619:
37:
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spring. Vore gained a supplement to the annuities which he had distributed, but for the remaining years of his tenure through 1879, distributed no cash annuities of the $ 20,000/year which was part of the treaty. Instead, he supplied goods: harrows, wagons, harnesses and various kinds of plows and implements to support the agricultural work. He told the tribe that
Washington, DC officials had disapproved the annuity. The people had no recourse, and struggled to raise more produce, increasing the harvest to 20,000 bushels.
718:
347:
77:
1811:
89:
49:
916:, for preservation of it and its stories, at a time when the tribe's continuity seemed threatened by pressure for assimilation. The tribe was considering burying the Pole with its last keeper after his death. The last renewal ceremony for the pole was held in 1875, and the last buffalo hunt in 1876. La Flesche and Fletcher gathered and preserved stories about the Sacred Pole by its last keeper, Yellow Smoke, a holy man of the
539:
101:
840:
405:
611:) was among the seven who went to Washington and is considered the last chief of the Omaha under their traditional system. Logan Fontenelle served as their interpreter, and whites mistakenly believed he was a chief. Because his father was white, the Omaha never accepted him as a member of the tribe, but considered him white.
870:, the circular layout of tribal villages, reflected the tribe's beliefs. Sky people lived in the northern half-circle of the village, the area that symbolized the heavens. Earth people lived in the southern half, which represented the earth. The circle opened to the east. Within each half of the village, the clans or
923:
In the twentieth century, about 100 years after the Pole had been transferred, the tribe negotiated with the
Peabody Museum for its return. The tribe planned to install the Sacred Pole in a cultural center to be built. When the museum returned the Sacred Pole to the tribe in July 1989, the Omaha held
482:
and exerted pressure on the trading in this area, there was a proliferation of different kinds of goods among the Omaha: tools and clothing became prevalent, such as scissors, axes, top hats and buttons. Women took on more manufacturing of goods for trade, as well as hand farming, perhaps because of
935:
worn upon the wrist for protection from the bow string (of the weapon of bow and arrow). This name demonstrates that the pole was intended to symbolize a man, as no other creature could wear a bracer. It also indicated that the man thus symbolized was one who was both a provider for and a protector
762:
In pre-settlement times, the Omaha had an intricately developed social structure that was closely tied to the people's concept of an inseparable union between sky (male principle) and earth (female); it was part of their creation story and their view of the cosmos. This union was viewed as critical
792:
The hereditary chiefs and clan structures still existed at the time the elders and chiefs negotiated with the United States to cede most of their land in
Nebraska in exchange for protection and cash annuities. Only men born into hereditary lines through their fathers, or formally adopted by a male
474:
and French, and used trade as a security measure to protect his people. Aware they traditionally lacked a large population as defense from neighboring tribes, Blackbird believed that fostering good relations with white explorers and trading were the keys to their survival. The
Spanish built a fort
862:
Omaha beliefs were symbolized in their dwelling structures. During most of the year, the Omaha lived in earth or sod lodges, ingenious structures with a timber frame and a thick sod covering. At the center of the lodge was a fireplace that recalled their creation myth. The earthlodge entrance was
586:
man was trilingual and also worked as a trader. His mother was Omaha; his father French
Canadian. In January 1854 he acted as interpreter during the agent James M. Gatewood's negotiations for land cessions with 60 Omaha leaders and elders, who sat in council at Bellevue. Gatewood had been under
646:
Vore distributed a reduced annuity that year, just before the Omaha left on their annual buffalo hunt; according to his later account, he intended to "encourage" the Omaha to work at more agriculture. They suffered a poor hunting season and severe winter, so that some were starving before late
614:
Although the draft treaty authorized the seven chiefs to make only "slight alterations," the government officials forced major changes when they met. It took out the payments to the traders. It reduced the total value of annuities from $ 1,200,000 to $ 84,000, spread over years until 1895. It
506:
people, who were also Siouan speaking. The explorers were led to the gravesite of Chief
Blackbird before continuing on their expedition west. In 1815 the Omaha made their first treaty with the United States, one called a "treaty of friendship and peace." No land was relinquished by the tribe.
483:
evolving technology. Those women buried after 1800 had shorter, more strenuous lives; none lived past the age of 30. But they also had larger roles in the tribe's economy. Researchers have found through archeological excavations that the later women's skeletons were buried with more
626:
The tribe finally removed to the
Blackbird Hills about 1856, and they first built a village in its traditional pattern. By the 1870s, bison were quickly disappearing from the plains, and the Omaha had to rely increasingly for survival upon their cash annuities and supplies from the
830:
In the rite of passage of the Omaha boys enter the wilderness alone they fast and pray and should they dream of a woman's burden- strap (a tool used to help carry things), they feel compelled to dress and live in every way live as women. Such men are known as mixugo.
469:
epidemic, resulting from contact with
Europeans, swept the area, reducing the tribe's population dramatically by killing approximately one-third of its members. Chief Blackbird was among those who died that year. Blackbird had established trade with the
550:
in 1831, the Omaha ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States, east of the
Missouri River, with the understanding that they still had hunting rights there. In 1836 a treaty with the US took their remaining hunting lands in northwestern Missouri.
591:
chiefs, but came to an agreement to sell most of their remaining lands west of the
Missouri to the United States. Competing interests may be shown by the draft treaty containing provisions for payment of tribal debts to the traders Fontenelle,
897:(meaning "The Real Omaha") and considered to be a person. It was kept in a Sacred Tent in the center of the village, which only men who were members of the Holy Society could enter. An annual renewal ceremony was related to the Sacred Pole.
2236:
566:
to settle on Omaha land for a period; he hoped to gain some protection from competing natives by their guns, but the new settlers cut deeply into the game and wood resources of the area during the two years they were there.
522:, to keep the balance between the Sky and Earth parts of the tribe. Eventually, disease and Sioux aggression from the north forced the tribe to move south. Between 1819 and 1856, they established villages near what is now
2368:
692:
Researchers found considerable differences in the community before and after 1800, as revealed in their bones and artifacts. Most significantly, they discovered that the Omaha were an equestrian Plains culture and
697:
hunters by 1770, making them the "first documented equestrian culture on the Northern Plains." They also found that before 1800, the Omaha traded mostly in arms and ornaments. Men had many more roles in the
684:
work of the 1930s and 1940s, from grave sites with burials before and after 1800. Before having ceremonial reburial of the remains on Omaha lands, the tribe's representatives arranged for research at the
859:, called Sand Pawnee,) for the winter. Tipis were used primarily during buffalo hunts and when they relocated from one village area to another. They used earth lodges as dwellings during the winter.
874:
were located based on their members' tribal duties and relationship to other clans. Earth lodges were as large as 60 feet (18 m) in diameter and might hold several families, even their horses.
1598:
2511:
735:
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a chief, the Omaha did not. They used him as an interpreter; he was of mixed-race with a white father, so was considered white, as he had not been adopted by a man of the tribe.
2490:
2353:
2317:
596:, and Louis Saunsouci. The chiefs at council agreed to move from the Bellevue Agency further north, finally choosing the Blackbird Hills, essentially the current reservation in
2246:
734:
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As the tribe migrated westward from the Ohio River region in the 17th century, they adapted to the Plains environment. They replaced the Woodland custom of bark lodges with
2581:
2576:
2470:
2465:
2231:
2445:
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about 1856, they initially built their village and earth lodges in the traditional patterns, with the half-tribes and clans in their traditional places in the layout.
510:
Semi-permanent Omaha villages lasted from 8 to 15 years. They created sod houses for winter dwellings, which were arranged in a large circle in the order of the five
2602:
2556:
2251:
2536:
736:
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The 60 men designated seven chiefs to go to Washington, DC for final negotiations along with Gatewood, with Fontenelle to serve as their interpreter. The chief
1799:
809:, was the last recognized head chief selected by the traditional ways, and he was the only chief with any European ancestry. He served for decades from 1853.
2271:
2216:
1905:
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artifacts as grave goods than those of the men, or of women before 1800. After the research was completed, the tribe buried these ancestral remains in 1991.
1710:
1225:
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aggression. European-American settlers pressed the US government to make more land available west of the Mississippi River for white development. In 1846
1184:
297:. The latter were part of the Omaha before splitting off into a separate tribe in the mid-18th century. They were also related to the Siouan-speaking
2586:
1777:
2561:
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rivers around year 1600. As the tribe migrated west, it split into what became the Omaha and the Quapaw tribes. The Quapaw settled in what is now
661:. After lengthy court battles and several standoffs, much of the area has been recognized as part Omaha tribal lands. The Omaha established their
270:. Its total land area is 307.03 sq mi (795.2 km) and the reservation population, including non-Native residents, was 4,526 in the
1281:
774:
Sky people were responsible for the tribe's spiritual needs and Earth people for the tribe's physical welfare. Each moiety was composed of five
2261:
2256:
675:
2343:
2302:
2281:
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in 1700. Informed by reports, he described an Omaha village with 400 dwellings and a population of about 4,000 people. It was located on the
389:
becoming an independent tribe, but they tended to settle near the Omaha. The first European journal reference to the Omaha tribe was made by
2475:
622:
Last Omaha tribal hunt, December 1876 to March 1877. After 34 camp moves, the hunters found bison 400 miles outside the Omaha Reservation.
334:, the largest city in Nebraska, is named after them. Never known to take up arms against the U.S., the Omaha assisted the U.S. during the
2638:
909:
1769:
785:
system of descent and inheritance. Children were considered to be born to their father's clan. Individuals married persons from another
763:
to perpetuation of all living forms and pervaded Omaha culture. The tribe was divided into two moieties or half-tribes, the Sky People (
1792:
954:
423:
found the Omaha on the eastern side of the Missouri River in the mid-18th century. The Omaha were believed to have ranged from the
778:
or gente, which also had differing responsibilities. Each gens had a hereditary chief, through the male lines, as the tribe had a
2643:
1158:
316:
About 1770, the Omaha became the first tribe on the Northern Plains to adopt equestrian culture. Developing "The Big Village" (
1785:
1055:, ca. 1820–1888), adopted and named by chief, only chief known to have European ancestry; last traditional chief of the Omaha
232:
618:
250:, United States. There were 5,427 enrolled members as of 2012. The Omaha Reservation lies primarily in the southern part of
823:. At the celebration, a committee elects the Omaha Pow Wow Princess. She serves as a representative in the community and a
587:
pressure by Washington headquarters to achieve a land sale. The Omaha elders refused to delegate the negotiations to their
281:
The Omaha people migrated to the upper Missouri area and the Plains by the late 17th century from earlier locations in the
435:
in Nebraska. Around 1734 the Omaha established their first village west of the Missouri River on Bow Creek in present-day
324:
in northeast Nebraska, the Omaha developed an extensive trading network with early European explorers and French Canadian
2450:
2348:
1373:
1341:
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1815:
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built to face east, to catch the rising sun and remind the people of their origin and migration upriver from the east.
1807:
2373:
2017:
1850:
1348:
Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, p. 64, at GenNet, accessed 25 August 2011
547:
2623:
2425:
2394:
2633:
2455:
1380:
Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, pp. 115–117, accessed 25 August 2011
350:
1357:
Gilmore, Melvin R.: "Methods of Indian Buffalo Hunts, with the Itinerary of the Last Tribal Hunt of the Omaha".
702:
culture than did women: as "archers, warriors, gunsmiths, and merchants," including the major ceremonial roles.
2338:
1714:
1222:
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in the Ohio Valley. After pushing out other tribes, the Iroquois kept control of the area as a hunting ground.
1140:
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2185:
2180:
2012:
1471:
889:
The Omaha revere an ancient Sacred Pole, from before the time of their migration to the Missouri, made of
2485:
1900:
200:
1483:
1317:
2073:
1701:
1094:
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Omaha tipi. The Omaha earth lodge was substituted with a moveable tipi during hunts on the open plains.
657:
Beginning in the 1960s, the Omaha began to reclaim lands east of the Missouri River, in an area called
651:
491:
801:
in the 1840s, could become chiefs. Big Elk designated LaFlesche as his son and successor chief of the
515:
416:
mapped the tribe as "The Maha, a wandering nation", along the northern stretch of the Missouri River.
2149:
2098:
1440:
1278:
1070:
597:
271:
251:
2221:
2083:
1989:
1064:
628:
229:
221:
139:
1408:
1984:
1890:
390:
321:
255:
235:
2628:
2546:
2526:
2506:
1688:
1389:
Scherer, Mark R. (1998) "Imperfect Victory: The Legal Struggle for Blackbird Bend, 1966–1995",
686:
436:
357:
The Omaha tribe began as a larger Eastern Woodlands tribe comprising both the Omaha, Ponca and
36:
1661:
Robin Ridington, "A Tree That Stands Burning: Reclaiming A Point of View as from the Center".
2363:
2139:
1994:
1509:
890:
662:
259:
2404:
2200:
2144:
2129:
1936:
650:
The Omaha never took up arms against the U.S. Several members of the tribe fought for the
195:
123:
1630:, Reprint from New York: Columbia University Press, 1932; New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1969
8:
2516:
1732:
1436:
Robin Ridington, "A Sacred Object as Text: Reclaiming the Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe"
1004:
771:), each led by a different hereditary chief, who inherited power from his father's line.
267:
328:. They controlled the fur trade and access to other tribes on the Upper Missouri River.
2195:
2113:
2063:
1961:
1931:
1744:
1736:
1435:
1058:
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978:
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The Sacred Pole is said to represent the body of a man. The name by which it is known,
913:
901:
727:
615:
reserved the right to decide on distribution between cash and goods for the annuities.
523:
479:
335:
155:
1763:
1531:
Turner, Victor (1964). "Betwixt and Between: The Liminal period in Rites de passage".
2566:
2531:
2521:
2297:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1870:
994:
878:
636:
413:
239:
1091:(1861–1928), with Thomas L. Sloan, formed first Native American law firm in the U.S.
2154:
2108:
2068:
2058:
2048:
1728:
1647:
Robin Ridington, "Omaha Survival: A Vanishing Indian Tribe That Would Not Vanish".
1599:"The Omaha Tribe's language is fading. A new documentary hopes to help preserve it"
1048:
1036:
1030:
989:
813:
794:
640:
608:
571:
398:
325:
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275:
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119:
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Around 1775, the Omaha developed a new village, probably located near present-day
2399:
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2134:
2043:
2033:
1739:
from the 1890s, as well as recordings and photographs from the late 20th century.
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1082:
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1042:
1018:
527:
455:
443:
394:
331:
1750:
2333:
2053:
1946:
1840:
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905:
851:(borrowed from the Sioux) for the buffalo hunting and summer season, and built
694:
681:
658:
499:
424:
378:
346:
263:
2617:
2378:
2307:
2093:
1885:
1642:
Learning from the Ancestors: The Omaha Tribe Before and After Lewis and Clark
1223:
Paulette W. Campbell, "Ancestral Bones: Reinterpreting the Past of the Omaha"
964:
757:
654:
during the American Civil War, as well as each subsequent war through today.
583:
82:
1085:(1863–1940), first Native American lawyer to argue before U.S. Supreme Court
2440:
2435:
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1951:
1941:
1827:
643:. He started in September 1876, succeeding T.S. Gillingham, also a Quaker.
575:
432:
428:
366:
298:
167:
135:
1027:(1770–1846/1853), chief, adopted Joseph LaFlesche and groomed him as chief
2430:
2226:
2078:
1895:
1880:
1088:
852:
779:
699:
593:
420:
306:
171:
1654:
Robin Ridington, "Images of Cosmic Union: Omaha Ceremonies of Renewal".
462:
on the Missouri River. About 1795, the village had around 1,100 people.
2420:
2276:
2103:
824:
806:
748:
503:
362:
282:
1484:"Joseph La Flesche: Sketch of the Life of the Head Chief of the Omaha"
2088:
1865:
1743:
1236:, November/December 2002, Volume 23/Number 6, accessed 26 August 2011
459:
673:
In 1989, the Omaha reclaimed more than 100 ancestral skeletons from
48:
1860:
1845:
1819:
1810:
1052:
706:
bundles from religious ceremonies were found buried only with men.
604:
466:
370:
310:
290:
243:
94:
1504:
538:
2038:
1835:
1024:
904:, a young Omaha anthropologist, helped arrange for his colleague
856:
820:
798:
782:
574:
was the interpreter at the Bellevue Agency, serving different US
563:
559:
1693:
Astoria or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains
1572:
258:, Nebraska, but small parts extend into the northeast corner of
932:
924:
an August pow-wow in celebration and as part of their revival.
703:
680:
which had been held by museums. They had been excavated during
632:
484:
475:
nearby and traded regularly with the Omaha during this period.
417:
358:
302:
1749:
2358:
2312:
1915:
1910:
1855:
1762:
1261:(University of Oklahoma Press 1961), pages 110, 128, 140, 282
1116:
839:
775:
579:
555:
511:
471:
386:
361:
tribes. This tribe coalesced and inhabited the area near the
294:
159:
1674:
Blessing for a Long Time: The Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe
631:
and adaptation to subsistence agriculture. Jacob Vore was a
1359:
Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters
950:
871:
848:
786:
588:
404:
382:
247:
163:
106:
1665:. 17 (1–2): 47–75, 1990 (Forthcoming in Paul Benson, ed.
498:
in 1804, most of the inhabitants were gone on a seasonal
1470:, Washington, D.C.: Twenty-Seventh Annual Report of the
949:. Produced and directed by Michael Farrell. Produced by
397:
near its confluence with the Missouri, near present-day
309:
peoples, who also migrated west under pressure from the
1711:"Ancestral Bones Reinterpreting the Past of the Omaha"
1378:
Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society,
1346:
Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society,
1288:, Douglas County Historical Society. Retrieved 2/2/08.
401:. The French then called it "The River of the Mahas."
1906:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
1635:
The Middle Five: Indian Schoolboys of the Omaha Tribe
1533:
Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society 1964
1405:"Blackbird Bend Casino - About Blackbird Bend Casino"
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
554:
During the 1840s, the Omaha continued to suffer from
454:, also called the "Big Village"), was the village of
1342:
Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle"
728:
Flag song: a traditional song in the Omaha language.
293:
branch, which is very similar to that spoken by the
2369:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
1637:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1900/1963.
689:to see what could be learned from their ancestors.
1264:
1185:"2020 Decennial Census: Omaha Reservation, NE--IA"
1073:(1854–1903), author and indigenous rights activist
1699:
562:made an illegal treaty allowing a large group of
353:route to Nebraska as understood by J. Owen Dorsey
2615:
1709:Campbell, Paulette W. (November–December 2002).
1323:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1998, pp. 61–62
1177:
1713:. Humanities, Vol. 23/Number 6. Archived from
1676:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
1663:Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society
1486:, first published in the (Bancroft, Nebraska)
1061:(1857–1932), first Native American ethnologist
963:. Directed by Brigitte Timmerman. Narrated by
2344:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
1793:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1067:(1865–1915), first Native American physician
931:, is the word used to designate the leather
41:Flag of the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska and Iowa
1735:. Recordings of traditional Omaha music by
1558:Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche:
1545:Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche:
1466:Alice C. Fletcher, and Francis La Flesche,
1351:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
910:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1800:
1786:
1374:Jacob Vore, "The Omaha of Forty Years Ago"
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
408:Tribal territory of Omaha and other tribes
1422:
1326:
1259:The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters
955:Native American Public Telecommunications
570:For nearly 15 years in the 19th century,
458:. At this time, the Omaha controlled the
1708:
1669:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.)
1304:
838:
617:
537:
403:
345:
2603:Native American place names in Nebraska
1702:"Lewis and Clark Historical Background"
1369:
1367:
1203:
1011:
2616:
1596:
1530:
1477:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1151:
385:. Another division happened, with the
1781:
1672:Robin Ridington and Dennis Hastings.
1644:. University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
1320:Betraying the Omaha Nation, 1790–1916
908:to have the Sacred Pole taken to the
1364:
635:appointed as US Indian agent to the
69:Regions with significant populations
2567:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
2451:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
1562:. Lincoln and London, 1992. P. 102.
1549:. Lincoln and London, 1992. P. 112.
1497:
1451:
1444:17(1): 83 – 99, 1993, reprinted at
1097:(b. 1954), Native American activist
542:Little Snake, an Omaha interpreter.
502:hunt. The expedition met with the
13:
2639:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1686:
1620:
716:
14:
2660:
2374:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
2018:Nebraska Indian Community College
1851:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
1680:
548:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
478:After the United States made the
412:In 1718, the French cartographer
1809:
1752:The New Student's Reference Work
747:Problems playing this file? See
732:
533:
99:
87:
75:
47:
35:
2572:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
2456:Frank Parker Archeological Site
1590:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1524:
1494:, 1889, accessed 23 August 2011
1474:, Smithsonian Institution, 1911
1396:
1383:
819:Today the Omaha host an annual
2644:Native American tribes in Iowa
2542:Farwell Archeological District
2339:Genoa Indian Industrial School
1291:
1251:
1239:
1133:
1117:"Omaha Ponca Dictionary Index"
1109:
971:
877:When the tribe removed to the
668:
377:("upstream") settled near the
351:The Omaha (Dhegihan) migration
1:
2547:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
2491:Table Rock Archeological Site
2461:Sweetwater Archeological Site
2354:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
2318:Cunningham Archeological Site
2186:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
2181:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
2114:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
1689:"Washington Irving's Astoria"
1597:Peters, Chris (5 July 2018).
1361:. Vol.XVI, (1931), pp. 17-32.
1102:
947:The Return of the Sacred Pole
665:on this reclaimed territory.
228:) are a federally recognized
2247:Fullerton Archeological Site
2013:Little Priest Tribal College
1472:Bureau of American Ethnology
834:
797:(Iron Eye) was by the chief
381:in what is now northwestern
320:) about 1775 in current-day
7:
2486:Humphrey Archeological Site
2481:Schrader Archeological Site
2242:Schrader Archeological Site
1901:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1828:Historic and present tribes
1667:Anthropology and Literature
1147:. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
967:. A Range Films Production.
884:
812:Although whites considered
274:. Its largest community is
10:
2665:
2582:Wiseman Archeological Site
2577:Schulte Archeological Site
2471:Ashland Archeological Site
2466:Burkett Archeological Site
2232:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
2074:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
1535:. West Publishing Company.
755:
709:
341:
285:Valley. The Omaha speak a
2649:Thurston County, Nebraska
2595:
2499:
2413:
2387:
2326:
2290:
2209:
2173:
2150:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
2122:
2099:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
2026:
2006:colleges and universities
2003:
1960:
1924:
1826:
1649:American Indian Quarterly
1441:American Indian Quarterly
1071:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
598:Thurston County, Nebraska
206:
191:
181:
150:
145:
134:
129:
118:
113:
73:
68:
63:
58:
46:
34:
28:
27:
2222:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
2084:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1065:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1039:(1825–1855), interpreter
939:
789:, not within their own.
767:) and the Earth People (
629:United States Government
373:and the Omaha, known as
140:Native American religion
2624:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
2557:Kurz Omaha Village Site
2500:Other precontact places
2252:Oto Indian Village Site
1891:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
1770:Encyclopædia Britannica
1700:National Park Service.
1658:. 28 (2): 135-150, 1988
1505:"Pow-Wow Princess Song"
391:Pierre-Charles Le Sueur
218:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
2634:Dhegiha Siouan peoples
2537:Nehawka Flint Quarries
2527:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
2414:Precontact communities
2291:Historic sacred places
1773:(11th ed.). 1911.
1628:Omaha Secret Societies
1402:About Blackbird Bend,
1159:"2020 Gazetteer Files"
953:-TV with support from
844:
827:for younger children.
805:. LaFlesche, a man of
721:
687:University of Nebraska
623:
543:
437:Cedar County, Nebraska
409:
354:
2364:Moses Merrill Mission
2327:Other historic places
2174:Historic reservations
2140:Battle of Mud Springs
1510:World Digital Library
1448:, Omaha Tribe Website
1279:"History at a glance"
1257:John Joseph Mathews,
842:
720:
663:Blackbird Bend Casino
621:
541:
407:
349:
146:Related ethnic groups
16:Native American tribe
2227:Skidi Pawnee Village
2210:Historic communities
2145:Battle of Rush Creek
2130:Battle of Ash Hollow
1962:Present reservations
1937:Omaha-Ponca language
1687:Irving, Washington.
1656:History of Religions
1573:"The Omaha Speaking"
1318:Judith A. Boughter,
1299:Betraying the Omaha,
1191:. U.S. Census Bureau
1165:. U.S. Census Bureau
1012:Notable Omaha people
981:(part, population 3)
2517:Walker Gilmore site
2272:Theodore Davis Site
1733:Library of Congress
1633:Francis LaFlesche,
855:(borrowed from the
793:into the tribe, as
268:Monona County, Iowa
53:Omaha tribal dancer
24:
2388:Precontact peoples
2064:Francis La Flesche
1737:Francis La Flesche
1729:Omaha Indian Music
1640:Karl J. Reinhard,
1603:Omaha World-Herald
1577:The Omaha Speaking
1284:2008-10-29 at the
1228:2018-01-11 at the
1141:"Winnebago Agency"
1121:omahaponca.unl.edu
1059:Francis La Flesche
961:The Omaha Speaking
914:Harvard University
902:Francis La Flesche
845:
722:
624:
544:
524:Bellevue, Nebraska
480:Louisiana Purchase
410:
355:
336:American Civil War
238:who reside on the
22:
2611:
2610:
2532:Woodcliff Burials
2069:Joseph La Flesche
1925:Present languages
1871:Northern Cheyenne
1446:Umoⁿ'hoⁿ Heritage
879:Omaha Reservation
737:
637:Omaha Reservation
578:. The mixed-race
414:Guillaume Delisle
254:and northeastern
240:Omaha Reservation
214:
213:
177:
176:
2656:
2237:Cottonwood Creek
2217:Ton'wontongathon
2155:Grattan massacre
2109:James Young Deer
2059:Logan Fontenelle
2049:Joba Chamberlain
2027:Historic figures
1816:Native Americans
1814:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1705:
1696:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1501:
1495:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1449:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1407:. Archived from
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1324:
1315:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1245:Mathews (1961),
1243:
1237:
1220:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1049:Joseph LaFlesche
1045:(b. 1959), actor
1037:Logan Fontenelle
1033:, football coach
1031:Francis M. Cayou
893:. It is called
814:Logan Fontenelle
795:Joseph LaFlesche
739:
738:
719:
641:Ulysses S. Grant
639:under President
609:Joseph LaFlesche
572:Logan Fontenelle
399:Sioux City, Iowa
242:in northeastern
179:
178:
105:
103:
102:
93:
91:
90:
81:
79:
78:
59:Total population
51:
39:
25:
21:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2591:
2587:Durflinger Site
2495:
2409:
2383:
2349:Indian agencies
2322:
2286:
2205:
2169:
2165:Indian Congress
2135:Massacre Canyon
2123:Historic events
2118:
2044:Chief Blackbird
2034:Antonine Barada
2022:
2005:
1999:
1956:
1920:
1822:
1808:
1806:
1761:
1742:
1720:
1718:
1683:
1623:
1621:Further reading
1618:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1560:The Omaha Tribe
1557:
1553:
1547:The Omaha Tribe
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1490:; reprinted in
1482:
1478:
1468:The Omaha Tribe
1465:
1452:
1434:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1286:Wayback Machine
1276:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1230:Wayback Machine
1221:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1189:data.census.gov
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:Nathan Phillips
1083:Thomas L. Sloan
1077:Jeremiah Bitsui
1043:Rodney A. Grant
1014:
1009:
974:
942:
936:of his people.
887:
837:
760:
754:
753:
745:
743:
742:
741:
740:
733:
730:
723:
717:
712:
671:
536:
528:Papillion Creek
492:Lewis and Clark
465:Around 1800, a
456:Chief Blackbird
444:Homer, Nebraska
395:Big Sioux River
344:
332:Omaha, Nebraska
287:Siouan language
262:and across the
252:Thurston County
233:Native American
199:
100:
98:
88:
86:
76:
74:
54:
42:
30:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Patterson Site
2559:
2554:
2552:Barneston Site
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Central Plains
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Blackbird Hill
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Woodcliff Site
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
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2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
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2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Larry EchoHawk
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2004:Present tribal
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:Sioux language
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1764:"Omahas"
1759:
1745:"Omahas"
1740:
1726:
1706:
1697:
1682:
1681:External links
1679:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1626:R.F. Fortune:
1622:
1619:
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1615:
1589:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1523:
1496:
1476:
1450:
1421:
1395:
1391:Annals of Iowa
1382:
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1350:
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906:Alice Fletcher
886:
883:
836:
833:
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731:
726:
725:
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715:
714:
713:
711:
708:
682:archaeological
670:
667:
659:Blackbird Bend
535:
532:
425:Cheyenne River
379:Missouri River
343:
340:
264:Missouri River
212:
211:
210:Umoⁿhoⁿ Mazhóⁿ
208:
204:
203:
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189:
188:
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158:peoples, esp.
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2661:
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2632:
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2629:Plains tribes
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2255:
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2250:
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2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
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2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Standing Bear
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
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2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
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1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
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1899:
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1817:
1812:
1803:
1798:
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1755:
1753:
1746:
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1730:
1727:
1717:on 2018-01-11
1716:
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1459:
1457:
1455:
1447:
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1442:
1437:
1432:
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1428:
1426:
1411:on 2014-05-21
1410:
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1057:
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1038:
1035:
1032:
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1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
966:
965:Tatanka Means
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
937:
934:
930:
925:
921:
919:
915:
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903:
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880:
875:
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869:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
841:
832:
828:
826:
822:
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815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
790:
788:
784:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
759:
758:Omaha kinship
752:
750:
729:
707:
705:
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664:
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549:
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534:Loss of lands
531:
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525:
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448:Ton won tonga
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322:Dakota County
319:
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308:
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300:
296:
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288:
284:
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256:Cuming County
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84:
83:United States
72:
67:
62:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
26:
2596:Other topics
2441:Signal Butte
2436:Schultz site
2405:Dismal River
2262:McClean Site
2257:Leshara Site
2160:Cheyenne War
1990:Santee Sioux
1952:Sac language
1942:Fox language
1916:Skidi Pawnee
1875:
1768:
1751:
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1513:. 1983-08-13
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496:Ton-wa-tonga
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433:Platte River
429:South Dakota
421:fur trappers
411:
374:
356:
330:
318:Ton-wa-tonga
317:
315:
280:
246:and western
225:
217:
215:
201:Umoⁿhoⁿ Gáxe
185:
136:Christianity
19:Ethnic group
2512:Indian Hill
2507:Indian Cave
2446:Site 25SM20
2303:Ahkawitakol
2282:Wright Site
2079:Petalesharo
1985:Sac and Fox
1145:www.bia.gov
1089:Hiram Chase
972:Communities
895:Umoⁿ'hoⁿ'ti
780:patrilineal
769:Hon'gashenu
700:patrilineal
669:Archaeology
594:Peter Sarpy
452:Tonwantonga
375:U-Mo'n-Ho'n
272:2020 census
260:Burt County
222:Omaha-Ponca
196:Umoⁿhoⁿ Iyé
124:Omaha-Ponca
2618:Categories
2476:Yutan Site
2426:Ash Hollow
2421:Leary Site
2277:Kelso Site
2104:Jim Thorpe
1721:2014-12-23
1517:2013-08-03
1492:The Friend
1415:2014-05-21
1297:Boughter,
1247:The Osages
1234:Humanities
1163:census.gov
1126:2018-10-10
1103:References
891:cottonwood
825:role model
807:mixed race
756:See also:
749:media help
526:and along
283:Ohio River
230:Midwestern
2089:Red Cloud
1995:Winnebago
1866:Missouria
1608:9 October
1582:9 October
1393:57:38–71.
1301:pp. 49–50
1019:Blackbird
1005:Winnebago
835:Dwellings
803:Weszinste
460:fur trade
326:voyageurs
114:Languages
2400:Woodland
2201:Niobrara
1861:Meskwaki
1846:Comanche
1820:Nebraska
1282:Archived
1226:Archived
1053:Iron Eye
1000:Walthill
979:Bancroft
900:In 1888
885:Religion
605:Iron Eye
518:of each
494:visited
467:smallpox
371:Arkansas
311:Iroquois
291:Dhegihan
244:Nebraska
192:Language
156:Dhegihan
130:Religion
95:Nebraska
2039:Big Elk
1841:Arikara
1836:Arapaho
1757:. 1914.
1651:. 1987.
1488:Journal
1277:(2007)
1195:19 July
1169:19 July
1079:, actor
1025:Big Elk
1021:, chief
995:Rosalie
959:2018 -
945:1990 –
868:Huthuga
857:Arikara
821:pow wow
799:Big Elk
783:kinship
710:Culture
695:buffalo
564:Mormons
560:Big Elk
546:By the
500:buffalo
472:Spanish
431:to the
342:History
289:of the
226:Umoⁿhoⁿ
207:Country
186:Umoⁿhoⁿ
120:English
29:Umoⁿhoⁿ
2431:Coufal
2196:Pawnee
1886:Pawnee
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990:Pender
933:bracer
920:gens.
918:Hong'a
872:gentes
704:Sacred
633:Quaker
584:French
520:moitie
516:gentes
485:silver
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367:Wabash
359:Quapaw
305:, and
303:Quapaw
276:Pender
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1876:Omaha
1856:Kiowa
1376:, in
940:Films
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776:clans
652:Union
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490:When
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299:Osage
295:Ponca
266:into
236:tribe
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160:Ponca
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1584:2020
1197:2022
1171:2022
985:Macy
951:KUON
866:The
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589:gens
450:(or
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365:and
363:Ohio
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