475:
36:
533:, with official claims holding that some 1,800 of its soldiers fought there, but modern research suggests the actual number to have been about 500. Although well armed, it struggled with a much poorer support network than the Home Army, which was supported by the Polish Underground State. Soviet air drops did not supply foodstuffs, often leading partisans to resort to forced requisitions, which is described by modern historians as "
599:. State media exaggerated its size and role during the war, typically at the expense of the Home Army, who involvement was minimised and criticised. Although its size and actions were much smaller in number than the Home Army, propaganda espoused the myth that the reverse was the case. Since the
505:
actions really took place, and that most instances of fighting the German military were defending from German anti-partisan operations, with instances of attacking
Germans on its own initiative being very rare. Rather than engaging military targets, it preferred softer targets such as German
541:
on 17 February 1944 seized an important document archive of the Polish
Underground State. Documents of importance to the communist activists were taken, and the remainder was turned over to a Gestapo agent, who had been duped into participating in the operation. Seven members of the Polish
431:). The KRN intended to gain volunteers from other groups. Upon its establishment, the organization comprised some 10,000 members. By the end of July 1944, when much of Poland had been occupied by the Red Army, there were some 20,000–30,000 members, with 5,000 of them being
371:
and intended to establish a competing government for Poland. Communist Polish partisans became increasingly involved in the creation of a pro-Soviet communist government in Poland. In 1942, the communist
537:". It often targeted mansions and churches, and there were also incidents of its soldiers murdering Jews or fighting among themselves. In one of its most secret and controversial actions, agents of the
390:, this communist-led underground was one of the military resistance organizations in Poland that refused to join the structures of the Polish Underground State, and its military arm, the
1319:
489:
s claims, it carried out about 900 operations, killing 20,000 Germans, derailing 350 trains, and destroying 79 bridges. However, these exploits were significantly exaggerated by
1339:
1324:
656:
435:. Lower estimates quote about 14,000 as its peak strength, whereas high estimates double the middle number, up to 50,000–60,000. About 6,000 of them were active full-time
574:
entered Poland late in 1944 and early 1945, most People's Army members joined the communist 1st Polish Army. After the war, many of its members joined the ranks of the
1334:
359:
supporters in Poland, aided by Soviet advisers, had formed partisan units and created their own independent underground organization, whose aims were to support the
320:
by either side, but Polish forces were defeated within a month and forced the Polish state to operate in exile and underground. Poland itself was divided into
506:
administration offices. That changed in 1944, when the GL/AL grew stronger and began engaging the German military more actively. According to the historian
518:, however, that was relatively uncommon, at least with regards to direct actions, but it would often pass anonymous tips about the Home Army to the
515:
1344:
596:
259:
607:
has been reconsidered, mainly as its leadership took orders from the Soviet Union and represented Soviet, not Polish, interests. The Polish
1329:
1314:
271:
1172:
1088:
1054:
1006:
972:
918:
884:
850:
810:
767:
726:
695:
575:
386:
force. The PPR was the favoured party of the
Soviets in Poland and received the bulk of its aid. Along with a portion of the
1194:"O Podziemiu Komunistycznym Z Piotrem Gontarczykiem, Mariuszem Krzysztofińskim I Januszem Marszalcem Rozmawia Barbara Polak"
183:
352:
1253:
1239:
608:
619:, goes so far as to declare the organisation as part of the Soviet partisans, rather than the Polish resistance.
244:
108:
542:
Underground State were taken prisoner by the
Germans in a cleanup operation and likely executed soon afterward.
494:
571:
662:
104:
514:
was less concerned with fighting the
Germans than with fighting the Home Army. According to Gontarczyk and
223:("People's Guard") to aid the creation of a pro-Soviet communist government in Poland and, along with the
600:
579:
255:
628:
559:
455:
333:
133:
507:
1349:
1272:
313:
555:
459:
373:
341:
228:
179:
80:
69:
235:. It participated in a number of uprisings and supported Red Army offensives through Poland. The
1192:
Gontarczyk, Piotr; Krzystofiński, Mariusz; Marszalec, Janusz; Polak, Barbara (March–April 2006).
463:
301:
240:
207:
137:
50:
412:
289:
195:
1078:
1044:
962:
908:
716:
996:
874:
802:
387:
367:
and the Polish government-in-exile's insistence on investigation, the Soviet Union broke off
224:
116:
90:
1243:
842:
757:
490:
368:
321:
8:
584:
436:
175:
447:
was much smaller than the Home Army, though it much better armed as a result of Soviet
432:
317:
305:
1193:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1249:
1212:
1204:
1084:
1080:
Development of class structure in eastern Europe: Poland & her southern neighbors
1050:
1042:
1002:
968:
914:
880:
846:
806:
763:
722:
595:
were hailed as heroes in the Polish People's
Republic and often the subject of early
835:
795:
451:; it might have even had a surplus of weaponry. It also had less strict discipline.
498:
267:
1169:
692:
1176:
958:
699:
530:
345:
168:
159:
112:
474:
378:
364:
219:
1308:
1208:
1216:
666:
35:
383:
309:
297:
293:
199:
187:
100:
16:
Pro-Soviet resistance militia in Nazi-occupied Poland near the end of WWII
329:
440:
325:
458:, and the chief of staff was a member of the Central Committee of the
1191:
391:
356:
232:
172:
534:
360:
276:
203:
1043:
Marek Jan
Chodakiewicz; John Radzilowski; Dariusz Tolczyk (2006).
1280:
519:
448:
832:
550:
On 21 July 1944, seven months after it came into existence, the
363:
against German forces. In 1943, following revelations about the
956:
479:
337:
191:
190:
from
January to July 1944. It was created on the order of the
1122:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), pp. 18–21
1033:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), pp. 23–26
1157:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), p. 27-35
837:
A surplus of memory: chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising
1036:
876:
Bondage to the dead: Poland and the memory of the
Holocaust
274:
due to their close affiliation with the Soviet Union which
1143:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), p. 16
1134:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), p. 15
1113:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), p. 17
947:
Gontarczyk, Krzystofiński, Marszalec, Polak (2006), p. 14
998:
The establishment of
Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948
1320:
Military units and formations of Poland in World War II
792:
469:
1340:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1944
1325:
Polish underground organisations during World War II
950:
872:
1203:(in Polish). 3–4 (62–63) (Spod czerwonej gwiazdy).
826:
1297:http://michalw.narod.ru/index-ZiemiKieleckiej.html
1292:http://michalw.narod.ru/index-SynowieMazowsza.html
1287:http://michalw.narod.ru/index-ZiemiLubelskiej.html
834:
794:
718:Small nations in times of crisis and confrontation
1335:Military units and formations established in 1944
833:Yitzhak Zuckerman; Barbara Harshav (7 May 1993).
1306:
1076:
994:
755:
570:). After the Red Army and the Soviet-organized
49:1 January 1944 – 29 July 1944 (transformed into
1237:
788:
786:
258:with its size and actions being exaggerated in
1001:. University of California Press. p. 12.
454:The commander of the Armia Ludowa was General
906:
714:
262:. Since the fall of communism in Poland, the
866:
783:
762:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 8–9.
751:
749:
747:
745:
1046:Poland's transformation: a work in progress
988:
710:
708:
308:from the west, considered the beginning of
841:. University of California Press. p.
1070:
900:
879:. Syracuse University Press. p. 34.
759:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
742:
705:
685:
683:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
473:
312:. On 17 September, the Soviets launched
227:, refused to join the structures of the
1170:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1130:
1128:
1109:
1107:
1049:. Transaction Publishers. p. 236.
1029:
1027:
1025:
545:
501:estimates that only about 5–10% of the
304:. On 1 September, the Germans launched
1307:
943:
941:
939:
937:
913:. Yale University Press. p. 672.
801:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1345:Polish resistance during World War II
680:
640:
611:, in its official description of the
300:, one month after the signing of the
1201:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
1146:
1137:
1125:
1116:
1104:
1022:
470:Operations, propaganda and criticism
328:by the two powers roughly along the
280:controlled it and its predecessors.
934:
353:German invasion of the Soviet Union
316:from the east. There was no formal
13:
1231:
907:Gregor Dallas (15 November 2006).
14:
1361:
1315:World War II resistance movements
1263:
967:. Penn State Press. p. 409.
609:Institute of National Remembrance
270:movement rather than part of the
247:after seven months of existence.
793:Mieczysław B. Biskupski (2000).
167:
34:
443:. Whatever its exact size, the
245:Polish Armed Forces in the East
910:1945: The War That Never Ended
597:communist propaganda in Poland
478:Armia Ludowa at a forest near
260:propaganda in communist Poland
1:
1330:Poland–Soviet Union relations
1283:Polish veterans' organization
1248:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
873:Michael C. Steinlauf (1997).
340:maintained contacts with the
283:
658:Gwardia Ludowa, Armia Ludowa
382:(GL, "People's Guard") as a
314:their own invasion of Poland
40:People's Army eagle insignia
7:
1083:. SUNY Press. p. 188.
964:From the Polish Underground
721:. SUNY Press. p. 100.
622:
603:in 1989, the legacy of the
601:fall of communism in Poland
576:Ministry of Public Security
556:Polish Military in the USSR
495:People's Republic of Poland
406:
10:
1366:
1240:"The Polish People's Army"
663:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
629:Soviet partisans in Poland
401:
334:Polish government-in-exile
105:Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze
1077:Aleksander Gella (1989).
995:Krystyna Kersten (1991).
756:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
439:while the remainder were
344:, its representatives in
266:has been classified as a
127:
122:
96:
86:
75:
65:
57:
45:
33:
26:
21:
1238:Steven J Zaloga (1982).
634:
580:Polish People's Republic
554:was integrated into the
427:with the People's Army (
342:Polish Underground State
306:their invasion of Poland
256:Polish People's Republic
229:Polish Underground State
560:People's Army of Poland
508:Mieczysław B. Biskupski
411:On 1 January 1944, the
302:Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
288:In September 1939, the
239:became part of the new
1245:Polish Army, 1939–1945
715:Yohanan Cohen (1989).
482:
413:State National Council
290:Second Polish Republic
196:State National Council
163:
1175:31 March 2012 at the
797:The history of Poland
564:Ludowe Wojsko Polskie
477:
460:Polish Workers' Party
456:Michał Rola-Żymierski
417:Krajowa Rada Narodowa
388:National Armed Forces
374:Polish Workers' Party
225:National Armed Forces
217:was formed from the
180:Polish Workers' Party
134:Michał Rola-Żymierski
117:Sandomierz bridgehead
91:Marsz Gwardii Ludowej
81:Polish Workers' Party
70:Polish Workers' Party
546:Polish People's Army
491:communist propaganda
369:diplomatic relations
322:spheres of influence
292:was invaded by both
254:was heroized in the
241:Polish People's Army
79:Armed forces of the
51:Polish People's Army
1179:in Encyklopedia PWN
702:in Encyklopedia PWN
698:12 May 2014 at the
585:Milicja Obywatelska
558:and formed the new
503:officially-recorded
109:Republic of Pińczów
957:Michael Bernhard;
483:
464:Franciszek Jóźwiak
376:(PPR) created the
318:declaration of war
138:Franciszek Jóźwiak
1090:978-0-88706-833-1
1056:978-1-4128-0592-6
1008:978-0-520-06219-1
974:978-0-271-02565-0
920:978-0-300-11988-6
886:978-0-8156-2729-6
852:978-0-520-07841-3
812:978-0-313-30571-9
769:978-0-313-26007-0
728:978-0-7914-0018-0
529:took part in the
272:Polish resistance
198:to fight against
145:
144:
1357:
1350:Soviet partisans
1279:
1271:
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1227:
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691:
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665:, archived from
653:
504:
499:Piotr Gontarczyk
433:Soviet nationals
202:and support the
182:(PPR) active in
170:
38:
19:
18:
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1359:
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1232:Further reading
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1177:Wayback Machine
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961:(31 May 2004).
959:Henryk Szlajfer
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700:Wayback Machine
689:
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669:on 19 June 2015
655:
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572:1st Polish Army
548:
531:Warsaw Uprising
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423:) replaced the
409:
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346:Occupied Poland
336:established in
286:
268:Soviet partisan
184:Occupied Poland
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115:
113:Warsaw Uprising
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1264:External links
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516:Janusz Marszal
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425:Gwardia Ludowa
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379:Gwardia Ludowa
365:Katyn massacre
351:Following the
285:
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243:of the Soviet
220:Gwardia Ludowa
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141:Jan Czechowski
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487:Armia Ludowa'
485:According to
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178:force of the
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147:Military unit
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22:People's Army
20:
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1273:Armia Ludowa
1244:
1220:. Retrieved
1200:
1162:
1139:
1118:
1094:. Retrieved
1079:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1045:
1038:
1012:. Retrieved
997:
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978:. Retrieved
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924:. Retrieved
909:
902:
890:. Retrieved
875:
868:
856:. Retrieved
836:
828:
816:. Retrieved
796:
773:. Retrieved
758:
732:. Retrieved
717:
693:Armia Ludowa
671:, retrieved
667:the original
657:
617:Armia Ludowa
616:
612:
605:Armia Ludowa
604:
593:Armia Ludowa
592:
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583:
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552:Armia Ludowa
551:
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539:Armia Ludowa
538:
527:Armia Ludowa
526:
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512:Armia Ludowa
511:
497:. Historian
486:
484:
453:
445:Armia Ludowa
444:
429:Armia Ludowa
428:
424:
420:
416:
410:
395:
384:paramilitary
377:
350:
310:World War II
298:Soviet Union
294:Nazi Germany
287:
275:
264:Armia Ludowa
263:
252:Armia Ludowa
251:
249:
237:Armia Ludowa
236:
218:
215:Armia Ludowa
214:
212:
206:against the
200:Nazi Germany
188:World War II
164:Armia Ludowa
155:
151:
149:
101:World War II
28:Armia Ludowa
27:
1278:(in Polish)
1270:(in Polish)
1167:(in Polish)
690:(in Polish)
330:Curzon Line
210:in Poland.
97:Engagements
1309:Categories
1186:References
462:, Colonel
441:reservists
284:Background
130:commanders
123:Commanders
66:Allegiance
1222:6 January
1209:1641-9561
1096:7 January
1062:6 January
1014:7 January
980:7 January
926:7 January
892:6 January
858:6 January
818:6 January
775:6 January
734:6 January
582:, or the
449:air drops
437:partisans
392:Home Army
357:communist
355:in 1941,
233:Home Army
173:communist
1281:ZKRPiBWP
1217:51104599
1173:Archived
696:Archived
673:10 April
623:See also
535:banditry
407:Creation
361:Red Army
296:and the
277:de facto
204:Red Army
194:-backed
176:partisan
171:) was a
578:of the
520:Gestapo
493:in the
402:History
326:annexed
186:during
128:Notable
58:Country
1252:
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1087:
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1005:
971:
917:
883:
849:
809:
766:
725:
510:, the
480:Lublin
338:London
332:. The
192:Soviet
160:Polish
61:Poland
46:Active
1197:(PDF)
635:Notes
87:March
1250:ISBN
1224:2012
1213:OCLC
1205:ISSN
1098:2012
1085:ISBN
1064:2012
1051:ISBN
1016:2012
1003:ISBN
982:2012
969:ISBN
928:2012
915:ISBN
894:2012
881:ISBN
860:2012
847:ISBN
820:2012
807:ISBN
777:2012
764:ISBN
736:2012
723:ISBN
675:2008
591:The
525:The
324:and
250:The
231:and
213:The
150:The
76:Role
803:110
568:LWP
421:KRN
398:).
348:.
1311::
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1148:^
1127:^
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158:;
156:AL
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