40:
729:
259:, "we tend to take it for granted rather than to ask questions about this extraordinary predominantly feminine population which greets us from the porches of cathedrals, crowds around our public monuments, marks our coins and our banknotes, and turns up in our cartoons and our posters; these females variously attired, of course, came to life on the medieval stage, they greeted the Prince on his entry into a city, they were invoked in innumerable speeches, they quarreled or embraced in endless epics where they struggled for the soul of the hero or set the action going, and when the medieval versifier went out on one fine spring morning and lay down on a grassy bank, one of these ladies rarely failed to appear to him in his sleep and to explain her own nature to him in any number of lines".
1029:
447:
273:
899:
125:
213:
578:
1138:
2030:
was left wholly to the United States. In the group of Europe, the link of olive leaves between France and
England was dropped, as was the gesture indicating England's reception of the Bible of the Reformation from Germany, and each of the national figures was more isolated. In 'Africa', Egypt, instead of listening to the counsels of Britain, herself instructed Nubia."
720:. Leading critics had begun to complain about personification in the 18th century, and such "complaints only grow louder in the nineteenth century". According to Andrew Escobedo, there is now "an unstated scholarly consensus" that "personification is a kind of frozen or hollow version of literal characters", which "depletes the fiction".
240:, and historians and theorists of personification complain that the two have been too often confused, or discussion of them dominated by allegory. Single images of personifications tend to be titled as an "allegory", arguably incorrectly. By the late 20th century personification seemed largely out of fashion, but the semi-personificatory
472:
According to Andrew
Escobedo, "literary personification marshalls inanimate things, such as passions, abstract ideas, and rivers, and makes them perform actions in the landscape of the narrative." He dates "the rise and fall of its literary popularity" to "roughly, between the fifth and seventeenth
2029:
These were all given consideration at the highest levels. The designs for the continents had "changes may (although there is no evidence of it) reflect the promptings of 'statesmanlike' discretion. Participation in the guidance of
America's progress was relinquished by the figure of Canada and it
845:
When not illustrating literary texts, or following a classical model as
Botticelli does, personifications in art tend to be relatively static, and found together in sets, whether of statues decorating buildings or paintings, prints or media such as porcelain figures. Sometimes one or more virtues
1055:
an appealing new set, four figures being better suited to many contexts than three. The 18th-century discovery of
Australia was not so quickly followed by an addition to the set, if only for reasons of geometry; Australia is not included in the continents at the corners of the
512:
were prominent and memorable in this, which helped to make the latter a favourite medieval trope. Both authors were
Christians, and the origins in the pagan classical religions of the standard range of personifications had been left well behind.
998:, first published unillustrated in 1593, but from 1603 published in many different illustrated editions, using different artists. This set at least the identifying attributes carried by many personifications until the 19th century.
889:
has five personifications, apart from Venus and Cupid. In all these cases, the meaning of the work remains uncertain, despite intensive academic discussion, and even the identity of the figures continues to be argued over.
295:
Personification as an artistic device is easier to discuss when belief in the personification as an actual spiritual being has died down; this seems to have happened in the ancient Graeco-Roman world, probably even before
990:, describing and illustrating emblematic images that were largely personifications, became enormously popular, both with intellectuals and artists and craftsmen looking for motifs. The most famous of these was the
801:
Tyranny is enthroned, with
Avarice, Pride, and Vainglory above him. Beside him on the magistrate's bench sit Cruelty, Deceit, Fraud, Fury, Division, and War, while Justice lies tightly bound below. The so-called
1001:
From the 20th century into the 21st, the past use of personification has received greatly increased critical attention, just as the artistic practice of it has greatly declined. Among a number of key works,
393:
was an especially rich source of images, many carrying their name, which was helpful for medieval and
Renaissance antiquarians. Sets of tyches representing the major cities of the empire were used in the
1047:
The classical repertoire of virtues, seasons, cities and so forth supplied the majority of subjects until the 19th century, but some new personifications became required. The 16th century saw the new
366:
personification figures prior to the sixth century A.D. were ... female"; but major rivers have male personifications much earlier, and are more often male, which often extends to "Water" in the
205:
of several personifications "maintained a remarkable degree of continuity from late antiquity until the 18th century". Female personifications tend to outnumber male ones, at least until modern
756:, often illustrating or following literary works. The virtues and vices were probably the most common, and the virtues appear in many large sculptural programmes, for example the exteriors of
716:, unfinished at his death in 1822, which to many earlier writers would have called for personifications to be included, avoids them, as does most Romantic literature, apart from that of
671:, finished in 1374, is based around a procession of personifications carried on "cars", as was becoming fashionable in courtly festivities; it was illustrated by many different artists.
606:
had many personification characters, and often formed what are called "personification allegories" where the whole work is an allegory, largely driven by personifications. These include
323:
Personification is found very widely in classical literature, art and drama, as well as the treatment of personifications as relatively minor deities, or the rather variable category of
1191:, and was somewhat uncomfortably co-opted by the empire; it was not seen as an innate right, but as granted to some under Roman law. She had appeared on the coins of the assassins of
633:(1379–80). However, Chaucer tends to take his personifications in the direction of being more complex characters and give them different names, as when he adapts part of the French
1080:
in New York City (1901–07), which has large groups for the four continents by the entrance, and 12 figures personifying seafaring nations from history high on the facade.
402:
was personified on coins at some point, the provinces often initially seated dejected as "CAPTA" ("taken") after its conquest, and later standing, creating images such as
30:
This article is about the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person. For the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities, see
327:. In classical Athens, every geographical division of the state for local government purposes had a personified deity which received some cultic attention, as well as
424:. This included eight personifications of virtues and vices: Hope, Repentance, Perfidy, Calumny, Fraud, Rancour, Ignorance, Suspicion, as well as two other figures.
1177:
A number of national personifications stick to the old formulas, with a female in classical dress, carrying attributes suggesting power, wealth, or other virtues.
1269:
in France, official since 1792, is something of a mixture of styles, sometimes formal and classical, at others a woman of the streets of Paris personified. The
1199:. The medieval republics, mostly in Italy, greatly valued their liberty, and often use the word, but produce very few direct personifications. With the rise of
1836:
Escobedo, Ch. 1. He does not share this view. In particular, personifications mostly remain tied to a single character trait, that of embodying their quality.
1235:, and the two personifications were often combined as a personified "British Liberty", to whom a large monument was erected in the 1750s on his estate at
1786:"All the commonplace figures of poetry, tropes, allegories, personifications, with the whole heathen mythology, were instantly discarded" according to
1273:
is one of the earliest of these figures, and was mainly visual from the start, her efforts to repulse unwelcome
Spanish advances shown in 16th-century
232:–95), with 8 personification figures: (from left) Hope, Repentance, Perfidy, innocent victim, Calumny, Fraud, Rancour, Ignorance, the king, Suspicion.
1489:
1479:
Although given the persistence of ideas from
Neoplatonism and folk religion this cannot be entirely certain. See, for example Gombrich 5–6 (on pdf)
39:
2169:
815:–75) are sets of fifty educational cards depicting personifications of social classes, the planets and heavenly bodies, and also social classes.
343:
is mostly limited to passing phrases which can probably be regarded as literary flourishes, with the important and much-discussed exception of
1582:
2158:
2488:
1690:
1907:
2034:
77:
is the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person. It is, in other words, considered an embodiment or an incarnation. In
846:
take on and invariably conquer vices. Other paintings by Botticelli are exceptions to such simple compositions, in particular his
785:
90:
1532:"the mountains and the hills before you shall break forth into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands",
858:, in both of which several figures form complex allegories. An unusually powerful single personification figure is depicted in
308:, many personification figures still retain their religious significance, which is why they are not covered here. For example,
2198:
1900:
702:
was the last great personification allegory in English literature, from a strongly Protestant position (though see Thomson's
728:
1503:
1077:
473:
centuries". Late antique philosophical books that made heavy use of personification and were especially influential in the
431:
1240:
1225:", describing her travels through the ancient world, and then English and British history, before the resolution of the
1434:
Hall, 128, speaking of the Four Seasons, but the same is true for example of the personification of Africa (same page).
178:, now as symbolic personifications stripped of religious significance. An exception was the winged goddess of victory,
2457:
1892:
520:, a shortened group of virtues consisting of: Truth, Righteousness or Justice, Mercy, and Peace. There were also the
1203:
and new states, many nationalist personifications included a strong element of liberty, perhaps culminating in the
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1214:
1048:
421:
352:
221:
63:
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2151:
2105:
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1812:
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1246:
But, sometimes alongside these formal figures, a new type of national personification has arisen, typified by
2698:
1962:"must be the most written-about image in the history of art", but at least the Botticellis must run it close.
1315:, the literary device involving ascribing human emotion and conduct to non-human objects in the natural world
623:–90), where most of the characters are clear personifications named as their qualities, and several works by
489:
1261:). Both began as figures in more or less satirical literature but achieved their prominence when taken into
947:
of common personifications; no more comprehensive account was written until after the Renaissance. The main
166:, this was perhaps especially strong, in particular among the minor deities. Many such deities, such as the
874:
733:
675:
has several personification characters, but prefers using real persons to represent most sins and virtues.
340:
337:, a female one for the ruling council. These appear in art but are often hard to identify if not labelled.
324:
313:
17:
1095:, a major printing center, along with "Typosine", a new muse of printing. A large gilt-bronze statue by
2867:
2745:
2474:
1164:
929:
to describe prosopopoeia, which was already a well-established device in rhetoric and literature, from
487:(early 5th century), with an elaborate plot centered around battles between the virtues and vices, and
2166:
2862:
2857:
1222:
694:
603:
2260:
1741:
Hall, 336; see "Further reading" for some recent examples of the very extensive literature on these.
1103:
for the top of their New York headquarters. Since 1916 it has been titled at different times as the
2872:
1172:
1076:, typical of the requirements for large public schemes of the period. A rather late example is the
359:
can be regarded as personification figures, although the text does not specify what all personify.
344:
312:
was devised as a Hindu goddess figure to act as a national personification by intellectuals in the
206:
82:
81:, many things are commonly personified. These include numerous types of places, especially cities,
1318:
1113:
1096:
118:
2563:
764:. In painting, both virtues and vices are personified along the lowest zone of the walls of the
434:, and is an influence on the uses of it from classical times through various revivals up to the
2625:
2319:
2314:
Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America",
1152:
1028:
679:
586:
333:
163:
159:
2155:
1579:
2373:
2309:
2095:
1904:
1885:
The Jew, the Cathedral and the Medieval City: Synagoga and Ecclesia in the Thirteenth Century
1816:
1338:
1291:
1084:
922:
819:
559:
517:
390:
2118:
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1687:
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1306:
1004:
948:
848:
707:
179:
446:
8:
2821:
2570:
2523:
1226:
1118:
939:
839:
780:
712:
692:, though given different names, are effectively personifications, especially of virtues.
555:
537:
351:, 1–9, where a female personification is treated at some length, and makes speeches. The
272:
158:
had a strong element of personification, suggested by descriptions such as "god of". In
136:
2665:
1629:
1126:
1009:
944:
914:
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757:
659:
356:
2615:
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2147:
2101:
1896:
1888:
1868:
1808:
1679:
1571:
1550:
1499:
1490:"History lesson: How 'Bharat Mata' became the code word for a theocratic Hindu state"
1262:
1205:
962:
804:
688:
629:
571:
216:
110:
869:
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2195:
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378:
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297:
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183:
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106:
67:
59:
31:
898:
430:, which in some manifestations proposed systems involving numbers of spirits, was
2461:
2394:
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2279:
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2038:
1911:
1787:
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1057:
1052:
886:
745:
395:
48:
124:
2252:
2217:
1533:
1231:
1196:
1188:
978:
683:
504:, which takes the form of a dialogue between the author and "Lady Philosophy".
399:
386:
256:
249:
194:
2851:
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2600:
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94:
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have many personifications as characters, alongside their biblical figures.
2814:
2718:
2635:
2528:
2513:
2378:
1270:
1017:
860:
835:
753:
652:
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479:
459:
317:
175:
151:
1099:, something of a specialist in "allegorical" statues, was commissioned by
331:, a male personification for the governing assembly of free citizens, and
248:
series came in the 21st century to dominate popular cinema in a number of
2703:
2688:
2683:
2575:
2538:
2518:
1671:
1200:
1069:
1061:
1013:
995:
987:
983:
831:
699:
474:
309:
288:
202:
128:
2144:
Northern Landscapes: Representations and Realities of North-East England
1125:
as a personification of broadcasting, and features in his sculptures on
212:
2831:
2735:
2708:
2640:
2630:
2610:
2585:
2533:
2408:
Studies in the Iconography of the Virtues and Vices in the Middle Ages.
2236:
Volition's Face: Personification and the Will in Renaissance Literature
1229:
of 1688 confirms her position there. Thomson also wrote the lyrics for
934:
827:
648:
484:
245:
2418:
Worshipping virtues. Personification and the Divine in Ancient Greece.
577:
412:(2nd century AD) records a detailed description of a lost painting by
2762:
2740:
2723:
2713:
2605:
2595:
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2548:
2543:
1422:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1156:
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910:
865:
655:
in German medieval literature, had equivalents in other vernaculars.
464:
427:
403:
241:
86:
44:
2466:
1137:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2752:
2728:
2693:
2678:
2673:
2645:
2620:
2553:
1296:
1266:
1180:
1160:
1065:
957:
926:
830:, is a late medieval innovation, that became very common after the
667:
595:
529:
501:
382:
305:
301:
237:
78:
66:. Of these, Africa has retained her classical attributes. Formerly
1060:(1860s). This does have a set of three-figure groups representing
2774:
2767:
2097:
Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas
1805:
Infernal Poetics: Poetic Structures in Blake's Lambeth Prophecies
1633:
1236:
1184:
1100:
952:
662:
590:
541:
505:
451:
435:
413:
2428:
Personification in the Greek world. From Antiquity to Byzantium.
1452:
Melion and Remakers, 2–13; Paxson, 5–6. See also Escobedo, Ch. 1
969:, who were copied by other writers throughout the 16th century.
2826:
2650:
1632:
provide examples, though the choice of 4th city varies between
1418:
1301:
823:
769:
409:
284:
186:, who developed into the visualisation of the Christian angel.
98:
818:
A new pair, once common on the portals of large churches, are
189:
Generally, personifications lack much in the way of narrative
2757:
1637:
1092:
930:
909:, a word that doesn't mean just 'listen', but also 'obey' by
794:
672:
545:
167:
155:
114:
102:
2286:, (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams),
1041:
190:
2043:
Survey of London: volume 38: South Kensington Museums Area
2809:
1557:, 9781351884365. Subject of the whole book, but see Ch. 1
370:. The predominance of females is at least partly because
362:
According to James J. Paxson in his book on the subject "
2300:, Eds Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan, 2008, ABC-CLIO,
105:, and abstractions such as virtues, especially the four
2196:"The Dutch Virgin: Symbols of State of the Netherlands"
1417:
Hall, 216; the example here is the Muses, daughters of
972:
From the late 16th century theoretical writers such as
1309:; personification style mainly used in anime and manga
1091:("Lady Printing Press") introduced to the pageants of
982:(1604) began to treat personification in terms of the
752:
Personifications, often in sets, frequently appear in
2298:
Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview
406:
that were often revived in the Renaissance or later.
89:, elements of the natural world such as the trees or
2257:
Classical Influences in European Culture AD 500–1500
27:
Representation of a thing or abstraction as a person
2383:
Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art
1005:
The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition
432:
naturally conducive to personification and allegory
2849:
2267:Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art
454:", helped by four other personifications, turns
374:gives nouns for abstractions the female gender.
2435:The Virtues and Vices in the Arts: A Sourcebook
2316:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
2100:, around p. 22, 2004, Oxford University Press,
1807:, 22–24, 1984, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press,
1265:and other visual media. The post-revolutionary
2450:Personification: Embodying Meaning and Emotion
2326:Personification: Embodying Meaning and Emotion
822:. Death envisaged as a skeleton, often with a
398:. Most imaginable virtues and virtually every
2482:
2296:Heuer, Jennifer, "Gender and Nationalism" in
1570:, 1998, 139–146, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
236:Personifications are very common elements in
197:at least gave many of them parents among the
2364:, 46–48, 49–51, 2002, Spink & Son, Ltd,
2255:, "Personification", in R. R. Bolgar (ed.),
1443:Melion and Remakers, 5; Gombrich, 1 (of PDF)
1132:
585:, carrying Chastity and Love, from a lavish
420:, which some Renaissance painters followed,
2489:
2475:
174:for major cities, survived the arrival of
2238:, 2017, University of Notre Dame Press,
1425:, herself the personification of Memory.
1136:
1027:
1020:in medieval and Renaissance literature.
951:to deal with the subject at length were
897:
727:
576:
445:
316:from the 1870s, but now has some actual
271:
211:
123:
38:
2146:, 136-137, 2010, Boydell & Brewer,
14:
2850:
2362:Roman Coins and Their Values, Volume 2
2045:(1975), 159–176. Accessed: 22 May 2019
1498:, p. 185, 1994, British Museum Press,
287:. Early modern statues with classical
2496:
2470:
943:gives a comprehensive account, and a
2448:Bart Ramakers, Walter Melion, eds.,
2346:, 1994, Cambridge University Press,
1887:, 2011, Cambridge University Press,
1867:, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, no 5,
1723:Hall, 336, with much more in Paxson.
1078:Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
544:(or fortitude), these going back to
2437:, 2015, Wipf and Stock Publishers,
1470:Paxson, 6–7; Escobedo, Introduction
786:Allegory of Good and Bad Government
47:figures of personifications of the
24:
2400:
2284:History of Italian Renaissance Art
2065:Building the BBC: a return to form
1674:, Seamus O'Neill, Andrei Timotin,
267:
25:
2889:
2324:Melion, Walter, Remakers, Bart,
2269:, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray,
1660:Sandro Botticelli: Life and Work
967:Tabulae de schematibus et tropis
834:. However, it is rarely seen in
524:, made up of the four classical
300:. In other cultures, especially
2188:
2179:
2136:
2127:
2111:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2057:
2048:
2032:'Albert Memorial: The memorial'
2023:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1877:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1797:
1780:
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1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1665:
1652:
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1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1560:
1539:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1339:"Definition of PERSONIFICATION"
1187:, had been important under the
1049:personification of the Americas
903:Ariel between Wisdom and Gaiety
779:), and are the main figures in
353:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
2344:The Poetics of Personification
2224:, British Museum Press, 2002,
1865:Six Centuries of Master Prints
1662:, 234, 1989, Thames and Hudson
1549:, 2017, Taylor & Francis,
1428:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1331:
723:
13:
1:
2222:Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy
2211:
1792:Lectures on the English Poets
1676:Neoplatonic Demons and Angels
1547:The Personification of Wisdom
1255:
1023:
879:
809:
773:
738:
617:
494:
490:The Consolation of Philosophy
441:
226:
140:
52:
1790:in "On the Living Poets" in
1777:Melion and Remakers, 121–122
1121:was adopted by the sculptor
875:Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
734:Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
639:(13th century). The English
516:A medieval creation was the
416:(4th century BC) called the
341:Personification in the Bible
314:Indian independence movement
7:
1750:Melion and Remakers, 99–101
1280:
1167:, who pretends not to care.
905:with the Latin inscription
58:, from left: Asia, Europe,
10:
2894:
1998:Melion and Remakers, 13–26
1768:Melion and Remakers, 73–77
1514:Escobedo, Ch. 1 on daemons
1170:
1159:stalks off with a defiant
799:Allegory of Bad Government
682:many of the characters in
262:
209:, many of which are male.
29:
2664:
2504:
2430:Aldershot/Hampshire 2005.
1649:Sear, 36–42, 46–48, 49–51
1133:National personifications
1129:in London (opened 1932).
893:
604:Middle English literature
574:were their counterparts.
207:national personifications
2426:, Judith Herrin (eds.):
2094:Fischer, David Hackett,
2020:; Escobedo, Introduction
1324:
1173:National personification
589:(early 16th century) of
458:. English miniature for
422:most famously Botticelli
389:and similar spaces, and
2318:. 100: 50–51, JSTOR or
2054:Melion and Remakers, 30
1628:and the slightly later
1494:; Blurton, T. Richard,
1343:www.merriam-webster.com
1319:Tropical cyclone naming
1183:, the Roman goddess of
1117:. Shakespeare's spirit
1114:Spirit of Communication
1097:Evelyn Beatrice Longman
986:. At the same time the
925:is the first writer on
2259:, 1971, Cambridge UP,
1827:Escobedo, Introduction
1714:Escobedo, Introduction
1568:The Book of Revelation
1168:
1163:and turns his back on
1153:John Bernard Partridge
1111:, and since the 1930s
1044:
1016:was an exploration of
918:
749:
695:The Pilgrim's Progress
680:Elizabethan literature
599:
587:illuminated manuscript
469:
292:
233:
199:major Olympian deities
164:ancient Roman religion
160:ancient Greek religion
147:
71:
2410:New York/London 1988.
1863:Spangeberg K.L (ed),
1292:Allegorical sculpture
1217:(1734), is a lengthy
1140:
1109:Genius of Electricity
1085:movable type printing
1031:
949:Renaissance humanists
923:Demetrius of Phalerum
901:
820:Ecclesia and Synagoga
731:
580:
518:Four Daughters of God
449:
391:ancient Roman coinage
275:
215:
127:
42:
1615:Gombrich, 2 (of PDF)
1461:Gombrich, 1 (of PDF)
1307:Moe anthropomorphism
1105:Genius of Telegraphy
706:below). A work like
2822:Rhetorical question
2406:Jennifer O’Reilly:
2185:Heuer, 43–44, 48–50
2167:"Column to Liberty"
1958:Bartrum, 188, says
1678:,1–5, 2018, Brill,
1658:Lightbown, Ronald,
1566:Mounce, Robert H.,
1545:Sinnott, Alica M.,
1227:Glorious Revolution
1195:, defenders of the
940:Institutio Oratoria
840:Counter-Reformation
781:Ambrogio Lorenzetti
713:The Triumph of Life
602:The major works of
556:theological virtues
99:four cardinal winds
2433:Tucker, Shawn R.,
2342:Paxson, James J.,
2234:Escobedo, Andrew,
2201:2018-12-13 at the
2172:2019-05-29 at the
2161:2022-12-06 at the
2142:Green, Adrian, in
2037:2014-11-04 at the
1910:2022-12-06 at the
1693:2022-12-06 at the
1630:Esquiline Treasure
1585:2022-12-06 at the
1263:political cartoons
1223:Goddess of Liberty
1169:
1127:Broadcasting House
1045:
919:
915:Broadcasting House
855:The Birth of Venus
758:Chartres Cathedral
750:
660:Italian literature
600:
470:
418:Calumny of Apelles
357:Book of Revelation
293:
234:
222:Calumny of Apelles
162:, and the related
148:
72:
2868:Figures of speech
2845:
2844:
2616:Hysteron proteron
2498:Figures of speech
2393:, 9789004194175,
2372:, 9781912667239,
2354:, 9780521445399,
2336:, 9789004310438,
2308:, 9781851099085,
2246:, 9780268101695,
2194:Hubert de Vries,
2176:, National Trust.
2154:, 9781843835417,
2063:Jackson, Nicola,
1901:978-0-521-19744-1
1815:, 9780838631768,
1686:, 9789004374980,
1578:, 9780802825377,
1206:Statue of Liberty
1083:The invention of
963:Petrus Mosellanus
805:Mantegna Tarocchi
789:(1338–39) in the
689:The Faerie Queene
686:'s enormous epic
630:The House of Fame
572:seven deadly sins
554:, with the three
217:Sandro Botticelli
154:early religions,
135:, reliefs on the
111:seven deadly sins
16:(Redirected from
2885:
2863:Anthropomorphism
2858:Personifications
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2280:Hartt, Frederick
2205:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2140:
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2092:
2086:
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2077:
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2068:
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2055:
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2046:
2027:
2021:
2016:Paxson, 1–2 and
2014:
2008:
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1493:
1492:. 17 March 2016.
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1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1313:Pathetic fallacy
1287:Anthropomorphism
1260:
1257:
1213:by the Scottish
1209:. The long poem
1143:Entente Cordiale
974:Karel van Mander
884:
881:
814:
811:
791:Palazzo Pubblico
778:
775:
766:Scrovegni Chapel
762:Amiens Cathedral
743:
740:
651:, the spirit of
636:Roman de la Rose
625:Geoffrey Chaucer
622:
619:
614:William Langland
526:cardinal virtues
510:Wheel of Fortune
499:
496:
452:Queen of Fortune
387:triumphal arches
379:winged victories
349:Book of Proverbs
298:Christianisation
244:figures of many
231:
228:
172:tutelary deities
145:
142:
137:Hôtel Carnavalet
133:The Four Seasons
107:cardinal virtues
68:James Hazen Hyde
57:
54:
32:Anthropomorphism
21:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2873:Literary theory
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2795:Personification
2660:
2500:
2495:
2452:, 2016, BRILL,
2445:, 9781625647184
2403:
2401:Further reading
2385:, 2011, BRILL,
2328:, 2016, BRILL,
2253:Gombrich, Ernst
2218:Bartrum, Giulia
2214:
2209:
2208:
2203:Wayback Machine
2193:
2189:
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2163:Wayback Machine
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2108:, 9780199883073
2093:
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2067:, 28, 2004, BBC
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1705:Escobedo, Ch. 1
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1626:Calendar of 354
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1221:spoken by the "
1175:
1141:Cartoon on the
1135:
1089:Dame Imprimerie
1058:Albert Memorial
1053:four continents
1026:
921:Around 300 BC,
896:
887:Agnolo Bronzino
882:
812:
776:
746:Agnolo Bronzino
741:
726:
620:
497:
468:, 15th-century.
444:
396:decorative arts
270:
268:Classical world
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75:Personification
55:
49:four continents
35:
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2110:
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2069:
2056:
2047:
2022:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1931:Hartt, 332–333
1924:
1915:
1876:
1856:
1854:Hartt, 116–119
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1803:Howard, John,
1796:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1664:
1651:
1642:
1617:
1608:
1606:Hall, 128, 265
1599:
1590:
1559:
1538:
1534:Book of Isaiah
1525:
1516:
1507:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1345:. 1 April 2024
1329:
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1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1275:popular prints
1241:a Whig magnate
1232:Rule Britannia
1197:Roman republic
1189:Roman Republic
1171:Main article:
1134:
1131:
1025:
1022:
979:Schilder-boeck
895:
892:
870:Albrecht Dürer
725:
722:
684:Edmund Spenser
645:morality plays
643:and the later
583:triumphal cars
443:
440:
400:Roman province
381:decorated the
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:Ernst Gombrich
250:superhero film
195:classical myth
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2805:Procatalepsis
2803:
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2601:Homeoteleuton
2599:
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2458:9789004310438
2455:
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2444:
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2429:
2425:
2424:Emma Stafford
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:Emma Stafford
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Smith, Amy C.
2377:
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2363:
2360:Sear, David,
2359:
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2265:Hall, James,
2264:
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2182:
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2171:
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2160:
2157:
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2145:
2139:
2133:Higham, 59–61
2130:
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2051:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1980:Paxson, 16–19
1977:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:0-521-19744-9
1890:
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1810:
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1793:
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1783:
1774:
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1732:Hall, 127–128
1729:
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1535:
1529:
1523:Smith, 93–105
1520:
1511:
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1504:0 7141 1442 1
1501:
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1467:
1458:
1449:
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1381:Hall, 336–337
1378:
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1363:Hall, 128–130
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1215:James Thomson
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1193:Julius Caesar
1190:
1186:
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1115:
1110:
1106:
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1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:manufacturing
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:and made the
1050:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
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946:
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787:
782:
771:
767:
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755:
747:
736:
735:
730:
721:
719:
718:William Blake
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
669:
664:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:mystery plays
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
615:
611:
610:
609:Piers Plowman
605:
598:
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592:
588:
584:
579:
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573:
569:
565:
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557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:seven virtues
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
492:
491:
486:
482:
481:
477:included the
476:
467:
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372:Latin grammar
369:
368:Four Elements
365:
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354:
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342:
338:
336:
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319:
318:Hindu temples
315:
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255:According to
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95:four elements
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65:
61:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2815:Antanaclasis
2794:
2719:Epanorthosis
2636:Polysyndeton
2529:Antimetabole
2514:Alliteration
2462:google books
2449:
2434:
2427:
2420:London 2000.
2417:
2407:
2395:google books
2382:
2374:google books
2361:
2356:google books
2343:
2338:google books
2325:
2315:
2310:google books
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2256:
2248:google books
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2190:
2181:
2156:google books
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2138:
2129:
2120:
2117:Higham, 59;
2113:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2076:Heuer, 48–50
2072:
2064:
2059:
2050:
2042:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1960:Melencolia I
1959:
1954:
1945:
1940:Bartrum, 188
1936:
1927:
1918:
1905:google books
1884:
1883:Rowe, Nina,
1879:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1817:google books
1804:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1688:google books
1675:
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1611:
1602:
1593:
1580:google books
1567:
1562:
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1386:
1377:
1368:
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1347:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1271:Dutch Maiden
1245:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1179:
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1146:
1112:
1108:
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1037:
1033:
1018:courtly love
1003:
1000:
991:
977:
971:
966:
956:
938:
920:
906:
902:
873:
861:Melencolia I
859:
853:
847:
844:
838:"before the
836:funerary art
817:
803:
798:
784:
754:medieval art
751:
732:
711:
703:
693:
687:
677:
666:
657:
653:courtly love
634:
628:
607:
601:
594:
549:
515:
488:
480:Psychomachia
478:
471:
463:
460:John Lydgate
426:
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376:
363:
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339:
332:
328:
322:
294:
280:
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254:
252:franchises.
235:
220:
188:
176:Christianity
152:polytheistic
149:
144: 1550s
132:
91:four seasons
74:
73:
36:
2878:Iconography
2704:Catachresis
2689:Antonomasia
2684:Antiphrasis
2626:Parallelism
2576:Epanalepsis
2539:Aposiopesis
2519:Anadiplosis
1672:Luc Brisson
1399:Paxson, 6–7
1259: 1812
1250:(1712) and
1201:nationalism
1070:engineering
1062:agriculture
1036:(male) and
1032:Sculptures
1014:C. S. Lewis
996:Cesare Ripa
988:emblem book
984:visual arts
937:'s lengthy
883: 1545
832:Black Death
813: 1465
777: 1305
742: 1544
724:Visual arts
700:John Bunyan
621: 1370
581:Two of the
475:Middle Ages
310:Bharat Mata
289:iconography
230: 1494
203:iconography
193:, although
129:Jean Goujon
113:, the nine
103:five senses
70:collection.
56: 1775
18:Personified
2852:Categories
2832:Synecdoche
2736:Dysphemism
2709:Ecphonesis
2699:Apostrophe
2641:Spoonerism
2631:Polyptoton
2611:Hyperbaton
2586:Epistrophe
2571:Consonance
2534:Antithesis
2443:1625647182
2391:9004194177
2370:1912667231
2352:0521445396
2334:9004310436
2306:1851099085
2292:0500235104
2275:0719541476
2244:0268101698
2230:0714126330
2212:References
2152:184383541X
2106:0199883076
1989:Paxson, 23
1971:Paxson, 12
1949:Hartt, 662
1873:0931537150
1813:0838631762
1684:9004374981
1576:0802825370
1555:1351884360
1165:the Kaiser
1024:Innovation
992:Iconologia
935:Quintilian
864:(1514) an
828:hour-glass
698:(1678) by
649:Frau Minne
627:, such as
538:temperance
498: 524
485:Prudentius
442:Literature
246:comic book
87:continents
51:, German,
2837:Tautology
2763:Apophasis
2741:Euphemism
2724:Hyperbole
2714:Ekphrasis
2606:Hypallage
2596:Hendiadys
2591:Epizeuxis
2581:Epiphrase
2549:Asyndeton
2544:Assonance
2007:Hall, 337
1845:Hartt, 64
1759:Hall, 310
1597:Paxson, 6
1496:Hindu Art
1423:Mnemosyne
1408:Hall, 321
1390:Hall, 216
1372:Hall, 122
1252:Uncle Sam
1248:John Bull
1219:monologue
1157:John Bull
1123:Eric Gill
1038:Tolerance
933:onwards.
911:Eric Gill
866:engraving
849:Primavera
797:. In the
465:Troy Book
456:her wheel
428:Platonism
404:Britannia
385:of Roman
383:spandrels
377:Pairs of
355:from the
281:Fortitude
277:Constance
242:superhero
139:, Paris,
83:countries
45:porcelain
2800:Pleonasm
2790:Oxymoron
2785:Metonymy
2780:Metaphor
2753:Innuendo
2729:Adynaton
2694:Aphorism
2679:Allusion
2674:Allegory
2646:Symploce
2621:Isocolon
2554:Chiasmus
2524:Anaphora
2199:Archived
2170:Archived
2159:Archived
2119:text of
2085:Sear, 39
2035:Archived
1922:Hall, 94
1908:Archived
1691:Archived
1583:Archived
1297:Heraldry
1281:See also
1267:Marianne
1181:Libertas
1161:Marianne
1155:, 1904;
1101:AT&T
1066:commerce
958:De copia
945:taxonomy
927:rhetoric
907:obsculta
668:Triomphi
596:Triomphi
551:Republic
530:prudence
508:and the
502:Boethius
438:period.
306:Buddhism
302:Hinduism
238:allegory
180:Victoria
150:In many
79:the arts
2775:Litotes
2768:Sarcasm
2746:Meiosis
2506:Schemes
2121:Liberty
1634:Antioch
1536:, 55:12
1349:4 April
1237:Gibside
1211:Liberty
1185:liberty
976:in his
955:in his
953:Erasmus
917:, 1932.
708:Shelley
704:Liberty
663:Petrach
591:Petrach
568:charity
542:courage
534:justice
506:Fortuna
436:Baroque
414:Apelles
347:in the
325:daemons
263:History
156:deities
64:America
43:Set of
2827:Simile
2666:Tropes
2656:Zeugma
2651:Tmesis
2559:Climax
2456:
2441:
2389:
2368:
2350:
2332:
2304:
2290:
2273:
2242:
2228:
2150:
2123:online
2104:
2018:passim
1899:
1891:
1871:
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1794:, 1818
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1574:
1553:
1502:
1419:Apollo
1302:Mascot
1012:), by
894:Theory
824:scythe
770:Giotto
570:. The
410:Lucian
345:Wisdom
285:Vienna
201:. The
168:tyches
85:, and
62:, and
60:Africa
2758:Irony
1638:Trier
1325:Notes
1148:Punch
1145:from
1119:Ariel
1093:Lyons
1034:Trade
931:Homer
885:) by
795:Siena
744:–45,
673:Dante
560:faith
546:Plato
500:) by
450:The "
334:Boule
329:Demos
191:myths
119:death
117:, or
115:Muses
2564:Anti
2454:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2102:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1636:and
1624:The
1572:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1421:and
1351:2024
1087:saw
1072:and
1042:Brno
1010:1936
961:and
852:and
826:and
760:and
566:and
564:hope
540:and
304:and
279:and
184:Nike
109:and
2810:Pun
2320:PDF
2261:PDF
1239:by
1151:by
994:of
965:in
868:by
842:".
793:of
783:'s
768:by
710:'s
678:In
665:'s
658:In
612:by
593:'s
558:of
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364:all
283:in
170:or
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739:c.
737:,
618:c.
562:,
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