395:; he deserted her at once upon hearing rumors that she had slept with his half-brother Fadrique, who was supposed to be guarding her virtue and made her instead "an unwilling Isolde to his Tristan," according to one historian. This marriage necessitated Peter's denying that he had married María, but his relationship with her continued and they had four children. He also apparently went through the form of marriage with Juana de Castro, widow of Don Diego de Haro, convincing her that his previous marriage to Queen Blanche was a nullity. The bishops of Avila and Salamanca were asked to concur, and were afraid to say otherwise. Peter and Juana were married in Cuellar, and Juana was proclaimed Queen of Castile. After two nights, he then deserted her. They had a son who died young, after Peter's death. A period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and, in effect, imprisoned. The dissension within the party striving to coerce him enabled him to escape from
49:
365:
1835:
255:
692:
419:
2156:
639:. Peter took refuge in the fortress, which, being controlled by a military order of Galician origin, remained faithful to him. Negotiations were opened between Peter and his besieger, Henry. Peter met with du Guesclin, who was acting as Henry's envoy. Peter offered du Guesclin 200,000 gold coins and several towns, including Soria, Almazán, and Atienza to betray Henry. Ever opportunistic, du Guesclin informed Henry of the offer and immediately bargained for greater compensation from Henry to betray Peter.
551:
493:
2491:
1616:
715:, the executor of justice (the Lawful). Apologists were found to say that he had killed only men who would not submit themselves to the law or respect the rights of others. Peter did have his supporters. Even López de Ayala confessed that the king's fall was regretted by many, among them the peasants and burghers subjected to the nobles by late feudal gifts and by the merchants, who enjoyed security under his rule.
528:, King Peter's treasurer, has often been cited as evidence of Peter's supposed pro-Jewish sentiment, but Ha-Levi's success did not necessarily reflect the general experience of the Spanish Jewry in this period which was often marked by discrimination and pogroms. Following Peter's death, Jews had to wear a yellow badge, as punishment for having supported him.
410:. French historians claim that Peter ordered two Jews to murder her; another version of the story says she was poisoned; a third one that she was shot with a crossbow, although it may have been the plague. Also that year, Maria de Padilla died in Seville. After Maria's death, Peter declared that she had been his first and only legitimate wife.
346:, he had a pale complexion, blue eyes and very light blonde hair; he was 1.83 metres (6 ft 0 in) tall and muscular. He was accustomed to long, strenuous hours of work, lisped a little and "loved women greatly". He was well read and a patron of the arts, and in his formative years he enjoyed entertainment, music and poetry.
438:", in which he showed neither ability nor skill in his support of his English ally or Castilian interests in the Mediterranean against the French and Aragonese. The king of Aragon then supported Peter's bastard brothers against him. It was during this period that Peter perpetrated the series of murders which made him notorious.
574:, bringing with him two of Peter's daughters, Constance and Isabella of Castile, whom he had taken as hostages as assurers that Peter would pay up. He married the princesses to his younger brothers, most famously Constance to his brother John of Gaunt, in order to make a claim on the Castilian throne.
646:
described the encounter as follows: "Upon entering du
Guesclin's tent, Henry saw King Peter. He did not recognize him because they had not seen each other for a long time. One of Bertrand's men said 'This is your enemy.' But King Henry asked if it was he and King Peter said twice, 'I am he, I am he.'
706:
Popular memory generally views King Peter I as one of the few monarchs who sided with an
Islamic sultan (Granada), while also being a Catholic king. Granada paid Pedro I tribute. He helped them during several invasions and a coup. One of the rewards he was given by a sultan of Granada was the famous
379:
About two years later Peter began his reign when almost sixteen years old and subject to the control of his mother and her favourites. Though at first controlled by his mother, Maria of
Portugal, Peter ascended the throne with the encouragement of his mother's second cousin, the Portuguese minister
757:
style. He built a strong Royal administrative force ahead of his times. He failed to counter or check all the feudal powers that supported his rivals, however illegitimate and opposite to the principles of aristocracy they represented themselves. But his moral superiority was reduced too by the
707:
ruby, a reward for killing an usurper, that is now in the crown of
England, brought back by The Black Prince of England along with Peter I's surviving two daughters (Constance and Isabella of Castile, who were legitimized). Not all of Peter's reputation comes from the works of the chronicler
537:
647:
Then King Henry recognized him and hit him in the face with a knife and they ... fell to the ground. King Henry struck him again and again." Having dispatched his half-brother, Henry left Peter's body unburied for three days, during which time it was subjected to ridicule and abuse.
758:
violent means, including fratricides, by which he sought to suppress opposition; he at times was extremely despotic and unpredictable, even by the standards of his age. In this he was preceded by his father
Alfonso XI, who since the crisis at the death of
954:
The change of dynasty can be considered as the epilogue of the first act of a long struggle between the
Castilian monarchy and the aristocracy; this struggle was to continue for more than three centuries and come to an end only under
711:, who after his father's change of allegiance had little choice but to serve Peter's usurper. After time passed, there was a reaction in Peter's favour and an alternative name was found for him. It became a fashion to speak of him as
361:, ignoring townspeople who had warned them not to enter their settlements. Since the plague had not yet entered England, it is likely that they underestimated the danger. Joan soon contracted the disease and died in 1348, aged 14.
848:
Alfonso (1359–1362). Peter forced the Cortes to recognize
Alfonso as his legitimate heir on 29 April 1362. However, Alfonso, a very sickly child, died at the age of three, months after his recognition as Crown
642:
Having made a deal with Henry, Du
Guesclin returned to Peter. Under the guise of accepting his deal, du Guesclin led Peter to his tent on the night of 23 March 1369. Henry was waiting. The historian
521:
in
Castile that lasted approximately from 1370 to 1390. Peter took forceful measures against this, including the execution of at least five anti-Jewish leaders of a riot.
1497:
1631:
939:
Strictly speaking, Peter was not defeated by Henry but by the opposing aristocracy; the nobles accomplished their objective of enthroning a weaker dynasty (the
1156:
Histoire de
Bertrand du Guesclin, connestable de France et des royaumes de Léon, de Castille, de Cordoue et de Séville, duc de Molines, comte de Longueville
1158:, par messire Paul Hay, seigneur du Chastelet, édition à Paris, chez Jean Guignard 1666, conservé un temps à la bibliothèque impériale de Vienne (Autriche)
951:, the main source for Peter's reign, was the official chronicler of the Trastámara, a servant of the new rulers and of Peter's aristocratic adversaries.
513:
continuously depicted Peter as "King of the Jews", and had some success in taking advantage of popular Castilian antisemitism. Henry instigated
48:
324:
1780:
1568:
Peter the Cruel, the life of the notorious Don Pedro of Castile, together with an account of his relations with the famous Maria de Padlla
364:
2617:
2361:
1640:
2046:
826:
681:
208:
2769:
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469:) in the face of the oncoming armies. Peter fled with his treasury to Portugal, where he was coldly received by his uncle, King
2784:
1517:
1378:
2774:
839:
735:
212:
765:
The death of King Peter ended the traditional alliance of Castile and Navarre with England, which had been started by the
843:
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246:
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2187:
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587:
381:
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Diego de Castilla (1365–1440), whose grandson Pedro de Castilla y Fonseca "el mozo" was lover to the queen
1235:
943:), much more amenable to their interests. Most of the bad stories about Peter are likely to be colored by
2779:
1766:
932:(1848) and a modern history setting Peter in the social and economic context of his time by Clara Estow (
582:
391:
In the summer of 1353, the young king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying
350:
2347:
1789:
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2220:
457:, and abandoned the kingdom without daring to give battle, after retreating several times (first from
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1876:
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75:
357:; however, on their way to Castile she and her retinue travelled through cities infested with the
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2110:
2075:
1891:
1861:
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388:, he married her in secret in 1353. María turned him against Alburquerque, who fled to Portugal.
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920:
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2239:
2234:
1929:
1886:
1881:
925:
759:
738:, had fought on Peter's side in his struggle to reclaim the throne.) The English Lake Poet
730:
636:
450:
2522:
2140:
2105:
1325:"Don Sancho de Castilla (1363-1371): Apuntes biográficos de un hijo ilegítimo de Pedro I."
1271:
627:, chose to confront him in battle. On 14 March 1369, the forces of Peter and Henry met at
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2702:
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1990:
1980:
1934:
1866:
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1454:
956:
804:
792:
724:
659:
392:
182:
2537:
2164:
2095:
2059:
1801:
1655:
1234:"the Jews were forced to wear the Yellow Badge in penance for their loyalty to Pedro"
2730:
2716:
2687:
2320:
2306:
2277:
2013:
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167:
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1458:
948:
596:
2005:
1505:
1436:
1425:"What's in a Name?: Reflections on, and Echoes of, the Reign of Pedro I of Castile"
885:
719:
418:
269:
136:
2597:
2224:
1509:
947:, coined by his enemies, who finally succeeded in their rebellion. The Chancellor
1744:
1713:
1527:
1311:
854:
781:
699:
664:
O noble, O worthy PETRO, glorie OF SPAYNE, Whom Fortune heeld so hye in magestee,
612:
486:
474:
300:
186:
71:
1429:
La corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures
917:
The great original but hostile authority for the life of Peter the Cruel is the
2155:
1677:
1473:
754:
739:
525:
407:
308:
1388:
1037:
619:, on the other hand, continued to support Peter. As Henry made his way toward
608:
2753:
2666:
1635:
1622:
1450:
905:
830:
800:
774:
620:
462:
454:
1415:
1557:
944:
766:
550:
396:
312:
1441:
492:
1489:
Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066-1399
743:
722:
visited Castile during Peter's reign and lamented the monarch's death in
358:
2490:
1644:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 292.
1537:
445:, which would see him dethroned. He was assailed by his bastard brother
372:
2445:
2435:
1706:
1368:
1236:
http://jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1330&endyear=1339
604:
2339:
1758:
1424:
307:
from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of the
2570:
2430:
2420:
2197:
1843:
1356:
The History of the Reign of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon
1259:
742:
was presented in 1818 with a copy of a five-act play by the novelist
624:
500:
in a 15th-century manuscript (Peter and the English are on the left).
258:
823:
Beatrice (1353–1369), nun at the Abbey of Santa Clara at Tordesillas
718:
The English, who backed Peter, also remembered the king positively.
2440:
2390:
2024:
1324:
986:
616:
600:
1621:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2480:
2455:
2410:
2400:
2395:
753:
Peter had many qualities of those later monarchs educated in the
566:, who restored him to his throne in the following year after the
536:
466:
400:
315:
for his persecutions and cruelties committed against the clergy.
221:
152:
2475:
2470:
2425:
2415:
2405:
960:
900:
María de Castilla, who with her mother had long careers at the
769:
to keep France in check. The alliance was later renewed by the
592:
514:
458:
431:
328:
132:
908:
and maintained a friendly correspondence with the Trastámaras.
595:
recognized him as King of Castile. Others followed, including
1358:. Vol. 1 (Two volumes ed.). W. Richardson. p.
570:. The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left the
368:
55:
424:
The illustrated history of the world for the English people.
1504:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 619–650,
1502:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6: c.1300–c.1415
1482:. Vol. 18. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 311.
924:(1332–1407). To put that in perspective are a biography by
1331:
481:, where he ordered the murder of Suero, the archbishop of
32:"Peter the Cruel" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1272:"Beatriz de Castilla | Real Academia de la Historia"
1166:
1164:
861:
John (1355–1405), married doña Elvira de Eril, had issue.
543:
kills his predecessor Peter, in an early illustration to
276:; 30 August 1334 – 23 March 1369), called
1528:
The History of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon
449:
at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune, including
762:
had faced multiple rebellions against royal authority.
430:
From 1356 to 1366, Peter engaged in constant wars with
1542:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 419–427.
1396:
Gerli, E. Michael; Armistead, Samuel G., eds. (2003).
1161:
1113:
865:
With María de Henestrosa, cousin of María de Padilla:
1240:
1188:
1176:
1065:
1063:
1293:
1137:
1125:
27:
King of Castile and León (1350–1366) and (1367–1369)
1060:
1048:
1216:
2751:
797:historical alliance between Portugal and England
325:Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
1535:
1395:
1286:
698:, painting in 1883 by Arturo Montero y Calvo.
562:In the summer of 1366, Peter took refuge with
504:
2355:
2040:
1774:
1582:A distant mirror: the calamitous 14th century
1496:Linehan, Peter (2000), Jones, Michael (ed.),
971:), in the first quarter of the 16th century.
323:Peter was born in the defensive tower of the
294:
284:
1465:
1322:
1010:
517:beginning a period of anti-Jewish riots and
353:, the second and favourite daughter of King
1588:
1285:MacKay, Angus. "Catalina de Lancaster". In
672:Thou were bitraysed and lad unto his tente,
668:Out of thy land thy brother made thee flee,
666:Wel oughten men thy pitous death complayne!
2362:
2348:
2047:
2033:
1781:
1767:
676:Succedynge in thy regne and in thy rente.
674:Where as he with his owene hand slow thee,
47:
1656:Bibliography of recent works (in Spanish)
1466:Fotheringham, James Gainsborough (1889).
1440:
1323:Cañas Gálvez, Francisco de Paula (2012).
748:Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon
635:. Henry prevailed with the assistance of
349:He was to be married to his contemporary
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1080:
1078:
930:Histoire de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille
690:
650:
554:Peter the Cruel decapitated by order of
549:
535:
491:
417:
363:
253:
2369:
1788:
1579:
1495:
1170:
342:According to chancellor and chronicler
14:
2752:
1626:
1564:
1398:Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia
1370:Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350-1369)
1353:
1284:
1258:Romantic Circles: "Attersoll, Ann..."
1206:
1194:
1182:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1084:
1014:
934:Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350–1369)
2343:
2028:
1762:
1486:
1422:
1366:
1337:
1299:
1246:
1222:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1054:
795:, which would eventually lead to the
399:, where he was under observation, to
2054:
1632:Peter (Pedro) s.v. Peter "the cruel"
1327:(in Spanish). p. 1126 and n. 1.
1009:in some English-language histories (
736:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
670:And after, at a seege, by subtiltee,
631:, a fortress then controlled by the
844:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
413:
375:with the effigy of Peter of Castile
24:
1649:
1580:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1978).
1316:
959:, the grandson of Ferdinand II of
696:The death of King Peter of Castile
422:War of Peter The Cruel in Castile.
87:26/27 March 1350 –
25:
2811:
2489:
2154:
1833:
1614:
1479:Dictionary of National Biography
1469:"Felton, William (d.1367)"
869:Fernando de Castilla (1361-1362)
2770:14th-century Castilian monarchs
1536:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975).
1498:"Castile, Navarre and Portugal"
1305:
1278:
1264:
1252:
1228:
1149:
892:With Teresa de Ayala, niece of
406:In 1361, Queen Blanche died at
209:Constance, Duchess of Lancaster
2790:14th-century murdered monarchs
1571:. London: John Lane. pp.
1030:
999:
881:Sancho de Castilla (1363–1371)
623:, Peter, who had retreated to
558:. Manuscript from 15th century
93:3 April 1367 –
13:
1:
1510:10.1017/chol9780521362900.028
1347:
963:(Ferdinand V of Castile) and
441:In 1366 began the calamitous
318:
206:Beatrice, Infanta of Castille
199:
60:
2785:Burials at Seville Cathedral
2643:Portuguese House of Burgundy
1595:Real Academia de la Historia
1354:Dillon, John Talbot (1788).
1287:Gerli & Armistead (2003)
919:Chronicle of the Chancellor
904:of Santo Domingo el Real in
7:
2775:Castilian House of Burgundy
1539:A history of medieval Spain
1487:Leese, Thelma Anna (2007).
1260:Retrieved 11 November 2017.
974:
810:
505:Peter and the Spanish Jewry
311:. He was excommunicated by
216:Alfonso, Infante of Castile
10:
2816:
982:Don Pèdre, roi de Castille
912:
791:would claim the throne of
780:His death also led to the
331:, Spain. His parents were
53:Effigy of Peter on a gold
31:
2729:
2673:
2659:
2641:
2569:
2536:
2498:
2487:
2381:
2319:
2263:
2196:
2163:
2152:
2066:
2004:
1966:
1910:
1842:
1831:
1800:
1742:
1734:
1724:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1663:
1525:Mérimée, Prosper (1849).
873:With Isabel de Sandoval,
242:
232:
220:
213:Isabella, Duchess of York
192:
174:
162:
142:
126:
122:
112:
102:
81:
70:
46:
41:
1670:Castilian House of Ivrea
1589:Valdeón Baruque, Julio.
992:
799:with the involvement of
564:Edward, the Black Prince
531:
261:sculpture of Peter, 1446
227:Castilian House of Ivrea
2651:Ferdinand I of Portugal
1641:Encyclopædia Britannica
1565:Storer, Edward (1911).
1400:. New York: Routledge.
853:Peter had one son with
585:in September 1368. The
384:. Becoming attached to
1312:House of Ivrea-Castile
703:
678:
559:
547:
545:Froissart's Chronicles
501:
427:
376:
295:
285:
273:
262:
2500:Astur-Leonese dynasty
1591:"Pedro I de Castilla"
1442:10.1353/cor.2017.0012
1423:Estow, Clara (2017).
1367:Estow, Clara (1995).
1340:, pp. xvi, n. 5.
1042:Catholic Encyclopedia
969:The Catholic Monarchs
965:Isabella I of Castile
842:(1355–1392), married
829:(1354–1394), married
734:. (Chaucer's patron,
694:
655:
651:Legacy and reputation
553:
539:
495:
436:War of the Two Peters
421:
367:
355:Edward III of England
333:Alfonso XI of Castile
257:
237:Alfonso XI of Castile
1675:Cadet branch of the
921:Pedro López de Ayala
877:of his son Alfonso:
815:Peter's children by
731:The Canterbury Tales
684:The Canterbury Tales
637:Bertrand du Guesclin
451:Bertrand du Guesclin
2675:House of Trastámara
2265:House of Trastámara
2068:Astur-Leonese house
1912:House of Trastámara
941:House of Trastámara
894:Pero López de Ayala
709:Pero López de Ayala
579:Henry of Trastámara
556:Henry II of Castile
511:Henry II of Castile
471:Peter I of Portugal
447:Henry of Trastámara
443:Castilian Civil War
344:Pero López de Ayala
34:Peter I of Portugal
2780:Castilian infantes
2661:House of Lancaster
1532:London: R. Bentley
1038:"Pope Bl. Urban V"
957:Charles I of Spain
704:
560:
548:
524:The prominence of
519:forced conversions
502:
477:, in the northern
465:, and lastly from
428:
393:Blanche of Bourbon
377:
263:
183:Blanche of Bourbon
2747:
2746:
2731:House of Habsburg
2571:House of Burgundy
2337:
2336:
2321:House of Habsburg
2198:House of Burgundy
2022:
2021:
1968:House of Habsburg
1844:House of Burgundy
1757:
1756:
1725:Succeeded by
1665:Peter of Castile
1519:978-1-139-05574-1
1491:. Heritage Books.
1380:978-90-04-47809-1
1373:. Boston: BRILL.
1122:, pp. 64–86.
1011:Fotheringham 1889
902:Dominican convent
835:Duke of Lancaster
633:Order of Santiago
572:Iberian Peninsula
479:Iberian Peninsula
426:Painting of 1884.
337:Maria of Portugal
252:
251:
247:Maria of Portugal
168:Seville Cathedral
16:(Redirected from
2807:
2538:House of Jiménez
2493:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2165:House of Jiménez
2158:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2006:House of Bourbon
1837:
1802:House of Jiménez
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1735:Preceded by
1704:Preceded by
1694:
1687:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1598:
1585:
1576:
1561:
1522:
1492:
1483:
1471:
1462:
1444:
1419:
1392:
1363:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1022:
1003:
886:Joan of Portugal
817:María de Padilla
720:Geoffrey Chaucer
687:
568:Battle of Nájera
498:Battle of Nájera
473:, and thence to
414:Wars with Aragon
386:María de Padilla
298:
288:
203:
179:María de Padilla
149:
96:
90:
65:
62:
51:
39:
38:
21:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2725:
2669:
2655:
2637:
2565:
2532:
2494:
2485:
2377:
2368:
2338:
2333:
2315:
2259:
2192:
2159:
2150:
2096:Alfonso Fróilaz
2062:
2053:
2023:
2018:
2000:
1962:
1906:
1838:
1829:
1796:
1787:
1752:
1745:King of Castile
1740:
1730:
1721:
1714:King of Castile
1709:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1650:Further reading
1615:
1613:
1602:
1584:. Random House.
1550:
1520:
1474:Stephen, Leslie
1408:
1381:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:, p. xxvi.
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1013:, p. 311;
1004:
1000:
995:
977:
926:Prosper Mérimée
915:
855:Juana de Castro
813:
786:portuguese king
782:Fernandine Wars
725:The Monk's Tale
700:Museo del Prado
689:
680:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
660:The Monk's Tale
653:
591:of the city of
534:
507:
416:
321:
301:King of Castile
215:
211:
207:
200:among others...
197:
196:
187:Juana de Castro
185:
181:
170:
151:
147:
131:
94:
88:
72:King of Castile
66:
63:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Peter the Cruel
15:
12:
11:
5:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1699:Regnal titles
1696:
1695:
1686:30 August 1334
1678:House of Ivrea
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1636:Chisholm, Hugh
1610:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1577:
1562:
1548:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1493:
1484:
1463:
1435:(2): 267–275.
1420:
1406:
1393:
1379:
1364:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1315:
1304:
1302:, p. 149.
1292:
1289:, p. 215.
1277:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1199:
1197:, p. 227.
1187:
1185:, p. 226.
1175:
1173:, p. 228.
1160:
1148:
1146:, p. 113.
1136:
1134:, p. 112.
1124:
1112:
1110:, p. 292.
1089:
1087:, p. 280.
1074:
1059:
1047:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1005:Also known as
997:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
976:
973:
949:López de Ayala
914:
911:
910:
909:
890:
889:
882:
871:
870:
863:
862:
851:
850:
846:
837:
824:
812:
809:
755:centralization
740:Robert Southey
654:
652:
649:
644:López de Ayala
533:
530:
526:Samuel ha-Levi
509:Peter's rival
506:
503:
489:, Peralvarez.
415:
412:
408:Medina Sidonia
320:
317:
309:House of Ivrea
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
204:
190:
189:
176:
172:
171:
166:
164:
160:
159:
150:(aged 34)
144:
140:
139:
130:30 August 1334
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
98:
97:
91:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
64: 1350–68
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2812:
2801:
2800:Sons of kings
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:John of Gaunt
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Ferdinand III
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2383:Suebian kings
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Ferdinand III
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Ferdinand III
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1693:23 March 1369
1692:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:Hannay, David
1624:
1623:public domain
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1597:(in Spanish).
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:0-8014-0880-6
1545:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:0-415-93918-6
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1072:, p. 11.
1071:
1066:
1064:
1057:, p. 30.
1056:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
998:
988:
984:
983:
979:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
907:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
887:
883:
880:
879:
878:
876:
868:
867:
866:
860:
859:
858:
856:
847:
845:
841:
838:
836:
832:
831:John of Gaunt
828:
825:
822:
821:
820:
818:
808:
806:
802:
801:John of Gaunt
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
716:
714:
713:El Justiciero
710:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
685:
677:
662:
661:
648:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
557:
552:
546:
542:
538:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
499:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:Hugh Calveley
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
425:
420:
411:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
374:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
256:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
214:
210:
205:
202:
201:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
146:23 March 1369
145:
141:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
95:23 March 1369
92:
89:13 March 1366
86:
85:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
58:
57:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
2795:1330s births
2632:
2623:Ferdinand IV
2584:Ferdinand II
2254:
2245:Ferdinand IV
2211:Ferdinand II
1901:
1892:Ferdinand IV
1862:Alfonso VIII
1743:
1712:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1639:
1607:Attribution:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1581:
1567:
1538:
1526:
1501:
1488:
1477:
1432:
1428:
1397:
1369:
1355:
1333:
1318:
1307:
1295:
1280:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1171:Tuchman 1978
1155:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1018:
1006:
1001:
980:
953:
945:black legend
938:
933:
929:
918:
916:
891:
874:
872:
864:
852:
814:
803:'s claim to
779:
767:Plantagenets
764:
752:
747:
729:
723:
717:
712:
705:
695:
683:
679:
658:
656:
641:
586:
581:returned to
576:
561:
523:
508:
461:, then from
440:
429:
423:
405:
390:
382:Alburquerque
378:
348:
341:
322:
313:Pope Urban V
290:
280:
277:
265:
264:
198:
148:(1369-03-23)
54:
29:
2765:1369 deaths
2760:1334 births
2712:Ferdinand V
2618:Prince John
2579:Alfonso VII
2528:Bermudo III
2302:Ferdinand V
2206:Alfonso VII
2173:Ferdinand I
2146:Bermudo III
2076:Alfonso III
1949:Ferdinand V
1852:Alfonso VII
1810:Ferdinand I
1209:, pp.
1207:Storer 1911
1195:Storer 1911
1183:Storer 1911
1144:Storer 1911
1132:Storer 1911
1120:Storer 1911
1108:Hannay 1911
1085:Dillon 1788
1015:Storer 1911
789:Ferdinand I
771:Trastámaras
746:, entitled
744:Ann Doherty
577:Meanwhile,
359:Black Death
103:Predecessor
2754:Categories
2708:Isabella I
2628:Alfonso XI
2589:Alfonso IX
2556:Alfonso VI
2518:Bermudo II
2446:Theodemund
2436:Hermeneric
2298:Isabella I
2250:Alfonso XI
2216:Alfonso IX
2183:Alfonso VI
2136:Bermudo II
2131:Ramiro III
2111:Ordoño III
2101:Alfonso IV
1996:Charles II
1986:Philip III
1945:Isabella I
1897:Alfonso XI
1872:Berengaria
1857:Sancho III
1820:Alfonso VI
1753:1367–1369
1722:1350–1366
1707:Alfonso XI
1389:1299382209
1348:References
1338:Estow 1995
1300:Leese 2007
1247:Estow 1995
1223:Estow 1995
1070:Estow 1995
1055:Estow 1995
985:, play by
728:, part of
605:Valladolid
485:, and the
319:Early life
107:Alfonso XI
2739:Charles I
2693:Henry III
2613:Sancho IV
2608:Alfonso X
2551:Sancho II
2546:García II
2523:Alfonso V
2508:Ordoño II
2461:Theodemar
2431:Remismund
2421:Richimund
2329:Charles I
2283:Henry III
2240:Sancho IV
2235:Alfonso X
2178:Sancho II
2141:Alfonso V
2121:Ordoño IV
2106:Ramiro II
2091:Fruela II
2086:Ordoño II
1991:Philip IV
1981:Philip II
1976:Charles I
1930:Henry III
1887:Sancho IV
1882:Alfonso X
1815:Sancho II
1630:(1911). "
1451:1947-4261
1019:The title
1007:Don Pedro
936:, 1995).
827:Constance
760:Alfonso X
682:Chaucer,
625:Andalusia
373:maravedís
281:the Cruel
259:Alabaster
113:Successor
2721:Philip I
2703:Henry IV
2683:Henry II
2513:Sancho I
2451:Chararic
2441:Veremund
2391:Hermeric
2371:Monarchs
2311:Philip I
2293:Henry IV
2273:Henry II
2126:Sancho I
2116:Sancho I
2081:García I
2056:Monarchs
2014:Philip V
1958:Philip I
1940:Henry IV
1920:Henry II
1790:Monarchs
1738:Henry II
1728:Henry II
1459:56308617
1416:50404104
987:Voltaire
975:See also
840:Isabella
811:Children
805:Castille
784:, where
617:Asturias
601:Palencia
541:Henry II
483:Santiago
434:in the "
296:el Justo
291:the Just
286:el Cruel
117:Henry II
2698:John II
2481:Malaric
2456:Ariamir
2411:Maldras
2401:Rechiar
2396:Rechila
2375:Galicia
2288:John II
1935:John II
1867:Henry I
1794:Castile
1638:(ed.).
1625::
1558:1272494
1476:(ed.).
913:Sources
849:Prince.
793:Galicia
629:Montiel
613:Galicia
597:Córdoba
583:Castile
515:pogroms
475:Galicia
467:Seville
401:Segovia
299:), was
270:Spanish
153:Montiel
137:Castile
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2717:Joanna
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2688:John I
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2594:Sancha
2561:Urraca
2476:Audeca
2471:Eboric
2426:Frumar
2416:Framta
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2307:Joanna
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2278:John I
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2188:Urraca
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1925:John I
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906:Toledo
833:, 1st
819:were:
775:Tudors
621:Toledo
607:, and
593:Burgos
588:cortes
463:Toledo
459:Burgos
432:Aragon
380:Count
371:of 35
329:Burgos
243:Mother
233:Father
175:Spouse
163:Burial
157:Toledo
133:Burgos
2633:Peter
2598:Dulce
2255:Peter
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1691:Died:
1684:Born:
1472:. In
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993:Notes
657:From
532:Death
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266:Peter
222:House
194:Issue
82:Reign
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1747:and
1718:León
1716:and
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1554:OCLC
1544:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1447:ISSN
1412:OCLC
1402:ISBN
1385:OCLC
1375:ISBN
1213:–86.
773:and
615:and
609:Jaén
496:The
487:dean
453:and
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335:and
305:León
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