1120:, established the National Decertification Index (NDI), a database of decertified officers. As of 2005, only 13 states participated in the national decertification database; by 2018, that number rose to 43. The goal of the national index is to prevent officer decertified in one state from moving to a new state and obtaining certification and police employment in the new state. NDI has received no federal funding since 2005, and is privately maintained. The database does not contain the reasons for the decertification; a hit on a decertified officer's name will refer the person conducting the query to the specific agency that decertified the officer. Law professor Roger L. Goldman, an expert on police certification, notes that "Since the grounds for decertification vary greatly among U.S. states, the fact of decertification does not mean the officer is automatically ineligible to be an officer in the state to which he or she has moved. For example, in some states, conviction of a felony is the only grounds for decertification; whereas, in other states, the commission of specified misconduct, such as filing a false police report, could trigger decertification." As a result, an officer whose license is suspended in one state for misconduct, or even for conviction of a crime, may be able to
1145:
violation" in their next police job. The study authors, Ben
Grunwald and John Rappaport, concluded: "In any given year over the last three decades, an average of roughly 1,100 full-time law-enforcement officers in Florida walk the streets having been fired in the past, and almost 800 having been fired for misconduct, not counting the many who were fired and reinstated in arbitration. These officers, we have shown, are subsequently fired and subjected to 'moral character' complaints at elevated rates relative to both officers hired as rookies and veterans with clean professional histories. And we likely underestimate the prevalence of the phenomenon nationwide. We have, moreover, only a partial understanding of the extent of the problem wandering officers pose. Beyond their own misbehavior, wandering officers may undermine efforts to improve police culture, as they carry their baggage to new locales. Worse yet, wandering officers may 'infect' other officers upon arrival, causing misconduct to metastasize to the farthest reaches of the law-enforcement community."
880:. As of 2017, however, 34 states do not require deescalation training for all police officers, and other states require minimal training in deescalation (for example, 1 hour per year in Georgia). While local departments can train officers in deescalation in the absence of a state mandate, many departments do not do so because of a lack of funding or trained instructors, and because of cultural attitudes among police and police leaders, such as the belief that such training is not necessary or is a criticism of policing itself. As of 2018, 27 states and
833:. However, in some states, in-service training requirements are minimal, and is frequently delivered online rather than hands-on. Moreover, in some states where continuing police education is mandatory, funding for training and mechanisms for tracking compliance are lacking. Massachusetts requires police officers to undergo 40 hours of in-service police training each year, one of the nation's highest requirements, but lacks a statewide body overseeing compliance, and a 2019
812:(BJS) study found that as of 2013, about 4.5% of U.S. state and local law enforcement training academies were operated by a state POST commission. The 2013 BJS study found that academies run by state POST agencies and colleges/universities were more likely to use a "nonstress" training model (based on "academic achievement, physical training, and a more relaxed and supportive instructor–trainee relationship") as opposed to a "stress" training model (a
905:
required in
Georgia, Illinois and Indiana; 52 hours in Utah; 66 hours in Missouri; 80 hours in Florida; and 90 hours in Washington state. After initial graduation from police academy, most officers are qualified in minimal firearms proficiency only once or twice annually, and firearms skills degrade rapidly. Experts attribute these training gaps to a significant number of accidental shootings (
680:. In other states, the certification body goes by a different name, such as: Georgia Peace Officer Standards & Training Council, Kentucky Law Enforcement Council, Massachusetts Municipal Training Council, Indiana Law Enforcement Training Board, Maryland Police and Corrections Training Commissions, Alaska Police Standards Council, and the Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards.
1016:; and entities in 31 states reported that they had the authority to temporarily suspend an officer's certificate. Among states with decertification authority, all "can decertify for felony convictions, but only 61% can decertify for failure to meet training or qualification requirements, 57% for general misconduct, 39% for termination for cause, and 11% for any misdemeanor conviction."
936:"—based on the assumption that if a suspect is "any closer than 21 feet, the person could charge before an officer could unholster their gun"—is not scientific, and its creator has said the drill should not be taken literally; nevertheless, the drill is still commonly taught in police training as a science and has been used as an argument to justify
1038:) of a police officer to the state certifying commission; in other states, a law enforcement agency only needs to report to the state certifying commission when an officer is arrested or convicted of a crime (or, in some states, a felony); and in some states, there is no notification obligation even under those circumstances. For example, in
909:) by police officers. An Associated Press report found that there were 1,422 unintentional discharges by officers at 258 law enforcement agencies of all sizes between 2012 and December 2019, and that these unintentional discharges caused injuries (to officers, suspects and bystanders) 20% of the time and caused death 8% of the time.
1144:
in 2019, found that "wandering officers"—police officers terminated from one law enforcement agency for misconduct who then are hired by a different law enforcement agency—were about twice as likely to be fired for misconduct or to be the subject of a complaint alleging a "moral character
696:
called in 1931 for the establishment of standards for police officers (including minimal training requirements, selection standards, physical standards, and police training before and during service), state standards for selecting and training police began to be adopted only in the latter half of the
1132:
recommended that all states have decertification authority; that federal legislation should be adopted to create a database of state POSTs' records "so that 'problem' or abusive officers are not allowed to obtain law enforcement employment in a neighboring state"; and that decertification procedures
774:
Standards for police officers are not uniform; different states have different requirements. However, the
International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training (IADLEST), a cooperative association of leaders of various state police certification and licensing programs, has
720:
The
California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (the first body to use the acronym "POST") was established in 1959. In the same year, New York enacted the New York Training Act, which established an advisory council to make recommendations on police training to the governor. In
1104:
analysis in 2020 showed that out of about 11,000 officers in the state over the preceding four years, 106 officers had been fired from 2016 to 2019, and 44 had been recommended by police supervisors for WSJTC, but only 10 officers were actually decertified. Thus, even officers fired after being
1057:
from 2018 to June 2020, mostly after being convicted of felonies, domestic violence, or certain other crimes in which removal is mandatory under Iowa law. Although removal is mandatory is such cases, the AP found that it was routine for a year or more to elapse, following officers' convictions,
904:
Because there are no federal standards for officer firearms training, standards vary by state. In most states, officers do not receive firearms training sufficient for the proficient handling of guns in real-world scenarios. For police cadets, a total of 40 hours of initial firearms training is
816:
based on "intensive physical demands and psychological pressure"). This contrasts with academies run by police forces, which more often are based on a stress model. Although state POST commissions run only a small proportion of police academies, POST commission-run academies have larger faculty
754:, the National Association of State Directors of Law Enforcement Training (NASDLET) was established in 1970; the association changed its name to the International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training (IADLEST) in 1987. The last states to establish commissions were
647:
is highly fragmented, and there are no national minimum standards for licensing police officers in the U.S. Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating provocative situations. On average, US officers spend around 21 weeks training before they are
1105:
convicted of misconduct-related misdemeanor crimes, or officers whose misconduct led to governments settling lawsuits for hundreds of thousands of dollars, were listed as being in "good standing" with the WSJTC. As of 2021, Washington state had never decertified an officer for using
1003:
opposition. By 2016, six states (Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, California and Hawaii) still lacked decertification authority. In a 2009 survey, almost all states reported that they had the authority to revoke an officer's certificate upon conviction of a
749:
both encouraged establishment of a POST commission in each state to set minimum standard standards for selection, training, and certification. Between 1959 and 1976, 43 state police officer standards and training bodies were established. At the behest of the
916:
as inadequate. A two-year study conducted by the Force
Science Institute, a Minnesota-based police research and consulting firm, found that "skills like using a baton or taking down an aggressive offender deteriorate dramatically within two weeks."
788:
A study in the year 2000 found that the minimum number of police training hours varied from 320 to 800. In some states, the minimal training time for officers set by state regulation is shorter than the training time to become a licensed
571:
1095:
is anemic. Officers can only be decertified in
Washington state following a felony conviction or a firing for perjury or dishonesty; illegal drug use or possession; "actions that lead to a loss of gun rights"; or misconduct
1076:). Iowa enacted a law in June 2020 to strengthen the decertification process by, among other things, requiring the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy Council to decertify officers who engage in "serious misconduct" (such as
928:, and questionable science, with various common elements of police training being underpinned by misinformation, unsubstantiated claims, assumptions, and anecdotes. Many police practices taught in training are not
775:
published a recommended set of "model minimum state standards" in 2004. However, there is a substantial variations in standards. More progressive police departments place greater emphasis on accreditation.
1091:, the Washington State Justice Training Commission (WSJTC) gained the power of certification and decertification in 2002. However, the criteria for decertifying a police officer is extremely narrow, and
1058:
before the Iowa Law
Enforcement Academy Council filed petitions seeking decertification, and that it was common for another year to go by for decertification to become final (after a hearing before an
1429:(July 2009), performed by the International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training (IADLEST) and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
1813:
1133:"should be reinvigorated and fully funded." A 2015 AP investigation uncovered numerous incidents of police officers who were terminated or resigned from a police agency after being accused of
829:("in-service training") that is reported to and tracked by the state certifying body. Experts favor in-service training because it offers insights to police officers on newer research and
746:
1084:) and by requiring police departments to report details of an officer's misconduct to the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy Council within 10 days after the officer resigns or is terminated.
1833:
1034:
In some states, the decertification process has drawn scrutiny because a lack of speed and transparency. In some states, a law enforcement agency must report the firing (or the firing
325:
1563:
618:
254:
264:
1165:
63:
1159:
1175:
1046:, law enforcement agencies are not required to report officer misconduct, but must notify the state commission of a termination of an officer within 10 days. In
1072:-year period, only a single Iowa officer had been "decertified for improper police work alone" (an officer who filed false reports and made an arrest without
17:
999:
By 1998, 11 states' commissions lacked decertification authority—the power to revoke a license to work as a police officer—largely because of
1154:
611:
1599:
656:
The agency that establishes standards for police officer selection, training, licensure, certification, and suspension/decertification is called the
72:
77:
1042:, "Agencies must tell the state about officers arrested or convicted of a crime, as well as those fired or allowed to resign for misconduct." In
320:
310:
259:
82:
1751:
1886:
1917:
751:
604:
365:
100:
944:
and the creation of an "independent, nonpartisan body providing research and education to police departments" based on rigorous evidence.
956:, lacked a statewide police certification system. As of 2009, 23 states with a certification process exempted certain personnel (usually
1023:
has been the most active state in decertifying "problem" officers. Over the period 2015–2019, Georgia decertified 3,239 officers,
305:
120:
1732:
1684:
91:
115:
1912:
1012:
or for certain misdemeanors. Entities in 36 states reported that they could administratively revoke an officer's certificate for
249:
105:
525:
1008:; a smaller number of states reported that they had the authority to revoke an officer's certificate upon conviction of any
1660:
300:
33:
1877:
1580:
1546:
1402:
1050:, there is "no requirement for agencies to inform the state about officer arrests or noncriminal misconduct allegations."
1180:
546:
505:
495:
125:
1547:
Mass. lawmakers are readying for a police certification system. Here's what would make it strong, according to experts.
1508:
340:
335:
285:
865:
295:
1328:
854:
817:
sizes: an average of 30 full-time instructors and 81 part-time instructors, as of 2006, according to a BJS report.
141:
952:
Most states require a person to be certified before hired as a police officer; as of 2020, four states, including
1896:
1407:, International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training (revised February 2020), p. i.
1170:
345:
1857:
912:
Experts, such as police instructors and researchers, similarly identify training of U.S. police officers on the
1814:
Fired, but still a cop: How
Washington state’s decertification process leaves troubled officers with their guns
587:
1618:
Not
Trained to Not Kill: Most states neglect ordering police to learn de-escalation tactics to avoid shootings
957:
644:
460:
395:
1617:
1304:
837:
report indicated that up to 30 police departments in the state might be out of compliance with the mandate.
1891:
1482:
1465:
1430:
1117:
809:
110:
1882:, International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training (revised February 2020)
1443:
834:
520:
186:
49:
1113:
706:
582:
975:
In a minority of states, police certifying bodies also certify other public safety employees, such as
1137:, were then rehired by a different policy agency, and were subsequently accused again of misconduct.
714:
410:
370:
1097:
1059:
858:
330:
210:
44:
1140:
A study of 98,000 Florida police officers over three decades (1988–2016), published in the
1019:
States differ dramatically in the number of officers decertified. At least since the late 1990s,
941:
929:
906:
636:
430:
360:
315:
889:
632:
420:
224:
219:
196:
1834:
Washington state has never pulled an officer’s badge for excessive force. That may be changing
1342:
801:, although many police departments have training requirements in excess of the state minimum.
1625:
1092:
742:
689:
566:
475:
415:
390:
171:
1228:
Jeffrey S. Magers, "Police
Officer Standard and Training Commissions (POST Commissions)" in
1020:
976:
881:
826:
485:
181:
146:
1053:
An Associated Press (AP) investigation in 2020 found that 17 officers were decertified in
8:
1706:
937:
913:
893:
877:
869:
698:
572:
List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
229:
201:
1922:
1129:
745:(President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice) and the 1973
1793:
1773:
1711:
1647:
1530:
1134:
1013:
988:
984:
648:
qualified to go on patrol, which is far less than in most other developed countries.
551:
510:
454:
233:
1752:
A national registry of problem police officers would require major changes by states
1279:
1478:
1461:
1088:
969:
813:
561:
470:
191:
1426:
1106:
1081:
885:
884:
require police officers to undergo training on interacting with individuals with
156:
1162:, a commission that accredits departments and agencies (not individual officers)
1712:
Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States
1126:
Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States
1077:
1073:
980:
805:
702:
693:
500:
439:
166:
151:
845:
Police training curricula vary widely. Many police academies use military- or
1906:
953:
940:. The American Society of Evidence-Based Policing and other experts proposed
933:
921:
830:
794:
759:
530:
400:
804:
In some states, the standards and certification body also directly runs the
1000:
965:
961:
925:
873:
846:
710:
490:
386:
350:
290:
1564:
Do military-style police academies instill a mean streak in some officers?
1444:
States require more training time to become a barber than a police officer
1009:
850:
592:
515:
480:
405:
54:
1550:
1332:, California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (2017).
798:
730:
669:
640:
176:
1121:
1035:
1024:
755:
726:
444:
355:
1479:
NCJ 222987: State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2006
1462:
NCJ 249784: State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2013
857:, argues that this training model is harmful and contributes to the
747:
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
1028:
734:
1602:, National Conference of State Legislatures (September 24, 2018).
1358:
Nevada Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (2021).
1047:
1043:
722:
673:
556:
465:
1858:
NDI: Tracking Interstate Movement of Decertified Police Officers
1005:
920:
Police training in the United States has often been plagued by
790:
763:
738:
677:
161:
1427:
2009 Survey of POST Agencies Regarding Certification Practices
932:
or supported by empirical research. For example, the "21-foot
1039:
1794:
A 50-state look at officer decertification for sex incidents
1648:
AP Exclusive: Accidental shootings show police training gaps
1280:"How US police training compares with the rest of the world"
1166:
Florida Criminal Justice Standards & Training Commission
1341:
James A. Conser, Rebecca Paynich & Terry E. Gingerich,
1054:
449:
1531:
Police 'woefully undertrained' on using force, experts say
1122:
find a police job in another state with laxer requirements
868:
adopted legislation requiring police officers to receive
1425:
Raymond A. Franklin, Matthew Hickman & Marc Hiller,
1377:. Georgia Peace Officer Standards & Training Council
1371:"Georgia Peace Officer Standards & Training Council"
1160:
Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies
825:
In some states, police officers are required to undergo
1357:
1176:
Minnesota Board of Peace Officer Standards and Training
1600:
State Trends in Law Enforcement Legislation: 2014-2017
1581:
Stop Training Police Like They're Joining the Military
1370:
1262:
Steven M. Cox, Susan Marchionna & Brian D. Fitch,
1685:
Police training programs have a pseudoscience problem
769:
1774:
Iowa can take years to decertify officers for crimes
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
783:
1155:
Arizona Peace Officers Standards and Training Board
820:
721:addition to California and New York, the states of
1887:"A Retrospective: Police Academy Training in 2032"
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1718:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1232:(ed. Larry E. Sullivan: SAGE, 2005), pp. 349-351.
1904:
1828:
1826:
876:training, which has been demonstrated to reduce
1738:
1694:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1799:
1518:
1389:
1230:Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: International
1823:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1659:Scott O. Lilienfeld & Kristin Landfield,
1456:
1454:
1452:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
899:
752:International Association of Chiefs of Police
612:
1661:Science and Pseudoscience in Law Enforcement
1631:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1347:(3d ed.: Jones & Barlett, 2013), p. 231.
729:established their POST commissions in 1959.
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1595:
1593:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1670:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1471:
1449:
1410:
1305:"What Are Police Like in Other Countries?"
619:
605:
1488:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
27:Requirements for law enforcement officers
1779:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1590:
1541:
1539:
1509:How States Are Moving to Police Bad Cops
1485:(February 2009, revised April 14, 2009).
1240:
1238:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1112:In 1999, IADLEST, with funding from the
1062:and a vote by the council). During the 2
633:certification and licensure requirements
1843:
1605:
14:
1905:
1796:, Associated Press (November 3, 2015).
1650:, Associated Press (December 9, 2019).
972:) from the certification requirement.
1757:
1536:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1235:
1193:
668:in 15 states (as of 2004), including
658:police officer standards and training
273:Police operations/organization/issues
1918:Law enforcement in the United States
1667:, Vol. 35 (10): 16, October 1, 2008.
1344:Law Enforcement in the United States
1274:
1272:
853:, an expert on policing training at
18:Peace Officer Standards and Training
1776:, Associated Press (June 26, 2020).
1754:, Associated Press (June 26, 2020).
1731:Ben Grunwald & John Rappaport,
1533:, Associated Press (June 12, 2020).
1181:Texas Commission on Law Enforcement
741:followed two years later. The 1967
24:
1735:, 129 Yale L.J. 1676, 1703 (2020).
1251:
994:
778:
770:Powers and variation across states
281:Police certification and licensure
25:
1934:
1871:
1269:
784:Initial training (police academy)
697:20th century. Early advocates of
242:Lists of law enforcement agencies
947:
855:Georgetown University Law Center
821:In-service training requirements
1897:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1653:
1573:
1556:
1481:, U.S. Department of Justice,
1436:
1171:Indiana Law Enforcement Academy
1913:Education in the United States
1464:, U.S. Department of Justice,
1442:Holly Yan & Alberto Mier,
1363:
1350:
1335:
1321:
1297:
814:military-style training regime
701:and reform of police included
651:
13:
1:
1665:Criminal Justice and Behavior
1186:
645:Policing in the United States
396:State bureau of investigation
1892:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
1715:, Human Rights Watch (1998).
1483:Bureau of Justice Statistics
1466:Bureau of Justice Statistics
1431:Bureau of Justice Assistance
1309:Council on Foreign Relations
1118:Bureau of Justice Assistance
864:Between 2014 and 2017, many
840:
810:Bureau of Justice Statistics
506:Probation and parole officer
461:Sheriff and sheriff's deputy
7:
1446:, CNN (September 28, 2016).
1148:
326:Killings by law enforcement
187:Fruit of the poisonous tree
10:
1939:
1114:U.S. Department of Justice
900:Gaps and flaws in training
707:Berkeley Police Department
683:
526:Marshal and deputy marshal
715:Chicago Police Department
692:established by President
1329:Commission Policy Manual
1264:Introduction to Policing
1098:under color of authority
1060:administrative law judge
907:unintentional discharges
859:militarization of police
849:-style training models;
639:vary significantly from
637:law enforcement officers
431:law enforcement officers
371:Gangs in law enforcement
366:Women in law enforcement
331:Militarization of police
1879:Model Minimum Standards
1404:Model Minimum Standards
970:reserve police officers
942:evidence-based policing
914:use-of-force techniques
361:Criminal justice reform
1515:, PBS (April 8, 2016).
1031:decertified only one.
631:In the United States,
225:State attorney general
197:Criminal investigation
1864:(September 12, 2018).
1862:Police Chief Magazine
1733:The Wandering Officer
1626:American Public Media
1248:(SAGE, 2015), p. 105.
1124:. In its 1998 report
1093:police accountability
977:correctional officers
960:, and less commonly,
743:Katzenbach Commission
690:Wickersham Commission
567:Medical jurisprudence
172:Searches and seizures
1840:(February 26, 2021).
1707:Disciplinary Actions
1080:or repeatedly using
1078:fabricating evidence
1027:decertified 21, and
894:behavioral disorders
882:District of Columbia
827:continuing education
265:District of Columbia
182:Exculpatory evidence
147:Reasonable suspicion
64:Separation of powers
36:in the United States
1899:(September 9, 2014)
1545:Christopher Gavin,
938:police use of force
878:police use of force
870:crisis intervention
699:professionalization
521:Federal air marshal
202:Criminal psychology
1856:Roger L. Goldman,
1820:(August 23, 2020).
1683:Kelly McLaughlin,
1244:Steven G. Brandl,
1130:Human Rights Watch
989:police dispatchers
985:probation officers
866:state legislatures
501:Correction officer
142:Criminal procedure
1792:Nomaan Merchant,
1646:Martha Bellisle,
1529:Martha Bellisle,
1507:Sarah Childress,
1477:Brian A. Reaves,
1460:Brian A. Reaves,
1246:Police in America
1135:sexual misconduct
1014:police misconduct
629:
628:
552:Police dispatcher
511:Probation officer
260:State corrections
234:district attorney
16:(Redirected from
1930:
1865:
1854:
1841:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1797:
1790:
1777:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1692:
1691:(June 17, 2020).
1681:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1629:
1616:Curtis Gilbert,
1614:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1587:(June 10, 2020).
1577:
1571:
1570:(June 14, 2020).
1560:
1554:
1553:(June 16, 2020).
1543:
1534:
1527:
1516:
1505:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1408:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1142:Yale Law Journal
1089:Washington state
1071:
1070:
1066:
987:(21 states) and
958:elected sheriffs
621:
614:
607:
562:Medical examiner
471:County detective
286:Internal affairs
230:State's attorney
192:Actual innocence
30:
29:
21:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1903:
1902:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1844:
1831:
1824:
1811:
1800:
1791:
1780:
1772:Ryan J. Foley,
1771:
1758:
1750:
1739:
1730:
1719:
1704:
1695:
1682:
1671:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1632:
1615:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1562:Matthew Brown,
1561:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1506:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1401:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1194:
1189:
1151:
1107:excessive force
1082:excessive force
1068:
1064:
1063:
997:
995:Decertification
981:parole officers
950:
902:
843:
823:
786:
781:
779:Police training
772:
686:
654:
625:
421:Military police
379:Types of agency
311:Police vehicles
255:State and local
157:Miranda warning
35:
34:Law enforcement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1901:
1900:
1885:Bob Harrison,
1883:
1873:
1872:External links
1870:
1867:
1866:
1842:
1832:Mike Reicher,
1822:
1812:Mike Reicher,
1798:
1778:
1756:
1737:
1717:
1693:
1669:
1652:
1630:
1628:(May 5, 2017).
1604:
1589:
1572:
1555:
1535:
1517:
1487:
1470:
1448:
1435:
1409:
1388:
1362:
1349:
1334:
1320:
1296:
1268:
1250:
1234:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1074:probable cause
996:
993:
968:officers, and
949:
946:
930:evidence-based
901:
898:
842:
839:
831:best practices
822:
819:
806:police academy
785:
782:
780:
777:
771:
768:
703:August Vollmer
694:Herbert Hoover
685:
682:
653:
650:
627:
626:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
585:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
547:Private police
541:
540:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Tribal officer
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
447:
442:
440:Patrol officer
434:
433:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
416:Special police
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
391:highway patrol
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
244:
243:
239:
238:
237:
236:
227:
222:
214:
213:
207:
206:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:Arrest warrant
164:
159:
154:
152:Probable cause
149:
144:
136:
135:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
95:
94:
88:
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60:
59:
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57:
52:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:Seattle Times
1835:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:Seattle Times
1815:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1767:
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1761:
1753:
1748:
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1744:
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1734:
1728:
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1714:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
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1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1579:Rosa Brooks,
1576:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
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1500:
1498:
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1428:
1422:
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1397:
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1393:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1359:
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1345:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1266:(SAGE, 2015).
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
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1213:
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1209:
1207:
1205:
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1199:
1197:
1192:
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1179:
1177:
1174:
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1143:
1138:
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1127:
1123:
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1103:
1102:Seattle Times
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
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1075:
1061:
1056:
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1041:
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1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
992:
991:(15 states).
990:
986:
982:
979:(23 states),
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
962:police chiefs
959:
955:
954:Massachusetts
948:Certification
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:Tueller Drill
931:
927:
923:
922:pseudoscience
918:
915:
910:
908:
897:
895:
891:
890:substance use
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
838:
836:
835:state auditor
832:
828:
818:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
795:cosmetologist
792:
776:
767:
765:
761:
760:West Virginia
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
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691:
688:Although the
681:
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642:
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531:Special agent
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
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512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
476:State trooper
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Campus police
399:
397:
394:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Police reform
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
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287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
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258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:U.S. Attorney
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
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170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
134:Legal context
133:
132:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
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42:
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31:
19:
1890:
1878:
1861:
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1817:
1710:
1688:
1664:
1655:
1621:
1585:The Atlantic
1584:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1512:
1473:
1468:(July 2016).
1438:
1403:
1379:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1327:
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1286:. 2021-05-17
1283:
1263:
1245:
1229:
1141:
1139:
1125:
1111:
1101:
1086:
1052:
1033:
1018:
1001:police union
998:
974:
966:state police
951:
926:junk science
919:
911:
903:
874:deescalation
863:
847:paramilitary
844:
824:
803:
787:
773:
719:
711:O. W. Wilson
687:
665:
661:
657:
655:
630:
491:Indian agent
387:State police
351:Traffic stop
321:Deadly force
291:Police union
280:
92:Jurisdiction
1622:APM Reports
1568:Desert News
1381:19 December
1010:misdemeanor
851:Rosa Brooks
652:Terminology
643:to state.
593:Criminology
516:Park ranger
481:Game warden
411:Coast guard
406:Park police
341:Body camera
306:Decorations
211:Prosecution
73:Legislative
55:Corrections
1907:Categories
1551:Boston.com
1375:gapost.org
1314:2021-06-24
1290:2021-05-18
1187:References
799:manicurist
731:New Jersey
670:California
666:commission
496:Lighthorse
455:Police dog
356:Informants
177:Terry stop
1923:Licensing
1513:Frontline
1036:for cause
1025:Minnesota
841:Curricula
756:Tennessee
727:Minnesota
588:Terrorism
445:Detective
429:Types of
78:Executive
1284:BBC News
1149:See also
1029:Maryland
735:Oklahoma
539:See also
346:D.A.R.E.
301:Uniforms
126:Military
83:Judicial
1689:Insider
1067:⁄
1048:Indiana
1044:Montana
1021:Georgia
723:Montana
713:of the
705:of the
684:History
674:Arizona
557:Coroner
466:Bailiff
250:Federal
101:Federal
1006:felony
886:mental
791:barber
764:Hawaii
762:, and
739:Oregon
737:, and
678:Nevada
676:, and
316:Ethics
162:Arrest
116:County
106:Tribal
50:Courts
1709:" in
1040:Maine
892:, or
797:, or
641:state
583:Crime
457:(K-9)
296:Ranks
121:Local
111:State
1383:2023
1100:. A
1055:Iowa
983:and
872:and
808:. A
725:and
709:and
662:POST
635:for
450:SWAT
232:and
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45:Law
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