416:
2577:
138:
31:
270:
298:
284:
256:
336:
is depicted as a woman dressed in fine clothes. She wears a crown while the papal tiara and crowns of kings lie at her feet, indicating her position of power over all the continents. The plentiful cornucopia shows Europe to be a land of abundance and the small temple she holds signifies
Christianity.
330:
century. Ripa's text and the many sets of illustrations by various artists for different later editions (beginning in 1603) took some of the existing iconological conventions for the four continents, and were so influential that depictions for the next two centuries were largely determined by them.
329:
for the use of artists and artisans who might be called upon to depict allegorical figures. He covered an astonishingly wide variety of fields, and his work was reprinted many times, though the text did not always correlate to the illustration. The book was still being brought up-to-date in the 18th
406:
The woodcut also shows
America stepping on a human head, which is meant to connote cannibalism. Evidence of dismemberment, such as disembodied heads, in addition to America's bow and arrows and her lack of clothing were all meant to connote savagery. Such imagery was not uncommon in depictions of
943:
And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez
Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of
402:
In addition to having an untamed landscape, America was portrayed as a place of savagery by virtue of the people who inhabited it. This can be seen in the woodcut as
America is depicted as much more warlike than the other three continents. As Claire Le Corbeiller explains, America “was usually
398:
from the river that already carried the name. In other instances of
American iconography, symbols meant to connote wilderness and a tropical climate occasionally included animals entirely absent from the Americas, such as the lion. Flora and fauna as images were often interchangeable between
367:
that she holds. Other personifications of Africa at the time depict her nude, symbolizing the
Eurocentric perceptions of Africa as an uncivilized land. While the illustration of Africa in Ripa's Iconologia is light-skinned, it was also common to illustrate her with dark skin.
128:
of the figures. They were normally female, with Europe queenly and grandly dressed, Asia fully dressed but in an exotic style, with Africa and
America at most half-dressed, and given exotic props as attributes.
1040:
851:
149:
a commonplace of classical and medieval geography had been the "three parts" in which, from
Mediterranean and European perspectives, the world was divided: Europe, Asia and Africa. As
407:
the
Americas, but it was not always the case. In time, the image of a wild native being justly subjugated by a European conqueror was turned into a portrayal of an “Indian princess”.
116:
Depictions of personifications of the four continents became popular in several media. Sets of four could be placed around all sorts of four-sided objects, or in pairs along the
443:; Hyde's drawings and a supporting collection of sets of porcelain table ornaments and other decorative arts illustrating the Four Continents were shared by various
436:
399:
depictions of Africa and
America during the seventeenth century due to the association of the tropical climate of Central and South America with that of Africa.
679:, devers midi elle fine a la grant mer devers occident elle fine a notre mer, et devers septentrion elle fine aux paluz Meotides et au fleuve appellé Thanaus
66:
was seen to represent its quadrant of the world—Africa in the south, America in the west, Asia in the east, and Europe in the north. This division fit the
204:, which divide Europe from Asia in the eyes of the modern geographer, and which represent the geological suture between two fragmentary continents, or
804:
415:
843:
347:, by contrast wears the elephant headdress and is accompanied by animals common to Africa such as a lion, the scorpion of the desert sands, and
1067:
675:
Asie est l'une des trois parties du monde que les auteurs divisent en Asie, Afrique et Europe. Asie se extend devers orient jusques a souleil
20:
712:
2341:
2200:
2527:
337:
As a continent of great military force, Europe is also accompanied by a horse and an array of weapons. This probably draws on the
2639:
790:, described as: "Africa, wearing elephant’s skin headdress, reclining left, holding scorpion and cornucopia, modius at her feet".
691:(1409), quoted in Patricia M. Gathercole, "Laurent de Premierfait: The Translator of Boccaccio's De casibus virorum illustrium"
2334:
2220:
787:
2329:
2263:
1025:
929:
1035:
375:, seen by Europe as a continent of exotic spices, silk, and the seat of Religion, wears rich clothing and carries a smoking
2324:
2288:
2227:
532:
157:
Asia is one of the three parts of the world, which the authors divide in Asia, Africa and Europe. Asia extends towards the
2317:
2312:
2258:
2186:
1060:
387:
379:. The continent's warm climate is represented by the wreath of flowers in her hair. A camel takes its ease beside her.
2268:
19:
This article is about the geographical divisions originating in the 16th century. For the figure skating event, see
2283:
2273:
2215:
2193:
2176:
2171:
2090:
403:
envisioned as a rather fierce savage – only slightly removed in type from the medieval tradition of the wild man."
2293:
2122:
1988:
1902:
1852:
237:
2237:
968:
363:, a much smaller strip of the Mediterranean coast. The abundance and fertility of Africa is symbolized in the
745:
Le Corbeiller, Clare (1961). "Miss America and Her Sisters: Personifications of the Four Parts of the World".
153:, the pre-eminent French translator of Latin literature in the early fifteenth century, informed his readers:
2624:
2614:
2547:
2532:
1053:
687:
581:
2580:
2232:
1862:
1589:
1294:
528:, however, generally in self-consciously classicizing contexts: for instance, in New York, in front of the
818:
2609:
1719:
440:
1897:
1882:
1180:
1165:
984:
Le Corbeiller, Clare, "Miss America and Her Sisters, Personifications of the Four Parts of the World,"
977:
New York: Pantheon Books, 1975. An exhibition based on the book's premise was curated by Honour at the
812:
224:
had lain, and stretched away to what were initially unimaginably exotic and distant places— "the
2278:
2210:
2181:
2166:
1907:
1832:
525:
489:
467:
94:
1867:
1784:
1367:
1080:
450:
The Renaissance associated one major river to each of the continents; Europe is represented by the
1045:
2514:
2205:
2112:
1789:
1499:
1494:
978:
529:
439:, formed a collection of allegorical prints illustrating the Four Continents that are now at the
360:
2491:
2298:
1892:
1695:
873:
Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America".
150:
1030:
1006:
917:
2584:
2448:
2368:
2011:
1912:
1521:
998:
Fleming, E. McClung, "From Indian Princess to Greek Goddess: The American Image, 1783-1815,"
616:
536:
517:
221:
35:
520:, the theme of the "Four Continents" lost much of its drive, long before another continent,
120:
of a building with a central doorway. They were common subjects for prints, and later small
2634:
2458:
1434:
1152:
471:
634:
208:. Instead, the division between these continents in the European-centered picture was the
16:
16th century division of the world into four continents; Africa, America, Asia, and Europe
8:
2629:
2619:
2107:
1772:
1709:
1685:
1516:
1377:
1323:
1264:
1235:
1175:
1170:
975:
The New Golden Land: European Images of America from the Discoveries to the Present Time.
480:
169:), towards the south ("midi") it ends at the great sea, towards the occident it ends at
2395:
2016:
1979:
1857:
1303:
1225:
1185:
1160:
770:
564:
79:
892:
2476:
2095:
1922:
1887:
1748:
1743:
1724:
1533:
1360:
1120:
964:
925:
762:
724:
641:
591:
485:
75:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2471:
2148:
2102:
2045:
1974:
1837:
1731:
1680:
1658:
1511:
1458:
1397:
754:
432:
424:
213:
212:, which neatly separated Europe from Asia. From the European perspective, into the
178:
83:
1041:
Guide to the James H. Hyde Collection of Allegorical Prints of the Four Continents
2443:
1944:
1932:
1917:
1872:
1822:
1762:
1704:
1665:
1653:
1646:
1555:
1372:
1355:
1330:
505:
463:
2588:
2537:
2436:
2400:
2380:
2363:
2303:
2067:
1959:
1937:
1927:
1779:
1757:
1641:
1636:
1621:
1616:
1543:
1489:
1441:
1412:
1318:
1308:
805:"Miss America and Her Sisters: Personifications of the Four Parts of the World"
201:
423:
figures, German, c. 1775, from left: Asia, Europe, Africa, America. Formerly
2603:
2562:
2431:
2423:
2390:
2127:
2077:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1804:
1767:
1675:
1670:
1572:
1477:
766:
728:
713:"From Pompey to Plymouth: the personification of Africa in the art of Europe"
475:
444:
352:
338:
197:
174:
2466:
2405:
2385:
2375:
2085:
2057:
1812:
1550:
1484:
1453:
1402:
1274:
1203:
1140:
1130:
551:. The four resulting continental landmasses are, from largest to smallest:
391:
170:
137:
2522:
2481:
2412:
2117:
2006:
1949:
1877:
1827:
1714:
1690:
1579:
1417:
1335:
1313:
1289:
1135:
1125:
1007:"Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America,"
991:
Fleming, E. McClung, "The American Image as Indian Princess, 1765-1783,"
552:
326:
322:
125:
67:
2052:
2021:
1847:
1842:
1506:
1467:
1429:
1347:
1220:
1105:
1100:
774:
620:
596:
560:
521:
364:
356:
217:
209:
2499:
2158:
2132:
2062:
2040:
2033:
1817:
1594:
1528:
1424:
1247:
1230:
1115:
1110:
1084:
682:
586:
576:
420:
348:
146:
121:
63:
24:
758:
117:
2026:
1631:
1567:
1538:
1448:
1407:
1215:
1195:
1075:
556:
548:
102:
51:
269:
70:
sensibilities of the time, which also divided the world into four
30:
1998:
1736:
1626:
1584:
1472:
1284:
1279:
1208:
844:"The Four Parts of the World – Representations of the Continents"
395:
297:
255:
2504:
1608:
1562:
1269:
1256:
676:
501:
493:
459:
451:
376:
283:
225:
205:
183:
164:
158:
110:
98:
71:
59:
47:
2355:
2250:
1794:
1092:
1076:
124:
figures. A set of loose conventions quickly arose as to the
1389:
497:
455:
196:
For Laurent's French readers, Asia ended at "our sea", the
106:
55:
524:, was also discovered. The iconography survived as the
141:
The ancient tripartite view of the observed known world
547:
Continents have occasionally been grouped together by
191:
619:, first sighted in the early seventeenth century, or
42:
Europeans in the 16th century divided the world into
681:; Laurent de Premierfait's expanded translation of
466:. The Four Rivers theme appears for example in the
200:; Western Europeans were only dimly aware of the
2601:
961:Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art
924:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215.
516:With the European discovery of the existence of
462:respectively, and America is represented by the
1010:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
875:Proceedings of the America Antiquarian Society
470:, a 17th-century fountain in Rome designed by
1061:
802:
744:
635:"Society and inquisition in Malta 1743-1798"
21:Four Continents Figure Skating Championships
915:
661:
659:
539:symbolize the "Four Corners of the World".
394:and arrow. Perhaps she represents a fabled
242:
1068:
1054:
986:Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
623:, first sighted in the nineteenth century.
132:
656:
632:
431:The American millionaire philanthropist
414:
216:, Asia began beyond the Hellespont with
136:
29:
848:Vivienne Morrell: Art / History / Books
747:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
717:Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity
355:. These depictions come straight from
2602:
909:
872:
842:Morell, Vivienne (November 12, 2014).
841:
710:
390:maiden in a feathered headdress, with
1049:
706:
704:
325:published one of the most successful
803:Le Corbeiller, Claire (April 1961).
798:
796:
740:
738:
533:Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
435:, who inherited a majority share in
854:from the original on April 22, 2019
410:
192:A fourth corner: the enlarged world
13:
701:
698:.4 (February 1954:245-252) p. 249.
535:(1907), four sculptural groups by
23:. For the modern definitions, see
14:
2651:
1019:
793:
735:
2576:
2575:
1908:West South Central United States
963:, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray,
437:Equitable Life Assurance Society
296:
282:
268:
254:
2123:Latin America and the Caribbean
1989:Latin America and the Caribbean
1036:The Universe Divided into Fours
922:Encyclopedia of World Geography
885:
866:
238:Personification of the Americas
2640:Personifications of continents
835:
781:
668:
626:
609:
478:in Rome, and in the painting
231:
220:, where the Roman province of
1:
953:
688:De Casibus Virorum Illustrium
644:: Durhem E-Theses. p. 38
582:Four Corners (disambiguation)
1590:Middle East and North Africa
1295:Middle East and North Africa
711:Maritz, J. A. (2002-01-01).
361:the Roman province of Africa
145:Before the discovery of the
7:
897:Italian Renaissance Art.com
570:
490:Fountain of the Four Rivers
441:New-York Historical Society
10:
2656:
1883:Northeastern United States
813:Metropolitan Museum of Art
788:As coin of Hadrian, 136 AD
511:
235:
173:, and towards the north ("
161:as far as the rising sun (
34:The four continents, plus
18:
2571:
2513:
2490:
2457:
2421:
2354:
2248:
2156:
2147:
2076:
1997:
1803:
1607:
1388:
1346:
1255:
1246:
1194:
1151:
1091:
916:R.W. McColl, ed. (2005).
526:Four Corners of the World
468:Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi
454:, Africa and Asia by the
359:with personifications of
95:four corners of the world
2364:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1368:Transantarctic Mountains
633:Ciappara, Frans (1998).
602:
542:
2113:Caribbean South America
979:Cleveland Museum of Art
881:: 52 – via JSTOR.
91:four parts of the world
1893:Southern United States
1696:Scandinavian Peninsula
1000:Winterthur Portfolio 3
993:Winterthur Portfolio 2
428:
189:
151:Laurent de Premierfait
142:
133:A three-cornered world
39:
2369:Antarctic Convergence
1913:Western United States
615:Nothing was known of
537:Daniel Chester French
418:
236:Further information:
155:
140:
33:
2625:History of geography
2615:Intellectual history
1435:Greater Central Asia
988:(Apr. 1961): 209–23.
472:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
382:The iconic image of
181:and the river named
2581:Continents of Earth
2108:Brazilian Highlands
1517:Indian subcontinent
1378:Antarctic Peninsula
1176:Southern Hemisphere
1171:Northern Hemisphere
1026:The Four Continents
893:"Peter Paul Rubens"
481:The Four Continents
311:Woodcuts in Ripa's
101:(the "south"), the
80:cardinal directions
62:. Each of the four
2610:Physical geography
2396:Great Barrier Reef
2017:Mainland Australia
1725:Apennine Peninsula
1186:Western Hemisphere
1161:Eastern Hemisphere
429:
177:") it ends in the
143:
109:(the "east"), and
76:classical elements
40:
2597:
2596:
2477:Mediterranean Rim
2350:
2349:
2289:Mediterranean Sea
2143:
2142:
2096:Amazon Rainforest
1923:Canadian Prairies
1888:Pacific Northwest
1749:Iberian Peninsula
1534:Arabian Peninsula
1361:Antarctic Plateau
1121:Three/Four Worlds
931:978-0-8160-7229-3
693:The French Review
642:Durham University
592:Roof of the World
486:Peter Paul Rubens
84:classical virtues
2647:
2579:
2578:
2558:Global Southwest
2553:Global Southeast
2543:Global Northwest
2538:Global Northeast
2528:Global Heartland
2472:Indian Ocean Rim
2154:
2153:
2046:Island Melanesia
1737:Balkan Peninsula
1512:Himalayan states
1459:Russian Far East
1253:
1252:
1181:Water Hemisphere
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
947:
946:
940:
938:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
889:
883:
882:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
839:
833:
832:
830:
829:
823:
817:. Archived from
809:
800:
791:
785:
779:
778:
742:
733:
732:
708:
699:
672:
666:
663:
654:
653:
651:
649:
639:
630:
624:
613:
433:James Hazen Hyde
425:James Hazen Hyde
411:Other depictions
300:
286:
272:
258:
214:Age of Discovery
179:Maeotian marshes
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2567:
2509:
2486:
2453:
2417:
2346:
2335:South China Sea
2244:
2187:Central America
2139:
2072:
1993:
1945:Northern Mexico
1933:Northern Canada
1918:Atlantic Canada
1873:Mountain states
1799:
1654:European Russia
1647:Southern Russia
1603:
1556:Iranian Plateau
1384:
1373:West Antarctica
1356:East Antarctica
1342:
1242:
1190:
1166:Land Hemisphere
1147:
1087:
1074:
1031:Hemisphere Maps
1022:
1015:(1) 45-79: 1990
956:
951:
950:
936:
934:
932:
914:
910:
901:
899:
891:
890:
886:
871:
867:
857:
855:
840:
836:
827:
825:
821:
807:
801:
794:
786:
782:
759:10.2307/3257853
743:
736:
709:
702:
673:
669:
664:
657:
647:
645:
637:
631:
627:
614:
610:
605:
573:
545:
514:
413:
388:Native American
341:map schematic.
319:
318:
317:
316:
308:
307:
306:
301:
293:
292:
287:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
259:
248:
240:
234:
194:
135:
113:(the "north").
44:four continents
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2589:Physical Earth
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2401:Mariana Trench
2398:
2388:
2383:
2381:Atlantic Ocean
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2342:Southern Ocean
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:East China Sea
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2264:Atlantic Ocean
2261:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2068:Remote Oceania
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:Western Canada
1935:
1930:
1928:Eastern Canada
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:South Caucasus
1639:
1637:North Caucasus
1629:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:South Caucasus
1536:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1413:Aralkum Desert
1410:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1204:Africa-Eurasia
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1020:External links
1018:
1017:
1016:
1005:Higham, John,
1003:
1002:(1967): 37–66.
996:
995:(1965): 65–81.
989:
982:
973:Honour, Hugh,
971:
955:
952:
949:
948:
930:
908:
884:
865:
834:
792:
780:
753:(8): 209–223.
734:
700:
667:
655:
625:
607:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
572:
569:
544:
541:
513:
510:
412:
409:
310:
309:
302:
295:
294:
288:
281:
280:
274:
267:
266:
260:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
247:
243:Cesare Ripa's
241:
233:
230:
202:Ural Mountains
193:
190:
165:souleil levant
134:
131:
105:(the "west"),
38:, added later.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2652:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:Pacific Ocean
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:Pacific Ocean
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Caribbean Sea
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:by population
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:South America
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:North America
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:Southern Cone
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Andean States
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2078:South America
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1805:North America
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Low Countries
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:South-western
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:South-eastern
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:South-central
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Mediterranean
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:British Isles
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:Levantine Sea
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Mediterranean
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
972:
970:
966:
962:
959:Hall, James,
958:
957:
945:
933:
927:
923:
919:
912:
898:
894:
888:
880:
876:
869:
853:
849:
845:
838:
824:on 2019-08-05
820:
816:
814:
806:
799:
797:
789:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
739:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
697:
694:
690:
689:
684:
680:
678:
671:
662:
660:
643:
636:
629:
622:
618:
612:
608:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
476:Piazza Navona
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
445:New York City
442:
438:
434:
426:
422:
417:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
339:Europa regina
335:
331:
328:
324:
314:
305:
299:
291:
285:
277:
271:
263:
257:
246:
239:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Mediterranean
188:
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
160:
154:
152:
148:
139:
130:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2587: /
2585:List of seas
2583: /
2548:Global South
2533:Global North
2467:Atlantic Rim
2406:Ring of Fire
2386:Indian Ocean
2376:Arctic Ocean
2318:Persian Gulf
2313:Indian Ocean
2294:Adriatic Sea
2259:Arctic Ocean
2091:Amazon Basin
2086:Amazon Plain
2058:Near Oceania
1863:Mid-Atlantic
1813:Aridoamerica
1773:Northwestern
1686:Northwestern
1659:Southeastern
1551:Greater Iran
1490:Southeastern
1485:Pacific Asia
1454:Pacific Asia
1442:Northeastern
1398:Asia–Pacific
1141:Fourth World
1131:Second World
1012:
1009:
999:
992:
985:
974:
960:
942:
935:. Retrieved
921:
918:"continents"
911:
900:. Retrieved
896:
887:
878:
874:
868:
856:. Retrieved
847:
837:
826:. Retrieved
819:the original
811:
783:
750:
746:
723:(1): 65–79.
720:
716:
695:
692:
686:
674:
670:
646:. Retrieved
628:
611:
546:
515:
479:
449:
430:
405:
401:
383:
381:
372:
370:
344:
343:
333:
332:
327:emblem books
320:
312:
303:
289:
275:
261:
244:
195:
182:
162:
156:
144:
115:
90:
88:
43:
41:
2635:Iconography
2563:Global West
2523:Global East
2482:Pacific Rim
2424:waterbodies
2413:World Ocean
2238:New Zealand
2118:The Guianas
2007:Australasia
1950:West Indies
1878:New England
1858:Great Lakes
1828:Mesoamerica
1715:Middle East
1691:Scandinavia
1580:Middle East
1418:Caspian Sea
1324:Great Lakes
1304:Sub-Saharan
1290:Middle East
1153:Hemispheres
1136:Third World
1126:First World
1079:'s primary
648:10 December
553:Afroeurasia
427:collection.
357:Roman coins
323:Cesare Ripa
232:Iconography
175:septentrion
163:"devers le
126:iconography
68:Renaissance
2630:4 (number)
2620:Continents
2604:Categories
2304:Ionian Sea
2299:Aegean Sea
2269:Baltic Sea
2201:Antarctica
2053:Micronesia
2022:New Guinea
1980:Portuguese
1903:West Coast
1853:East Coast
1848:Bible Belt
1843:Appalachia
1522:Subregions
1430:Inner Asia
1348:Antarctica
1248:Continents
1221:Antarctica
1196:Landmasses
1106:Down Under
1101:Arab World
1085:subregions
981:, 1975–77.
969:0719541476
954:References
902:2019-04-29
828:2019-03-24
621:Antarctica
597:Seven Seas
561:Antarctica
530:Beaux-Arts
522:Antarctica
365:cornucopia
313:Iconologia
245:Iconologia
218:Asia Minor
210:Hellespont
97:refers to
64:continents
2500:Antarctic
2284:Irish Sea
2274:Black Sea
2233:Australia
2182:Caribbean
2159:continent
2133:Patagonia
2063:Polynesia
2041:Melanesia
2034:Zealandia
2012:Australia
1898:Southwest
1818:Caribbean
1595:Near East
1236:submerged
1231:Zealandia
1226:Australia
1116:Old World
1111:New World
767:0026-1521
729:1018-9017
683:Boccaccio
665:Hall, 129
617:Australia
587:Four Seas
577:Continent
565:Australia
518:Australia
447:museums.
421:porcelain
349:Cleopatra
321:In 1593,
147:New World
122:porcelain
36:Australia
25:continent
2027:Tasmania
1975:Hispanic
1838:Northern
1785:Germanic
1763:Atlantic
1705:Southern
1666:Northern
1632:Caucasus
1568:Dead Sea
1539:Caucasus
1507:Southern
1500:Maritime
1495:Mainland
1468:Northern
1449:Far East
1408:Aral Sea
1331:Southern
1275:Northern
944:Panama).
852:Archived
815:Bulletin
571:See also
549:landmass
506:La Plata
464:La Plata
458:and the
419:Set of
386:shows a
103:Americas
2228:Oceania
2216:by area
2172:America
2149:Islands
1999:Oceania
1868:Midwest
1823:Central
1790:Romance
1758:Western
1627:Balkans
1622:Eastern
1617:Central
1585:Mashriq
1529:Western
1473:Siberia
1425:Eastern
1403:Central
1336:Western
1309:Central
1285:Mashriq
1280:Maghreb
1270:Saharan
1216:America
1209:Eurasia
1081:regions
937:26 June
858:July 2,
775:3257853
557:America
512:Decline
474:in the
384:America
371:Ripa's
276:America
206:cratons
184:Thanaus
171:our sea
93:or the
86:, etc.
82:, four
78:, four
74:, four
72:seasons
52:America
2515:Global
2505:Arctic
2444:Rivers
2422:Other
2356:Oceans
2211:Europe
2167:Africa
1960:French
1833:Middle
1795:Slavic
1780:Celtic
1681:Nordic
1671:Baltic
1609:Europe
1563:Levant
1257:Africa
1093:Worlds
967:
928:
773:
765:
727:
677:levant
502:Ganges
494:Danube
460:Ganges
452:Danube
396:Amazon
377:censer
345:Africa
334:Europa
315:(1603)
304:Europa
262:Africa
226:Orient
159:Orient
118:façade
111:Europe
99:Africa
60:Europe
58:, and
48:Africa
2492:Polar
2437:lists
2432:Lakes
2251:ocean
1970:Ibero
1965:Latin
1955:Anglo
1077:Earth
822:(PDF)
808:(PDF)
771:JSTOR
638:(PDF)
603:Notes
543:Today
2449:Seas
2206:Asia
1478:Ural
1390:Asia
1319:Horn
1314:East
1083:and
965:ISBN
939:2012
926:ISBN
860:2019
763:ISSN
725:ISSN
650:2016
563:and
498:Nile
456:Nile
373:Asia
353:asps
290:Asia
222:Asia
107:Asia
89:The
56:Asia
2459:Rim
2249:By
2157:By
1013:100
879:100
755:doi
685:'s
492:, (
484:by
392:bow
351:'s
228:".
2606::
941:.
920:.
895:.
877:.
850:.
846:.
810:.
795:^
769:.
761:.
751:19
749:.
737:^
721:11
719:.
715:.
703:^
696:27
658:^
640:.
567:.
559:,
555:,
508:)
504:,
500:,
496:,
488:.
54:,
50:,
46::
1069:e
1062:t
1055:v
905:.
862:.
831:.
777:.
757::
731:.
652:.
187:.
167:"
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
