Osage Nation - Knowledge

1113: 1022: 834: 1062: 115: 5120: 814:). Children born to a certain clan had a ceremonial naming in order to introduce them to the community. Without a ceremonial name, an Osage child could not participate in ceremonies, so naming was an important part of Osage identity. The people regulated marriage through the clans: clan members had to marry people from opposite clans or divisions. Clan representation was expressed in the arrangement of Osage villages. The sky people lived on the side opposite the earth people, and the lodges of the Osage spiritual leaders were situated in between the two sides. 72: 1753: 90: 1779: 100: 1532: 1714: 1491:, and tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. The government leased lands on their behalf for oil development; the companies/government sent the Osage members royalties that, by the 1920s, had dramatically increased their wealth. In 1923 alone, the Osage earned $ 30 million in royalties. Since the early 20th century, they are the only tribe within the state of Oklahoma to retain a federally recognized reservation. 4623: 1089:. It also established the requirement that the U.S. president had to approve all future land sales and cessions by the Osage. The Treaty of Ft. Osage states the U.S. would "protect" the Osage tribe "from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near the settlements of white people....". As was common in Native American relations with the federal government, the Osage found that the U.S. did not carry through on this commitment. 1701:$ 330.7 million in damages in partial compensation for some of the mismanagement claims, covering the period from 1972 to 2000. On October 14, 2011, the United States settled the outstanding litigation for a total of $ 380 million. The tribe has about 16,000 members. The settlement includes commitments by the United States to cooperate with the Osage to institute new procedures to protect tribal trust funds and resource management. 2124: 1627: 2024: 1623:

business on the Osage reservation boomed. Tens of thousands of oil workers arrived, more than 30 boom towns sprang up and, nearly overnight, Osage headright holders became the "richest people in the world." When royalties peaked in 1925, annual headright earnings were $ 13,000. A family of four who were all on the allotment roll earned $ 52,800, comparable to approximately equivalent to $ 917,337 in 2023.

1462: 1378: 1657:. It was the bureau's first murder case. By the time it started investigating, Kyle was already being poisoned. This was discovered and she survived. She had inherited the headrights of the rest of her family. The FBI achieved the prosecution and conviction of the principals in the Kyle family murders. From 1921 to 1925, however, an estimated 60 Osage were killed, and most murders were not solved. 1058:

hostile. Jefferson writes, "we may go further, & as the principal obstacle to the Indians acting in large bodies is the want of provisions, we might supply that want, & ammunition also if they need it." But the goal foremost pursued by the U.S. was to push the Osage out of areas being settled by European Americans, who began to enter the Louisiana Territory after the U.S. acquired it.

1512:

households, and apportioned it to individual members. Each of the 2,228 registered Osage members in 1906, and one non-Osage, received 657 acres (266 ha), nearly four times the amount of land, usually 160 acres (65 ha), that most Native American households were allotted in other places when communal lands were distributed. The tribe retained communal

775:. Everything created has the spirit of Wakonda within it, from trees, plants, and the sky to animals and human beings. They believe there are two main divisions to life, consisting of the sky and earth. Life is created in the sky, and descends to the earth in material form. The sky is viewed as masculine in nature and the earth as feminine. 1421:

Americans, they suffered from the government's failure to provide full or satisfactory rations and goods as part of their annuities during this period. Middlemen made profits by shorting supplies to the Indians or giving them poor-quality food. Some people starved. Many adjustments had to be made to their new way of life.

1855:

The Osage Tribal Council was created under the Osage Allotment Act of 1906. It consisted of a principal chief, an assistant principal chief, and eight members of the Osage tribal council. The mineral estate consists of more than natural gas and petroleum. Although these two resources have yielded the

1793:

The tribal government is headquartered in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, and has jurisdiction in Osage County, Oklahoma. The current governing body of the Osage nation contains three separate branches; an executive, a judicial and a legislative. These three branches parallel the United States government in many

1700:

Beginning in 1999, the Osage Nation sued the United States in the Court of Federal Claims (dockets 99-550 and 00-169) for mismanaging its trust funds and its mineral estate. The litigation eventually included claims reaching into the 19th century. In February 2011, the Court of Federal Claims awarded

1618:

were much higher: $ 11,000–12,000 per year during the period 1922–1925. Guardians were permitted to collect $ 200–1,000 per year, and the attorney involved could collect $ 200 per year, which was withdrawn from each Osage's income. Some attorneys served as guardians and did so for four Osage at once,

1613:

In 1921 the U.S. Congress passed a law requiring any Osage of half or more Indian ancestry to be appointed a guardian until proving "competency". Minors with less than half Osage ancestry were required to have guardians appointed, even if their parents were living. This system was not administered by

1547:

A 1992 U.S. district court decision ruled that the Osage could vote to reinstate the Osage National Council as city members of the Osage nation, rather than being required to vote by headright. This decision was reversed in 1997 with the United States Court of Appeals ruling that ended the government

1511:

As the Osage owned their land, they were in a stronger position than other tribes. The Osage were unyielding in refusing to give up their lands and held up statehood for Oklahoma before signing an allotment act. They were forced to accept allotment but retained their "surplus" land after allotment to

1203:

of 1837–1838, which caused devastating losses among Native Americans from Canada to New Mexico. All clergy except the Catholics abandoned the Osage during the crisis. Most survivors of the epidemic had received vaccinations against the disease. The Osage believed that the loyalty of Catholic priests,

1168:

Between the first treaty with the U.S. and 1825, the Osage ceded their traditional lands across what are now Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma in the treaties of 1818 and 1825. In exchange, they were to receive reservation lands to the West and supplies to help them adapt to farming and a more settled

817:

Osage life was highly ritualized, where there were certain ceremonies would be performed utilizing bundles, ceremonial pipes which used tobacco as offerings to seek Wakonda's aid. These ceremonies were presided over by Osage medicine people and spiritual leaders. Although some of the literature cites

1859:

The first elections for this council were held in 1908 on the first Monday in June. Officers were elected for a term of two years, which made it difficult for them to accomplish long-term goals. If for some reason the principal chief's office becomes vacant, a replacement is elected by the remaining

1766:

signed Public Law 108–431, "An Act to Reaffirm the Inherent Sovereign Rights of the Osage Tribe to Determine Its Membership and Form a Government." From 2004 to 2006, the Osage Government Reform Commission formed and worked to develop a new government. It explored "sharply differing visions arose of

1598:

Although the Osage Allotment Act protected the tribe's mineral rights for two decades, any adult "of a sound mind" could sell surface land. In the time between 1907 and 1923, Osage individuals sold or leased thousands of acres to non-Indians of formerly restricted land. At the time, many Osage did

1077:

The lucrative fur trade continued to stimulate the growth of St. Louis and attracted more settlers there. It became a major port on the Mississippi River. The U.S. and Osage signed their first treaty on November 10, 1808, by which the Osage made a major cession of land in present-day Missouri. Under

958:

European power in St. Louis and other settlements along the Mississippi, building their wealth on the fur trade. In return for the Chouteau brothers' building a fort in the village of the Great Osage 350 miles (560 km) southwest of St. Louis, the Spanish regional government gave the Chouteaus a

733:

The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains. From their traditional homes in the woodlands of present-day Missouri and Arkansas, the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays into the Great Plains to the west. They also hunted deer, rabbit, and other wild game

643:

by outsiders eager to take over their wealth. In 2011, the nation gained a settlement from the federal government after an 11-year legal struggle over long mismanagement of their oil funds. In the 21st century, the federally recognized Osage Nation has approximately 20,000 enrolled members, 6,780 of

1846:

The legislative branch consists of a Congress that works to create and maintain Osage laws. In addition to this role, their mission is to preserve the checks and balances within the Osage government, carry out oversight responsibilities, support trial revenues, and preserve and protect the nation's

1770:

The Reform Commission held weekly meetings to develop a referendum that Osage members could vote upon in order to develop and reshape the Osage Nation government and its policies. On March 11, 2006, the people ratified the constitution in a second referendum vote. Its major provision was to provide

1581:

Before having a vote within the tribe on the question of allotment, the Osage demanded that the government purge their tribal rolls of people who were not legally Osage. The Indian agent had been adding names of persons who were not approved by the tribe, and the Osage submitted a list of more than

1494:

In 2000, the Osage sued the federal government over its management of the trust assets, alleging that it had failed to pay tribal members appropriate royalties, and had not historically protected the land assets and appreciation. The suit was settled in 2011 for $ 380 million, and a commitment

1222:

In 1843, the Osage asked the federal government to send "Black Robes", Jesuit missionaries, to their reservation to educate their children; the Osage considered the Jesuits better able to work with their culture than the Protestant missionaries. The Jesuits also established a girls' school operated

1124:

The Osage regarded the Cherokee as invaders. They began raiding Cherokee towns, stealing horses, carrying off captives (usually women and children), and killing others, trying to drive out the Cherokee with a campaign of violence and fear. The Cherokee were not effective in stopping the Osage raids

821:

Ceremonial songs were also a way to document the knowledge spiritual leaders gained, considering there was no written language. Songs of this nature were taught and shared among only those other Osages who were sincere and had proven themselves. Many songs and ceremonies were created for all facets

786:

Efforts for survival were the responsibility of the people and not of Wakonda, although they might ask Wakonda for help. Considering life a struggle among human groups, they viewed warfare as necessary for self-preservation. The people's survival was dependent on their ability to defend themselves.

778:

They revere the behavior of animals such as hawks, deer and bears, which are considered to be very courageous. Other species lived long lives, such as pelicans. Because humans lacked many of the characteristics naturally found within other forms of life around them, they were expected to learn from

1815:

The executive branch is headed by a principal chief, followed by an assistant principal chief. The current principal chief is Geoffrey Standing Bear, and Raymond Red Corn is the assistant principal chief, who were both sworn in on July 2, 2014. Administrative offices also fall under this executive

1789:

Today, the Osage Nation has 13,307 enrolled tribal members, with 6,747 living within the state of Oklahoma. Since 2006 it has defined membership based on a person's lineal descent from a member listed on the Osage rolls at the time of the Osage Allotment Act of 1906. A minimum blood quantum is not

1622:

The tribe auctioned off development rights of their mineral assets for millions of dollars. According to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in 1924 the total revenue of the Osage from the mineral leases was $ 24,670,483. After the tribe auctioned mineral leases and more land was explored, the oil

1594:

could be inherited by legal heirs. This communal claim to mineral resources was due to expire in 1926. After that, individual landowners would control the mineral rights to their plots. This provision heightened the pressure for those whites who were eager to gain control of Osage lands before the

1523:

Although the Osage were encouraged to become settled farmers, their land was the poorest in the Indian Territory for agricultural purposes. They survived by subsistence farming, later enhanced by raising stock. They leased lands to ranchers for grazing and earned income from the resulting fees. In

1507:

In 1898, the U.S. federal government claimed to no longer recognize the legitimacy of a governing Osage National Council which the people had created in 1881, with a constitution that adopted some aspects of that of the United States. In 1906, as part of the Osage Allotment Act, the U.S. Congress

1420:

It was many years before the Osage recovered from the hardships suffered during their last years in Kansas and their early years on the reservation in Indian Territory. For nearly five years during the depression of the 1870s, the Osage did not receive their full annuity in cash. Like other Native

1192:

churches. They established the Union, Harmony, and Hopefield missions. Cultural differences often led to conflicts, as the Protestants tried to impose their culture. The Catholic Church also sent missionaries. The Osage were attracted to their sense of mystery and ritual but felt the Catholics did

883:

missionaries were assigned to French forts and established missions in an attempt to convert the Osage, learning their language to ingratiate themselves. In 1724, the Osage allied with the French rather than the Spanish in their fight for control of the Mississippi region. In 1725, Bourgmont led a

1832:

provides interpretations and displays of Osage history, art, and culture. The continuously changing exhibits convey the story of the Osage people throughout history and celebrate Osage culture today. Highlights include an extensive photograph collection, historical artifacts, and traditional and

1806:

The judicial branch maintains courts to interpret the laws of the Osage Nation. It has the power to adjudicate civil and criminal matters, resolve disputes, and judicial review. The highest court is the Supreme Court. This Supreme Court has a Chief Justice, currently Meredith Drent, who replaced

1634:

The guardianship program created an incentive for corruption, and many Osage were legally deprived of their land, headrights, and/or royalties. Others were murdered, in cases the police generally failed to investigate. The coroner's office colluded by falsifying death certificates, for instance

1527:

Under the act, initially each Osage male had equal voting rights to elect members of the council, and the principal and assistant principal chiefs. The rights to these lands in future generations were divided among legal heirs, as were the mineral headrights to mineral lease royalties. Under the

1424:

During this time, Indian Office reports showed nearly a 50 percent decline in the Osage population. This resulted from the failure of the U.S. government to provide adequate medical supplies, food and clothing. The people suffered greatly during the winters. While the government failed to supply

1926:

In the 21st century, it opened its first gaming casino and as of December 2013 has seven casinos. Casinos are located in Tulsa, Sand Springs, Bartlesville, Skiatook, Ponca City, Hominy and Pawhuska. The tribe's annual economic impact in 2010 was estimated to be $ 222 million. Osage Million

1696:

only to those heirs of half or more Osage ancestry. They extended the tribal control of mineral rights for another 20 years. Later legislation gave the tribe continuing communal control indefinitely. Today, headrights have been passed down primarily among descendants of the Osage who originally

1432:

In 1879, an Osage delegation went to Washington, D.C., and gained agreement to have all their annuities paid in cash; they hoped to avoid being continually shortchanged in supplies, or by being given supplies of inferior quality - spoiled food and inappropriate goods. They were the first Native

1037:

and the region. There were continuing confrontations between the Osage and other tribes in this area. Lewis anticipated that the U.S. would have to go to war with the Osage, because of their raids on eastern Natives and European-American settlements. However, the U.S. lacked sufficient military

635:(present-day Oklahoma), and the majority of their descendants live in Oklahoma. In the early 20th century, oil was discovered on their land. They had retained communal mineral rights during the allotment process, and many Osage became wealthy through returns from leasing fees generated by their 1614:

federal courts. Local courts appointed guardians from among white attorneys and businessmen. By law, the guardians provided a $ 4,000 annual allowance to their charges, but initially the government required little record keeping of how they invested the difference. Royalties to persons holding

1385:

The Osage were one of the few American Indian nations to buy their own reservation. As a result, they retained more rights to the land and sovereignty. They retained mineral rights on their lands. The reservation, of approximately 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km), was purchased in 1872 and is

1057:

Lewis tried to control the Osage also by separating the friendly members from the hostile. In a letter dated August 21, 1808, that President Jefferson sent to Lewis, he says that he approves of the measures Lewis has taken in regards to making allies of the friendly Osage from those deemed as

673:

The Osage are descendants of cultures of Indigenous peoples who had been in North America for thousands of years. Studies of their traditions and language show that they were part of a group of Dhegihan-Siouan speaking people who lived in the Ohio River valley area, extending into present-day

1479:

The BIA granted the request on March 16, 1896, with the stipulation that Foster was to pay the Osage tribe a 10% royalty on all sales of petroleum produced on the reservation. Foster found large quantities of oil, and the Osage benefited greatly monetarily. But this discovery of "black gold"

1761:

By a new constitution of 1994, the Osage voted that original allottees and their direct descendants, regardless of blood quantum, were citizen members of the Osage Nation. This constitution was overruled through court judgments. The Osage appealed to Congress for support to create their own

1204:

who stayed with them and also died in the epidemic, created a special covenant between the tribe and the Catholic Church, but they did not convert in great numbers. Catholic clergy accompanied the Osage when they were forced to move again to Indian Territory in what became Oklahoma.

1599:

not understand the value of such contracts and often were taken advantage of by unscrupulous businessmen, con artists, and others trying to grab part of their wealth. Non-Native Americans also tried to cash in on the new Osage wealth by marrying into families with headrights.

1775:" to each citizen of the nation. Previously, based on the allotment process, persons voted proportionally as shareholders. By a 2/3 majority vote, the Osage Nation adopted the new constitutional form of government. It also ratified the definition of membership in the nation. 1293:

refugees from Indian Territory came to Osage country in Kansas, further straining their resources. Although the Osage favored the Union by a five to one ratio, they made a treaty with the Confederacy to try to buy some peace. Roughly 200 Osage men were recruited into the

1697:

possessed them. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has estimated that 25% of headrights are owned by non-Osage people, including other American Indians, non-Indians, churches, and community organizations. It continues to pay royalties on mineral revenues on a quarterly basis.

818:

these individuals as "priests", this term is misleading and is more Eurocentric in nature. Ceremonies, although very elaborate served basic functions such as requesting aid from Wakonda for continued tribal existence and the blessing of a long life through children.

599:

described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation" and said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West". In the Ohio Valley, the Osage originally lived among speakers of the same Dhegihan language stock, such as the

1234:

During a 35-year period, most of the missionaries were new recruits from Europe: Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium. They taught, established more than 100 mission stations, built churches, and created the longest-running school system in Kansas.

1650:, a powerful business man who led the plot, and brother Byron hired accomplices to murder Kyle family heirs. They arranged for the murders of Kyle's mother, two sisters, a brother-in-law, and a cousin, in cases involving poisoning, bombing, and shooting. 1837:

donated much of his extensive personal collection of artifacts and documents to the museum. In 2021, a Missouri cave was discovered with ancient Osage art. The contents were sold at auction, but the Osage leadership insists it belongs to the nation.

1053:

to attack an Osage village; three Osage warriors were killed. The Osage blamed the Americans for the attack. One of the Chouteau traders intervened and persuaded the Osage to conduct a buffalo hunt rather than seek retaliation by attacking Americans.

701:

Eventually the Osage and other Dhegihan-Siouan peoples reached their historic lands, likely developing and splitting into the above tribes in the course of the migration to the Great Plains. By the 17th century, many of the Osage had settled near the

1790:

required. But, as the Bureau of Indian Affairs restricts federal education scholarships to persons who have 25% or more blood quantum in one tribe, the Osage Nation tries to support higher education for its students who do not meet that requirement.

1449:, legislation requiring the dismantling of communal lands on other reservations. They allotted communal lands in 160-acre (65 ha) portions to individual households, declaring the remainder as "surplus" and selling it to non-natives. They also 1356:

Indians in western Indian Territory. He knew the Osage for their scouting expertise, excellent terrain knowledge, and military prowess. Custer and his soldiers took Chief Black Kettle and his peaceful band by surprise in the early morning near the

1013:

and other prominent men of St. Louis, most of whom were of French-Creole descent, born in North America. Having lived with the Osage for many years and learned their language, Jean-Pierre Chouteau traded with them and made his home at present-day

1582:

400 persons to be investigated. Because the government removed few of the fraudulent people, the Osage had to share their land and oil rights with people who did not belong. The Osage had negotiated keeping communal control of the mineral rights.

710:. They were recorded in 1690 as having adopted the horse, a valuable resource often acquired through raids on other tribes. The desire to acquire more horses contributed to their trading with the French. They attacked and defeated indigenous 1528:

Allotment Act, only allottees and their descendants who held headrights could vote in the elections or run for office (originally restricted to males). The members voted by their headrights, which generated inequalities among the voters.

1863:

In 1994 by referendum, the tribe voted for a new constitution. Among its provisions was the separation of the Mineral Council, or Mineral Estate, from regular tribal government. According to the constitution, only Osage members who are

1038:

strength to coerce Osage bands into ceasing their raids. It decided to supply other tribes with weapons and ammunition, provided they attack the Osage to the point they "cut them off completely or drive them from their country."

693:

in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. They attribute their style of government to effects of the long years of war with invading Iroquois. After resettling west of the Mississippi River, the Osage were sometimes allied with the

1417:. Each was dominated by one of the major bands at the time of removal. The Osage continued their relationship with the Catholic Church, which established schools operated by two orders of nuns, as well as mission churches. 1136:

in present-day Arkansas. It was intended to prevent armed confrontations between the Osage and other tribes. The U.S. compelled the Osage to cede additional land to the federal government in the treaty referred to as

1927:

Dollar Elm, the casino management company, is encouraging employees in education, paying for certificate classes related to their business, as well as for classes leading to bachelor's and master's business degrees.

742:, and other vegetables which they processed for food. They also harvested and processed nuts and wild berries. In their years of transition, the Osage had cultural practices that had elements of the cultures of both 1555:

held that the 1906 Allotment Act had disestablished the Osage reservation established in 1872. This ruling potentially affected the legal status of three of the seven Osage casinos, including the largest one in

1508:

created the Osage Tribal Council to handle affairs of the tribe. It extinguished the power of tribal governments in order to enable the admission of the Indian Territory as part of the state of Oklahoma in 1907.

1856:

most profit, the Osage have also earned revenue from leases for the mining of lead, zinc, limestone, and coal deposits. Water may also be considered a profitable asset that is controlled by the Mineral Council.

1756:

The Osage Nation Campus in Pawhuska. Seen are the Osage Nation Museum (left), the Osage Veterans Memorial with the feather sculpture (center), and the Osage Nation law and government services buildings in the

1109:, voluntarily moved from the southeast to the Arkansas River valley under pressure from European-American settlement in their traditional territory. They clashed there with the Osage, who controlled this area. 1847:

environment. This Congress is made up of twelve individuals who are elected by the Osage constituency and serve four-year terms. They hold two regular congressional sessions and are headquartered in Pawhuska.

1585:

The act stated that all persons listed on tribal rolls prior to January 1, 1906 or born before July 1907 (allottees) would be allocated a share of the reservation's subsurface natural resources, regardless of

1524:

addition to breaking up communal land, the act replaced tribal government with the Osage National Council, to which members were to be elected to conduct the tribe's political, business, and social affairs.

1436:

The Osage wrote a constitution in 1881, modeling some parts of it after the United States Constitution. By the start of the 20th century, the federal government and progressives were continuing to press for

3080: 762:

Osage people who adhere to traditional customs believe they are an integral part of a broader universe. Their ceremonies and social organization represent what is observed around them that was created by a

4029: 1548:

restoration. In 2004, Congress passed legislation to restore sovereignty to the Osage Nation and enable them to make their own decisions about government and membership qualifications for their people.

782:

Wakonda was viewed as "the mysterious life-force that pervades the sun", "moon", "earth", "and the stars", as well as the embodiment of order on Earth, which was seen as a place where chaos mostly won.

714:

tribes to establish dominance in the Plains region by 1750, with control "over half or more of Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas," which they maintained for nearly 150 years. Together with the

1920: 3238: 571:, 'Middle Waters'). By the early 19th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region, feared by neighboring tribes. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and 4341: 2774: 1105:, based in Mississippi, made his early reputation in battles against the Osage tribe in the area of southern Arkansas and their borderlands. In the early 19th century, some Cherokee, such as 1472:

In 1894 large quantities of oil were discovered beneath the vast prairie owned by the tribe. Because of his recent work in developing oil production in Kansas, Henry Foster approached the

1255:. The Osage lands became overrun with European-American settlers. In 1855, the Osage suffered another epidemic of smallpox, because a generation had grown up without getting vaccinated. 1476:(BIA) to request exclusive privileges to explore the Osage Reservation for oil and natural gas. Foster died shortly afterward, and his brother, Edwin B. Foster, assumed his interests. 3997: 644:

whom reside in the tribe's jurisdictional area. Members also live outside the nation's tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country. The tribe is bordered by the

1180:

would later develop there. The first Osage reservation was a 50-by-150-mile (80 by 241 km) strip. The United Foreign Missionary Society sent clergy to them, supported by the

963:

after the Spanish governor. The Osage were pleased to have a fur trading post nearby, as it gave them access to manufactured goods and increased their prestige among the tribes.

3333: 3307: 1767:

the new government's goals, the nation's own history, and what it means to be Osage. The primary debates were focused on biology, culture, natural resources, and sovereignty."

3770: 1433:

American nation to gain full cash payment of annuities. They gradually began to build up their tribe again but suffered encroachment by white outlaws, vagabonds, and thieves.

3384: 779:

the others and emulate characteristics desirable for survival. Survival was not a competition between humans and non-humans, but rather a struggle between human communities.

2660: 4611: 1152:. The Osage cut off the heads of their victims and arranged them in rows of brass cooking buckets. No Osage died in this attack. Later, Kiowa warriors, allied with the 3366: 751: 4111: 3838: 5333: 4183: 3586: 3431:

Modifying Osage Fund Restrictions: Hearing Before the Committee on Indian Affairs, Sixty-Seventh Congress, Second Session on H.R. 10328. February 15-Mar. 31, 1922

616:. Researchers believe that the tribes likely diverged in languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio Country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in what is now 1487:, in 1907 they reached a deal which enabled them to retain communal mineral rights on the reservation lands. These were later found to have large quantities of 1207:

Honoring this special relationship, as well as Catholic sisters who taught their children in schools on reservations, numerous Osage elders went to the city of

795:

that mirrored the cosmos as they saw it. Osage clans were typically named after elements of their world: animals, plants and weather phenomenon such as storms.

3636: 4083: 1635:

claiming suicides when people had been poisoned. The Osage Allotment Act did not entitle the Native Americans to autopsies, so many deaths went unexamined.

1243:

White squatters continued to be a frequent problem for the Osage, but they recovered from population losses, regaining a total of 5,000 members by 1850. The

4589: 1552: 1333:. By delaying agreement with removal, the Osage benefited by a change in administration. They sold their lands to the "peace" administration of President 3230: 549:

The term "Osage" is a French version of the tribe's name, which can be roughly translated as "calm water". The Osage people refer to themselves in their

1692:

As a result of the murders and increasing problems with trying to protect Osage oil wealth, in 1925 Congress passed legislation limiting inheritance of

1426: 1251:; both abolitionists and pro-slavery groups were represented among those trying to establish residency in order to vote on whether the territory should 1219:

on April 2, 2014, as part of planned activities. One of the con-celebrants was Todd Nance, who is the first Osage to be ordained as a Catholic priest.

3510: 1112: 5323: 4136: 1361:

on November 27, 1868. They killed Chief Black Kettle, and the ambush resulted in additional deaths on both sides. This incident became known as the

5019: 4604: 2104: 856:

in their journey along the Mississippi River. Marquette's 1673 map noted the Kanza, Osage, and Pawnee tribes thrived in much of modern-day Kansas.

4204: 3739: 2505: 1325:, Kansas, on September 10, 1870. It provided that the remainder of Osage land in Kansas be sold, and the proceeds used to relocate the tribe to 114: 3053: 4319: 3493: 2586: 867:(Heavy Eyebrows) because of their facial hair. As experienced warriors, the Osage allied with the French, with whom they traded, against the 2806:"Reviewed work: Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion, 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory, Willard Hughes Rollings" 1939:, an Osage writer and historian, explored the adverse social effects of the oil boom for the Osage Nation in his semi-autobiographical novel 201: 2726: 1021: 3135: 2402: 4451: 5348: 5343: 4597: 743: 4535:

Louie McAlpine, "Osage Medicine: Ancestral Herbs And The Illnesses That They Treat", Grayhorse Indian Village, Scope Publications, 1998.

4156: 1744:

The Osage population in 2017 was estimated at 47,350. Osage Nation land is an area of approximately 1,470,559 acres (5,951.14 km).

4627: 1560:, as it meant the casino was not on federal trust land. Federal Indian gaming law allows tribes to operate casinos only on trust land. 3330: 3304: 1807:

former Chief Justice Charles Lohah. There is also a lower Trial Court and more inferior courts as allowed by the tribal constitution.

5338: 4826: 2209:(1887–1942), U.S. Army aviation officer who died during World War II while on a Pacific combat mission during the Japanese attack on 1438: 3767: 3707: 872: 1638:

In the early 1920s there was a rise in murders and suspicious deaths of Osage, called the "Reign of Terror." In one plot, in 1921,

951:. St. Louis was part of territory under nominal Spanish control after the Seven Years' War, but was dominated by French colonists. 871:

during the early 18th century. The first half of the 1720s was a time of more interaction between the Osage and French colonizers.

3947: 2119:(b. 1979), Mayor of Oklahoma City; served in the Oklahoma State Senate; he was the first Osage elected to state office since 2006. 1516:

to what was below the surface. As development of resources took place, members of the tribe received royalties according to their

1211:

in 2014 to celebrate its 250th anniversary of founding by the French. They participated in a mass partially conducted in Osage at

595:

in North America, either red or white skins; there being ... many of them six and a half, and others seven feet ." The missionary

3209: 1976: 998: 4517: 3812: 3429: 1661:, an Osage, explored the disruptive social consequences of the oil boom for the Osage Nation in his semi-autobiographical novel 798:

This was a symbolic representation. Each clan had its own responsibilities within the tribe. Names of clans included Red Cedar (

71: 2098: 1189: 4440: 4398: 4355: 4279: 3682: 3494:'Killers of the Flower Moon' Trailer Unites Martin Scorsese, Leonardo DiCaprio, Robert De Niro in an Epic Western Crime Drama 3038: 4619: 4101: 3842: 5012: 4846: 4997: 1567:, officially opened newly constructed casinos, hotels and convenience stores in Skiatook and Ponca City in December 2013. 4766: 4639: 4180: 3535: 1971: 1904: 1900: 1543:, which granted Indians across the country full citizenship for the first time. By then two thirds were already citizens. 306: 3637:"'People need to know the history': Osage citizens excited, nervous as 'Killers of the Flower Moon' hits the big screen" 3561: 2941: 698:

and sometimes competed with them, as that tribe was also driven west of Illinois by warfare with the powerful Iroquois.

4786: 2287: 4518:"A cave full of ancient Indigenous paintings sold for more than $ 2 million. The Osage Nation says it belongs to them" 1860:

council members. Later in the 20th century, the tribe increased the terms of office of council members to four years.

943:

west of the great river. By the late 18th century, the Osage did extensive business with the French Creole fur trader

4711: 4656: 4651: 4390: 4305: 4255: 3168: 2001: 1992: 1681: 1667: 1337:, for which they received more money: $ 1.25 an acre rather than the 19 cents previously offered to them by the U.S. 1212: 916: 678:. According to their own stories, common to other Dhegihan-Siouan tribes, such as the Ponca, Omaha, Kaw and Quapaw, 483: 370:. The majority of Osage citizens still live in Oklahoma, but many others live and work in different American states. 4059: 1885: 689:

of the Iroquois. Some believe that the Osage started migrating west as early as 1200 CE and are descendants of the

1833:

contemporary art. Founded in 1938, the museum is the oldest tribally owned museum in the United States. Historian

5328: 5005: 3971: 1654: 679: 99: 1979:

are based on her family's pioneer days in Kansas. They lived on Osage land and encountered members of the tribe.

1653:

With local and state officials unsuccessful at solving the murders, in 1925 the Osage requested the help of the

4492: 3920: 2162: 1540: 3781: 1868:

holders can vote for the members of the Mineral Council. It is as if they were shareholders of a corporation.

4921: 4237: 4047:

Specifically, the three Osage villages most closely Fairfax (Pa.su.lin/Grey Horse, home of Woodland Schools);

2084: 1271: 833: 639:. However, during the 1920s and what was known as the Reign of Terror, they suffered manipulation, fraud and 2696: 1125:

and worked to gain support from related tribes as well as whites. The peoples confronted each other in the "

1061: 89: 4484: 4461: 4421: 4329: 4247: 17: 1923:

and operates its own housing authority. The tribe owns a truck stop, a gas station, and ten smoke shops.

4801: 4676: 2397: 2018: 1965: 1483:

The Osage had learned about negotiating with the U.S. government. Through the efforts of Principal Chief

734:

in the central and eastern parts of their domain. Near their villages, the women cultivated varieties of

822:

of life such as adoption, marriage, war, agriculture and to honor the rising of the sun in the morning.

4736: 4686: 4470: 4212: 3173: 2591: 1908: 1129:," in which 38 Osage warriors were killed and 104 were taken captive by the Cherokee and their allies. 971: 181: 2509: 1266:

the Osage largely stayed neutral, but both sides successfully recruited Osage fighters to their side.

4706: 4691: 4133: 1450: 1322: 1181: 1126: 852:

were among the first Europeans documented to contact the Osage, traveling southward from present-day

825:

During funerals, the faces of dead Osage were traditionally "painted to signal her tribe and clan".

302: 3611: 3057: 1945:(1934); he also wrote histories of the nation, based in part on the oral histories of tribal elders. 1495:

by the government to make numerous changes to improve the program. In 2016, the Osage nation bought

4951: 4816: 4806: 4771: 4579: 4530:

Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion, 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory

2710:

Swanton, John (1931). "Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians".

2600: 2392: 1896: 1798:

The Osage Nation has an official website and uses a variety of communication media and technology.

1725: 1647: 1473: 920: 519: 1957:, a novel based upon the Osage Murders that is also a depiction of traditional indigenous culture. 837:

A map showing the sphere of influence of the late 17th-century Osage superimposed over the modern

5288: 5189: 4746: 4024: 2734: 2218: 2116: 1362: 1341: 1295: 1244: 1010: 3660: 3142: 5353: 5217: 5091: 5075: 5029: 4721: 4716: 4106: 1892: 1387: 1149: 924: 695: 572: 191: 156: 4025:"Considerations for Building a Prosperous and Self-Determining Osage Nation Through Education" 3895: 3403: 2917: 2253: 1085:

This treaty created a buffer line between the Osage and new European-American settlers in the

5318: 5237: 4380: 2345: 2295: 2214: 2058:(1920–2012), historian and author, a leading expert on Osage history, customs, and mythology. 1465:

Shonka Sabe (Black Dog). Chief of the Hunkah division of the Osage tribe. Painted in 1834 by

1185: 1148:

near the Wichita Mountains in modern-day south-central Oklahoma, in an incident known as the

1034: 1009:

assigned to the Osage. In 1809, he founded the Saint Louis Missouri Fur Company with his son

908: 690: 5295: 5242: 5027: 4731: 2190: 1983: 1960: 1948: 1608: 1414: 1395: 1381:

A map of the Oklahoma and Indian territories, circa 1890s, created using Census Bureau data

1366: 1216: 1177: 1138: 1133: 1079: 1002: 889: 640: 266: 4369: 986:. The Osage then numbered some 5,500. The Osage and Quapaw suffered extensive losses from 8: 5227: 5207: 5174: 5070: 4956: 4297: 3661:"United States and Osage Tribe Announce $ 380 Million Settlement of Tribal Trust Lawsuit" 2668: 2138: 2110: 2027: 2005: 1936: 1829: 1677: 1658: 1172:

They were first relocated to a reservation in what is now southeastern Kansas called the

912: 685:

Scholars are divided as to whether they think the Osage and other groups left before the

513: 3725: 1160:

from entering their Missouri reservation, pushing them back to ceded lands in Illinois.

893: 5257: 5247: 5212: 5159: 5102: 5086: 5051: 4906: 4886: 4796: 4365: 3687: 3027: 2825: 2552: 2206: 2196: 2158: 1881: 1587: 1442: 1402: 1314: 1267: 1263: 1224: 1086: 994: 550: 417: 166: 77: 62: 3206: 5197: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5097: 4931: 4916: 4901: 4881: 4876: 4488: 4476: 4436: 4394: 4351: 4301: 4275: 4251: 3733: 3587:"'Flower Moon' inspires non-Osage owners to try returning headrights to Osage Nation" 3034: 2544: 2168: 2154: 2127:

Shonke Mon-thi^, a diplomat to the United States government in the early 20th century

1772: 1410: 1318: 1252: 928: 845: 580: 531: 5202: 5179: 5081: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4911: 4896: 4891: 4861: 4856: 4836: 4681: 4457: 4325: 4243: 4038: 2817: 2200: 2193:; contributed greatly to the success of ballet as a dance art in the United States. 2076: 1752: 1406: 1334: 1326: 1321:

was passed by Congress on July 15, 1870, and ratified by the Osage at a meeting in

1270:, an American who married an Osage woman, advocated for the tribe to side with the 1248: 1030: 1015: 944: 940: 880: 879:

in their territory; it was the first European colonial fort on the Missouri River.

632: 553: 543: 539: 460: 413: 384: 1285:

They struggled simply to survive through famine and the war. During the war, many

5164: 5139: 5108: 4966: 4946: 4871: 4756: 4701: 4671: 4430: 4404: 4269: 4187: 4140: 3797: 3785: 3774: 3337: 3311: 3213: 2679: 2186: 2171:(1915–2005), tribal elder and last surviving native speaker of the Osage language 1997: 1941: 1865: 1693: 1639: 1615: 1591: 1576: 1536: 1517: 1391: 1330: 1299: 1259: 1157: 979: 960: 649: 645: 636: 388: 31: 3723: 1778: 1029:

After the Lewis and Clark Expedition was completed in 1806, Jefferson appointed

5169: 4986: 4941: 4936: 4866: 4831: 4289: 4265: 2755: 2481: 2389: 2148: 2055: 1877: 1834: 1763: 1513: 1484: 1228: 983: 792: 747: 628: 584: 492: 380: 3948:"Missouri Cave Filled With Ancient Artwork Sold Against Osage Nation's Wishes" 3874: 2141:(c. 1894–1979), author and historian of the Osage Nation; World War I veteran. 1531: 5312: 4811: 4781: 4776: 4661: 4347: 4315: 4042: 2949: 2548: 2210: 2180: 2144: 2070: 1466: 1358: 1117: 1070: 936: 897: 849: 653: 588: 441: 351: 136: 4181:

Benny Polacca, "Osage in Oklahoma City elected State Senator of District 30"

4157:"What we know about David Holt, the man elected as next Oklahoma City Mayor" 2299: 1911:(BIE) has no affiliated nor directly-operated facilities within the nation. 4926: 4751: 3355: 3030:

Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation

2132: 2035: 1564: 1345: 1290: 1173: 1082:, they ceded 52,480,000 acres (212,400 km) to the federal government. 1006: 939:

made a separate deal with Spain, which took nominal control of much of the

876: 764: 609: 592: 523: 445: 401: 310: 296: 4408: 3511:"Oklahoma Historical Society could soon return headrights to Osage Nation" 990:

in 1801–1802. Historians estimate up to 2,000 Osage died in the epidemic.

5279:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 5044: 4337: 3469: 3389: 3371: 3342: 3316: 2045: 1987: 1953: 1673: 1643: 1307: 1046: 975: 703: 686: 596: 429: 4063: 3305:"Appeal by tribe rejected: Judges say Osage County is not a reservation" 2829: 2805: 2556: 2532: 1713: 1193:

not fully embrace the Osage sense of the spiritual incarnate in nature.

30:"Osages" redirects here. For the former minor league baseball team, see 4726: 4239:

The Osage and the Invisible World: From the Works of Francis La Flesche

3800:

Colonial Entanglement: Constituting a Twenty-First-Century Osage Nation

2225: 2174: 2107:^, a diplomat to the United States government in the early 20th century 2049: 2041: 1496: 1279: 1102: 1042: 657: 601: 527: 433: 4343:

Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI

3975: 3863: 2775:

The Native Ground: Indians and Colonists in the Heart of the Continent

4432:

The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains

4386: 3500:. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023. 2821: 2229: 2135:

or Little Chief, an Osage leader who traveled to France in the 1820s.

2094: 2088: 2064:(b. 1986), television and film actor, best known for his role in the 2061: 1488: 1446: 1365:, or the Washita massacre, an ignominious part of the United States' 1208: 1196:

During this period in Kansas, the tribe suffered from the widespread

959:

six-year monopoly on trade (1794–1802). The Chouteaus named the post

948: 932: 868: 739: 252: 2848: 2846: 2123: 4696: 4631: 4622: 4573: 3924: 3839:"Meredith Drent confirmed as second ON Supreme Court Chief Justice" 3778: 3220:

Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission, 2011: 24. Retrieved 24 Jan 2012

2233: 2232:

in the 18th and 19th century. The indigenous name is anglicized as

2177:, a 19th-century Osage woman who was among a group taken to France. 2087:

for his actions in saving the lives of the three astronauts aboard

1825: 1783: 1441:, believing this was the best policy for them. Congress passed the 1349: 1303: 1200: 1197: 1153: 1106: 1066: 1050: 987: 901: 727: 719: 707: 675: 621: 617: 535: 363: 359: 355: 284: 146: 3752: 3428:

Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Indian (1922).

4821: 4563:, Sixth Edition. Norman, Oklahoma: Harlow Publishing Corporation. 3875:"Osage Nation holds inauguration for new chief and other leaders" 3331:"Ruling raises stakes: Some casinos deemed not on protected land" 2843: 2768: 2766: 2764: 1353: 1156:, raided the Osage and others. In 1836, the Osage prohibited the 1098: 838: 242: 3708:

Jim Myers, "Osage Nation to get $ 380M in government settlement"

3562:"Minerals Council continues discussion on headright legislation" 3231:"Osage Nation Takes Ownership of Ted Turner's 43,000-acre Ranch" 2157:(born December 31, 1986), mixed martial artist competing in the 2023: 1626: 682:

as a result of war with the Iroquois and/or to reach more game.

4961: 4791: 4480: 4453:

An Indian Canaan: Isaac McCoy and the Vision of an Indian State

1275: 853: 723: 613: 576: 437: 367: 3109:

Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. (80-81) Print.

2761: 1996:(2017). A screenplay developed from the book was the basis of 1461: 1377: 1274:. The tribe signed a treaty with the CSA in October 1861. The 974:

reported in 1804 that the peoples were the Great Osage on the

4741: 4666: 2712:

Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin

1557: 1286: 1145: 885: 735: 715: 711: 605: 421: 273: 257: 3081:"How the Osage Tribe became rich before the Reign of Terror" 2369: 2367: 2203:

who performed in many countries throughout the 20th century.

1278:

priest Father Schoenmakers recruited Osage fighters for the

5131: 5062: 3048: 3046: 2080: 2065: 788: 472: 466: 425: 4100:

Lewis, Hilary & Nordyke, Kimberly (January 23, 2024).

2452: 2450: 2448: 978:, the Little Osage upstream, and the Arkansas band on the 475: 2568: 2566: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2364: 1132:

As a result of the battle, the United States constructed

3815:, The Osage Nation, News, May 2016; accessed 1 July 2017 3043: 2987: 2907:

St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church program, 2 April 2014

2858: 2615: 2268: 2975: 2875: 2873: 2445: 2326: 1687: 750:. The villages of the Osage were important hubs in the 3724:

2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

2563: 2462: 2428: 1069:(right) trying to lance an Osage warrior. Painting by 888:. They were shown around France, including a visit to 2697:"Indian affairs: laws and treaties Vol. 2 (Treaties)" 2416: 2314: 1480:

eventually led to more hardships for tribal members.

1041:

For instance, in September 1807, Lewis persuaded the

484: 469: 4586:, Smithsonian Institution, 1906, at Access Genealogy 4084:

Sarah Plummer, "Osage casino helps staff in college"

2963: 2870: 2498: 1553:

United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit

1390:, in the north-central portion of the state between 4532:(2004), Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2004 3683:"US to Pay $ 1 Billion Settlement to Indian Tribes" 3218:

Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory,

3107:

The People and the Word: Reading Native Nonfiction.

1570: 566: 506: 463: 4382:Lion of the valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980 3998:"Osage Nation to charter resurgent Bacone College" 2758:, Mississippi Genealogical and Historical Research 2151:, also a specialist in medieval British literature 1630:Limestone, a mineral resource for the Osage Nation 1520:, paid according to the amount of land they held. 1005:, a half-brother of René Auguste Chouteau, as the 587:hunting and agriculture. The 19th-century painter 3438: 1903:of Fairfax. There is a private immersion school, 1344:chose Osage scouts in his campaign against Chief 119:The location of the Osage Reservation in Oklahoma 5334:Federally recognized tribes in the United States 5310: 4134:"Osage actor stars in cable TV movie this year." 3024:The Deaths of Sybil Bolton: An American History, 2537:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 2079:(b. 1943), one of the first Native Americans in 1563:The Osage Nation's largest economic enterprise, 1499:'s 43,000-acre (17,000 ha) Bluestem ranch. 1163: 542:, then migrated west in the 17th century due to 4549:, Leavenworth, Kansas: Saint Mary College, 1939 2789:Kiowa Voices. Ceremonial Dance, Ritual and Song 2113:(b. 1980), painter, muralist and street artist. 884:delegation of Osage and other tribal chiefs to 4418:Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian 3813:"Chief proclaims May 6 Osage Constitution Day" 3130: 3128: 2474: 2236:, also used as the name of a town in Oklahoma. 2213:in June 1942. Achieved rank as major general. 1794:ways. The tribe operates a monthly newspaper, 1372: 5013: 4605: 2890: 2888: 2725:Jones, Charlie; Bouch, Mike (November 1987). 2685:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2649:The Chouteaus: First Family of the Fur Trade. 2632: 2630: 2531:Ellis, Richard N.; Steen, Charlie R. (1974). 1963:wrote a series of children's books, known as 1891:School districts in the Osage Nation include 4515: 4099: 3385:"Osage Casino and Hotel opens in Ponca City" 3101: 3099: 3097: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2403:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 2199:, professional ballerina. Both sisters were 1670:: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI 1646:, an Osage woman with headrights. His uncle 1238: 828: 518:'People of the Middle Waters') is a 4197: 3738:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3125: 2799: 2797: 1930: 1619:allowing them to collect $ 4,800 per year. 927:ceded control over their lands east of the 861: 757: 557: 5020: 5006: 4612: 4598: 4435:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 4364: 4346:(First Vintage Books ed.). New York: 4030:Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership 3612:"The real-life fight for Osage headrights" 3072: 2885: 2778:, University of Penn Press, 2006. p.208-10 2724: 2627: 2530: 2274: 2097:(b. 1958), first openly gay bishop in the 1762:government and membership rules. In 2004, 1247:resulted in numerous settlers arriving in 1018:, in the western part of their territory. 4584:Handbook of North American Indian History 4415: 3714:, November 2011, accessed 7 November 2011 3094: 2999: 2864: 2733:. University of Minnesota. Archived from 2621: 1092: 993:In 1804 after the United States made the 620:; the Kansa in Kansas; and the Quapaw in 5324:American Indian reservations in Oklahoma 5119: 4542:New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988 4428: 3791: 3680: 3078: 2794: 2781: 2373: 2122: 2022: 1777: 1751: 1625: 1530: 1460: 1376: 1111: 1060: 1020: 1001:appointed the wealthy French fur trader 832: 754:served by Kaw people as intermediaries. 46: 4449: 4022: 3634: 3585:World, Felix Clary Tulsa (2024-03-11). 3559: 3427: 2934: 2709: 2703: 2584: 2320: 1602: 583:to the south. They depended on nomadic 307:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 37:Indian reservation in the United States 14: 5311: 4472:The Underground Reservation: Osage Oil 4468: 4235: 4174: 3762: 3760: 3367:"Osage Casino Hotel in Skiatook opens" 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3166: 2981: 2637:Osage v. the United States of America, 2533:"An Indian Delegation in France, 1725" 2456: 2099:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 1819: 1502: 904:in the royal forest and saw an opera. 873:Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont 198: • Assistant Principal Chief 5001: 4593: 4378: 4336: 4314: 4288: 4264: 4146:7 March 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2013. 4114:from the original on January 23, 2024 3990: 3806: 3803:, UNC Press Books, 2012, Introduction 3609: 3584: 3444: 2993: 2969: 2879: 2852: 2718: 2572: 2468: 2439: 2422: 2384: 2382: 2332: 2183:, actor, stuntman, linguistic mentor. 1876:On July 3, 2019, the tribe chartered 1841: 579:to the east and the foothills of the 400:Traditional Spirituality, Inlonshka, 216:2,200 sq mi (6,000 km) 27:Native American Siouan-speaking tribe 3746: 3169:"History of the Osage Blanket Lease" 2942:"Osage Mission-Neosho County Museum" 1708: 1688:Changes to law and management claims 1144:In 1833, the Osage clashed with the 627:In the 19th century, the Osage were 346:Regions with significant populations 3945: 3757: 3681:Williams, Timothy (13 April 2012). 3193: 3079:Krehbiel, Randy (October 2, 2023). 2910: 2803: 2694: 2044:(1887–1963), American actor of the 1905:Daposka Ahnkodapi Elementary School 1810: 966: 706:in the western part of present-day 668: 629:forced by the United States to move 76:Osage Nation government buildings, 24: 5349:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 5344:Native American tribes in Missouri 5118: 5028:Municipalities and communities of 4927:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 4509: 4371:A Dictionary of the Osage Language 4126: 4102:"Oscars: Full List of Nominations" 3434:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2379: 1850: 1801: 1648:William "King of Osage Hills" Hale 1535:Four Osage men with U.S president 1401:The Osage established four towns: 1025:Chief of the Little Osage, c. 1807 25: 5365: 4567: 4391:Missouri Historical Society Press 4321:Indian life on the Upper Missouri 2810:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2388: 2292:Fort Scott National Historic Site 1451:dismantled the tribal governments 1213:St. Francis Xavier College Church 911:(the North American front of the 660:and Oklahoma proper to the west. 5339:Native American tribes in Kansas 4621: 4374:. US Government Printing Office. 3788:, 2006. Retrieved on 2009-10-05. 3241:from the original on 2016-11-22. 2012: 1919:The Osage Nation issues its own 1712: 1571:Natural resources and headrights 1456: 459: 113: 98: 88: 70: 4274:. University of Alabama Press. 4149: 4093: 4077: 4062:. Osage Casinos. Archived from 4052: 4016: 3964: 3939: 3913: 3888: 3867: 3857: 3831: 3818: 3717: 3701: 3674: 3653: 3635:Herrera, Allison (2023-05-18). 3628: 3603: 3578: 3560:Herrera, Allison (2024-01-31). 3553: 3528: 3503: 3486: 3462: 3450: 3421: 3396: 3378: 3360: 3349: 3323: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3223: 3160: 3112: 2901: 2749: 2688: 2673: 2654: 2642: 2578: 2524: 2189:, classical ballerina with the 2147:(1931-2022), poet, author, and 1704: 1655:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1642:, a European American, married 859:The Osage called the Europeans 787:Over time, the Osage developed 538:along with other groups of its 4229: 3728:. United States Census Bureau. 2482:"Today in History: January 29" 2338: 2280: 2246: 2163:Ultimate Fighting Championship 1684:was released in October 2023. 1541:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 1317:and victory of the Union, the 13: 1: 4545:Sister Mary Paul Fitzgerald, 4429:Rollings, Willard H. (1995). 4271:A History of the Osage People 3492:Sharf, Zack (May 18, 2023). " 3167:Forbes, Gerald (March 1941). 2680:Warrior, Robert Allen. 2005. 2585:Foreman, Grant (March 1924). 2350:Osage Nation official website 2240: 2085:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1747: 1429:to the Osage and the Pawnee. 1386:coterminous with present-day 1272:Confederate States of America 1227:from Kentucky, led by Mother 1164:Reservations and missionaries 4554:The Annals of Osage Mission, 4516:Harmeet Kaur (16 Sep 2021). 4485:University of Nebraska Press 4462:University of Oklahoma Press 4330:University of Oklahoma Press 4294:Osage Indian Bands and Clans 4248:University of Oklahoma Press 4023:RedCorn, Alex (2019-03-07). 3536:"Frequently Asked Questions" 3470:"Tom's Inflation Calculator" 3026:Times Books; republished as 2228:, the name of several Osage 2038:(1865–1949), principal chief 2030:, Osage painter and muralist 1871: 1682:related major motion picture 1439:Native American assimilation 1116:An Osage warrior painted by 752:Great Plains trading network 631:from modern-day Kansas into 591:described the Osage as "the 567: 507: 188: • Principal Chief 7: 4450:Schultz, George A. (1972). 4209:Digital.library.okstate.edu 4205:"OHS Publications Division" 4004:. Tulsa World, July 6, 2019 3972:"The Osage Nation Congress" 3610:Clary, Felix (2024-03-14). 3136:"Osage Nation Constitution" 2855:, p. 226-227, 229-230. 2398:Oklahoma Historical Society 2019:List of Osage Nation chiefs 1972:Little House on the Prairie 1966:Little House on the Prairie 1373:Removal to Indian territory 52:People of the Middle Waters 10: 5370: 4580:Osage Indian Tribe History 4561:Harlow's Oklahoma History 4379:Primm, James Neal (1998). 3896:"Museum | Plan Your Visit" 3174:The Chronicles of Oklahoma 3054:"Osage Mineral Estate FAQ" 2592:The Chronicles of Oklahoma 2016: 1993:Killers of the Flower Moon 1914: 1909:Bureau of Indian Education 1782:The Osage Casino Hotel in 1668:Killers of the Flower Moon 1606: 1574: 844:In 1673, French explorers 802:), Travelers in the Mist ( 663: 558: 496: 182:Federally recognized tribe 29: 5284: 5274: 5256: 5226: 5188: 5130: 5116: 5061: 5042: 4845: 4638: 4469:Wilson, Terry P. (1985). 4416:Robertson, R. G. (2001). 3921:"The Osage Nation Museum" 3877:. Indianz.Com. 2014-07-03 3768:"Osage Government Reform" 3766:Hokiahse Iba, Priscilla. 3022:Dennis McAuliffe (1994), 2727:"Sharing Choctaw History" 2695:Kappler, Charles Joseph. 2346:"Osage Nation Membership" 1239:Civil War and Indian wars 1127:Battle of Claremore Mound 829:Early French colonization 744:Woodland Native Americans 726:, they dominated western 526:. The tribe began in the 412: 407: 399: 394: 379: 374: 350: 345: 340: 335: 327: 326: 280: 263: 251: 241: 233: 225: 220: 212: 207: 197: 187: 177: 172: 162: 152: 142: 132: 124: 112: 84: 69: 60: 42: 4559:Gibson, Arrell M. 1972. 4540:Indians of North America 4236:Bailey, Garrick (1995). 4043:10.1177/1555458919831339 3712:News From Indian Country 3292:The People and the Word, 3253:The People and the Word, 3207:2011 "Osage Reservation" 2639:Indian Claims Commission 2221:, is named in his honor. 1931:Representations in media 1901:Woodland School District 1897:Pawhuska School District 1764:President George W. Bush 1474:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1174:Osage Diminished Reserve 1033:as Indian Agent for the 839:Midwestern United States 758:Traditional spirituality 297:Osage Unicode characters 4892:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 4186:April 26, 2012, at the 3279:The People and the Word 3266:The People and the Word 3251:Warrior, Robert Allen. 3212:April 24, 2012, at the 3105:Warrior, Robert Allen. 2918:"Mother Bridget Hayden" 2898:, 28 March 2014, p. A11 2896:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2804:Key, Joseph P. (2005). 2682:The People and the Word 2599:(1): 38. Archived from 2219:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 2117:David Holt (politician) 1969:(1932–1943). The novel 1363:Battle of Washita River 1342:George Armstrong Custer 1011:Auguste Pierre Chouteau 862: 5329:Dhegiha Siouan peoples 5124: 5031:Osage County, Oklahoma 4628:Native American tribes 4552:William White Graves, 4107:The Hollywood Reporter 2894:"Honoring the Osage", 2787:Boyd, Maurice (1981): 2506:"History of the Osage" 2128: 2101:(elected 31 May 2013). 2031: 1893:Hominy School District 1786: 1758: 1631: 1544: 1469: 1388:Osage County, Oklahoma 1382: 1150:Cutthroat Gap massacre 1121: 1093:Wars with other tribes 1074: 1026: 841: 656:to the south, and the 522:American tribe of the 295:This article contains 237:22/sq mi (8.3/km) 192:Geoffrey Standing Bear 5122: 4528:Willard H. Rollings, 3978:on September 12, 2009 3459:, June 25, 1921, p. 3 2651:Hoig, Stan. pp. 33,34 2296:National Park Service 2215:Tinker Air Force Base 2126: 2026: 2017:Further information: 2004:, which received 10 2002:film of the same name 1781: 1755: 1629: 1534: 1464: 1380: 1115: 1064: 1035:Territory of Missouri 1024: 982:, a tributary of the 945:René Auguste Chouteau 909:French and Indian War 836: 691:Mississippian culture 534:river valleys around 408:Related ethnic groups 265: • Summer ( 5297:United States portal 4922:Mescalero-Chiricahua 4677:Cheyenne and Arapaho 4547:Beacon on the Plains 3952:Smithsonian Magazine 3303:Robert Boczkiewicz, 3235:Indian Country Today 3033:, Council Oak Books 2191:New York City Ballet 1961:Laura Ingalls Wilder 1609:Osage Indian murders 1603:Osage Indian murders 1425:them, outlaws often 1306:Confederate General 1217:St. Louis University 1003:Jean-Pierre Chouteau 748:Great Plains peoples 234: • Density 4366:La Flesche, Francis 4298:Baltimore, Maryland 3927:on October 24, 2008 3845:on February 1, 2014 3375:, 10 December 2013. 3060:on December 6, 2007 2737:on January 23, 2007 2669:Library of Congress 2512:on October 30, 2014 2139:John Joseph Mathews 2111:Yatika Starr Fields 2028:Yatika Starr Fields 1937:John Joseph Mathews 1921:tribal vehicle tags 1830:Osage Nation Museum 1820:Osage Nation Museum 1678:National Book Award 1659:John Joseph Mathews 1551:In March 2010, the 1503:Osage Allotment Act 1245:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1065:War on the plains. 947:, who was based in 917:France was defeated 900:. They hunted with 593:tallest race of men 544:Iroquois incursions 323: 285:osagenation-nsn.gov 5258:Indian reservation 5125: 4692:Citizen Potawatomi 4576:, official website 4139:2013-05-21 at the 3784:2012-03-19 at the 3779:Arizona Native Net 3773:2011-07-26 at the 3688:The New York Times 3641:Public Radio Tulsa 3457:The New York Times 3404:"Minerals Council" 3393:, 24 December 2013 3336:2012-10-11 at the 3310:2012-10-10 at the 3237:. 25 August 2016. 2996:, p. 265–270. 2922:A Catholic Mission 2772:DuVal, Kathleen. 2603:on 15 January 2015 2335:, p. 272-273. 2254:"Executive Branch" 2207:Clarence L. Tinker 2197:Marjorie Tallchief 2129: 2032: 1882:Muskogee, Oklahoma 1842:Legislative Branch 1787: 1759: 1724:. You can help by 1632: 1545: 1539:after signing the 1470: 1383: 1340:In 1867, Lt. Col. 1315:American Civil War 1268:John Allen Mathews 1264:American Civil War 1225:Sisters of Loretto 1190:Associate Reformed 1122: 1087:Missouri Territory 1075: 1027: 995:Louisiana Purchase 842: 765:supreme life force 680:they migrated west 498:𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘ 328:𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘ 321: 226: • Total 213: • Total 63:Indian reservation 5306: 5305: 5266:Osage reservation 4995: 4994: 4917:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 4657:Alabama-Quassarte 4538:Terry P. Wilson, 4442:978-0-8262-1006-7 4400:978-1-883982-24-9 4357:978-0-385-53425-3 4281:978-0-8173-5018-5 4090:, 2 November 2009 3663:. 21 October 2011 3039:978-1-57178-083-6 2587:"The Three Forks" 2376:, p. 96-100. 2256:. 3 November 2021 2169:Lucille Robedeaux 2155:Chance Rencountre 2006:Oscar-nominations 1773:one man, one vote 1742: 1741: 1323:Montgomery County 1319:Drum Creek Treaty 1139:Lovely's Purchase 929:River Mississippi 846:Jacques Marquette 648:to the east, the 581:Wichita Mountains 517: 505: 451: 450: 303:rendering support 290: 289: 178: • Body 55: 16:(Redirected from 5361: 5298: 5291: 5123:Osage County map 5121: 5054: 5047: 5037: 5032: 5022: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4847:Tribal languages 4827:United Keetoowah 4757:Muscogee (Creek) 4717:Fort Sill Apache 4652:Absentee Shawnee 4626: 4625: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4525: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4465: 4446: 4425: 4412: 4385:(3rd ed.). 4375: 4361: 4333: 4311: 4285: 4261: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4211:. Archived from 4201: 4195: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4153: 4147: 4132:Polacca, Benny. 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4097: 4091: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3974:. Archived from 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3946:Gershon, Livia. 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3923:. Archived from 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3841:. Archived from 3835: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3764: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3729: 3726:"My Tribal Area" 3721: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3364: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3346:, 12 April 2010. 3329:Clifton Adcock, 3327: 3321: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3148:on July 19, 2011 3147: 3141:. Archived from 3140: 3132: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3056:. Archived from 3050: 3041: 3020: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2984:, p. 10-11. 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2948:. Archived from 2946:Osagemission.org 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2822:10.2307/40023358 2801: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2661:"Osage Treaties" 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2582: 2576: 2575:, p. 55-57. 2570: 2561: 2560: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2508:. Archived from 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2471:, p. 34-36. 2466: 2460: 2459:, p. 31-62. 2454: 2443: 2442:, p. 21-23. 2437: 2426: 2425:, p. 15-18. 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2302:on March 8, 2009 2298:. Archived from 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2250: 2201:prima ballerinas 2161:division in the 2077:Jerry C. Elliott 2068:Original Movie, 1986:was explored in 1828:, Oklahoma, the 1811:Executive Branch 1737: 1734: 1716: 1709: 1694:Osage headrights 1616:Osage headrights 1518:Osage headrights 1427:smuggled whiskey 1348:and his band of 1335:Ulysses S. Grant 1327:Indian Territory 1302:, serving under 1296:Confederate army 1249:Kansas Territory 1031:Meriwether Lewis 1016:Salina, Oklahoma 967:U.S. interaction 941:Illinois Country 913:Seven Years' War 894:Château de Marly 865: 804:Moh-sho-tsa-moie 669:Pre-colonization 641:numerous murders 637:Osage headrights 633:Indian Territory 570: 564: 563: 561: 512: 510: 504:romanized: 503: 501: 499: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 418:Dhegihan peoples 336:Total population 324: 320: 309: instead of 270: 117: 102: 92: 74: 49: 44:The Osage Nation 40: 39: 21: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5290:Oklahoma portal 5289: 5280: 5270: 5252: 5229: 5222: 5184: 5126: 5114: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5026: 4996: 4991: 4849: 4841: 4712:Eastern Shawnee 4702:Delaware Nation 4643: 4641: 4634: 4620: 4618: 4570: 4512: 4510:Further reading 4499: 4497: 4495: 4443: 4401: 4358: 4308: 4282: 4266:Burns, Louis F. 4258: 4232: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188:Wayback Machine 4179: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4141:Wayback Machine 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4110:. Los Angeles. 4098: 4094: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3798:Jean Dennison, 3796: 3792: 3786:Wayback Machine 3775:Wayback Machine 3765: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3383: 3379: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3350: 3338:Wayback Machine 3328: 3324: 3312:Wayback Machine 3302: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214:Wayback Machine 3205: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3021: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2802: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2771: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2689: 2678: 2674: 2665:American Memory 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2446: 2438: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2390:Burns, Louis F. 2387: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2275:La Flesche 1932 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2187:Maria Tallchief 2083:, received the 2021: 2015: 1998:Martin Scorsese 1984:Reign of Terror 1933: 1917: 1874: 1866:Osage headright 1853: 1851:Mineral Council 1844: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1802:Judicial branch 1750: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1722:needs expansion 1707: 1690: 1640:Ernest Burkhart 1611: 1605: 1592:Osage headright 1579: 1577:Osage headright 1573: 1537:Calvin Coolidge 1505: 1459: 1375: 1331:Cherokee Outlet 1300:Osage Battalion 1298:and formed the 1260:Bleeding Kansas 1241: 1166: 1095: 999:U.S. government 980:Verdigris River 972:Lewis and Clark 969: 961:Fort Carondelet 831: 806:), Deer Lungs ( 800:Hon-tse-shu-tsy 793:kinship systems 760: 671: 666: 650:Muscogee Nation 646:Cherokee Nation 559: 540:language family 497: 485: 462: 458: 331: 329: 319: 316: 315: 314: 301:Without proper 264: 120: 108: 107: 106: 105: 96: 95: 80: 65: 56: 48: 45: 38: 35: 32:Pawhuska Osages 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5367: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4850:(still spoken) 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:Otoe-Missouria 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4707:Delaware Tribe 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4636: 4635: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4569: 4568:External links 4566: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4533: 4526: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4493: 4466: 4447: 4441: 4426: 4413: 4399: 4376: 4362: 4356: 4334: 4316:Ewers, John C. 4312: 4306: 4300:: Clearfield. 4286: 4280: 4262: 4256: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4196: 4194:27 August 2010 4173: 4148: 4125: 4092: 4076: 4051: 4015: 3989: 3963: 3938: 3912: 3887: 3866: 3856: 3830: 3817: 3805: 3790: 3756: 3745: 3716: 3700: 3673: 3652: 3627: 3602: 3577: 3552: 3527: 3502: 3485: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3420: 3395: 3377: 3359: 3348: 3322: 3320:, 6 March 2010 3296: 3283: 3270: 3257: 3244: 3222: 3192: 3159: 3124: 3111: 3093: 3071: 3042: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2972:, p. 240. 2962: 2933: 2909: 2900: 2884: 2882:, p. 241. 2869: 2867:, p. 283. 2865:Robertson 2001 2857: 2842: 2816:(4): 439–441. 2793: 2780: 2760: 2748: 2717: 2702: 2687: 2672: 2653: 2641: 2626: 2624:, p. 196. 2622:Robertson 2001 2614: 2577: 2562: 2543:(4): 385–405. 2523: 2497: 2486:Lcweb2.loc.gov 2473: 2461: 2444: 2427: 2415: 2378: 2363: 2352:. 7 March 2014 2337: 2325: 2323:, p. 113. 2313: 2279: 2277:, p. 110. 2267: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2222: 2204: 2194: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2152: 2149:Rhodes Scholar 2142: 2136: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2105:Shonke Mon-thi 2102: 2092: 2074: 2059: 2056:Louis F. Burns 2053: 2039: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 1980: 1958: 1946: 1932: 1929: 1916: 1913: 1886:tribal college 1878:Bacone College 1873: 1870: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1835:Louis F. Burns 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1703: 1689: 1686: 1607:Main article: 1604: 1601: 1572: 1569: 1514:mineral rights 1504: 1501: 1485:James Bigheart 1458: 1455: 1374: 1371: 1313:Following the 1262:and later the 1253:permit slavery 1240: 1237: 1229:Bridget Hayden 1186:Dutch Reformed 1176:. The city of 1165: 1162: 1094: 1091: 984:Arkansas River 968: 965: 954:They were the 830: 827: 759: 756: 670: 667: 665: 662: 449: 448: 414:Siouan peoples 410: 409: 405: 404: 397: 396: 392: 391: 377: 376: 372: 371: 348: 347: 343: 342: 338: 337: 333: 332: 317: 305:, you may see 293: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 271: 261: 260: 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 110: 109: 103: 97: 93: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 75: 67: 66: 61: 58: 57: 43: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5366: 5355: 5354:Plains tribes 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5036:United States 5033: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Seneca-Cayuga 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4348:Vintage Books 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307:0-8063-5112-8 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4257:0-8061-3132-2 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4215:on 2013-06-07 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4066:on 2012-08-09 4065: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4008:September 28, 4003: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3901: 3900:Osage Culture 3897: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3082: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2952:on 2020-11-30 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2791:. Fort Worth. 2790: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2374:Rollings 1995 2370: 2368: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Midway Island 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2181:Larry Sellers 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2145:Carter Revard 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2071:Almighty Thor 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2013:Notable Osage 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977:TV adaptation 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1720:This section 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588:blood quantum 1583: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1565:Osage Casinos 1561: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1468: 1467:George Catlin 1463: 1457:Oil discovery 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:Washita River 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1119: 1118:George Catlin 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1072: 1071:George Catlin 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 964: 962: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933:British Crown 930: 926: 922: 921:Great Britain 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 898:Fontainebleau 895: 891: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 864: 857: 855: 851: 850:Louis Jolliet 847: 840: 835: 826: 823: 819: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 784: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 699: 697: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 661: 659: 655: 654:Pawnee Nation 651: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 594: 590: 589:George Catlin 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 556:language as ( 555: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 515: 509: 494: 490: 489: 480: 456: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 403: 398: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354:historically 353: 352:United States 349: 344: 339: 334: 325: 312: 311:Osage letters 308: 304: 300: 298: 286: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 262: 259: 256: 254: 250: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 215: 211: 206: 203: 200: 196: 193: 190: 186: 183: 180: 176: 171: 168: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 137:United States 135: 131: 127: 123: 116: 111: 101: 91: 83: 79: 73: 68: 64: 59: 53: 41: 33: 19: 5319:Osage Nation 5265: 5218:Whippoorwill 5092:Sand Springs 5076:Bartlesville 5050: 4817:Thlopthlocco 4761: 4583: 4574:Osage Nation 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4529: 4521: 4498:. Retrieved 4471: 4452: 4431: 4422:Caxton Press 4417: 4381: 4370: 4342: 4338:Grann, David 4320: 4293: 4290:Burns, Louis 4270: 4238: 4217:. Retrieved 4213:the original 4208: 4199: 4191: 4176: 4165:. Retrieved 4163:. 2018-02-14 4160: 4151: 4143: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4105: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4068:. Retrieved 4064:the original 4054: 4046: 4037:(1): 21–39. 4034: 4028: 4018: 4006:. Retrieved 4001: 3992: 3980:. Retrieved 3976:the original 3966: 3955:. Retrieved 3951: 3941: 3929:. Retrieved 3925:the original 3915: 3904:. Retrieved 3902:. 2021-03-02 3899: 3890: 3879:. Retrieved 3869: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3843:the original 3833: 3825: 3820: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3754:Osage Nation 3748: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3692:. Retrieved 3686: 3676: 3665:. Retrieved 3655: 3644:. Retrieved 3640: 3630: 3619:. Retrieved 3615: 3605: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3580: 3569:. Retrieved 3565: 3555: 3544:. Retrieved 3542:. 2016-06-03 3540:Osage Nation 3539: 3530: 3519:. Retrieved 3517:. 2023-09-20 3514: 3505: 3497: 3488: 3477:. Retrieved 3474:Halfhill.com 3473: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3440: 3430: 3423: 3412:. Retrieved 3410:. 2014-06-09 3408:Osage Nation 3407: 3398: 3388: 3380: 3370: 3362: 3356:Osage Casino 3351: 3341: 3325: 3315: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3278: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3234: 3225: 3217: 3183:. Retrieved 3178: 3172: 3162: 3150:. Retrieved 3143:the original 3119: 3114: 3106: 3084:. Retrieved 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3058:the original 3029: 3023: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2954:. Retrieved 2950:the original 2945: 2936: 2925:. Retrieved 2921: 2912: 2903: 2895: 2860: 2833:. Retrieved 2813: 2809: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2751: 2741:November 29, 2739:. Retrieved 2735:the original 2730: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2617: 2605:. Retrieved 2601:the original 2596: 2590: 2580: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2514:. Retrieved 2510:the original 2500: 2489:. Retrieved 2485: 2476: 2464: 2418: 2406:. Retrieved 2396: 2354:. Retrieved 2349: 2340: 2328: 2321:Schultz 1972 2316: 2306:February 25, 2304:. Retrieved 2300:the original 2291: 2282: 2270: 2260:December 15, 2258:. Retrieved 2248: 2159:Welterweight 2133:Kihegashugah 2069: 2036:Fred Lookout 1991: 1970: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1925: 1918: 1890: 1875: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1769: 1760: 1743: 1733:October 2023 1730: 1726:adding to it 1721: 1705:Demographics 1699: 1691: 1680:finalist; a 1666: 1662: 1652: 1637: 1633: 1621: 1612: 1597: 1584: 1580: 1562: 1550: 1546: 1526: 1522: 1510: 1506: 1493: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1400: 1384: 1346:Black Kettle 1339: 1312: 1284: 1257: 1242: 1233: 1221: 1206: 1195: 1182:Presbyterian 1178:Independence 1171: 1167: 1143: 1131: 1123: 1096: 1084: 1080:Osage Treaty 1076: 1056: 1040: 1028: 1007:Indian agent 992: 970: 955: 953: 937:French Crown 906: 877:Fort Orleans 863:I'n-Shta-Heh 860: 858: 843: 824: 820: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 797: 785: 781: 777: 772: 768: 761: 732: 700: 684: 672: 626: 575:rivers, the 560:𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷 548: 524:Great Plains 455:Osage Nation 454: 452: 402:Christianity 322:Osage Nation 318:Ethnic group 294: 128:Osage Nation 51: 18:Osage people 5238:Carter Nine 5230:communities 5046:County seat 4797:Sac and Fox 4500:15 December 4420:. Lincoln: 4230:Works cited 4192:Osage News, 4144:Osage News. 4088:Tulsa World 4060:"Locations" 4002:Tulsa World 3982:November 5, 3931:October 26, 3849:January 28, 3824:McAuliffe, 3591:Tulsa World 3390:Tulsa World 3372:Tulsa World 3343:Tulsa World 3317:Tulsa World 3152:November 5, 3118:McAuliffe, 3064:November 8, 2982:Wilson 1985 2457:Bailey 1995 2408:15 December 2288:"The Osage" 1988:David Grann 1954:Mean Spirit 1949:Linda Hogan 1824:Located in 1796:Osage News. 1674:David Grann 1644:Mollie Kyle 1367:Indian Wars 1308:Stand Watie 1043:Potawatomie 976:Osage River 907:During the 810:) and Elk ( 769:Wah'Kon-Tah 704:Osage River 687:Beaver Wars 597:Isaac McCoy 532:Mississippi 202:R.J. Walker 5313:Categories 5243:Gray Horse 4957:Potawatomi 4642:recognized 4494:0803247338 4219:2016-02-20 4167:2018-04-29 4070:2012-08-06 3957:2021-10-03 3906:2023-10-19 3881:2016-02-20 3826:Bloodland, 3694:2016-02-20 3667:2012-07-06 3646:2024-03-25 3621:2024-03-25 3596:2024-03-25 3571:2024-03-25 3566:Osage News 3546:2024-03-25 3521:2024-03-25 3479:2016-02-20 3445:Burns 2004 3414:2017-10-23 3120:Bloodland, 2994:Burns 2004 2970:Burns 2004 2956:2016-02-20 2927:2023-07-31 2880:Burns 2004 2853:Burns 2004 2573:Primm 1998 2491:2016-02-20 2469:Burns 2001 2440:Grann 2017 2423:Ewers 1968 2333:Grann 2017 2241:References 2226:White Hair 2175:Sacred Sun 2042:Monte Blue 1757:background 1748:Government 1672:(2017) by 1595:deadline. 1575:See also: 1497:Ted Turner 1443:Curtis Act 1415:Gray Horse 1396:Ponca City 1280:Union Army 1134:Fort Smith 1103:Pushmataha 890:Versailles 808:Tah-lah-he 658:Kaw Nation 520:Midwestern 221:Population 173:Government 5275:Footnotes 5208:Nelagoney 5175:Webb City 5071:Barnsdall 4887:Chickasaw 4837:Wyandotte 4682:Chickasaw 4640:Federally 4387:St. Louis 3710:, AP, in 3290:Warrior, 3277:Warrior, 3264:Warrior, 3185:April 17, 3086:9 October 2549:0019-2287 2230:skiagusta 2095:Guy Erwin 2089:Apollo 13 2062:Cody Deal 1884:, as its 1872:Education 1665:(1934). 1489:crude oil 1447:Dawes Act 1209:St. Louis 1169:culture. 949:St. Louis 869:Illiniwek 767:known as 696:Illiniwek 508:Ni Okašką 375:Languages 330:Ni Okašką 276:(central) 253:Time zone 47:Ni Okašką 5248:Whizbang 5213:Pershing 5160:Grainola 5103:Skiatook 5087:Pawhuska 5053:Pawhuska 4932:Muscogee 4907:Delaware 4902:Comanche 4882:Cheyenne 4877:Cherokee 4802:Seminole 4737:Kickapoo 4732:Kialegee 4697:Comanche 4672:Cherokee 4632:Oklahoma 4368:(1932). 4340:(2017). 4318:(1968). 4292:(2001). 4268:(2004). 4184:Archived 4161:KFOR.com 4137:Archived 4118:June 20, 4112:Archived 3782:Archived 3771:Archived 3734:cite web 3616:ICT News 3334:Archived 3308:Archived 3239:Archived 3210:Archived 3028:(1994), 2830:40023358 2731:Bishinik 2557:40191318 2516:March 2, 2234:Pawhuska 2000:'s 2023 1990:'s book 1975:and its 1826:Pawhuska 1816:branch. 1784:Skiatook 1403:Pawhuska 1350:Cheyenne 1304:Cherokee 1201:pandemic 1198:smallpox 1158:Kickapoo 1154:Comanche 1107:Sequoyah 1067:Comanche 988:smallpox 956:de facto 902:Louis XV 875:founded 746:and the 728:Oklahoma 720:Comanche 708:Missouri 676:Kentucky 652:and the 622:Arkansas 618:Nebraska 568:Wazhazhe 551:Dhegihan 536:700 B.C. 395:Religion 364:Arkansas 360:Oklahoma 356:Missouri 167:Pawhuska 163:Headtown 147:Oklahoma 78:Pawhuska 5198:Bowring 5155:Foraker 5150:Fairfax 5145:Burbank 5098:Shidler 4982:Wyandot 4977:Wichita 4972:Shawnee 4912:Koasati 4897:Choctaw 4862:Arapaho 4857:Alabama 4832:Wichita 4822:Tonkawa 4812:Shawnee 4687:Choctaw 4582:, from 4477:Lincoln 4409:360268M 3498:Variety 3281:, p. 55 3268:, p. 54 3181:: 70–81 2835:8 April 2393:"Osage" 1942:Sundown 1915:Economy 1663:Sundown 1411:Fairfax 1354:Arapaho 1329:in the 1287:Caddoan 1258:During 1223:by the 1099:Choctaw 931:to the 925:in 1763 773:Wakonda 664:History 585:buffalo 562:‎ 516: 500:‎ 385:English 281:Website 243:Demonym 133:Country 5203:McCord 5180:Wynona 5082:Hominy 5063:Cities 4967:Seneca 4962:Quapaw 4947:Pawnee 4942:Ottawa 4872:Cayuga 4792:Quapaw 4782:Peoria 4777:Pawnee 4772:Ottawa 4662:Apache 4644:tribes 4491: 4481:London 4458:Norman 4439: 4407: 4397: 4354: 4326:Norman 4304: 4278: 4254: 4244:Norman 3828:p. 181 3294:p. 87. 3255:p. 54. 3122:p. 160 3037: 2828: 2714:(103). 2607:3 June 2555: 2547: 2356:13 May 2224:Chief 2046:silent 1951:wrote 1907:. The 1899:, and 1676:was a 1590:. The 1413:, and 1407:Hominy 1276:Jesuit 1188:, and 1120:, 1834 1101:chief 1073:, 1834 1049:, and 997:, the 935:. The 881:Jesuit 854:Canada 740:squash 724:Apache 722:, and 614:Quapaw 612:, and 577:Ozarks 554:Siouan 442:Dakota 438:Quapaw 389:French 368:Kansas 366:, and 341:24,000 247:Siouan 229:47,350 153:County 5228:Other 5165:Osage 5140:Avant 5132:Towns 5109:Tulsa 4987:Yuchi 4952:Ponca 4937:Osage 4867:Caddo 4787:Ponca 4762:Osage 4752:Modoc 4747:Miami 4742:Kiowa 4667:Caddo 3146:(PDF) 3139:(PDF) 2826:JSTOR 2553:JSTOR 2052:eras. 2050:sound 1558:Tulsa 1392:Tulsa 1291:Creek 1146:Kiowa 886:Paris 812:O-pon 716:Kiowa 712:Caddo 610:Omaha 606:Ponca 602:Kansa 493:Osage 488:-sayj 446:Omaha 434:Kansa 422:Ponca 420:esp. 381:Osage 274:UTC-5 258:UTC-6 157:Osage 143:State 125:Tribe 5190:CDPs 5170:Prue 4722:Iowa 4556:1934 4502:2023 4489:ISBN 4479:and 4437:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4352:ISBN 4302:ISBN 4276:ISBN 4252:ISBN 4120:2024 4010:2019 3984:2009 3933:2008 3851:2014 3740:link 3515:KOSU 3187:2020 3154:2009 3088:2023 3066:2007 3035:ISBN 2837:2014 2743:2006 2609:2015 2545:ISSN 2518:2009 2410:2023 2358:2018 2308:2009 2262:2023 2081:NASA 2066:Syfy 2048:and 1982:The 1445:and 1394:and 1352:and 1289:and 1097:The 1078:the 923:and 896:and 848:and 791:and 789:clan 736:corn 530:and 528:Ohio 514:lit. 453:The 430:Iowa 426:Otoe 208:Area 104:Seal 94:Flag 4727:Kaw 4630:in 4522:CNN 4039:doi 3496:". 2818:doi 2217:in 1880:in 1728:. 1282:. 1215:of 1051:Fox 1047:Sac 919:by 915:), 771:or 573:Red 491:) ( 267:DST 5315:: 5049:: 5034:, 4520:. 4487:. 4483:: 4475:. 4460:: 4456:. 4405:OL 4403:. 4393:. 4389:: 4350:. 4328:: 4324:. 4296:. 4250:. 4246:: 4242:. 4207:. 4190:, 4159:. 4104:. 4086:, 4045:. 4035:23 4033:. 4027:. 4000:. 3950:. 3898:. 3777:, 3759:^ 3736:}} 3732:{{ 3685:. 3639:. 3614:. 3589:. 3564:. 3538:. 3513:. 3472:. 3406:. 3387:, 3369:, 3340:, 3314:, 3233:. 3216:, 3195:^ 3179:14 3177:. 3171:. 3127:^ 3096:^ 3045:^ 3001:^ 2944:. 2920:. 2887:^ 2872:^ 2845:^ 2824:. 2814:64 2812:. 2808:. 2796:^ 2763:^ 2756:"" 2729:. 2667:, 2663:, 2629:^ 2595:. 2589:. 2565:^ 2551:. 2541:67 2539:. 2535:. 2484:. 2447:^ 2430:^ 2401:. 2395:. 2381:^ 2366:^ 2348:. 2294:. 2290:. 1895:, 1888:. 1453:. 1409:, 1405:, 1398:. 1369:. 1310:. 1231:. 1184:, 1141:. 1045:, 892:, 738:, 730:. 718:, 624:. 608:, 604:, 565:, 546:. 511:, 502:, 495:: 486:OH 476:dʒ 473:eɪ 467:oʊ 444:, 440:, 436:, 432:, 428:, 424:, 416:, 387:, 383:, 362:, 358:, 5111:‡ 5105:‡ 5094:‡ 5078:‡ 5021:e 5014:t 5007:v 4613:e 4606:t 4599:v 4524:. 4504:. 4464:. 4445:. 4424:. 4411:. 4360:. 4332:. 4310:. 4284:. 4260:. 4222:. 4170:. 4122:. 4073:. 4041:: 4012:. 3986:. 3960:. 3935:. 3909:. 3884:. 3853:. 3742:) 3697:. 3670:. 3649:. 3624:. 3599:. 3574:. 3549:. 3524:. 3482:. 3447:. 3417:. 3189:. 3156:. 3090:. 3068:. 2959:. 2930:. 2839:. 2820:: 2745:. 2699:. 2611:. 2597:2 2559:. 2520:. 2494:. 2412:. 2360:. 2310:. 2264:. 2165:. 2091:. 2008:. 1771:" 1735:) 1731:( 479:/ 470:s 464:ˈ 461:/ 457:( 313:. 299:. 269:) 54:) 50:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index