities, in cooperation with the learned societies, set up a network of scholarly journals. "

7201: 7088: 6576: 5972: 3715: 3027: 2419:

PhD students at US universities typically receive a tuition waiver and some form of annual stipend. Many US PhD students work as

2183: 2088: 1919: 5494: 1984:; not required to obtain PhD), finished a theoretical or laboratory scientific work, passed all PhD examinations; submitted the 1315:

In international academic communication, Chinese doctoral degree recipients sometimes translate their doctorate degree names to

541:, roughly equivalent to the MA, as the highest academic degree; and in Italy in 1927, when PhDs gradually started replacing the 7927: 5705: 3446: 1231: 312: 7360: 7175: 5840: 5166: 3260: 1949:

The number of places on offer each year and details of the entrance examinations are set out in the examination announcement.

307:. These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles", seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the 6762: 6235: 4144: 4077: 3880: 3866: 3849: 3522: 2464:, Kandidat Nauk) was the first advanced research qualification in the former USSR (it was introduced there in 1934) and some 1201: 1148: 8106: 7904: 7794: 7493: 7215: 6409: 4455: 3337: 1812:, universities must conduct Research Eligibility Tests in ability and the selected subject. After clearing these tests, the 120:, that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of 8043: 5759: 5645: 5064:

The Foreigner's Guide to German Universities: Origin, Meaning, and Use of Terms and Expressions in Everyday University Life

3693: 2396:

Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the

1809: 903:

published an article in 2010 citing various criticisms against the state of PhDs. These included a prediction by economist

769: 4000:

Lenoir, Timothy (1998). "Revolution from above: The Role of the State in Creating the German Research System, 1810–1910".

436:

or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations. Besides these degrees, there was the

7747: 3952:

A History of the University in Europe: Volume 3, Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945)

3212: 2222: 1856:", a three-year diploma) and Master of Arts ("Laurea Magistrale" a two-year diploma). While the standard PhD follows the 1106: 749: 7776: 7353:"Education in Russia for foreign citizens: Recognition and equivalence of documents of education and scientific degrees" 6483: 5280: 7949: 2385: 1891: 1226:

various competitive scholarships, bursaries, and awards available, such as those offered by the federal government via

5995: 4237:

Rosenberg, Ralph P. (1961). "The First American Doctor of Philosophy Degree: A Centennial Salute to Yale, 1861–1961".

7487: 5802: 5076: 4209: 3584: 3372: 2331: 2182:

requires a minimum of a 2:1 honours degree (or international equivalent) for a PhD in clinical psychology, while its

2080: 1790: 1602:

sciences, i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer science and information technology, or psychology);

1456:

created in 1923), for technical research. After 1984, only one type of doctoral degree remained, called "doctorate" (

167: 6432:"Artículo 3.2 del Real Decreto 99/2011, de 28 de enero, por el que se regulan las enseñanzas oficiales de doctorado" 5425: 4624: 6886: 6860: 6458:"Artículo 14 del Real Decreto 99/2011, de 28 de enero, por el que se regulan las enseñanzas oficiales de doctorado" 3814: 3389:

put it, that the University 'should divert the stream' of American aspirants to the German universities' degree of

3232: 2072: 2068: 1915: 1872: 7989: 7950:"N.V. Kuznetsov, P. Neittaanmäki, G.A. Leonov, Supervisors' manifest on the first PhD SPbSU (2013)" 7034: 6318: 6155:

Untranslated regions of thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 mRNA are impaired in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma

5780: 5297: 5267: 3468: 8278: 7153: 5003: 4489: 2226: 2186:

requires a master's degree with an average of 65% in the taught components and a distinction-level dissertation.

2167: 2076: 1782: 220: 5403: 4441:

The term "doctor of philosophy" is not always applied by those countries to graduates in disciplines other than

4028:

Rosenberg, R. P. (1962). "Eugene Schuyler's Doctor of Philosophy Degree: A Theory Concerning the Dissertation".

2613: 8217: 5755:

Draft University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022

5283: 3380: 3194: 2339: 7882: 7838: 6656: 5458: 3005: 1829:

to apply for a professorship, lectureship or Junior Research Fellowship (NET for LS and JRF) conducted by the

1063:

In Argentina, the admission to a PhD program at public Argentine University requires the full completion of a

7622: 5409: 5352: 3965:

Turner, R. Steven (1971). "The Growth of Professorial Research in Prussia, 1818 to 1848-Causes and Context".

3379:

Very few persons had received even an honorary DLitt by 1916 when the Reverend E. M. Walker, Senior Tutor of

2491: 2432: 1126: 649: 496: 320: 5753: 5384: 4096:

The UK higher doctorate has a long history with the first (a DSc) being offered by Durham University in 1882

1520:

In Germany, admission to a doctoral program is generally on the basis of having an advanced degree (i.e., a

616:(MD), they form the higher doctorates, but apart from honorary degrees, they are only infrequently awarded. 8505: 6631: 6033: 5364: 4569: 4426: 3394: 2694: 1193: 956: 935: 825:

often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a

7539: 4898:"Fix the PhD: No longer a guaranteed ticket to an academic career, the PhD system needs a serious rethink" 3577: 3166: 3117: 3101: 3084: 3034: 2986: 2844: 2770: 8274: 6784: 6349: 4343: 2428: 879: 735:, also began granting the degree. Major shifts toward graduate education were foretold by the opening of 645: 596:

said that getting a Cambridge ScD was "more or less equivalent to being proposed for the Royal Society."

292: 7648: 6589: 1217:

and Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies, this is an absolute requirement.

8131: 3872: 3841: 1985: 1969: 732: 303:

defined the "Salzburg Principles", 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the

2648: 264:) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of 8564: 8210: 7322: 5068: 4563: 1826: 1710: 1352:, Colfuturo, CeiBA, and Icetex grant scholarships or provide awards in the form of forgivable loans. 1247: 653: 8194: 7580: 7524: 7459: 6211: 5249: 4597: 3792: 444:

or doctoral degree by the diocese in which the university was located, but later it evolved into an

8343: 6285: 4646: 4478: 4110:"The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Historical Notes for the Mathematics Genealogy Project" 2854: 2688: 2215: 2211: 2190: 740: 558: 410: 224: 7704: 6942: 6669: 6286:"Forskrift for graden philosophiae doctor (ph.d.) ved Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo (AHO)" 5281:

Current students » Academic skills » Research writing » Introductions » Length

3541:

Dinham, S.; Scott, C. (2001). "The Experience of Disseminating the Results of Doctoral Research".

2042:'s Faculty of Philosophy in 1863. In Sweden, the Latin term is officially translated into Swedish 8270: 5264:"HEIMSHELP: Information about requirements and procedures for higher education and VET providers" 3901: 3409: 3301: 3268: 3200: 2904: 2779: 2487: 2447: 2286: 2179: 1830: 908: 697: 665: 585: 452: 347: 6120: 6055: 5108: 1942:

Doctorate courses are open, without age or citizenship limits, to all those who already hold a "

8316: 6087: 5931: 5883: 5520: 5371: 4537: 2793: 2335: 2261: 2221:

PhD students from outside the EU/EEA or other exempt countries are required to comply with the

1778: 1498: 1378: 1178:

Admission to a doctoral programme at a university in Canada typically requires completion of a

1102: 1053: 978: 888: 781: 709: 319:, the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the 288: 265: 129: 121: 58: 6570: 5585: 5298:"Completing a PhD by publication: a review of Australian policy and implications for practice" 4199: 916:

reported that PhD students' wages in biological sciences in the US do not cover living costs.

8377: 6831: 6728: 5917: 5869: 5137: 5062: 3743:

Doctoral education from its medieval foundations to today's globalisation and standardisation

3144: 3023: 2786: 2729: 2526: 2522: 2510:. The Russian degree of Kandidat Nauk is also officially recognised by the Government of the 2480: 2453: 2380:

satisfactory performance on a graduate-level exam specified by the respective program (e.g.,

2327: 1152: 960: 929: 892: 891:

to potential employers". Similarly, an article on the Australian public service states that "

661: 7594: 5215: 4614: 4445:

itself. These doctoral degrees, however, are sometimes identified in English as PhD degrees.

1452:, created in 1954 and shorter than the State doctorate) and the diploma of doctor-engineer ( 357:

to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "ABD", meaning "

8491: 8447: 8353: 8339: 8297: 8242: 7419: 6832:"STFC TRAINING GRANTS (TGs) – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs)" 6695: 6539: 6457: 6379: 5390: 4966: 4909: 4827: 4770: 3442: 3124: 2861: 2397: 2381: 2242: 2238: 2237:

In the United Kingdom, funding for PhD students is sometimes provided by government-funded

2020:

rather than the doctorate, as Scandinavian countries did not have a separate Habilitation.

1848: 1798: 1542:), mostly in a related field and having above-average grades. A candidate must also find a 1510: 1186: 814: 728: 589: 574: 476: 384: 358: 202: 190: 182: 76: 31: 17: 6431: 4109: 4064: 3838:

The first universities: Studium generale and the origins of university education in Europe

2031:). Denmark introduced an American-style PhD, the ph.d., in 1989; it formally replaced the 8: 8482: 8467: 3359:

Robert Currie (1994). "The Arts and Social Studies, 1914–1939". In Brian Harrison (ed.).

3123:

United Kingdom: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, doctor, the abbreviation DPhil is used by the

3070: 2969: 2736: 2115: 2032: 1493: 1406: 1246:

In general, the first two years of study are devoted to completion of coursework and the

1168: 1068: 982: 834:

passable and any issues that need to be addressed before the dissertation can be passed.

724: 713: 693: 669: 633: 625: 609: 504: 500: 437: 402: 296: 4970: 4913: 4831: 4774: 3305: 2310:

In the United Kingdom, PhD degrees are distinct from other doctorates, most notably the

2210:

they may be offered the opportunity to write up and submit for an MPhil degree, e.g. at

1481: 8409: 8334: 8182: 7568: 7512: 7447: 6509: 6417: 6199: 5317: 5237: 4935: 4796: 4585: 4254: 4045: 4009: 3982: 3780: 3558: 3160: 2538: 2534: 2424: 2420: 2147: 2139: 2039: 2009: 1997: 1772: 1521: 1501:). Many other resources come from some regional/city projects, some associations, etc. 1222: 1179: 1064: 1033: 904: 809: 761: 720: 613: 601: 569:

Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the

538: 480: 468: 351: 241: 186: 80: 7092: 6984: 5964: 3501: 1267:

years, it is likely that they can only obtain a study certificate without any degree.

8501: 8265: 7907:[Scholarships for priority specialties will be from 2 to 4 thousand rubles]. 7818: 7483: 6231: 6224: 6172: 5672:"ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl" 5498: 5405:

Degrees of Success: The Expert Panel on the Labour Market Transition of PhD Graduates

5321: 5072: 4984: 4939: 4927: 4845: 4800: 4788: 4395: 4351: 4284: 4205: 4140: 4073: 3876: 3845: 3747: 3654: 3562: 3518: 3368: 2965: 2740: 2319: 2315: 2001: 1973: 1743: 1718:) are not entitled to award doctorates, although some exceptions apply to this rule. 1531: 1402: 785: 578: 570: 524:

name "Doctor of Philosophy" was retained for research doctorates in all disciplines.

125: 7935: 5701: 3438: 2218:. In many universities, the MPhil is also offered as a stand-alone research degree. 2163: 491:

This situation changed in the early 19th century through the educational reforms in

463:

The full course of studies might, for example, lead in succession to the degrees of

8531: 8487: 8404: 8260: 8145: 8079: 7352: 7302: 7257: 7183: 7008: 6980: 6912: 6162: 5829: 5309: 4974: 4917: 4876: 4835: 4778: 4387: 4246: 4037: 3974: 3768: 3550: 3510: 3272: 2542: 2457: 2357: 2311: 2281: 1968:) is an advanced academic degree awarded by universities in most fields and by the 1470: 1382: 940: 838: 796: 777: 736: 464: 327: 135: 8166:

Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II

6754: 3395:

chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5ePl7i5EIC&pg=PA125 |St John's

2004:

was the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, equivalent to the doctorate.

440:. Originally this was a license to teach, awarded shortly before the award of the 128:. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in 8569: 8526: 8510: 8472: 8457: 8424: 8234: 8099:"Centennial celebration of the first doctorate awarded at Slovenian universities" 8098: 7912: 7474: 6594: 6256:"Den danske forskeruddannelse. Rapporter, evalueringer og anbefalinger 1992–2006" 6167: 5313: 5058: 4430: 4301: 3385: 3364: 3332: 3327: 3207: 2605: 2511: 2367: 1958: 1857: 1802: 1748: 1686: 1595: 1441: 1008:), and the subject area is distinguished by a Latin suffix (e.g., "Dr. med." for 853: 842: 705: 701: 685: 641: 605: 593: 516: 445: 366: 304: 245: 117: 6319:"Forskrift for graden doctor philosophiae (dr.philos.) ved Universitetet i Oslo" 3685: 3150:

Vatican City State: Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD) or Doctor of Canon Law (JCD)

2569: 629: 8496: 8452: 8419: 8302: 7770:"Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries" 7737:"Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries" 6643: 6121:"Università in Italia, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR)" 5830:"STATUTO DELLA SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE DI PISA (legge 18 giugno 1986, n. 308)" 5033:"Paragraph 262 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011" 4783: 4758: 4201:

Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities

3040: 2980: 2952: 2818: 2664: 2469: 1715: 1599: 1183: 921: 857: 830: 805: 472: 417:

was merely a formality bestowed on a Teacher/Master of the art—but by the late

374: 284: 237: 103: 4272: 3772: 3554: 2448:

Candidate of Science degree awarded by the State Higher Attestation Commission

1822: 1557:

throughout the doctoral program. This supervisor is informally referred to as

8558: 8175:

How the PhD came to Britain: A century of struggle for postgraduate education

8157:

To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940

7278:

Doctoral Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2012. Survey of Earned Doctorates

4399: 4288: 4137:

How the PhD came to Britain: A Century of Struggle for Postgraduate Education

3658: 3473: 3091: 2814: 2703: 2363: 1586: 952: 899: 689: 632:

is the examination taken at the end of secondary studies. The reforms at the

621: 457: 441: 8202: 1431: 8414: 7012: 6176: 4988: 4931: 4849: 4792: 3011: 2732:) was used until 1998, since 1998 doktor (Ph.D.) is used; doktorát (degree) 2681: 2554: 2507: 2498:, the degree of Kandidat Nauk is recognised in Germany at the level of the 2465: 2253: 2017: 2016:(fil. dr) in 1863. These degrees, however, became comparable to the German 1554: 1538: 1474: 562: 5809: 4615: 4412:

Christopher Jencks and David Riesman. The academic revolution (1968) ch 1.

4333: 1417:) requires only 2–3 years of research and is sometimes done before an FT. 372:

Individuals who have earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree use the title

8477: 8083: 5618: 3578:"BOLOGNA SEMINAR: DOCTORAL PROGRAMMES FOR THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY" 2913: 2550: 2503: 1813: 1349: 826: 757: 533: 418: 280: 7307: 7290: 7262: 7245: 4881: 4864: 4759:"PhD students face cash crisis with wages that don't cover living costs" 3986: 2496:

Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation

2225:(ATAS), which involves undergoing a security clearance process with the 2193:

requires universities to assess English proficiency. Many do this using

7981: 5776: 4442: 4375: 4258: 4049: 2442: 2436: 2246: 2114:

The social standing of doctors in Spain was evidenced by the fact that

1861: 515:

this practice that it was imported to the United States, where in 1861

508: 233: 4953:

Cyranoski, D.; Gilbert, N.; Ledford, H.; Nayar, A.; Yahia, M. (2011).

4013: 3868:

A history of the university in Europe: Universities in the Middle Ages

800:

A South African PhD graduate (on the right, wearing a ceremonial gown)

684:

for one to three years to obtain a PhD in the sciences or humanities.

330:. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a 8372: 7905:"Стипендии на приоритетных специальностях составят от 2 до 4 тыс руб" 6554:

Entry requirements for the PhD/MSc by Research in Clinical Psychology

5763: 4508:"Higher education: Agreement reached with Glasgow for 'sandwich' PhD" 3978: 3741: 3716:"How to Correctly Use the Titles Dr. & PhD With a Name | Synonym" 3154: 3108: 3077: 3064: 2996: 2973: 2931: 2898: 2894: 2828: 2802: 2760: 2751: 2722: 2655: 2178:

but requirements can vary even within institutions. For example, the

2064: 1546: 860:. Occasionally a "sandwich PhD" will be awarded by two universities. 657: 537:

degree, roughly equivalent to a PhD, gradually started replacing the

406: 379: 261: 4979: 4954: 4922: 4897: 4840: 4815: 4391: 4250: 4041: 2138:

In Ukraine, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD,

1448:, the old doctorate introduced in 1808), the third cycle doctorate ( 7874: 3017: 2940: 2766: 2671: 2120: 1337: 1156: 429: 276: 257: 249: 181:

The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by the

27:

Postgraduate academic degree awarded by most universities worldwide

6913:"Part Time PhD Guide – Fees, Durations, Benefits & Challenges" 4483:

University of Groningen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science

4376:"Honoris Causa: An Examination of the Doctor of Philosophy Degree" 2154:), which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. 1978:

Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland

1577:

is German), instead of a general name for all fields (such as the

275:, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic 7388:"International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011" 6812: 6810: 3514: 2473: 2257: 2249: 1549:

from a university to serve as the formal advisor and supervisor (

883:

wrote in 2013 that "f having a master's degree at the minimum is

681: 528: 492: 448:

in its own right, in particular in the continental universities.

362: 8076:

Figure 6.17. Share of doctorate holders in the population (2017)

6025: 4423: 4197: 8462: 8429: 8348: 8140: 5702:"Academics.de: Zeitspanne der Promotion: Dauer im Durchschnitt" 4334:

Lori Thurgood; Mary J. Golladay; Susan T. Hill (October 2006).

2530: 1943: 1853: 1818: 1543: 1526: 1437: 988: 822: 542: 520: 433: 272: 198: 7276:

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. 2014.

6807: 6616:“What level of English do I need to get into a UK university?” 5163:"Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria" 5057: 3361:

The History of the University of Oxford: The twentieth century

2000:

in 1479 and awarded in theology, law, and medicine, while the

531:

as the highest academic degree; into Russia in 1819, when the

159: 144: 2202: 2194: 2024: 1868: 1763:

In 2014, the median age of new PhD graduates was 30.4 years.

1578: 1214: 692:. In 1852, the first honorary PhD in the nation was given at 150: 7427:(IIEP research papers). Paris: UNESCO-IIEP. pp. 11–12. 6228:

Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology

5189:"Home, Graduate Research, University of Tasmania, Australia" 4952: 2067:

has six universities offering doctoral study opportunities:

1302:

Doctor of Medicine (equivalent to a PhD in Medical Sciences)

584:

This was soon followed by other universities, including the

215: 7417: 7216:"In humanities, ten years may not be enough to get a Ph.D." 6619: 5646:"Higher Education in Germany: Hochschulen vs. Universities" 4183:

German influences on education in the United States to 1917

2206: 2124: 1931: 1151:

students to publish has resulted in increasing interest in

147: 7200:. US Department of Education. 18 June 2006. Archived from 6559:

University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science

2189:

For students who are not from English-speaking countries,

7649:"Соглашения об эквивалентности документов об образовании" 4422:

programmes and institutions offering the 'new route' see

3441:. UK: Centre for Life History and Life Writing Research, 2533:. The second doctorate (or post-doctoral degree) in some 2038:

In Sweden, the doctorate of philosophy was introduced at

2028: 1927: 1642:; economics, business administration, political science); 253: 6536:"Урядовий портал – найновіші надходження документів КМУ" 3908: 3614:"THE 'FLORENCE PRINCIPLES' ON THE DOCTORATE IN THE ARTS" 317:

International Association of Film and Television Schools

6943:"Check Out UCAS Advice On Postgrad Fees And Funding..." 5557:. (German) Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 5466:

Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China

4181:

Henry Geitz, Jürgen Heideking, and Jurgen Herbst, eds.

3763:

Changing doctoral degrees: an international perspective

3575: 3190:

List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States

2619: 1275:

Doctor of Philosophy (for the discipline of philosophy)

1213:

large and prestigious scholarships, such as those from

700:

to Ebenezer Newton Elliott. Nine years later, in 1861,

5932:"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382" 5884:"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382" 4856: 3265:

Oxford Living Dictionaries – British and World English

2391: 1996:

The doctorate was introduced in Sweden in 1477 and in

1741:

Many universities have established research-intensive

1080:

scholarships for tuition with apportions for housing.

260:(the so-called professional, vocational, or technical 219:

A group of new PhD graduates with their professors at

8129: 7152:. Wharton.upenn.edu. 15 December 2009. Archived from 7150:"Wharton Doctoral Programs: Application Requirements" 5959: 5957: 5803:"Student Guidebook, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa" 4198:

John Seiler Brubacher; Willis Rudy (1 January 1997).

3924:. York, UK: The Higher Education Academy. p. 4. 1976:

acts and the government orders, in particular by the

1817:

pre-submission presentation and finally defend their

739:

in 1887 which offered only graduate programs and the

573:(DSc or ScD) and other such "higher doctorates". The 168: 138: 7679:"International Standard Classification of Education" 4369: 4367: 2443:

USSR, Russian Federation and former Soviet Republics

156: 141: 7120:

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

4677:"Even A PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps" 3298:

Oxford Living Dictionaries – North American English

2840:, دکترای تخصصی, (PhD) , (دکتر) , (پی اچ دی (title)) 2564: 1569:, while the final granting of the degree is called 926:

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

396: 279:, which is in principle worthy of publication in a 153: 6791:. Graduate Prospects Ltd. How much does it cost?. 6632:IELTS requirements for applying to a UK university 5954: 5131:"GFME: Global Foundation for Management Education" 1473:(Directeur de thèse or directeur doctoral) with a 1377:) is awarded by traditional universities, such as 1024:, Doctor of the Natural Sciences; "Dr. phil." for 993:International Standard Classification of Education 346:. A student attaining this level may be granted a 7764: 7762: 7760: 6510:"Boletín Oficial del Estado. Texto del Documento" 5777:"N E T, Inside H E, University Grants Commission" 4708:"The Peril of Credential Creep in Foreign Policy" 4364: 4346:. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. 4101: 3864: 1436:Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in 1401:, art), etc., which are translated in English to 486: 8556: 4356:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4072:. UK Council for Graduate Education. p. 6. 3807:"Erhard-Weigel-Gesellschaft: Biographie Weigels" 3185:History of higher education in the United States 3060:South Africa: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Doctor) 2051:. Some universities in Sweden also use the term 1726:Depending on the university, doctoral students ( 1355: 1241: 1141: 548: 378:(often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr."), although the 350:degree at some institutions or may be granted a 6313: 6311: 6280: 6278: 5495:"Colciencias Call for Scholarships in Colombia" 5386:Canada Graduate Scholarships — Doctoral program 4134: 2529:) allows its holders to reach the level of the 2352:Graduate science education in the United States 1825:. It is mandatory in India to qualify for the 1801:(MPhil) is a prerequisite to obtaining funding/ 1405:(D.Sc.), and they are formally equivalent. The 675: 8540:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 8004: 7757: 7729: 7246:"Career change: It's never too late to switch" 6655:Cassandra Evangeline Benjamin. (20 Sep 2023). 6486:(in Spanish). Protocolo.org. 26 October 2007. 5348:Oral Defence of the Thesis in Research Degrees 4321:(1970) is the standard history; see pp 121–79. 2976:(traditionally considered higher degrees), PhD 1087: 588:establishing its ScD in the same year and the 383:conversation". Alternatively, holders may use 365:in the process of transitioning from study to 299:(Ed.D.) for studies in education. In 2005 the 8232: 8218: 7280:. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation 6512:. Boe.es. 24 May 1995. pp. 15188–15189. 6347: 5579: 3898:The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages 3740:Ruano-Borbalan, Jean-Claude. (23 July 2022). 3536: 3534: 3358: 2085:Singapore University of Technology and Design 1908: 1896: 1881: 1795:Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research 495:, most strongly embodied in the model of the 283:journal. In many countries, a candidate must 7799:Education and Training – European Commission 7472: 7413: 7411: 7409: 6670:"Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS)" 6657:Is it possible to study in UK without IELTS? 6308: 6275: 5611: 5521:"Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta" 4609: 4607: 2099:In Spain, doctoral degrees are regulated by 949:have also examined the issue of PhD reform. 185:. Additionally, it was formerly used by the 7911:(in Russian). 4 August 2011. Archived from 7823:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7180:Columbia University in the City of New York 6253: 5987: 5302:Higher Education Research & Development 5165:(in Spanish). Coneau.edu.ar. Archived from 4616:"Doctoral degrees: The disposable academic" 4170:Americans and German scholarship, 1770–1870 4062: 3967:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 3759: 3540: 3431: 2241:(UK Research and Innovation – UKRI) or the 1879:. Further, the research doctorates or PhD ( 1751:that provide funding for doctoral studies. 1038: 1026: 1018: 1010: 973:List of doctoral degrees awarded by country 966: 111: 8225: 8211: 7382: 7380: 7378: 6270:Aarhus: Dansk Center for Forskningsanalyse 5295: 4538:"2009 FT rankings table and criteria list" 3531: 1734:). Depending on the doctoral regulations ( 1499:(French) Scientific Cooperation Foundation 1016:, Doctor of Medicine; "Dr. rer. nat." for 268:was known as the "faculty of philosophy". 30:"PhD" redirects here. For other uses, see 7482:. Bucharest: UNESCO, CEPES. p. 199. 7406: 7306: 7261: 6861:"Terms and conditions of training grants" 6166: 5824: 5822: 5769: 4978: 4921: 4880: 4839: 4782: 4604: 4236: 4230: 4193: 4191: 4027: 3130:United States: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 1864:programme may be completed in two years. 1808:According to new rules prescribed by the 309:European League of Institutes of the Arts 132:), pronounced as three separate letters ( 8103:Republic of Slovenia, Statistical Office 7982:"PhD SPbU – Saint Petersburg University" 6970: 6688: 6151: 5996:"Italy's big six form network for elite" 4816:"Reform the PhD system or close it down" 4756: 4319:The emergence of the American university 4107: 3895: 3835: 2585: 2568: 2280: 2012:of Sweden renamed its Magister's degree 1460:). The latter is equivalent to the PhD. 924:degree in 1970 with seed money from the 795: 552: 499:, founded in 1810 and controlled by the 214: 8172: 7697: 7375: 6577:University of Edinburgh Business School 5993: 4705: 4699: 4204:. Transaction Publishers. p. 192. 3686:"How address the holder of a Doctorate" 3644: 3543:Journal of Further and Higher Education 2958:New Zealand: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2598: 2089:Singapore University of Social Sciences 1871:to create a doctoral program (PhD) was 877:such as in foreign policy think-tanks: 271:A PhD candidate must submit a project, 14: 8557: 8163: 8154: 7930:[protection takes the floor]. 7499:from the original on 15 September 2012 7418:Varghese, N. V.; Püttmann, V. (2011). 7190: 6997: 6735:from the original on 21 September 2020 6723: 6721: 6644:Universities in the UK requiring IELTS 6006:from the original on 23 September 2012 5965:"ResearchItaly, Pagina di transizione" 5942:from the original on 29 September 2016 5894:from the original on 29 September 2016 5819: 5217:PhD students living below poverty line 4813: 4329: 4327: 4188: 3999: 3964: 3439:"MPhil/DPhil in Life History Research" 3094:(Mandarin: Bo-shi; Taiwanese: Phok-sū) 2338:). A more generic degree also used is 998: 863: 313:European Association of Conservatoires 8206: 7885:from the original on 27 December 2008 7685:from the original on 10 February 2016 7394:from the original on 10 February 2016 7243: 7127:from the original on 4 September 2009 6765:from the original on 13 December 2016 6706:from the original on 17 December 2008 6590:"Looking to work or study in the UK?" 6161:. Vol. 1802. pp. 995–1005. 6068:from the original on 14 February 2012 6036:from the original on 30 November 2020 5652:from the original on 10 February 2015 5561:from the original on 22 February 2020 5475:from the original on 11 December 2022 5453: 5451: 5420: 5418: 5061:; Kelly Neudorfer (11 October 2016). 5039:from the original on 10 February 2016 5013:from the original on 12 November 2017 4862: 4657:from the original on 12 November 2017 4627:from the original on 27 December 2012 4518:from the original on 12 February 2012 4494:echnissche Universitat Kaiserslautern 4466:from the original on 26 November 2018 3499: 3426:A DPhil is the Oxford term for a PhD. 2927:Mauritius: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2644:Australia: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 1202:Test of English as a Foreign Language 979:Doctor (title) § Worldwide usage 8056:from the original on 27 January 2020 8024:from the original on 26 January 2020 7992:from the original on 28 January 2020 7962:from the original on 26 January 2020 7875:"Статистика Российского образования" 7434:from the original on 1 November 2013 7225:from the original on 23 October 2020 7115:"Listing of Research I Universities" 7062:. ESRC Society Today. Archived from 6867:from the original on 24 October 2020 6841:from the original on 24 October 2020 6516:from the original on 26 January 2016 6380:"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2011-2541" 5846:from the original on 26 January 2016 5760:University Grants Commission (India) 5736:from the original on 25 October 2012 5708:from the original on 15 January 2021 5551:"Requirements – Research in Germany" 5531:from the original on 4 February 2015 4895: 4737: 4718:from the original on 11 October 2017 4373: 4086:from the original on 20 October 2021 3914: 3594:from the original on 11 October 2017 3503:Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians 3416:from the original on 17 October 2015 3340:from the original on 2 February 2017 2677:Bosnia and Herzegovina: Doktor nauka 2620:International PhD equivalent degrees 2201:Students are first accepted onto an 1922:still keep their reputed historical 1920:Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies 1323:) to facilitate peer understanding. 1321:PhD in Engineering, Computer Science 983:Doctorate § National variations 770:Association of American Universities 295:(S.J.D.) for legal scholars and the 8109:from the original on 6 January 2022 7629:from the original on 21 August 2018 6923:from the original on 9 January 2022 6795:from the original on 6 October 2016 6718: 6538:. 17 September 2016. Archived from 6247: 6186:from the original on 27 August 2019 6133:from the original on 7 January 2017 5783:from the original on 4 January 2010 5720: 5213: 5107:. Spuweb.siu.edu.ar. Archived from 5001: 4687:from the original on 20 August 2017 4572:from the original on 9 January 2022 4565:The economic contribution of Ph.D.s 4340:U.S. Doctorates in the 20th Century 4324: 3931:from the original on 6 October 2016 3722:from the original on 23 August 2018 3665:from the original on 31 August 2018 3481:from the original on 7 January 2021 3213:Doctor of Philosophy by publication 2961:Nigeria: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2641:Austria: Doktor (Dr., plural: DDr.) 2392:Duration, age structure, statistics 2301: 2223:Academic Technology Approval Scheme 1581:). The most important degrees are: 1107:Australian Qualifications Framework 821:A candidate must submit a project, 750:University of the State of New York 565:, shakes hands with the chancellor. 84:(varied by country and institution) 24: 8125: 7805:from the original on 5 August 2020 7792: 7476:The Doctorate in the Europe Region 7291:"PHD programmes: Doctorate deluge" 7001:Transactions of the Burgon Society 6893:from the original on 9 August 2020 6696:"Postgrad checks worry scientists" 6360:from the original on 13 March 2018 5994:Bompard, Paul (18 February 2000). 5866:"Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28" 5612:Bernd Kramer (28 September 2015). 5448: 5415: 5328:from the original on 29 April 2019 5195:from the original on 11 March 2011 3683: 3645:Schuman, Rebecca (1 August 2014). 3449:from the original on 3 August 2020 3113:Uganda: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2715:Costa Rica: PhD or Doctorado (Dr.) 2699:Canada: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 1892:Superior Graduate Schools in Italy 1480:The PhD admission is granted by a 311:, which have been endorsed by the 25: 8581: 8096: 7855:from the original on 4 March 2016 7603:from the original on 4 March 2013 7333:from the original on 7 April 2018 7219:The Chronicle of Higher Education 6490:from the original on 4 March 2008 6101:from the original on 4 March 2016 5975:from the original on 7 March 2013 5914:"Law of 21 February 1980, No. 28" 5626:from the original on 24 June 2018 5593:from the original on 6 April 2018 5296:Jackson, Denise (22 April 2013). 4706:Alikhan, Faris (2 October 2013). 4651:The Chronicle of Higher Education 4647:"From Graduate School to Welfare" 4544:from the original on 8 April 2009 4116:from the original on 4 March 2016 3949: 3865:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde (2003). 3696:from the original on 25 June 2020 3585:European Universities Association 3509:. World Scientific. p. 183. 2374: 2157: 2081:Singapore Institute of Technology 1797:. In some subjects, completing a 1747:("graduate colleges"), which are 1477:throughout the doctoral program. 624:(with some minor exceptions, see 460:(Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652). 361:". PhD graduates may undertake a 8139: 8090: 8068: 8036: 7974: 7942: 7925: 7919: 7897: 7867: 7831: 7786: 7717:from the original on 24 May 2013 7671: 7659:from the original on 6 July 2020 7641: 7615: 7587: 7555:from the original on 13 May 2013 7532: 7466: 7363:from the original on 6 July 2020 7345: 7315: 7283: 7270: 7237: 7208: 7168: 7142: 7107: 7081: 7049: 7027:"The PhD is in need of revision" 7019: 6991: 6964: 6952:from the original on 6 June 2020 6935: 6905: 6879: 6853: 6824: 6777: 6747: 6662: 6649: 6637: 6625: 6609: 6582: 6564: 6546: 6528: 6502: 6476: 6464:from the original on 5 July 2018 6450: 6438:from the original on 5 July 2018 6424: 6402: 6390:from the original on 6 July 2020 6372: 6341: 6325:(in Norwegian). 19 August 2011. 5682:from the original on 9 July 2020 5648:. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 5580:Sarah Schmidt (1 October 2015). 5366:How to apply for a PhD in Canada 5220:. Vol. 2008. pp. 1–2. 4740:"More PhDs enter public service" 4066:Higher Doctorates in the UK 2013 3767:. Vol. 26. pp. 65–88. 3576:Kirsti Koch Christensen (2005). 3051:Slovakia: Doktor filozofie (PhD) 2992:Paraguay: PhD or Doctorado (Dr.) 2638:Armenia: գիտությունների թեկնածու 2612: 2565:PhD degree awarded by university 2345: 2164:Doctorates in the United Kingdom 2073:Nanyang Technological University 2069:National University of Singapore 1916:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 1875:in 1927 under the historic name 1873:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 719:Over the following two decades, 545:as the highest academic degree. 397:Medieval and early modern Europe 134: 8279:Certificate of Higher Education 7775:. December 2010. Archived from 7746:. December 2010. Archived from 7744:Technopolis Group, GHK. Ukraine 7198:"Research Doctorate Programmes" 6818:"Funding for research training" 6729:"Funding for research training" 6350:"Why do your PhD in Singapore?" 6329:from the original on 7 May 2019 6296:from the original on 7 May 2019 6254:Vestergaard, Elisabeth (2006). 6218: 6145: 6113: 6080: 6048: 6018: 5924: 5906: 5876: 5858: 5808:. 26 April 2012. Archived from 5795: 5747: 5694: 5664: 5638: 5605: 5582:"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..." 5573: 5543: 5513: 5487: 5396: 5378: 5358: 5340: 5289: 5274: 5256: 5224:from the original on 1 May 2008 5207: 5181: 5155: 5123: 5097: 5085:from the original on 7 May 2019 5051: 5025: 4995: 4946: 4889: 4807: 4757:Woolston, Chris (23 May 2022). 4750: 4731: 4669: 4639: 4556: 4530: 4500: 4448: 4435: 4415: 4406: 4380:The Journal of Higher Education 4311: 4306:The History of Higher Education 4295: 4273:"Phi Beta Kappa News and Notes" 4265: 4218:from the original on 7 May 2019 4175: 4162: 4153: 4128: 4056: 4030:The Journal of Higher Education 4020: 3993: 3958: 3943: 3889: 3858: 3829: 3799: 3753: 3734: 3708: 3677: 3638: 3606: 3569: 2168:Education in the United Kingdom 2077:Singapore Management University 1149:higher degree by research (HDR) 1120: 791: 403:universities of Medieval Europe 301:European University Association 291:(D.M.A.) for music performers, 221:Worcester Polytechnic Institute 6731:. UK Research and Innovation. 6152:Master A; et al. (2010). 6026:"Scuole, Scuole di Eccellenza" 5284:Australian National University 4456:"Categories of PhD Candidates" 3493: 3461: 3402: 3352: 3320: 3287: 3253: 3225: 3195:Doctor of Professional Studies 2728:Czech Republic: kandidát věd ( 2358:Doctorate § United States 2172: 1991: 1957:In Poland, a doctoral degree ( 1937: 1898:Scuola Superiore Universitaria 1515: 1463: 1331: 1173: 1111: 708:in philosophy and psychology, 487:Educational reforms in Germany 13: 1: 7244:Dance, Amber (October 2017). 6985:10.1016/S0272-7757(03)00032-3 6973:Economics of Education Review 6755:"Postgraduate fees in the UK" 6348:Mather-L’Huillier, Nathalie. 5410:Council of Canadian Academies 5353:University of South Australia 5266:. DEEWR. 2011. Archived from 5002:Lin, Thomas (26 March 2014). 4865:"What is a PhD really worth?" 4424:http://www.newroutephd.ac.uk/ 4135:Simpson, Renate (June 1983). 3954:. Cambridge University Press. 3811:Erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de 3218: 2433:National Institutes of Health 2276: 1454:diplôme de docteur-ingénieur 1127:Australian Postgraduate Award 837:Some universities in the non- 650:Licentiate of Sacred Theology 549:History in the United Kingdom 479:, Licentiate of Medicine, or 425:was used for all faculties). 321:Society for Artistic Research 208: 6168:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.025 5314:10.1080/07294360.2012.692666 4955:"Education: The PhD factory" 4738:Hare, Julie (3 April 2014). 4479:"PhD scholarship programmes" 4002:The American Economic Review 3057:Somalia: Dhaqtarka Falsafada 2887:Kurdistan: دکتۆرا (Doctorah) 2884:Kuwait: دكتوراه (Dektoraah) 2499: 2414: 2232: 2059: 1964:), abbreviated to PhD (Pol. 1924:"Diploma di Perfezionamento" 1877:"Diploma di Perfezionamento" 1841: 1721: 1706:(from Latin honoris causa). 1696:Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann 1487: 1425: 1343: 1207: 1194:Graduate Record Examinations 1096: 1058: 1047: 957:Institute for Advanced Study 955:, professor emeritus at the 880:U.S. News & World Report 676:History in the United States 581:'s DSc, introduced in 1882. 557:A new PhD graduate from the 205:, researcher, or scientist. 7: 8275:Diploma of Higher Education 7839:"Shared Dublin Descriptors" 7323:"PhD Funding Opportunities" 5779:. Ugc.ac.in. 22 July 1988. 5732:, Statistisches Bundesamt, 5105:"Scholarships in Argentina" 5004:"A 'Rebel' Without a Ph.D." 4344:National Science Foundation 4239:Journal of Higher Education 3896:Rashdall, Hastings (1964). 3760:Allan Noble, Keith (2001). 3178: 2909:Lebanon: دكتوراه (doktorah) 2670:Belgium (French-speaking): 2515: 2429:National Science Foundation 2245:, usually in the form of a 1781:may also be granted by the 1754: 1450:doctorat de troisième cycle 1356:Requirements for completion 1326: 1242:Requirements for completion 1142:Requirements for completion 1088:Requirements for completion 646:Bachelor of Sacred Theology 293:Doctor of Juridical Science 10: 8586: 8159:. Oxford University Press. 7793:A3, EAC (31 August 2018). 7473:Kouptsov, O., ed. (1994). 4784:10.1038/d41586-022-01392-w 3873:Cambridge University Press 3842:Cambridge University Press 2874:Jordan: دكتوراه (Doctorah) 2663:Belgium (Dutch-speaking): 2635:Argentina: Doctorado (Dr.) 2632:Algeria: Doctorat, دكتوراه 2629:Albania: Doktorature.(Dr.) 2492:German Rectors' Conference 2355: 2349: 2161: 2133: 1970:Polish Academy of Sciences 1770: 1508: 1504: 1429: 1369:In Finland, the degree of 1364: 1263:degree during the period. 1248:comprehensive examinations 1166: 1100: 1074: 1051: 976: 970: 733:University of Pennsylvania 391: 29: 8519: 8438: 8397: 8390: 8362: 8324: 8315: 8287: 8250: 8241: 8164:Geiger, Roger L. (2001). 8155:Geiger, Roger L. (1986). 5426:"全日制研究生读几年？学费是多少？-中国教育在线" 5069:Columbia University Press 4308:(2nd ed, 1997), pp 273–89 4139:. Open University Press. 3773:10.1080/03075070020030724 3555:10.1080/03098770020030498 3469:"The disposable academic" 3143:Uzbekistan: Fan nomzodi ( 3054:Slovenia: Doktor znanosti 2924:Malaysia: Doktor Falsafah 2921:North Macedonia: Докторат 2890:Kyrgyzstan (Илим доктору) 2789:and any degree of tohtori 2546: 2461: 2452:In Russia, the degree of 2151: 2143: 1952: 1867:The first institution in 1827:National Eligibility Test 1711:European Research Council 1420: 1162: 1032:, Doctor of Philosophy; " 654:Doctor of Sacred Theology 72: 64: 54: 44: 8173:Simpson, Renate (1983). 7089:"Professional Doctorate" 6386:. pp. 13909–13926. 5614:"Akademische Ramschware" 4374:Lady, R. Andrew (1967). 3918:Redefining the Doctorate 3500:Chang, Sooyoung (2010). 3412:. University of Oxford. 2945:Mozambique: Doutoramento 2918:Macau: 博士 (Doutoramento) 2850:Ireland: an Doctúireacht 2718:Croatia: Doktor znanosti 2366:, the PhD degree is the 2216:University of Manchester 2191:UK Visas and Immigration 2094: 1836: 1766: 1257: 967:Degrees around the globe 741:Johns Hopkins University 559:University of Birmingham 225:Worcester, Massachusetts 8271:Higher National Diploma 7795:"Development of skills" 6889:. Academic conditions. 5555:Research-in-Germany.org 4336:"Historical Background" 3902:Oxford University Press 3836:Pedersen, Olaf (1997). 3302:Oxford University Press 3269:Oxford University Press 3201:Piled Higher and Deeper 2833:Indonesia: Doktor (Dr.) 2506:at the level of German 2500:German degree of Doktor 2488:Kultusministerkonferenz 2368:highest academic degree 2318:(Doctor of Letters) or 2287:University of Cambridge 2180:University of Edinburgh 1831:National Testing Agency 1732:Qualifikationsnachweise 1682:; veterinary medicine); 1432:Doctorate § France 1411:filosofian lisensiaatti 1223:teaching assistantships 1132: 1020:Doctor rerum naturalium 823:thesis, or dissertation 756:was awarded in 1937 to 704:awarded three PhDs: to 698:Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 666:Licentiate of Canon Law 586:University of Cambridge 348:Candidate of Philosophy 193:in the United Kingdom. 7013:10.4148/2475-7799.1110 6887:"Prospective students" 6572:PhD Entry Requirements 6088:"SITO IN MANUTENZIONE" 6000:Times Higher Education 5372:Times Higher Education 4568:. Vol. 31. 2009. 4277:The Phi Beta Kappa Key 3240:Trinity College Dublin 3233:"Degrees and Diplomas" 3116:United Arab Emirates: 2660:Belarus: кандидат наук 2574: 2408:number of PhD diplomas 2290: 1909: 1897: 1882: 1680:medicinae veterinariae 1385:award degrees such as 1379:University of Helsinki 1103:Education in Australia 1054:Education in Argentina 1039: 1027: 1019: 1011: 801: 782:Rockefeller Foundation 710:Arthur Williams Wright 688:slowly emerged in the 600:much older degrees of 566: 289:Doctor of Musical Arts 227: 112: 107: 59:Postgraduate education 8378:Candidate of Sciences 7176:"Doctoral admissions" 6542:on 17 September 2016. 6230:. London: Routledge. 6030:scuoledieccellenza.it 5468:. 14 September 2022. 5459:"研究生教育学科专业目录（2022 年）" 4460:Wageningen University 3097:Thailand: ดุษฎีบัณฑิต 2864:(Dott. Ric. or Ph.D.) 2824:Hungary: Doktor (Dr.) 2586:Models of supervision 2573:PhD SPbSU certificate 2572: 2527:Candidate of Sciences 2523:Candidate of Sciences 2481:Candidate of Sciences 2454:Candidate of Sciences 2356:Further information: 2284: 2212:King's College London 1904:Schools of Excellence 1299:Doctor of Agriculture 1296:Doctor of Engineering 909:postdoctoral research 799: 662:Bachelor of Canon Law 556: 218: 113:doctor in philosophia 8448:Academic certificate 8340:Postgraduate diploma 8084:10.1787/888933941538 7928:"слово берет защита" 7057:"ESRC Society Today" 7031:UniversityAffairs.ca 6837:. STFC. March 2016. 6646:. ukuni.net website. 6420:on 18 December 2012. 5729:Bestandene Prüfungen 5391:Government of Canada 4623:. 18 December 2010. 4514:. 11 February 2012. 4317:Laurence R. Veysey, 4283:(7): 354–356. 1915. 4063:Tina Barnes (2013). 3477:. 16 December 2010. 3443:University of Sussex 3125:University of Oxford 2862:Dottorato di ricerca 2775:Estonia: Doktor (Dr) 2750:Dominican Republic: 2599:PhD in the workforce 2243:European Social Fund 1910:Scuole di Eccellenza 1883:Dottorato di ricerca 1849:Dottorato di ricerca 1799:Master of Philosophy 1511:Education in Germany 1311:Doctor of Fine Arts. 1308:Doctor of Management 1287:Doctor of Literature 729:Princeton University 590:University of London 575:University of London 497:University of Berlin 477:Bachelor of Medicine 453:teacher's credential 385:post-nominal letters 359:all but dissertation 203:university professor 191:University of Sussex 183:University of Oxford 92:Doctor of Philosophy 40:Doctor of Philosophy 32:PHD (disambiguation) 8483:Professional degree 7938:on 1 November 2012. 7915:on 9 November 2013. 7327:Yale (Public Health 7308:10.1038/nj7664-483b 7301:(7664): 483. 2017. 7263:10.1038/nj7675-289a 7186:on 19 October 2007. 6292:. 8 December 2011. 5920:on 4 November 2011. 5872:on 4 November 2011. 5586:Süddeutsche Zeitung 5501:on 17 December 2014 5436:on 11 December 2022 5402:(26 January 2021). 4971:2011Natur.472..276C 4914:2011Natur.472R.259. 4882:10.1038/nj7343-381a 4832:2011Natur.472..261T 4814:Taylor, M. (2011). 4775:2022Natur.605..775W 4462:. 2 November 2012. 4429:6 July 2014 at the 4026:See, for instance, 3817:on 14 November 2016 3690:FormsOfAddress.info 3626:on 21 December 2016 3391:philosophiae doctor 3383:, proposed, as the 3001:Philippines: Doktor 2782:, Doctor (PhD, Dr.) 2747:are higher degrees) 2712:Colombia: Doctorado 2626:Afghanistan: دکتورا 2425:research assistants 2421:teaching assistants 1982:studia doktoranckie 1972:, regulated by the 1821:in an open defense 1670:medicinae dentariae 1567:Promotionsverfahren 1494:employment contract 1284:Doctor of Education 1278:Doctor of Economics 1169:Education in Canada 1153:Ph.D by publication 1044:, Doctor of Laws). 1028:Doctor philosophiae 999:National variations 864:Value and criticism 725:New York University 714:James Morris Whiton 694:Bucknell University 670:Doctor of Canon Law 634:Humboldt University 610:Doctor of Civil Law 501:Prussian government 297:Doctor of Education 240:, mathematics, and 108:philosophiae doctor 41: 8410:Doctor of Sciences 7069:on 29 October 2008 6948:. 9 October 2014. 5969:ricercaitaliana.it 5143:on 31 October 2006 4863:Fiske, P. (2011). 3410:"What is a DPhil?" 3308:on 11 October 2017 3140:Uruguay: Doctorado 2936:Mongolia: Эрдэмтэн 2787:Filosofian tohtori 2756:Ecuador: Doctorado 2575: 2539:Doctor of Sciences 2535:post-Soviet states 2502:and the degree of 2291: 2285:A PhD gown at the 2252:which consists of 2040:Uppsala University 2010:Uppsala University 1773:Education in India 1744:Graduiertenkollegs 1700:Dr. Max Mustermann 1371:filosofian tohtori 1305:Doctor of Military 938:opined in 2011 in 905:Richard B. Freeman 802: 762:Gonzaga University 721:Harvard University 644:, the degrees are 614:Doctor of Medicine 602:Doctor of Divinity 567: 539:specialist diploma 481:Doctor of Medicine 469:Licentiate of Arts 340:doctoral candidate 242:natural philosophy 228: 187:University of York 39: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8502:Specialist degree 8386: 8385: 8354:Engineer's degree 8311: 8310: 8298:Bachelor's degree 8266:Foundation degree 7848:. 23 March 2004. 7653:www.russia.edu.ru 7256:(7675): 289–291. 6702:. 12 March 2007. 6268:on 19 July 2011. 6237:978-0-415-15760-5 6092:www.istruzione.it 5815:on 26 April 2012. 5169:on 25 August 2010 4965:(7343): 276–279. 4908:(7343): 259–260. 4769:(7911): 775–777. 4485:. 7 January 2010. 4146:978-0-900868-95-5 4079:978-0-9563812-7-9 3915:Park, C. (2007). 3882:978-0-521-36105-7 3851:978-0-521-59431-8 3748:Wiley (publisher) 3524:978-981-4282-29-1 2514:as equivalent to 2398:bachelor's degree 2312:higher doctorates 2239:Research Councils 2053:teknologie doktor 2002:magister's degree 1974:Polish parliament 1944:laurea magistrale 1736:Promotionsordnung 1640:rerum politicarum 1403:Doctor of Science 1387:tekniikan tohtori 1317:PhD in Discipline 1293:Doctor of Science 1290:Doctor of History 1187:Bachelor's degree 815:bachelor's degree 786:Publish or perish 778:graduate students 579:Durham University 571:Doctor of Science 328:higher doctorates 126:original research 88: 87: 77:Bachelor's degree 16:(Redirected from 8577: 8565:Doctoral degrees 8488:Graduate diploma 8405:Higher doctorate 8395: 8394: 8322: 8321: 8261:Associate degree 8248: 8247: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8169: 8160: 8144: 8143: 8135: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8055: 8048: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7934:. Archived from 7923: 7917: 7916: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7854: 7846:www.tempus.ac.rs 7843: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7554: 7547: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7498: 7481: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7426: 7415: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7384: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7357:en.russia.edu.ru 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7287: 7281: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7221:. 27 July 2007. 7212: 7206: 7205: 7204:on 3 March 2007. 7194: 7188: 7187: 7182:. Archived from 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7156:on 13 April 2010 7146: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7091:. Archived from 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7033:. Archived from 7023: 7017: 7016: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6836: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6785:"What is a PhD?" 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6660: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6586: 6580: 6568: 6562: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6416:. 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Archived from 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5834: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5497:. Archived from 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5463: 5455: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5432:. Archived from 5422: 5413: 5400: 5394: 5382: 5376: 5362: 5356: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5293: 5287: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5270:on 30 July 2008. 5260: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5136:. Archived from 5135: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4925: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4843: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4786: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4681:Business Insider 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4618: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4486: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4433: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4331: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4195: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4071: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3979:10.2307/27757317 3962: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3923: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3813:. Archived from 3803: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3684:Hickey, Robert. 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3619:. Archived from 3618: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3304:. Archived from 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3229: 3135:Доктор філософії 3071:Filosofie doktor 2798:Georgia: დოქტორი 2709:Chile: Doctorado 2616: 2548: 2516:French doctorate 2463: 2302:Other doctorates 2256:together with a 2153: 2145: 2144:Доктор філософії 2049:Filosofie Doktor 2044:filosofie doktor 2014:Filosofie Doktor 1912: 1900: 1885: 1749:graduate schools 1592:rerum naturalium 1471:doctoral advisor 1393:, engineering), 1383:Aalto University 1042: 1030: 1022: 1014: 1012:Doctor medicinae 746:Board of Regents 737:Clark University 712:in physics, and 686:Graduate schools 626:Doctors' Commons 465:Bachelor of Arts 332:doctoral student 175: 171: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 115: 42: 38: 21: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8544: 8527:Honorary degree 8515: 8511:Terminal degree 8473:Magister degree 8458:External degree 8440: 8434: 8382: 8358: 8335:Master's degree 8307: 8283: 8237: 8235:academic degree 8231: 8201: 8190: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8150: 8138: 8130: 8128: 8126:Further reading 8123: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8095: 8091: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7986:english.spbu.ru 7980: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7932:CareerRussia.ru 7926:Krut, Natalia. 7924: 7920: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7816: 7815: 7808: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7782:on 13 May 2013. 7779: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7758: 7753:on 13 May 2013. 7750: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7625:. 12 May 2003. 7621: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7576: 7575: 7566: 7565: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7520: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7455: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7275: 7271: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7130: 7128: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7037:on 31 July 2013 7025: 7024: 7020: 6996: 6992: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6919:. 19 May 2020. 6911: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6595:British Council 6588: 6587: 6583: 6569: 6565: 6551: 6547: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6207: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5888:www.edscuola.it 5882: 5881: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5752: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5383: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5294: 5290: 5279: 5275: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5245: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5191:. Utas.edu.au. 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5079: 5059:Albrecht Behmel 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5007:Quanta Magazine 5000: 4996: 4980:10.1038/472276a 4951: 4947: 4923:10.1038/472259b 4894: 4890: 4861: 4857: 4841:10.1038/472261a 4812: 4808: 4755: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4593: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4512:Express Tribune 4506: 4505: 4501: 4488: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4431:Wayback Machine 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4392:10.2307/1979043 4372: 4365: 4349: 4348: 4332: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4302:Roger L. Geiger 4300: 4296: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4251:10.2307/1978076 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4212: 4196: 4189: 4180: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4106: 4102: 4089: 4087: 4080: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4042:10.2307/1979947 4025: 4021: 3998: 3994: 3963: 3959: 3950:Rüegg, Walter. 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3758: 3754: 3750:online library. 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3386:Oxford Magazine 3375: 3367:. p. 125. 3365:Clarendon Press 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3333:Merriam-Webster 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3208:Terminal degree 3204:, a comic strip 3181: 3176: 3028:ru: доктор наук 2905:Zinātņu doktors 2893:Latin America: 2649:Fəlsəfə doktoru 2622: 2611: 2606:Bologna Process 2601: 2588: 2567: 2512:French Republic 2450: 2445: 2417: 2394: 2377: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2304: 2279: 2235: 2184:business school 2175: 2170: 2160: 2136: 2097: 2062: 1994: 1955: 1940: 1902:), also called 1858:Bologna process 1844: 1839: 1775: 1769: 1757: 1724: 1716:Fachhochschulen 1522:master's degree 1518: 1513: 1507: 1490: 1482:graduate school 1466: 1446:doctorat d'État 1442:State doctorate 1434: 1428: 1423: 1395:taiteen tohtori 1367: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1329: 1260: 1244: 1210: 1180:Master's degree 1176: 1171: 1165: 1144: 1135: 1123: 1114: 1109: 1099: 1090: 1077: 1065:Master's degree 1061: 1056: 1050: 1001: 985: 975: 969: 866: 843:Bologna process 810:Master's degree 794: 706:Eugene Schuyler 702:Yale University 678: 642:sacred theology 606:Doctor of Music 594:Harold Jeffreys 563:doctor's bonnet 551: 517:Yale University 489: 446:academic degree 399: 394: 367:academic tenure 352:master's degree 305:Bologna Process 238:social sciences 230: 229: 211: 173: 169: 137: 133: 118:terminal degree 83: 81:Master's degree 79: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8583: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8499: 8497:Higher diploma 8494: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8453:Artist diploma 8450: 8444: 8442: 8441:classification 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8401: 8399: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8303:Honours degree 8300: 8294: 8292: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8268: 8263: 8257: 8255: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8230: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8207: 8200: 8199: 8170: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8089: 8067: 8035: 8003: 7973: 7941: 7918: 7896: 7866: 7830: 7785: 7756: 7728: 7696: 7670: 7640: 7614: 7586: 7531: 7488: 7465: 7405: 7374: 7344: 7314: 7282: 7269: 7236: 7207: 7189: 7167: 7141: 7106: 7095:on 28 May 2010 7080: 7048: 7018: 6990: 6979:(6): 611–620. 6963: 6934: 6904: 6878: 6863:. March 2020. 6852: 6823: 6806: 6776: 6746: 6717: 6687: 6661: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6608: 6581: 6563: 6545: 6527: 6501: 6475: 6449: 6423: 6401: 6371: 6340: 6307: 6274: 6246: 6236: 6217: 6144: 6112: 6079: 6047: 6017: 5986: 5953: 5923: 5905: 5875: 5857: 5818: 5794: 5768: 5746: 5719: 5693: 5663: 5637: 5604: 5572: 5542: 5512: 5486: 5447: 5414: 5395: 5377: 5357: 5339: 5308:(3): 355–368. 5288: 5273: 5255: 5206: 5180: 5154: 5122: 5096: 5077: 5071:. p. 42. 5050: 5024: 4994: 4945: 4888: 4855: 4806: 4749: 4744:The Australian 4730: 4698: 4668: 4653:. 6 May 2012. 4638: 4603: 4555: 4529: 4499: 4490:"Sandwich PhD" 4447: 4434: 4414: 4405: 4386:(4): 197–205. 4363: 4323: 4310: 4294: 4264: 4245:(7): 387–394. 4229: 4210: 4187: 4174: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4127: 4108:John Aldrich. 4100: 4078: 4055: 4036:(7): 381–386. 4019: 3992: 3957: 3942: 3907: 3888: 3881: 3857: 3850: 3828: 3798: 3752: 3733: 3707: 3676: 3637: 3605: 3568: 3530: 3523: 3492: 3460: 3430: 3401: 3373: 3351: 3319: 3286: 3252: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3033:Saudi Arabia: 3031: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2600: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2566: 2563: 2494:(HRK) and the 2470:Czechoslovakia 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2416: 2413: 2393: 2390: 2376: 2373: 2350:Main article: 2347: 2344: 2340:DProf or ProfD 2334:), and music ( 2303: 2300: 2278: 2275: 2234: 2231: 2227:Foreign Office 2174: 2171: 2159: 2158:United Kingdom 2156: 2135: 2132: 2096: 2093: 2061: 2058: 1998:Denmark–Norway 1993: 1990: 1954: 1951: 1939: 1936: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1768: 1765: 1756: 1753: 1723: 1720: 1692: 1691: 1690:(engineering). 1683: 1673: 1666:Dr. med. dent. 1663: 1653: 1643: 1633: 1623: 1613: 1603: 1517: 1514: 1506: 1503: 1489: 1486: 1465: 1462: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1345: 1342: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1259: 1256: 1243: 1240: 1209: 1206: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1161: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1076: 1073: 1060: 1057: 1049: 1046: 1000: 997: 971:Main article: 968: 965: 936:Mark C. Taylor 922:Doctor of Arts 865: 862: 858:field research 806:Honours degree 793: 790: 677: 674: 656:(STD), and in 550: 547: 488: 485: 473:Master of Arts 398: 395: 393: 390: 213: 212: 210: 207: 122:graduate study 86: 85: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8582: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8349:Diplom degree 8347: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Undergraduate 8240: 8236: 8228: 8223: 8221: 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