457:, the US government conducted registration of tribal members in order to make individual allotments of land to heads of families. They believed that encouraging subsistence agriculture was the way to bring the tribal members into European-American practices. It also enabled them to break up the communal culture and make land available for sale to whites. At the same time, they forced tribal governments to dismantle before Oklahoma was admitted as a state. The Peoria lost much of their land in these transactions and suffered with the pressure to give up their culture. For decades, the
34:
446:, the US broke up communal lands in Indian Territory to speed assimilation and make more land available for sale to non-Indians. Allotments were made to enrolled heads of households over the next few years, to extinguish Indian claims and enable the territories to be admitted as a state. In 1907, after admission of Oklahoma, any "surplus" land as determined by the US in former Confederated Peoria territory was transferred to Ottawa County, which could sell it.
261:
985:
219:). Originally it meant, "Comes carrying a pack on his back." No native speakers of the Peoria language survive. The Peoria Language was revitalized in August 2022 by a 10-week online course offered by the tribe. Along with the Miami language, a smaller number of historic members of the Peoria tribe of Oklahoma once spoke related Algonquian languages of Cahokia, Moingwea, and Tamaroa.
464:
The federal government changed its approach during the
President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, after realizing the adverse effects of those actions. In 1934 it passed a law encouraging federally recognized tribes (generally those who had been on reservations) to reorganize their governments,
415:
also joined, having merged with the Wea and
Piankashaw in the later part of the 18th century. In 1851, an Indian agent reported that the Peoria and the Kaskaskia, along with their allies, had intermarried among themselves and among white people to such an extent that they had practically lost their
476:
to end its special relationship with tribes that it believed were ready to be independent. It terminated the Peoria tribal government, which lost federal recognition in 1959. Tribal members objected and began the process to regain federal recognition, because it provided important education and
247:
and operate their own housing authority. The tribe owns one casino and the Peoria Ridge Golf Course. The estimated annual economic impact of the tribe in the area is $ 60 million. Tribal businesses, the Peoria Gaming Center, Buffalo Run Casino and Hotel, and Joe's
Outback are all located in
359:
In 1818, after the United States (US) had taken over former
British territory east of the Mississippi following their gaining independence, they pressed the Peoria to sign the Treaty of Edwardsville, which provided for the cession of Peoria lands in Illinois to the US. The US pressed for
687:
Upon being removed from their ancestral lands in the late 1 the
Kaskaskia, Peoria and Wea tribes all found a new home in Ste Genevieve before being removed to Miami County, Kansas in the early 1800s
235:, in the northeast corner of the state. Of the 3,713 enrolled tribal members, some 777 live within the state of Oklahoma. Craig Harper is the tribe's elected Chief, and is serving a four-year term.
595:
In 1873, only 55 members of the
Confederated Peoria chose to become citizens of Kansas (and the US) in order to remain on their own land in that state. They identified with their tribal culture.
364:
from areas desired by
European-American settlers, who kept pushing west, and President Andrew Jackson signed the act of that name in 1830. By the 1832 Treaty of Lewisville, the Peoria ceded
973:
1379:
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891:
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After 1763 France ceded its
Illinois Country and other territories east of the Mississippi River to the British, who had defeated them in the
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1384:
959:
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occurred in their historic territory but is named for the town, as the tribe had migrated to
Missouri before this conflict occurred.
427:, most of the confederated tribe signed the 1867 Omnibus Treaty. By this means, the US federally government purchased land from the
420:. The treaty also provided for opening the Peoria-Kaskaskia and the Wea-Piankashaw reserves in Kansas to settlement by non-Indians.
469:
was passed in 1939. Under that, the
Confederated Peoria reorganized and re-established its historical form of council government.
623:
439:. Congress enacted a law to unite the Miami tribe, then also in Kansas, and assign them to lands with the Confederated Peoria.
356:
were founded in that era by French colonists from east of the river who did not want to live under British Protestant rule.
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tribes formed a confederacy under the Peoria name. The confederation included the last members and descendants of the
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tribe and relocated the majority of the Confederated Peoria tribe onto a 72,000 acres (290 km) reservation in
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encouraging a constitutional, representative model similar to that of the US and states. Similarly, the
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welfare benefits. They achieved federal recognition in 1978. The Miami tribe was never 'terminated'.
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identities. An 1854 treaty recognized this as a factual union and classified these groups as the
344:. Like many of the French colonists in villages in this area, the Peoria migrated southwest into
275:-speaking people. Their ancestors traditionally lived in what are now the state jurisdictions of
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and intertribal wars in new areas of resource competition. In 1849, remnant members of the
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Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1667–1700
915:
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172:, the Peoria were moved west across the Mississippi. In 1867 their descendants moved to
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165:. In the colonial period, they traded with French colonists in that territory.
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appointed tribal chiefs, who previously had been selected by hereditary roles.
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260:
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1173:
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800:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.
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311:
59:
932:"Peoria. One of the five principal tribes of the Illinois Confederacy"
168:
After 1763, when the British took over those lands following victory in the
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930:
318:
96:
329:, superior of the Illinois mission, compiled the most extensive bilingual
762:
373:
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517:
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162:
119:
854:
Simpson, Linda. "The Tribes of the Illinois Confederacy." May 6, 2006.
726:
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During the 1950s, the US government changed policies again, promoting
176:
with remnants of related tribes and were assigned land in present-day
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and corresponding French terms, nearly 600 pages and 20,000 entries.
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tribes, who had assimilated with the Peoria many year before. The
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208:
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are named after the tribe that traditionally lived in that area.
496:, are also enrolled in the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.
1323:
1153:
714:
537:
and some U.S. Navy ships were named after the town in Illinois.
428:
369:
315:
291:. The Peoria are related to, and partially descended from, the
181:
892:
Tribes of the Illinois/Missouri Region at First Contact (1673)
1103:
1028:
885:
227:
The Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma is headquartered in
280:
716:. ‘’Peoria Language Course.’’ 2023 (retrieved 2 Jan 2023)
489:
392:
123:
621:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
200:
in which these two dialects are mutually intelligible.
306:
tribes encountered by early French explorers, Father
211:, or name for themselves in the Illinois language,
1380:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1361:
671:"Culture - Peoria Tribe Of Indians of Oklahoma"
967:
559:(b. 1939), Shawnee/Peoria artist and educator
157:. The Peoria Tribe were located east of the
865:House, Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
743:Oklahoma Indian Casinos: Casinos by Tribes.
376:, which was then part of Indian Territory.
974:
960:
264:Peoria moccasins, ca. 1860, collection of
32:
231:. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in
153:The Peoria people are descendants of the
897:"The Tribes of The Illinois Confederacy"
836:
727:"Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma"
703:Access Genealogy: Indian Tribal Records.
541:
259:
814:Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French Dictionary
550:(1873–1941), founder and leader of the
379:The tribe suffered from introduced new
238:
1362:
758:
756:
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180:, which was primarily occupied by the
955:
819:International Journal of Lexicography
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
653:"Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma"
616:
614:
612:
565:(1925-2012), Peoria/Shawnee ballerina
207:, also Peouaroua, derives from their
909:The History of Chief Baptiste Peoria
821:, 17(3):325–327, accessed 1 Mar 2010
773:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.
187:
54:Regions with significant populations
886:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
817:, Saint Louis: Carl Masthay, 2002,
751:
657:Southern Plains Tribal Health Board
636:
631:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
530:, are named directly for the tribe.
144:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
27:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
13:
1400:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1395:Native American tribes in Missouri
1385:Native American tribes in Illinois
1289:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
868:United States Code 2006, Volume 15
778:
609:
192:The Peoria speak a dialect of the
14:
1426:
879:
139:people. They are enrolled in the
1390:Native American tribes in Kansas
983:
831:Illinois Indian History Timeline
633:2011: 26. Retrieved 24 Jan 2012.
302:The Peoria were one of the many
859:
824:
805:
589:
938:New International Encyclopedia
736:
719:
708:
692:
663:
492:, who were all members of the
368:lands in exchange for land in
1:
731:Intertribal Wordpath Society.
602:
222:
699:Peoria Indian Tribal History
499:
321:converted tribal members to
7:
905:, Google Cultural Institute
856:Accessed November 27, 2016.
802:2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
775:2007 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
748:2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
733:2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
705:2009 (retrieved 8 Feb 2009)
569:
552:Society of American Indians
467:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
243:The Peoria issue their own
10:
1431:
812:"Review" of Carl Masthay,
295:, not to be confused with
255:
1207:
1000:
903:Peoria Historical Society
535:other places named Peoria
114:
109:
95:
90:
79:
74:
58:
53:
48:
43:
31:
18:Native American ethnicity
582:
459:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1405:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
1254:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
833:, Illinois State Museum
437:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
266:Oklahoma History Center
194:Miami–Illinois language
178:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
1415:Illinois Confederation
990:Native American tribes
916:"Peoria Indians"
795:Vaugh-Roberson, Glen.
725:Anderton, Alice, PhD.
548:Charles Edwin Dagenett
509:, and the surrounding
435:, part of present-day
268:
252:, their tribal lands.
215:(modern pronunciation
155:Illinois Confederation
922:Catholic Encyclopedia
542:Notable Peoria people
263:
110:Related ethnic groups
1370:Algonquian ethnonyms
1284:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1039:Cheyenne and Arapaho
494:Illinois Confederacy
239:Economic development
141:federally recognized
105:Indigenous religions
948:, restricted access
557:Ruthe Blalock Jones
480:Descendants of the
442:In 1893, under the
418:Confederated Peoria
381:infectious diseases
245:tribal vehicle tags
198:Algonquian language
28:
1375:Algonquian peoples
1054:Citizen Potawatomi
888:, official website
768:2009-03-07 at the
626:2012-04-24 at the
474:Indian termination
455:Curtis Act of 1898
346:Missouri Territory
269:
38:Peoria tribal flag
26:
1357:
1356:
1279:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1019:Alabama-Quassarte
659:. April 10, 2017.
323:Roman Catholicism
308:Jacques Marquette
188:Language and name
161:and north of the
159:Mississippi River
146:headquartered in
129:
128:
101:Roman Catholicism
1422:
1209:Tribal languages
1189:United Keetoowah
1119:Muscogee (Creek)
1079:Fort Sill Apache
1014:Absentee Shawnee
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677:on July 25, 2021
673:. Archived from
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649:
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596:
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563:Moscelyne Larkin
528:Peoria, Oklahoma
507:Peoria, Illinois
433:Indian Territory
348:. For instance,
342:Seven Years' War
174:Indian Territory
170:Seven Years' War
44:Total population
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327:Jacques Gravier
271:The Peoria are
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137:Native American
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1069:Delaware Tribe
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524:Paola, Kansas
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1410:Peoria tribe
1179:Thlopthlocco
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746:500 Nations.
745:
738:
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679:. Retrieved
675:the original
665:
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591:
505:The city of
479:
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319:missionaries
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196:, a Central
191:
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132:
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97:Christianity
23:Ethnic group
20:
15:
1159:Sac and Fox
681:January 16,
374:Osage River
213:peewaareewa
83:, formerly
66:, formerly
1364:Categories
1319:Potawatomi
1004:recognized
899:, Rootsweb
603:References
518:Peoria War
482:Piankeshaw
449:Under the
423:After the
405:Michigamea
389:Piankeshaw
387:, Peoria,
331:dictionary
325:. Father
273:Algonquian
223:Government
163:Ohio River
120:Piankeshaw
1249:Chickasaw
1199:Wyandotte
1044:Chickasaw
1002:Federally
500:Namesakes
486:Kaskaskia
451:Dawes Act
444:Dawes Act
425:Civil War
413:Pepikokia
401:Moingwena
385:Kaskaskia
372:near the
354:St. Louis
314:. French
217:peewaalia
203:The name
116:Kaskaskia
75:Languages
1294:Muscogee
1269:Delaware
1264:Comanche
1244:Cheyenne
1239:Cherokee
1164:Seminole
1099:Kickapoo
1094:Kialegee
1059:Comanche
1034:Cherokee
994:Oklahoma
766:Archived
763:History.
624:Archived
576:Sagamite
570:See also
366:Missouri
335:Illinois
304:Illinois
289:Missouri
285:Michigan
277:Illinois
91:Religion
68:Illinois
64:Oklahoma
1344:Wyandot
1339:Wichita
1334:Shawnee
1274:Koasati
1259:Choctaw
1224:Arapaho
1219:Alabama
1194:Wichita
1184:Tonkawa
1174:Shawnee
1049:Choctaw
941:. 1905.
925:. 1913.
797:Peoria.
409:Tamaroa
397:Cahokia
256:History
209:autonym
81:English
1329:Seneca
1324:Quapaw
1309:Pawnee
1304:Ottawa
1234:Cayuga
1154:Quapaw
1144:Peoria
1139:Pawnee
1134:Ottawa
1024:Apache
1006:tribes
526:, and
488:, and
429:Quapaw
391:, and
370:Kansas
316:Jesuit
287:, and
205:Peoria
182:Quapaw
135:are a
133:Peoria
122:, and
1349:Yuchi
1314:Ponca
1299:Osage
1229:Caddo
1149:Ponca
1124:Osage
1114:Modoc
1109:Miami
1104:Kiowa
1029:Caddo
583:Notes
533:Many
49:3,713
1084:Iowa
683:2022
516:The
453:and
407:and
352:and
310:and
281:Ohio
131:The
1089:Kaw
992:in
490:Wea
393:Wea
124:Wea
1366::
935:.
919:.
838:^
780:^
753:^
729:,
701:.
685:.
655:.
638:^
611:^
484:,
403:,
399:,
299:.
283:,
279:,
184:.
150:.
118:,
103:),
975:e
968:t
961:v
870:.
99:(
70:)
62:(
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