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from the Omaha, Ponca, Osage, and Kaw, near the confluence of the
Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. No correlation with gun bearing Iroquois running the Quapaw into Arkansas along with the Omaha, Ponca, Osage and Kaw is described by historic or modern Quapaw sources, and appears to be an entirely modern conjecture by scholars which is unsupported by the Quapaw. Similar and supporting oral history is well documented and supported by other Dhegiha tribes.
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introduced numerous migration scenarios and time frames, but none has conclusive evidence. Glottochronological studies suggest the Quapaw separated from the other
Dhegihan-speaking peoples in a period ranging between AD 950 to as late as AD 1513. Linguistic studies also support an earlier separation date, prior to the introduction of the horse, and after the initial introduction of corn.
781:, it recorded the Quapaw as living in three villages on the south side of the Arkansas River about 12 miles (19 km) above Arkansas Post. In 1818. as part of a treaty negotiation, the U.S. government acknowledged the Quapaw as rightful owners of approximately 32 million acres (13 million ha), which included all of present-day Arkansas south and west of the
627:. The Quapaw were recorded as uniformly kind and friendly toward the French. While villages relocated in the area, four Quapaw villages were generally reported by Europeans along the Mississippi River in this early period. They corresponded in name and population to four sub-tribes still existing, listed as
1085:
operated on a chief system). The
Chairman is Wena Supernaw. The Fourth of July weekend is also when the tribe convenes the annual general council meeting, during which important decisions regarding the policies and resolutions of the Quapaw tribe are voted upon by tribal members over the age of eighteen.
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Their primary economic drivers have been their gaming casinos, established under federal and state law. The first two are both located in Quapaw: the Quapaw Casino and the
Downstream Casino Resort. These have generated most of the revenue for the tribe, which they have used to support welfare, health
528:
rivers, at least by the mid-17th century. The timing of the Quapaw migration into their ancestral territory in the historical period has been the subject of considerable debate by scholars of various fields. It is referred to as the "Quapaw
Paradox" by academics. Many professional archaeologists have
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located on Quapaw tribal lands, explored what at one time was considered to be the worst environmental disaster in the country. The film discusses the alleged racism of environmental and governmental practices that led to the neglect and lack of regulation that produced the hazards of this site. It
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The Quapaw host cultural events throughout the year, which are primarily held at the tribal museum. These include Indian dice games, traditional singing, and classes in traditional arts, such as finger weaving, shawl making, and flute making. In addition, Quapaw language classes are held there. The
512:
of the 17th century, in which the more powerful Five
Nations of the Iroquois (based south of the Great Lakes and to the east of this area), drove other tribes out of the Ohio Valley and retained the area for hunting grounds. The oral history of the Quapaw people describes that the Quapaw separated
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program hosted and organized the gathering, held at the Quapaw tribe's
Downstream Casino. Language-learning techniques and other issues were discussed and taught in workshops at the conference among the five cognate tribes. The 2012 Annual Dhegiha Gathering was also held at Downstream Casino. To
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The Quapaw people elect a tribal council and the tribal chairman, who serves a two-year term. The governing body of the tribe is outlined in the governing resolutions of the tribe, which were voted upon and approved in 1956 to create a written form of government. (Prior to 1956 the Quapaw Tribe
870:
missionaries (Congregation of the
Missions), who had arrived in 1818. He died about 1830 and is buried adjoining St. Joseph's Church, Pine Bluff. A a memorial window in the church preserves his name. Fr. John M. Odin was the pioneer Lazarist missionary among the Quapaw; he later served as the
801:
to beyond the
Arkansas and east of the Mississippi. The treaty required the Quapaws to cede almost 31 million acres (13 million ha) of this area to the U.S. government, giving the Quapaw title to 1.5 million acres (0.61 million ha) between the Arkansas and the
141:
752:, it ceded its North American territories to Britain. This nation exchanged some territory with Spain, which took over "control" of Arkansas and other former French territory west of the Mississippi River. The Spanish built new forts to protect its valued trading post with the Quapaw.
1126:
In the 20th century, the Quapaw leased some of their lands to
European Americans, who developed them for industrial purposes. Before passage of environmental laws, toxic waste was deposited that has created long-term hazards. For instance, the
937:
noted the people had suffered from high fatalities due to epidemics, wars, removals, and social disruption. It documented their numbers as 3200 in 1687, 1600 in 1750, 476 in 1843, and 307 in 1910, including people of
810:. In exchange for the territory, the U.S. pledged $ 4,000 ($ 80,000 in today's dollars) and an annual payment of $ 1,000 ($ 20,000 in today's dollars). A transcription error in Congress later removed most of
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revive the language, the tribe is conducting classes in Quapaw at the tribal museum. An online audio lexicon of the Quapaw language was created by editing old recordings of Elders speaking the language.
1189:, a branch of Siouan including the "dialects" of the Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Kansa, and Quapaw, has received more extended study. Rev. J.O. Dorsey published material about it under the auspices of the
856:, but were refused permission by the United States. Successive floods in the Caddo country near the Red River pushed many of the tribe toward starvation, and they wandered back to their old homes.
1185:, Frank T. Siebert in 1940, and linguist Robert Rankin in the 1970s. In the 21st century, there are few remaining native speakers. In the early 20th century, an account noted that the
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The tribe owns two smoke shops and motor fuel outlets, known as the Quapaw C-Store and Downstream Q-Store. They also own and operate the Eagle Creek Golf Course and resort, located in
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The Quapaw are descended from a historical group of Dhegiha speaking people who lived in the lower Ohio River valley area. The modern descendants of this language group include the
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Other efforts at language preservation and revitalization are being undertaken. In 2011 the Quapaw participated in the first annual Dhegiha Gathering. The
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2009:
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1630:
441:. English-speaking settlers who arrived later in the region adopted the name used by the French, adapting it to English spelling conventions.
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comprising about 5,600 citizens. Also known as the OgĂĄxpa or âDownstreamâ people, their ancestral homelands are traced from what is now the
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1123:. It was the first purpose-built casino in the state. Constructed at a cost of $ 350 million, it will employ over 1,100 full-time staff.
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and education of their members. In 2012 the Quapaw Tribe's annual economic impact in the region was measured at more than $ 225,000,000.
1037:â hence called by the Illinois the "river of the Akansea" â to its junction with the Mississippi, whence the Quapaw, then including the
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had an amicable relationship with the Quapaw, as they did with many other trading tribes. Many Quapaw women and French men cohabitated.
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1029:. According to concurrent tradition of the cognate tribes, the Quapaw and their kinsmen originally lived far east, possibly beyond the
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609:
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1406:
1349:
1745:
Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize
589:
was used in Pacaha and there is evidence for a later Quapaw migration to Arkansas. It is likely that de Soto and his expedition met
1984:
1459:
1934:
878:, the Quapaw were removed from the Mississippi valley areas to their present location in the northeast corner of Oklahoma, then
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Of the 3,240 enrolled tribal members, 892 live in the state of Oklahoma. Membership in the tribe is based on lineal descent.
981:) side of the Mississippi, and claiming the whole of the Arkansas River region up to the border of the territory held by the
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The French relocated the Arkansas Post upriver, trying to avoid flooding. After France was defeated by the British in the
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1965:
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Under continued U.S. pressure, in 1824 they ceded this also, excepting 80 acres (320,000 m) occupied by the chief
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who accompanied the LaSalle expedition, planted a cross and attempted to convert the Native Americans to Christianity.
608:, who gave him warm welcome and listened with attention to his sermons, while he stayed with them a few days. In 1682,
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The first certain encounters with Quapaw by Europeans occurred more than 130 years later. In 1673, the Jesuit Father
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for them. After the tribe migrated down the Mississippi River into present-day Arkansas, they were called Quapaw (
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1840:
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1801:
46:
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killed the greater part of the women and children of two villages. In 1727, the Jesuits, from their house in
952:
949:, written early in the 20th century. It describes the Quapaw from the non-native perspective of that time.
1793:
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linguistic stock, speaking the same language, spoken also with dialectic variants, by the Osage and Kansa (
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Scholars are divided as to whether they think the Quapaw and other related groups left before or after the
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remains and local conditions bear out the description. If the migration from the Ohio Valley preceded the
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2347:
2006:
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75:
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2251:, official tribal sanctioned site with language information, words, audio clips, and source information
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1627:
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1078:
905:, by Fathers John Shoenmakers and John Bax. They extended their services to the Quapaw for some years.
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tribe's annual dance is during the Fourth of July weekend. This dance was organized shortly after the
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2362:
2239:
1879:
570:
2622:
2487:
2477:
2442:
1831:
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1128:
57:
726:, again took up the missionary work. In 1729, the Quapaw allied with French colonists against the
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passed by their villages, then five in number, including one on the east bank of the Mississippi.
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The tribe operates a Tribal Police Department and a Fire Department, which handles both fire and
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815:
585:, these people may have been the proto-Quapaw. But the expedition's chronicler recorded that the
42:
35:
1266:, about the development of the Downstream Casino Resort, which is operated by The Quapaw Nation.
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2387:
2248:
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1682:
Dhegihan and Chiwere Siouans in the Plains: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives Part Two
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841:
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377:
223:
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1174:. Quapaw was well documented in fieldnotes and publications from many individuals, including
1116:
889:, under Father Charles Van Quickenborne, took up work among the native and migrant tribes of
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encountered and interacted with the Illinois before they did the Quapaw, they adopted this
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369:
1728:"Dhegihan and Chiwere Siouans in the Plains: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives".
1403:
8:
2627:
1826:
1652:
Nuttall's Journal of Travels Into the Arkansa Territory October 2, 1818-February 18, 1820
1510:
1093:
1030:
749:
493:, all independent nations. The Quapaw and the other Dhegiha speaking tribes are believed
2233:
1981:
2577:
2557:
2467:
1589:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
1215:
1018:
939:
807:
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347:
235:
1929:
708:. This began European occupation of the Quapaw country. Tonti arranged for a resident
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in traveling down the Mississippi by canoe. He reportedly went to the villages of the
2602:
2587:
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2547:
1916:
1807:
1797:
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1542:
1431:
1182:
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498:
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327:
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La Salle negotiated a peace with the tribe and formally "claimed" the territory for
82:
2652:
2647:
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2582:
2567:
2562:
2532:
2527:
2507:
2352:
2257:, official tribal sanctioned site with genealogy information, pictures, and stories
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2013:
1988:
1969:
1938:
1634:
1410:
1363:
1335:
1163:
1157:
741:
613:
586:
301:
219:
203:
1950:
1904:
965:
A tribe now nearly extinct, but formerly one of the most important of the lower
704:
built a post near the mouth of the Arkansas River, which was later known as the
2657:
2612:
2607:
2537:
2502:
1201:
1054:
970:
926:
922:
918:
898:
875:
863:
782:
727:
701:
521:
391:
343:
2189:
1874:
1562:
826:
678:
659:. The French transliterations were: Kappa, Ossoteoue, Touriman, and Tonginga.
2672:
2482:
2452:
2447:
2332:
2047:
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is credited with causing the lead poisoning of a high percentage of children.
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1962:
1811:
1238:, and other dances such as Quapaw Dance, and dances from other area tribes.
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1235:
1175:
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1038:
982:
902:
486:
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243:
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215:
1638:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1482:"Quapaw Nation's reservation affirmed as Indian Country under federal law"
437:
for the more westerly people. In their language, they referred to them as
1371:
1227:
1223:
1042:
990:
978:
862:(alternate spelling Saracen), their last chief before the removal, was a
790:
723:
578:
541:
509:
1218:, 2011 was the 139th anniversary of this dance. Common features of this
821:
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2254:
1884:
1381:
1310:
1034:
933:. Historians estimated their number at European encounter as 5000. The
712:
617:
517:
502:
490:
323:
251:
1941:, Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission, 2011: 30. Retrieved 28 Jan 2012.
1614:
The Osage: An Enthnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains
777:
Shortly after the United States acquired the territory in 1803 by the
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331:
1972:, Downstream Casino Resort website, 2013 (retrieved 8 February 2013)
24:
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tribes, they were known as 'Akansea', whence their French names of
1002:
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to be assigned there, but apparently without result. About 1697, a
574:
545:
339:
335:
186:
929:, were served from the Mission of "Saint Mary of the Quapaws", at
2492:
1219:
730:, resulting in the practical extermination of the Natchez tribe.
140:
1230:, and 49s. Other activities take place such as Indian football,
769:, was founded by Joseph Bonne, a man of Quapaw-French ancestry.
409:-speaking peoples to the northeast referred to the tribe as the
1917:"Business Committee | Quapaw Tribe, OK - Official Website"
894:
693:
624:
557:
516:
The Quapaw reached their historical territory, the area of the
434:
2227:
1009:, which signifies "down-stream people", as distinguished from
425:, meaning "land of the downriver people". As French explorers
2412:
2337:
1563:"Origin of Tribal Name | Quapaw Tribe, OK - Official Website"
1307:, mixed-blood war chief and recipient of a presidential medal
1050:
1046:
998:
849:
689:
482:
284:
278:
247:
1262:
In 2018, Infinite Productions produced a documentary titled
755:
During the early years of colonial rule, many of the ethnic
2130:, Quapaw Tribal website, 2011 (retrieved 10 September 2011)
2007:"Casino Pumps 1 Billion: Downstream Casino Economic Impact"
1077:
of the Quapaw Nation, which has a 13,000-acre (53 km)
569:
and a lake on the Arkansas side, apparently in present-day
1616:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 96â100.
969:
region, occupying several villages about the mouth of the
1953:, Quapaw tribal website, 2013 (retrieved 8 February 2013)
1715:
The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540â1760
1697:
Walks On the Ground: A Tribal History of the Ponca Nation
913:
The Quapaw, together with associated remnant tribes, the
222:), traditional tribal religion, Big Moon and Little Moon
977:) side, with one or two at various periods on the east (
945:
The following passages are taken from the public domain
874:
In 1834, under another treaty and the federal policy of
2153:, Quapaw Tribe Website, 2008 (retrieved 12 August 2010)
2096:
2011, Osage Tribe website (retrieved 10 September 2011)
1931:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory
1684:. Plains Anthropologist Vol. 49, Number 192 Memoir 192.
2118:
2013, Quapaw Tribe website (retrieved 8 February 2013)
372:-speaking people originally referred to the Quapaw as
1860:
1787:
386:
learned this term from Algonquians and adapted it as
293:
275:
272:
2180:, Tribal website. 2011 (retrieved 10 September 2011)
1541:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 47.
1325:
1045:, descended to the mouth of the Arkansas, while the
985:
in the north-western part of the state. They are of
419:
411:
281:
269:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1289:1873â1958), chief, interpreter, and peyote roadman
1033:, and, pushing gradually westward, descended the
956:Peter Clabber, Principal Chief of Quapaws, 1905.
2694:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
2670:
1301:, language teacher, regalia maker/textile artist
1135:as requiring clean-up of environmental hazards.
1538:Native American Placenames of the United States
1178:in 1827, Lewis F. Hadley in 1882, 19th-century
555:led an expedition that came across the town of
1234:, traditional footraces, traditional dinners,
573:. His party described the village as strongly
2276:
2020:, 19 January 2013 (retrieved 8 February 2013)
2206:"Who Was Chief Saracen of the Quapaw Tribe?"
2031:"Quapaw Nation Cuts Ribbon on Casino Resort"
1587:Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009).
1279:, (1931â2007) composer, artist, and educator
653:
645:
637:
629:
380:word for âPeople of the South Windâ. French
305:
662:
472:
444:Other spellings in historical use included
2283:
2269:
2232:
139:
2002:
2000:
1350:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
402:), which means the âDownstreamâ people."
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2684:American Indian reservations in Oklahoma
2203:
1712:
1480:Spears, Nancy Marie (October 21, 2021).
951:
848:. They expected to incorporate with the
820:
732:
672:
531:
1694:
1679:
1649:
1611:
1115:In 2020 they completed a third casino,
897:and Oklahoma). In 1846, the Mission of
738:Louisiana Indians Walking Along a Bayou
2671:
1997:
1872:
1772:
1534:
1479:
1208:
1096:and have their own housing authority.
2264:
2162:
1905:"Quapaw Tribe Governing Resolutions."
1757:
1708:
1706:
1664:
1586:
1241:
1013:or Omaha, "up-stream people". To the
1580:
1505:
1503:
901:was established among the Osage, on
871:Catholic Archbishop of New Orleans.
161:Regions with significant populations
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1923:
1824:
1620:
686:MusĂ©e du Quai BranlyâJacques Chirac
551:In 1541, when the Spanish explorer
13:
2704:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
2699:Native American tribes in Arkansas
2598:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
2204:Matheson, Luke (August 13, 2019).
1837:Butler Center for Arkansas Studies
1742:
1717:. University Press of Mississippi.
1703:
577:and nearly surrounded by a ditch.
14:
2715:
2219:
1500:
1317:1840â1918), chief, peyote roadman
1270:
600:accompanied the French commander
2292:
1825:Key, Joseph (January 18, 2023).
1775:Histoire de l'Amérique française
1430:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
1356:
1342:
1328:
265:
179:
167:
23:
2197:
2183:
2171:
2156:
2144:
2133:
2121:
2099:
2076:
2064:
2059:Quapaw Historical Written Works
2052:
2041:
2023:
1994:2008 (retrieved 12 August 2010)
1975:
1956:
1944:
1909:
1898:
1866:
1854:
1841:Central Arkansas Library System
1818:
1781:
1766:
1760:O-ga-xpa Ma-zhoâż Quapaw Country
1751:
1736:
1721:
1699:. University of Nebraska Press.
1688:
1673:
1667:O-ga-xpa Ma-zhoâż Quapaw Country
1658:
1643:
1460:U.S. Department of the Interior
1138:
1133:Environmental Protection Agency
908:
825:Quapaw men's beaded moccasins,
772:
561:(also recorded by Garcilaso as
320:U.S. federally recognized tribe
34:needs additional citations for
1605:
1555:
1528:
1473:
1444:
1419:
1397:
700:In 1686, the French commander
1:
2116:2nd Dhegiha Gathering Notice.
1591:. McFarland. pp. 10â11.
1391:
1314:
1286:
1143:
1061:
677:Robe of the Buffalo Dancers,
1794:University of Arkansas Press
1295:, tribal governmental figure
1191:Bureau of American Ethnology
1092:calls. They issue their own
364:
7:
2240:Quapaw Indian Tribe History
1321:
1151:
334:, south across present-day
10:
2720:
2111:December 22, 2015, at the
2094:Dhegiha Gathering Article.
1511:"Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
1155:
1099:
1079:tribal jurisdictional area
993:) in the south and by the
666:
467:
2516:
2309:
1992:Downstream Casino Resort.
1880:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1713:Ethridge, Robbie (2008).
1612:Rollins, Willard (1995).
1070:, Oklahoma serves as the
1005:. Their name properly is
785:, as well as portions of
338:and eastern and southern
234:
229:
214:
209:
198:
193:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:Flag of the Quapaw Nation
138:
132:
131:
2192:The Pride of the Ogahpah
2106:"2nd Dhegiha Gathering."
2088:19 November 2011 at the
2061:, Quapaw Tribal Ancestry
1832:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
1650:Nuttall, Thomas (1905).
1640:, retrieved 2 March 2009
1535:Bright, William (2007).
1515:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
1409:10 December 2007 at the
1264:The Pride of the Ogahpah
1256:Tar Creek Superfund Site
1129:Tar Creek Superfund site
885:In 1824, the Jesuits of
663:Colonial era (1682â1803)
497:west and south from the
473:Beginnings (before 1682)
2563:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
2167:. Indian Tribal Series.
1968:28 January 2013 at the
1790:The Jungles of Arkansas
1788:Lancaster, Bob (1989).
1773:Havard, Gilles (2003).
1758:Bandy, Everett (2022).
1695:Headman, Louis (2020).
1665:Bandy, Everett (2022).
1428:The Chambers Dictionary
1195:Smithsonian Institution
1131:has been listed by the
973:, chiefly on the west (
834:Oklahoma History Center
818:from the Quapaw claim.
816:Saline County, Arkansas
654:
646:
638:
630:
420:
412:
405:The Illinois and other
390:. The French named the
306:
2689:Dhegiha Siouan peoples
2299:Native American tribes
2255:Quapaw Tribal Ancestry
2012:March 4, 2016, at the
1987:27 August 2010 at the
1873:Mooney, James (1911).
1680:Henning, Dale (2004).
1633:2 January 2011 at the
1416:Retrieved 28 Jan 2012.
1172:Siouan language family
1059:
961:
837:
812:Grant County, Arkansas
745:
697:
548:
224:Native American Church
2210:Pine Bluff Commercial
2163:Baird, David (1975).
1730:Plains Anthropologist
1293:Barbara Kyser-Collier
1247:The 2009 documentary
1117:Saracen Casino Resort
963:
955:
947:Catholic Encyclopedia
935:Catholic Encyclopedia
824:
736:
676:
535:
344:forcibly removed them
230:Related ethnic groups
16:Native American tribe
2593:Mescalero-Chiricahua
2348:Cheyenne and Arapaho
1951:"Quapaw Businesses."
1377:Quapaw Indian Agency
1121:Pine Bluff, Arkansas
1106:Loma Linda, Missouri
767:Pine Bluff, Arkansas
43:improve this article
2083:"Dhegiha Gathering"
2072:Siouan Bibliography
2048:"Quapaw Enrollment"
2037:. October 20, 2020.
1937:12 May 2012 at the
1777:. Paris: Flamarion.
1567:www.quapawtribe.com
1209:Culture and society
1094:tribal vehicle tags
540:expedition through
128:
2363:Citizen Potawatomi
1861:"Lancaster" (1989)
1488:. Norman, Oklahoma
1242:In popular culture
1216:American Civil War
1193:, now part of the
962:
866:and friend of the
838:
808:Southeast Arkansas
779:Louisiana Purchase
746:
698:
549:
348:Arkansas Territory
126:
2666:
2665:
2588:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2328:Alabama-Quassarte
2165:The Quapaw People
2128:"Quapaw language"
2018:Neosho Daily News
1743:Taylor, Francis.
1598:978-0-7864-5169-2
1183:James Owen Dorsey
958:National Archives
598:Jacques Marquette
567:Mississippi River
499:Ohio River valley
427:Jacques Marquette
342:. The government
328:Mississippi River
314:, officially the
257:
256:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2711:
2518:Tribal languages
2498:United Keetoowah
2428:Muscogee (Creek)
2388:Fort Sill Apache
2323:Absentee Shawnee
2297:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
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2244:Access Genealogy
2236:
2231:
2230:
2228:Official website
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1948:
1942:
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1875:"Quapaw Indians"
1870:
1864:
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1822:
1816:
1815:
1792:. Fayetteville:
1785:
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1763:
1762:. Quapaw Nation.
1755:
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1669:. Quapaw Nation.
1662:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1626:Louis F. Burns,
1624:
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1316:
1288:
1187:Dhegiha language
1162:The traditional
931:Quapaw, Oklahoma
891:Indian Territory
880:Indian Territory
831:
759:fur traders and
750:Seven Years' War
683:
657:
649:
641:
633:
618:Recollect father
553:Hernando de Soto
495:to have migrated
423:
415:
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280:
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236:Dhegihan peoples
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151:Total population
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51:
27:
19:
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2520:
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2383:Eastern Shawnee
2373:Delaware Nation
2314:
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2249:Quapaw Language
2226:
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2198:
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2176:
2172:
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2157:
2149:
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2140:Quapaw Language
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2113:Wayback Machine
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2100:
2090:Wayback Machine
2081:
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2065:
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2046:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:Wayback Machine
2005:
1998:
1989:Wayback Machine
1980:
1976:
1970:Wayback Machine
1961:
1957:
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1939:Wayback Machine
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1678:
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1663:
1659:
1648:
1644:
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1625:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1581:
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1569:
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1560:
1556:
1549:
1548:978-0-806135984
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1529:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1452:"Quapaw Nation"
1450:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:Wayback Machine
1402:
1398:
1394:
1364:Oklahoma portal
1362:
1357:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:Arkansas portal
1334:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1273:
1244:
1211:
1166:is part of the
1164:Quapaw language
1160:
1158:Quapaw language
1154:
1146:
1141:
1102:
1064:
911:
829:
775:
742:Alfred Boisseau
681:
671:
665:
614:Zenobius Membré
587:Tunica language
571:Phillips County
565:), between the
475:
470:
367:
330:to present-day
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2570:
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2524:
2522:
2521:(still spoken)
2514:
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2500:
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2485:
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2460:
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2445:
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2438:Otoe-Missouria
2435:
2430:
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Delaware Tribe
2375:
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2220:External links
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1996:
1974:
1955:
1943:
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1796:. p. 40.
1780:
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1654:. A. H. Clark.
1642:
1619:
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1499:
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1456:Indian Affairs
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1290:
1283:Victor Griffin
1280:
1272:
1271:Notable Quapaw
1269:
1268:
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1243:
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1207:
1202:Osage language
1170:branch of the
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1101:
1098:
1063:
1060:
1053:, went up the
910:
907:
876:Indian Removal
864:Roman Catholic
783:Arkansas River
774:
771:
702:Henri de Tonti
667:Main article:
664:
661:
579:Archaeological
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2019:
2015:
2011:
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2003:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:"Directions."
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1863:, p. 41.
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1492:September 30,
1487:
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1465:September 30,
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1439:
1437:0-550-10105-5
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1277:Louis Ballard
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1265:
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893:(present-day
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669:Arkansas Post
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602:Louis Jolliet
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350:in 1834. The
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316:Quapaw Nation
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60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2632:
2488:Thlopthlocco
2462:
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2054:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2017:
1991:
1977:
1958:
1946:
1930:
1925:
1911:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1878:
1868:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1732:: 394. 2004.
1729:
1723:
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1681:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1588:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1537:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:Gaylord News
1485:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1399:
1383:
1299:Ardina Moore
1263:
1248:
1236:turkey dance
1212:
1199:
1176:George Izard
1161:
1147:
1139:Demographics
1125:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1066:The Town of
1065:
1026:
1022:
1010:
1006:
964:
946:
944:
934:
912:
909:20th century
903:Neosho River
884:
873:
859:
858:
839:
814:and part of
776:
773:19th century
760:
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410:
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399:
396:trading post
387:
381:
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368:
361:, Oklahoma.
315:
311:
260:
258:
216:Christianity
123:Ethnic group
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2468:Sac and Fox
1846:February 1,
1414:Ethnologue.
1372:Mitchigamea
1228:stomp dance
1224:gourd dance
1049:, with the
1031:Alleghenies
979:Mississippi
967:Mississippi
899:St. Francis
830: 1900
791:Mississippi
724:New Orleans
682: 1750
655:Tañwañzhita
542:Mississippi
536:Map of the
526:Mississippi
510:Beaver Wars
501:after 1200
220:Catholicism
2673:Categories
2628:Potawatomi
2313:recognized
2178:"Powwows."
2151:"Calendar"
1885:New Advent
1803:1557281084
1426:"Quapaw".
1392:References
1311:Tall Chief
1254:about the
1144:Population
1062:Government
1035:Ohio River
1019:Algonquian
1017:and other
940:mixed-race
846:Pine Bluff
713:missionary
518:confluence
407:Algonquian
370:Algonquian
324:Ohio River
69:newspapers
2558:Chickasaw
2508:Wyandotte
2353:Chickasaw
2311:Federally
2190:Youtube:
2070:Pilling,
1572:April 15,
1520:April 15,
1404:"Quapaw."
1250:Tar Creek
854:Louisiana
799:Red River
797:from the
787:Louisiana
762:voyageurs
647:Tiwadimañ
631:Ugahpahti
575:palisaded
383:voyageurs
365:Etymology
332:St. Louis
194:Languages
99:June 2013
2603:Muscogee
2578:Delaware
2573:Comanche
2553:Cheyenne
2548:Cherokee
2473:Seminole
2408:Kickapoo
2403:Kialegee
2368:Comanche
2343:Cherokee
2303:Oklahoma
2109:Archived
2086:Archived
2035:KARK.com
2010:Archived
1985:Archived
1966:Archived
1935:Archived
1890:July 23,
1827:"Quapaw"
1812:19321691
1631:Archived
1407:Archived
1386:(AT-110)
1322:See also
1232:handgame
1222:include
1180:linguist
1152:Language
1055:Missouri
1015:Illinois
1003:Nebraska
975:Arkansas
971:Arkansas
887:Maryland
868:Lazarist
860:Sarrasin
795:Oklahoma
720:epidemic
717:smallpox
639:Uzutiuhi
610:La Salle
546:Arkansas
522:Arkansas
462:Accancea
439:Arcansas
388:Arcansas
340:Oklahoma
336:Arkansas
312:Arkansas
210:Religion
187:Oklahoma
58:"Quapaw"
2653:Wyandot
2648:Wichita
2643:Shawnee
2583:Koasati
2568:Choctaw
2533:Arapaho
2528:Alabama
2503:Wichita
2493:Tonkawa
2483:Shawnee
2358:Choctaw
1839:at the
1628:"Osage"
1305:Saracen
1168:Dhegiha
1100:Economy
1075:capital
1027:Akansas
1023:Akensas
923:Wyandot
842:Saracen
744:, 1847)
728:Natchez
606:Akansea
593:there.
583:entrada
538:De Soto
520:of the
468:History
458:Accance
454:Acansia
450:Acansea
413:Akansea
355:capital
318:, is a
200:English
83:scholar
2679:Quapaw
2638:Seneca
2633:Quapaw
2618:Pawnee
2613:Ottawa
2543:Cayuga
2463:Quapaw
2453:Peoria
2448:Pawnee
2443:Ottawa
2333:Apache
2315:tribes
1963:"Golf"
1810:
1800:
1595:
1545:
1434:
1384:Quapaw
1220:powwow
1072:tribal
1068:Quapaw
1011:Umahan
1007:Ogaxpa
987:Siouan
927:Ottawa
919:Seneca
895:Kansas
844:below
804:Saline
793:, and
757:French
710:Jesuit
694:France
651:, and
625:France
591:Tunica
563:Capaha
558:Pacaha
460:, and
446:Acansa
435:exonym
421:Akansa
400:OgĂĄxpa
378:Illini
374:Akansa
359:Quapaw
352:tribal
307:OgĂĄxpa
302:Quapaw
261:Quapaw
204:Quapaw
184:
172:
133:OgĂĄxpa
127:Quapaw
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2658:Yuchi
2623:Ponca
2608:Osage
2538:Caddo
2458:Ponca
2433:Osage
2423:Modoc
2418:Miami
2413:Kiowa
2338:Caddo
1051:Ponca
1047:Omaha
1043:Kansa
1039:Osage
999:Ponca
995:Omaha
983:Osage
915:Miami
850:Caddo
690:Paris
487:Osage
483:Ponca
479:Omaha
392:river
376:, an
346:from
310:) or
252:Kansa
248:Ponca
244:Omaha
240:Osage
156:3,240
90:JSTOR
76:books
2393:Iowa
1892:2022
1848:2023
1808:OCLC
1798:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1574:2023
1543:ISBN
1522:2023
1494:2023
1467:2023
1432:ISBN
1382:USS
1041:and
1025:and
997:and
925:and
616:, a
544:and
524:and
489:and
429:and
394:and
297:-paw
295:KWAW
259:The
62:news
2398:Kaw
2301:in
2242:at
1108:.
1090:EMS
1001:in
991:Kaw
942:.
852:of
806:in
491:Kaw
417:or
357:is
45:by
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2092:,
2033:.
2016:,
1999:^
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1877:.
1835:.
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1806:.
1705:^
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1484:.
1458:.
1454:.
1315:c.
1287:c.
1197:.
1081:.
921:,
917:,
882:.
832:.
827:c.
789:,
692:,
688:,
684:.
679:c.
643:,
635:,
505:.
503:CE
485:,
481:,
464:.
456:,
452:,
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300:,
285:ÉË
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250:,
246:,
242:,
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282:p
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