1967:
201:
183:
998:
Nasalized vowels are fairly new to the Ponca language. Assimilation has taken place leftward, as opposed to right to left, from nasalized consonants over time. "Originally when the vowel was oral, it nasalized the consonant and a nasalized vowel never followed suit, instead, the nasalized vowel came
1100:
In many languages nasalization of vowels would be a part of assimilation to the next consonant, but Omaha/Ponca is different because it is always assimilating. For example: iⁿdáthiⁿga, meaning mysterious, moves from a nasalized /i/ to an alveolar, stop. Same thing happens with the word iⁿshte,
344:
offers classes in the Omaha language, and its Omaha
Language Curriculum Development Project (OLCDP) provides Internet-based materials for learning the language. A February 2015 article gives the number of fluent speakers as 12, all over age 70, which includes two qualified teachers; the Tribal
345:
Council estimates about 150 people have some ability in the language. The language is taught at the Umónhon Nation Public School. An Omaha Basic iPhone app has been developed by the Omaha Nation Public
Schools (UNPS) and the Omaha Language Cultural Center (ULCC). Members of the
1023:
Omaha-Ponca is a daughter language to the Siouan mother language, but has developed some of its own rules for nasalization and aspiration. What were once allophones in Proto-Siouan have become phonemes in the Omaha–Ponca language.
1443:
1395:
1317:
1109:
Omaha Ponca language adds endings to its definite articles to indicate animacy, number, position and number. Ponca definite articles indicate animacy, position and number.
1006:(accent) or a lowering process that applies to the second of two high-tone syllables. A downstepped high tone would be slightly lower than the preceding high tone.”:
1287:
1451:
1692:
1517:
Finegan, Edward, and John R. Rickford. Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first
Century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. (page 171)
975:
There are two or three nasal vowels, depending on the variety. In the Omaha and Ponca
Dhegiha dialects *õ and *ã have merged unconditionally as
2347:
1545:
211:
1101:
meaning, for example, has the nasalized /i/ which does not assimilate to another nasal. It changes completely to an alveolar fricative.
2005:
2352:
1342:
1632:
337:
There are today only 60 speakers of Omaha, and 12 fluent speakers, all over 70; and a handful of semi-fluent speakers of Ponca.
1468:
727:
17:
1685:
686:
233:
1020:"table". Vowel length is distinctive in accented syllables, though it is often not written: "heart", "(inside) wall".
663:
2357:
2337:
1031:
for some sounds which in
English would be considered allophones, but in Omaha/Ponca constitute different phonemes:
631:
493:
902:
223:
1998:
1971:
1678:
1295:
1806:
599:
456:
2199:
1914:
931:
624:
354:
169:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1017:
1010:
992:
980:
976:
969:
965:
754:
750:
712:
692:
1921:
860:
702:
656:
276:
1027:
Many contrasts in the Omaha/Ponca language are unfamiliar to speakers of
English. Below are examples of
812:
of other Siouan languages, which are not specified for voicing and so may sound like either Omaha–Ponca
1659:
923:
486:
479:
1991:
638:
592:
191:
2022:
867:
670:
103:
500:
449:
442:
1909:
1839:
1419:
606:
565:
558:
385:
341:
1717:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in
Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
349:
have expressed an interest in partnerships to use the language as a basis of revitalizing the
329:. The two dialects differ minimally but are considered distinct languages by their speakers.
1701:
731:
417:
410:
1497:
Crystal, David. A Dictionary of
Linguistics & Phonetics. 5th ed. Blackwell, 2003. Print.
353:, which is similar. Louis Headman edited a dictionary of the Ponca People, published by the
2183:
2085:
1845:
1444:"Louis V. Headman to receive Honorary Doctorate at Bacone College Spring 2021 Commencement"
463:
271:
1343:"Culture-thief? Or help to tribe? Non-Native American Omaha language teacher stirs debate"
8:
1952:
1851:
1573:
1350:
1230:
542:
535:
528:
521:
1640:
1560:
2281:
2271:
2140:
1760:
1585:
111:
760:
Consonants are written as in the IPA in school programs, apart from the alveopalatals
161:
2130:
1816:
1789:
1777:
1755:
1750:
1593:
1581:
1568:
1555:
397:
1526:
1465:
229:
2291:
2218:
2124:
2042:
2014:
1947:
1937:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1801:
1772:
1766:
1735:
1729:
999:
to preceded it"; though this is not true for the Omaha, or its 'mother' language."
808:
etc.). These latter unusual conventions serve to distinguish these sounds from the
380:
375:
98:
1605:
2298:
2245:
2225:
2166:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2061:
1942:
1862:
1857:
1832:
1826:
1745:
1626:
1472:
404:
392:
298:
90:
27:
Siouan language spoken by the Omaha (Umoⁿhoⁿ) people and the Ponca (Paⁿka) people
1654:
174:
2342:
2318:
2155:
2149:
2090:
1893:
1821:
1795:
1783:
1740:
746:. It varies freely from to a light , and derives historically from Siouan *r.
350:
1665:
1590:
Washington: Smithsonian, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Report No. 3, 1892–1893
1485:
1252:
2331:
2037:
41:
182:
2252:
1811:
1666:
Ponca Hymns sung by the congregation of White Eagle United
Methodist Church
1028:
739:
507:
346:
302:
256:
70:
66:
145:
972:
in men's speech. The letter ‘o’ is phonemically /au/, and phonetically .
954:
946:
881:
837:
680:
1670:
1541:
1257:
849:
842:
912:
891:
579:
154:
138:
200:
1983:
1705:
1486:
Historical Transfer of Nasality between Consonantal Onset and Vowel
1396:"Omaha Tribe members trying to revitalize an 'endangered language'"
1003:
743:
326:
322:
310:
241:
188:
55:
51:
431:
237:
1612:
1488:." Diachronica 2012th ser. 29.2 (2011): 1-34. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.
1371:
1660:
Chairman Elmer Blackbird Delivers Introduction (in Omaha-Ponca)
208:
1506:
314:
261:
240:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
207:
Omaha-Ponca is classified as Critically Endangered by the
1623:. Extensive language learning materials, including audio.
749:
Initial consonant clusters include approximates, as in
1655:
OLAC resources in and about the Omaha-Ponca language
1318:"Woman travels 1,100 miles to learn Omaha language"
1475:." The Hello Oklahoma! Project. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
1178:for animate singular patient in standing position
1208:for animate singular patient in sitting position
332:
2329:
804:have either been written upside-down or double (
1613:"Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project"
1372:"Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project"
1218:for animate plural patient in sitting position
1168:for singular animate agent in motion or plural
1002:Omaha/Ponca is a tonal language that utilizes
715:may also be heard as tense in free variation.
1273:Rudin & Shea (2006) "Omaha–Ponca", in the
1999:
1686:
1606:Omaha-Ponca Indian Language (Cegiha, Dhegiha)
1578:Washington: Government Printing Office. 1890
1565:Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891
1389:
1387:
1288:"Omaha language classes keep culture alive"
2006:
1992:
1693:
1679:
199:
181:
1700:
1384:
1420:"Omaha Basic on the App Store on iTunes"
1315:
1285:
1275:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
212:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1594:List of basic references on Omaha-Ponca
1550:Congrès international des américanistes
1188:for animate singular patient in motion
234:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2330:
1393:
991:in Ponca. The close front nasal vowel
1987:
1674:
1248:
1246:
1198:for animate plural patient in motion
824:are not used in writing Omaha-Ponca.
2013:
1812:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
24:
1340:
1243:
25:
2369:
1599:
953:
945:
930:
922:
901:
880:
866:
859:
718:One consonant, sometimes written
701:
685:
669:
662:
655:
637:
630:
623:
605:
598:
591:
564:
557:
541:
534:
527:
520:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
462:
455:
448:
441:
416:
409:
2353:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
1966:
1965:
1450:. April 14, 2021. Archived from
1286:Overmyer, Krystal (2003-12-13).
1229:Omaha-Ponca's syntactic type is
1128:for inanimate horizontal object
734:release, , found for example in
187:Map showing the distribution of
1520:
1511:
1500:
1491:
1478:
1458:
1322:The Lincoln Journal Star Online
1436:
1412:
1364:
1334:
1316:Abourezk, Kevin (2011-10-09).
1309:
1279:
1267:
1138:for inanimate standing object
333:Use and revitalization efforts
13:
1:
2348:Subject–object–verb languages
1535:
1104:
772:, and the dental approximant
768:, the voiced velar fricative
728:velarized lateral approximant
365:
1915:Black American Sign Language
1546:"Notes on the Ponka grammar"
1507:Omaha Ponca Dictionary Index
1394:Peters, Chris (2015-02-15).
1094:during future early autumns
360:
355:University of Nebraska Press
7:
1807:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
1158:for singular animate agent
1148:for inanimate round object
10:
2374:
742:), the source of the name
2312:
2279:
2270:
2235:
2208:
2197:
2175:
2139:
2116:
2078:
2071:
2051:
2030:
2021:
1961:
1930:
1902:
1722:
1712:
1224:
979:, which may range across
911:
848:
834:
827:
679:
578:
430:
403:
372:
282:
267:
252:
220:
198:
180:
168:
152:
136:
131:
87:
77:
61:
47:
37:
32:
2358:Western Siouan languages
1236:
968:, plus a few words with
347:Osage Nation of Oklahoma
2338:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
1767:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1561:Omaha and Ponka Letters
1552:, Proceedings 2:217-37.
1263:(subscription required)
762:j, ch, chʰ, zh, sh, shʼ
1910:American Sign Language
1627:Omaha Ponca dictionary
964:The simple vowels are
780:has also been written
342:University of Nebraska
222:This article contains
1633:"Omaha Ponca grammar"
1608:, native-language.org
1115:morphological ending
776:. Historically, this
1582:Dorsey, Rev. J. Owen
18:Omaha-Ponca language
1574:The Cegiha Language
1231:subject-object-verb
800:; the tenuis stops
764:, the glottal stop
2237:Mississippi Siouan
2072:Mississippi Valley
1637:Omaha Ponca Sketch
1569:Dorsey, James Owen
1556:Dorsey, James Owen
1484:Michaud, Alexis. "
1471:2011-11-06 at the
1464:Bruce, Benjamin. "
995:remains distinct.
989:⟨aⁿ⟩
985:⟨oⁿ⟩
108:Mississippi Valley
2325:
2324:
2319:extinct languages
2308:
2307:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2193:
2192:
2117:Chiwere–Winnebago
1981:
1980:
1790:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1400:Omaha.com: Living
1261:(18th ed., 2015)
1222:
1221:
1098:
1097:
962:
961:
711:Voiceless sounds
709:
708:
292:
291:
248:
247:
230:rendering support
226:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
2365:
2277:
2276:
2206:
2205:
2076:
2075:
2028:
2027:
2015:Siouan languages
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1922:Plains Sign Talk
1695:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1622:
1620:
1619:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1349:. Archived from
1347:The Buffalo Post
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1294:. Archived from
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1012:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
967:
957:
949:
942:
934:
926:
919:
905:
898:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
832:
831:
756:
752:
714:
705:
694:
689:
673:
666:
659:
650:
641:
634:
627:
618:
609:
602:
595:
586:
568:
561:
554:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
420:
413:
370:
369:
250:
249:
214:
203:
192:Indian Languages
185:
164:
148:
141:
93:
30:
29:
21:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2304:
2258:
2231:
2210:Virginia Siouan
2189:
2171:
2135:
2112:
2067:
2047:
2017:
2012:
1982:
1977:
1957:
1926:
1898:
1718:
1708:
1699:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1586:Omaha Sociology
1538:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1473:Wayback Machine
1463:
1459:
1448:Ponca City News
1442:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1107:
988:
984:
983:and is written
940:
917:
896:
875:
854:
830:
648:
616:
584:
552:
515:
473:
436:
387:
368:
363:
335:
299:Siouan language
287:
286:Umoⁿhoⁿ Mazhóⁿ,
275:
260:
228:Without proper
216:
215:
206:
194:
160:
144:
137:
127:
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2176:(unclassified)
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2031:Missouri River
2025:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1931:Non-Indigenous
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1903:Sign languages
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1629:
1624:
1609:
1601:
1600:External links
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1499:
1490:
1477:
1466:Ponca Alphabet
1457:
1454:on 1 May 2021.
1435:
1424:iTunes Preview
1411:
1383:
1363:
1341:Florio, Gwen.
1333:
1308:
1278:
1266:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:gloss meaning
1116:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
960:
959:
950:
943:
937:
936:
927:
920:
915:
909:
908:
906:
899:
894:
888:
887:
885:
878:
872:
871:
864:
857:
852:
846:
845:
840:
835:
829:
826:
820:. The letters
738:"flat water" (
707:
706:
699:
697:
695:
690:
683:
677:
676:
674:
667:
660:
653:
651:
645:
644:
642:
635:
628:
621:
619:
613:
612:
610:
603:
596:
589:
587:
582:
576:
575:
573:
571:
569:
562:
555:
549:
548:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
512:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
470:
469:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
434:
428:
427:
425:
423:
421:
414:
407:
401:
400:
395:
390:
383:
378:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
351:Osage language
334:
331:
301:spoken by the
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
269:
265:
264:
254:
246:
245:
232:, you may see
218:
217:
205:
204:
196:
195:
186:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
142:
134:
133:
132:Language codes
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
104:Western Siouan
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
83:85 (2007)
81:
78:
75:
74:
73:, 2010 census)
63:
59:
58:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2370:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2226:Tutelo-Saponi
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987:in Omaha and
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822:f, l, q, r, v
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42:United States
40:
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31:
19:
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2060:
2052:
1970:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1850:
1838:
1831:
1794:
1782:
1765:
1714:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1636:
1616:. Retrieved
1584:
1572:
1559:
1549:
1522:
1513:
1502:
1493:
1480:
1460:
1452:the original
1447:
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1346:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1291:
1281:
1274:
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1228:
1108:
1099:
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1007:
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748:
740:Platte River
735:
723:
719:
717:
710:
339:
336:
321:) people of
318:
309:) people of
306:
294:
293:
288:Páⁿka Mazhóⁿ
221:
153:
116:
2200:Ohio Valley
2184:Mitchigamea
2162:Omaha–Ponca
2086:Assiniboine
1542:Boas, Franz
1253:Omaha–Ponca
1089:the ground
1018:/waꜜlᶞatʰe/
1011:/walᶞaꜜtʰe/
732:interdental
681:Approximant
649:glottalized
295:Omaha–Ponca
236:instead of
175:Omaha-Ponca
117:Omaha–Ponca
33:Omaha–Ponca
2332:Categories
1953:Vietnamese
1852:Potawatomi
1723:Indigenous
1647:2024-01-13
1618:2013-08-15
1536:References
1429:2015-03-03
1405:2015-03-03
1377:2013-08-15
1357:2013-08-15
1327:2013-08-15
1302:2013-08-15
1258:Ethnologue
1105:Morphology
1074:to go out
1059:head/nose
784:, and the
736:ní btháska
713:/p,t,tʃ,k/
366:Consonants
2317:indicate
1761:Chickasaw
1702:Languages
1292:Canku Ota
1079:to stand
966:/a,e,i,u/
617:voiceless
580:Fricative
516:aspirated
474:voiceless
361:Phonology
155:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
65:525 (365
62:Ethnicity
2282:Catawban
2141:Dhegihan
2131:Ho-Chunk
1972:Category
1817:Muscogee
1784:Delaware
1778:Comanche
1756:Cheyenne
1751:Cherokee
1706:Oklahoma
1469:Archived
1037:Contrast
1015:wáthatʰe
1013:"food",
1008:wathátʰe
1004:downstep
814:p t ch k
810:p t ch k
802:p t ch k
782:dh, ð, ¢
744:Nebraska
553:ejective
388:alveolar
327:Nebraska
323:Oklahoma
313:and the
311:Nebraska
268:Language
242:Help:IPA
189:Oklahoma
162:omah1247
56:Oklahoma
52:Nebraska
2315:Italics
2292:Catawba
2272:Eastern
2219:Moneton
2125:Chiwere
2079:Dakotan
2043:Hidatsa
2023:Western
1948:Spanish
1938:English
1888:Wyandot
1881:Wichita
1874:Tonkawa
1868:Shawnee
1802:Koasati
1773:Choctaw
1736:Arapaho
1730:Alabama
1715:Italics
1214:-ðaⁿkʰá
1204:-ðiⁿkʰé
1064:bitter
818:b d j g
806:pp, kk,
432:Plosive
398:Glottal
307:Umoⁿhoⁿ
283:Country
257:Umoⁿhoⁿ
238:Unicode
112:Dhegiha
2299:Woccon
2246:Biloxi
2167:Quapaw
2108:Stoney
2101:Lakota
2096:Dakota
2062:Mandan
2053:Mandan
1943:German
1863:Seneca
1858:Quapaw
1833:Pawnee
1827:Ottawa
1746:Cayuga
1527:Syntax
1225:Syntax
1049:Gloss
828:Vowels
585:voiced
437:voiced
381:Dental
376:Labial
253:People
209:UNESCO
99:Siouan
69:, 160
48:Region
2343:Ponca
2156:Osage
2150:Kansa
2091:Sioux
1894:Yuchi
1846:Ponca
1822:Osage
1796:Kansa
1741:Caddo
1237:Notes
1174:-tʰaⁿ
1084:vs.
1069:vs.
1054:vs.
1043:Gloss
941:nasal
876:nasal
838:Front
755:/ɡlᶞ/
751:/blᶞ/
730:with
726:is a
405:Nasal
393:Velar
386:Post-
319:Paⁿka
315:Ponca
303:Omaha
297:is a
262:Páⁿka
71:Ponca
67:Omaha
2038:Crow
1662:.mp3
1164:-amá
1154:akʰá
1144:-ðaⁿ
1134:-tʰe
1124:-kʰe
1046:Word
1040:Word
918:oral
897:oral
855:oral
850:High
843:Back
796:and
788:and
753:and
340:The
325:and
277:Gáxe
54:and
2253:Ofo
1704:of
1255:at
1194:-ma
1184:ðiⁿ
993:/ĩ/
977:/õ/
970:/o/
913:Low
892:Mid
816:or
792:as
724:th,
722:or
536:tʃʰ
272:Iyé
224:IPA
170:ELP
146:oma
2334::
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1558:.
1548:,
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1398:.
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1233:.
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786:sh
778:th
774:th
770:gh
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693:lᶞ
671:xʼ
664:ʃʼ
657:sʼ
566:tʼ
559:pʼ
543:kʰ
529:tʰ
522:pʰ
494:tʃ
457:dʒ
357:.
2153:–
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
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955:õ
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947:ã
932:o
929:(
924:a
903:e
882:ĩ
868:u
861:i
798:q
794:c
790:x
766:’
720:l
703:h
687:w
639:x
632:ʃ
625:s
607:ɣ
600:ʒ
593:z
508:ʔ
501:k
487:t
480:p
464:ɡ
450:d
443:b
418:n
411:m
317:(
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274:,
259:,
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