401:
572:
63:
48:
94:
2091:
1255:
117:
106:
1203:
312:
464:, the Ponca chiefs decided against a move to the Indian Territory. Hence, when governmental officials came in early 1877 to move the Ponca to their new land, the chiefs refused, citing their earlier treaty. Most of the tribe refused and had to be moved by force. In their new location, the Ponca struggled with
1092:
The first officers of the
Central Church were Frank Eagle (Ponca), president; Mack Haag (Cheyenne), vice-president; George Pipestem (Oto), secretary; and Louis McDonald (Ponca), treasurer. For the first twenty-five years about thirty people from seven or eight tribes occupied all elected offices and
480:
was among those who had most vehemently protested the tribe's removal. When his eldest son, Bear Shield, lay on his deathbed, Standing Bear promised to have him buried on the tribe's ancestral lands. In order to carry out his promise, Standing Bear left the reservation in
Oklahoma and traveled back
555:
In the 1970s, the tribe started efforts to reorganize politically. Members wanted to revive the cultural identity of its people and improve their welfare. First, they sought state recognition and then allied with their
Congressional representatives to seek legislation for federal recognition. On
411:
Most of the leadership of the Ponca people was destroyed in 1824. Hostile
Lakotas attacked a delegation of 30 leaders of various rank returning from a visit in a friendly Oglala Lakota camp. Only twelve survived. "Numbered among the dead were all the Ponca chiefs, including the famous Smoke-maker
431:
In 1817 the tribe signed a peace treaty with the United States. By a second treaty in 1825, they regulated trade and tried to minimize intertribal clashes on the
Northern Plains. In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty by which they gave up parts of their land to the United States in return for
299:, ultimately gave rise to the present-day Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. Two years later, the majority of the Ponca were given the opportunity to return to Nebraska but elected against doing so, having established themselves on a new reservation in the Indian Territory. This group, led by
556:
October 31, 1990, the Ponca
Restoration Bill was signed into law, and they were recognized as the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. They are now trying to rebuild a land base on their ancestral lands. They are the only federally recognized tribe in Nebraska without a reservation.
295:. This event, known as the Ponca Trail of Tears, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Ponca civilians and the splintering of the nation. In 1879, two years after the removal, a small portion of the Ponca elected to return to Nebraska in 1879. This group, led by
543:
before they were destroyed during agricultural development. The team excavated a prehistoric Ponca village, which included large circular homes up to sixty feet in diameter, located almost two miles (3 km) along the south bank of the
Niobrara River.
1093:
the five or six appointed positions. As well as the member of the original general council, they included Alfred Wilson (Cheyenne), James W. Waldo (Kiowa), Ned E. Bruce (Kiowa), Edgar McCarthy (Osage), Frank W. Cayou (Omaha), and McKinley Eagle (Ponca).
551:
the tribe (then called the
Northern Ponca). It distributed its land by allotment to members, and sold off what it called surplus. Many individuals sold off their separate allotments over the decades, sometimes being tricked by speculators.
1680:
1812:
499:, the US District Court established for the first time that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" of the United States, and that they have certain rights as a result. This was an important
481:
toward the Ponca homelands. He was arrested for doing so without US government permission and ordered confined at Fort Omaha. Many people took up his cause, and two prominent attorneys offered their services
635:. As of 2024, the Native American Church is the most widespread Indigenous religion among Native Americans in the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico, having an estimated 300,000 adherents.
1955:
2015:
1985:
1934:
1797:
1761:
1690:
1924:
1685:
2079:
2025:
2020:
1914:
1909:
1675:
1889:
440:. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by US law, forced the US to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands.
2046:
2000:
1695:
1980:
386:. He founded a trading post at its confluence with the Missouri, where he found about 800 Ponca residing. Shortly after that, the tribe was hit by a devastating
1243:
432:
protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the
Niobrara. The Ponca signed their last treaty with the US in 1865. In the 1868 US-Sioux
379:
1166:
1715:
1660:
1349:
2057:
609:. In an attempt to encourage assimilation (and to allow Oklahoma to become a state), they allotted reservation lands to individual members under the
2030:
1221:
460:) in 1876, the Ponca were on the list. After inspecting the lands the US government offered for their new reservation and finding it unsuitable for
2072:
2005:
1995:
1710:
1006:
987:
968:
949:
930:
886:
1705:
1700:
1787:
1746:
1725:
624:
on Ponca lands provided revenues but had mixed results. There were environmental disasters as oil refineries dumped waste directly into the
1919:
2495:
2490:
2065:
2095:
1236:
400:
547:
After World War II, the US government began a policy of terminating its relationship with tribes. In 1966, the US federal government
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1192:
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796:
2314:
2234:
2107:
1894:
1792:
2254:
1259:
727:
580:
237:
236:
of North
America that share a common Ponca culture, history, and language, identified with two Indigenous nations: the
1251:
2179:
2124:
2119:
1817:
1461:
1294:
1159:
1077:
847:
1869:
1838:
2485:
1899:
1209:
642:. Ponca leaders adopted the Ponca Constitution on 20 September 1950. Today, the Ponca Tribe is headquartered in
571:
404:
521:
to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back north from Indian Territory. The tribe continued to decline.
363:
tribes migrated west, but know the Iroquois also pushed tribes out from the Ohio and West Virginia areas in the
1782:
351:
also have traditions of having migrated to the West from east of the Mississippi River. The invasions of the
2389:
1904:
1629:
1624:
449:
433:
1456:
17:
605:. During opposition by Ponca leadership, the US government began dismantling tribal government under the
2269:
2144:
1929:
1344:
1214:
639:
212:
2204:
2154:
1517:
1003:
984:
965:
946:
927:
883:
394:
2174:
2159:
1593:
1542:
617:
548:
2419:
2284:
2274:
2239:
1665:
1527:
1433:
594:
1049:
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in 1891 and 1892. Any land remaining after allotment was made available for sale to non-natives.
271:. By the end of the 18th century, the Ponca people had established themselves at the mouth of the
2214:
1428:
1334:
529:
512:
437:
371:
241:
68:
53:
263:
peoples until the mid-17th century when the people sought to establish their nation west of the
2480:
2189:
2184:
1990:
1970:
1950:
632:
631:
In 1918, three Ponca men, Frank Eagle, Louis McDonald, and McKinley Eagle, helped co-found the
540:
525:
150:
31:
1105:
407:(Quapaw, Osage, Kansa (Kaw) and Omaha) from the South to Nebraska according to oral traditions
1807:
1583:
1438:
643:
518:
397:, only about 200 Ponca remained. Later in the 19th century, their number rose to about 700.
2199:
1848:
1644:
1588:
1573:
1380:
647:
468:, a shortage of food and the hot climate. One in four members died within the first year.
332:
207:
138:
559:
Today the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska has over 2,783 enrolled members and is headquartered in
8:
2424:
1960:
1037:
2374:
2354:
2264:
1639:
1557:
1507:
1405:
1375:
709:
683:
616:
After Oklahoma achieved statehood, some remaining Ponca land was leased or sold to the
560:
62:
47:
2399:
2384:
2369:
2349:
2344:
2010:
1975:
1965:
1741:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1314:
1155:
1140:
1130:
1073:
843:
677:
328:
300:
284:
264:
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2444:
2439:
2379:
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2359:
2329:
2324:
2304:
2149:
1598:
1552:
1512:
1502:
1492:
695:
589:
Reservation in Indian Territory, the tribe moved west to their own lands along the
453:
292:
288:
134:
1072:(2nd ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 224–226.
918:. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 195. Washington.
2434:
2414:
2339:
2224:
2169:
2139:
1843:
1634:
1608:
1578:
1487:
1477:
1193:
Information about the Ponca "An Indian is a person": U.S. District Court Case of
1010:
991:
972:
953:
934:
890:
800:
793:
602:
496:
2475:
2454:
2409:
2404:
2334:
2299:
1777:
1497:
1390:
1284:
671:
625:
590:
416:
383:
375:
360:
320:
280:
276:
272:
2469:
2279:
2249:
2244:
2129:
1822:
1751:
1537:
1329:
1054:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.
714:
705:
689:
665:
533:
487:
477:
296:
260:
182:
98:
93:
1067:
423:
and kept vegetable gardens. Their last successful buffalo hunt was in 1855.
2394:
2229:
2219:
1884:
1879:
1603:
1395:
1385:
1319:
1271:
760:
500:
382:
was given an exclusive license to trade with the Ponca at the mouth of the
340:
336:
256:
248:
233:
178:
170:
154:
894:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1874:
1670:
1522:
1339:
1324:
659:
537:
461:
364:
348:
268:
355:
from their traditional base in the north pushed those tribes out of the
2194:
1864:
1720:
1547:
823:
756:
732:
606:
356:
252:
174:
1532:
1309:
1168:
The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains
1025:
610:
327:. According to tradition, they moved there from an area east of the
2164:
2099:
2090:
1304:
1289:
1263:
1254:
457:
390:
387:
352:
324:
319:
At first European contact, the Ponca lived around the mouth of the
166:
121:
116:
110:
105:
1202:
620:, where many Ponca people found employment. The 1911 discovery of
2289:
1482:
1279:
465:
1182:
867:
2429:
2259:
764:
699:
586:
344:
686:, civil rights activist, writer, lecturer, interpreter, artist
335:' arrival in the Americas. Siouan-speaking tribes such as the
2209:
2134:
1802:
1756:
1359:
1354:
1299:
420:
359:
area. Scholars are not able to determine precisely when the
311:
598:
405:
Route of the Ponca Indians and other Dhegiha Siouan peoples
1106:"Constitution and By-laws of the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma"
638:
In 1950, the nation organized a new government under the
621:
1187:
367:. The Iroquois maintained the lands as hunting grounds.
517:
In 1881, the US returned 26,236 acres (106 km) of
303:, ultimately gave rise to the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma.
1350:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
871:
The Official Website of the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma.
279:, remaining there until 1877 when the United States
1813:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
794:
Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
674:, former heavyweight boxer/co-star in Rocky V movie
436:the US mistakenly included all Ponca lands in the
426:
997:
978:
959:
940:
2467:
921:
767:. The meaning of the name is "Those Who Lead."
668:, attorney and Native American rights advocate
601:village, while the mixed-bloods settled about
315:Thomas Cry (Moni Chaki), Ponca, Nebraska, 1898
2073:
1788:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
1237:
1172:Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995.
1147:Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891.
452:decided to remove several northern tribes to
1129:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.
247:This nation comprised the modern-day Ponca,
1028:, 1997, ABCD unlimited. Retrieved 06/19/17.
1021:
1019:
2080:
2066:
1244:
1230:
1040:, 1997, ABCD unlimited. Retrieved 12/5/08.
585:After the 1877 forced relocation onto the
575:The Washington Delegation of Ponca in 1877
393:. In 1804, when they were visited by the
908:
1110:National Tribal Justice Resource Center.
1016:
570:
399:
310:
2047:Native American place names in Nebraska
1065:
803:2008: page 28. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
662:, AIM (American Indian Movement) leader
14:
2468:
232:are a nation primarily located in the
2061:
1225:
1043:
1031:
876:
862:
860:
858:
856:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
86:Regions with significant populations
2011:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
1895:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
1127:Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide.
868:A Brief History of the Ponca Tribe.
24:
2496:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
2491:Native American tribes in Nebraska
2395:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
786:
728:Native American tribes in Nebraska
581:Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
374:, who placed them along the upper
370:The Ponca appear on a 1701 map by
238:Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
27:Indigenous people of North America
25:
2507:
1818:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
1462:Nebraska Indian Community College
1295:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
1176:
853:
842:, p. 138. Da Capo, Cambridge, MA
806:
755:was the name of a clan among the
717:, chief and civil rights advocate
680:, chief and civil rights advocate
2089:
1253:
1201:
653:
491:suit challenging his arrest. In
471:
306:
115:
104:
92:
61:
46:
2016:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
1900:Frank Parker Archeological Site
1099:
1059:
1038:Dr. Lance Martin, "Rabbit Hunt"
427:Treaties with the United States
1986:Farwell Archeological District
1783:Genoa Indian Industrial School
1195:Standing Bear vs. George Crook
899:
832:
745:
536:project to identify and save
13:
1:
1991:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
1935:Table Rock Archeological Site
1905:Sweetwater Archeological Site
1798:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
1762:Cunningham Archeological Site
1630:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
1625:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1558:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
1154:Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2004.
774:
443:
275:near its confluence with the
1691:Fullerton Archeological Site
1457:Little Priest Tribal College
1210:Removal of the Ponca Indians
1026:Dr. Lance Martin, "Dig Deep"
7:
1930:Humphrey Archeological Site
1925:Schrader Archeological Site
1686:Schrader Archeological Site
1345:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1272:Historic and present tribes
829:. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
721:
646:and conducts business from
640:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
597:. The full-bloods formed a
566:
506:
10:
2512:
2026:Wiseman Archeological Site
2021:Schulte Archeological Site
1915:Ashland Archeological Site
1910:Burkett Archeological Site
1676:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
1518:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
1152:Standing Bear is a Person.
1069:Peyote Religion: A History
873:. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
578:
510:
395:Lewis and Clark Expedition
283:the Ponca people from the
29:
2313:
2106:
2039:
1943:
1857:
1831:
1770:
1734:
1653:
1617:
1594:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
1566:
1543:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
1470:
1450:colleges and universities
1447:
1404:
1368:
1270:
1066:Stewart, Omer C. (1990).
1050:Mark Van de Logt, "Ponca"
1004:"US-Sioux Treaty of 1868"
985:"US-Ponca Treaty of 1865"
966:"US-Ponca Treaty of 1858"
947:"US-Ponca Treaty of 1825"
928:"US-Ponca Treaty of 1817"
914:Howard, James H. (1965):
896:. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
840:Standing Bear is a Person
792:Oklahoma Indian Affairs.
485:. Standing Bear filed a
218:
203:
193:
165:
160:
149:
144:
133:
128:
90:
85:
80:
75:
60:
45:
1666:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
1528:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1215:On the Case of Big Snake
1150:Dando-Collins, Stephen.
1145:Omaha and Ponka Letters.
1112:Retrieved 8 August 2009.
827:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska.
738:
2360:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
2001:Kurz Omaha Village Site
1944:Other precontact places
1696:Oto Indian Village Site
1335:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
1188:Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma
1183:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
1056:2009 (14 December 2016)
530:Smithsonian Institution
513:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
438:Great Sioux Reservation
372:Pierre-Charles Le Sueur
242:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
69:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
54:Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma
2486:Dhegiha Siouan peoples
2096:Native American tribes
1981:Nehawka Flint Quarries
1971:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
1858:Precontact communities
1735:Historic sacred places
824:About the Ponca Tribe.
708:, activist for Native
633:Native American Church
576:
526:University of Nebraska
493:Standing Bear v. Crook
434:Treaty of Fort Laramie
408:
378:. In 1789, fur trader
316:
151:Native American Church
32:Ponca (disambiguation)
1808:Moses Merrill Mission
1771:Other historic places
1618:Historic reservations
1584:Battle of Mud Springs
1206:Texts on Wikisource:
644:White Eagle, Oklahoma
574:
519:Knox County, Nebraska
403:
314:
161:Related ethnic groups
2390:Mescalero-Chiricahua
2145:Cheyenne and Arapaho
1671:Skidi Pawnee Village
1654:Historic communities
1589:Battle of Rush Creek
1574:Battle of Ash Hollow
1406:Present reservations
1381:Omaha-Ponca language
1165:Rollins, Willard H.
1013:. retrieved 4nov2011
994:. retrieved 4nov2011
975:. retrieved 4nov2011
956:. retrieved 4nov2011
937:. retrieved 4nov2011
838:Dando-Collins,(2004)
692:, painter, 1946–2001
380:Juan Baptiste Munier
30:For other uses, see
1961:Walker Gilmore site
1716:Theodore Davis Site
267:as a result of the
42:
2160:Citizen Potawatomi
1832:Precontact peoples
1508:Francis La Flesche
1141:Dorsey, James Owen
1009:2011-11-26 at the
990:2015-02-13 at the
971:2015-02-13 at the
952:2015-03-07 at the
933:2011-11-26 at the
889:2011-01-02 at the
799:2009-02-11 at the
710:self-determination
684:Susette La Flesche
577:
561:Niobrara, Nebraska
524:In the 1930s, the
415:Unlike most other
409:
317:
40:
2463:
2462:
2385:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2125:Alabama-Quassarte
2055:
2054:
1976:Woodcliff Burials
1513:Joseph La Flesche
1369:Present languages
1315:Northern Cheyenne
1135:978-0-8061-4060-5
678:Chief White Eagle
419:, the Ponca grew
285:Ponca Reservation
265:Mississippi River
226:
225:
189:
188:
169:speaking people (
16:(Redirected from
2503:
2315:Tribal languages
2295:United Keetoowah
2225:Muscogee (Creek)
2185:Fort Sill Apache
2120:Absentee Shawnee
2094:
2093:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2058:
1681:Cottonwood Creek
1661:Ton'wontongathon
1599:Grattan massacre
1553:James Young Deer
1503:Logan Fontenelle
1493:Joba Chamberlain
1471:Historic figures
1260:Native Americans
1258:
1257:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1205:
1125:Clark, C. Blue.
1113:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1001:
995:
982:
976:
963:
957:
944:
938:
925:
919:
912:
906:
903:
897:
882:Louis F. Burns,
880:
874:
864:
851:
836:
830:
821:
804:
790:
768:
749:
702:state legislator
696:Ponka-We Victors
595:Salt Fork Rivers
495:(1879), held in
454:Indian Territory
293:Indian Territory
289:Dakota Territory
281:forcibly removed
191:
190:
120:
119:
109:
108:
97:
96:
76:Total population
65:
50:
43:
39:
21:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2317:
2309:
2180:Eastern Shawnee
2170:Delaware Nation
2111:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2086:
2056:
2051:
2035:
2031:Durflinger Site
1939:
1853:
1827:
1793:Indian agencies
1766:
1730:
1649:
1613:
1609:Indian Congress
1579:Massacre Canyon
1567:Historic events
1562:
1488:Chief Blackbird
1478:Antonine Barada
1466:
1449:
1443:
1400:
1364:
1266:
1252:
1250:
1179:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1011:Wayback Machine
1002:
998:
992:Wayback Machine
983:
979:
973:Wayback Machine
964:
960:
954:Wayback Machine
945:
941:
935:Wayback Machine
926:
922:
916:The Ponca Tribe
913:
909:
904:
900:
891:Wayback Machine
881:
877:
865:
854:
837:
833:
822:
807:
801:Wayback Machine
791:
787:
777:
772:
771:
750:
746:
741:
724:
656:
603:Chikaskia River
583:
569:
515:
509:
497:Omaha, Nebraska
474:
446:
429:
309:
211:
114:
103:
101:
91:
71:
56:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2509:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2318:(still spoken)
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Otoe-Missouria
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
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654:Notable Ponca
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488:habeas corpus
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478:Standing Bear
472:Standing Bear
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456:(present-day
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307:Early history
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2285:Thlopthlocco
2040:Other topics
1885:Signal Butte
1880:Schultz site
1849:Dismal River
1706:McClean Site
1701:Leshara Site
1604:Cheyenne War
1434:Santee Sioux
1396:Sac language
1386:Fox language
1360:Skidi Pawnee
1194:
1167:
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1126:
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1091:
1090:
1083:. Retrieved
1068:
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501:civil rights
492:
486:
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475:
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430:
414:
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369:
331:just before
323:in northern
318:
246:
234:Great Plains
230:Ponca people
229:
227:
222:Páⁿka Mazhóⁿ
197:
155:Christianity
67:Flag of the
52:Flag of the
37:Ethnic group
18:Ponca people
2265:Sac and Fox
1956:Indian Hill
1951:Indian Cave
1890:Site 25SM20
1747:Ahkawitakol
1726:Wright Site
1523:Petalesharo
1429:Sac and Fox
660:Carter Camp
538:prehistoric
462:agriculture
365:Beaver Wars
329:Mississippi
301:White Eagle
269:Beaver Wars
139:Omaha-Ponca
2470:Categories
2425:Potawatomi
2110:recognized
1920:Yutan Site
1870:Ash Hollow
1865:Leary Site
1721:Kelso Site
1548:Jim Thorpe
1085:24 January
775:References
733:Ponca Fort
648:Ponca City
607:Curtis Act
549:terminated
444:Relocation
357:Ohio River
213:Páⁿka Gáxe
2355:Chickasaw
2305:Wyandotte
2150:Chickasaw
2108:Federally
1533:Red Cloud
1439:Winnebago
1310:Missouria
780:Citations
751:The term
618:101 Ranch
611:Dawes Act
541:artifacts
208:Páⁿka Iyé
129:Languages
2400:Muscogee
2375:Delaware
2370:Comanche
2350:Cheyenne
2345:Cherokee
2270:Seminole
2205:Kickapoo
2200:Kialegee
2165:Comanche
2140:Cherokee
2100:Oklahoma
1844:Woodland
1645:Niobrara
1305:Meskwaki
1290:Comanche
1264:Nebraska
1007:Archived
988:Archived
969:Archived
950:Archived
931:Archived
887:Archived
797:Archived
722:See also
591:Arkansas
567:Oklahoma
528:and the
507:Nebraska
483:pro bono
458:Oklahoma
450:Congress
391:epidemic
388:smallpox
376:Missouri
353:Iroquois
333:Columbus
325:Nebraska
204:Language
167:Dhegihan
145:Religion
122:Oklahoma
111:Nebraska
2450:Wyandot
2445:Wichita
2440:Shawnee
2380:Koasati
2365:Choctaw
2330:Arapaho
2325:Alabama
2300:Wichita
2290:Tonkawa
2280:Shawnee
2155:Choctaw
1483:Big Elk
1285:Arikara
1280:Arapaho
884:"Osage"
466:malaria
291:to the
287:in the
240:or the
219:Country
135:English
2435:Seneca
2430:Quapaw
2415:Pawnee
2410:Ottawa
2340:Cayuga
2260:Quapaw
2250:Peoria
2245:Pawnee
2240:Ottawa
2130:Apache
2112:tribes
1875:Coufal
1640:Pawnee
1330:Pawnee
1197:, 1879
1158:
1133:
1076:
846:
765:Quapaw
763:, and
700:Kansas
587:Quapaw
503:case.
476:Chief
412:...".
345:Quapaw
261:Quapaw
259:, and
194:People
183:Quapaw
181:, and
2476:Ponca
2455:Yuchi
2420:Ponca
2405:Osage
2335:Caddo
2255:Ponca
2230:Osage
2220:Modoc
2215:Miami
2210:Kiowa
2135:Caddo
1803:Nanza
1757:Pahuk
1742:Pahur
1424:Ponca
1419:Omaha
1414:Ioway
1376:Hocak
1355:Sioux
1320:Omaha
1300:Kiowa
1120:Books
761:Osage
757:Kansa
753:Ponca
739:Notes
448:When
421:maize
341:Osage
337:Omaha
257:Osage
249:Omaha
198:Páⁿka
179:Osage
171:Omaha
81:6,700
41:Ponca
2190:Iowa
1325:Otoe
1156:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1087:2024
1074:ISBN
844:ISBN
599:tipi
593:and
347:and
228:The
2195:Kaw
2098:in
1635:Oto
1340:Sac
1262:in
650:.
622:oil
349:Kaw
253:Kaw
175:Kaw
2472::
1143:.
1108:,
1089:.
1052:,
1018:^
855:^
808:^
759:,
698:,
628:.
563:.
343:,
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255:,
251:,
244:.
185:)
177:,
173:,
153:,
137:,
113:,
2081:e
2074:t
2067:v
1245:e
1238:t
1231:v
1170:.
1162:.
1137:.
850:.
210:,
124:)
102:(
34:.
20:)
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