324:, law enforcement officials did not need probable cause to access communications records, credit cards, bank numbers and stored emails held by third parties. They only need reasonable suspicion that the information they were accessing was part of criminal activities. Under this, officers were authorized for a court order to access the communication information. Only certain information could be accessed under this act (such as names, addresses, and phone numbers, etc.). Probable cause was, and is, needed for more detailed information because law enforcement needs a warrant to access additional information. Generally, law enforcement was not required to notify the suspect. However, the text of the Patriot Act limits the application of that statute to issues that clearly involve the national security of the United States. The U.S. patriot Act expired on June 1, 2015.
265:
158:
1482:
514:, probable cause is a higher level of suspicion than "justifiable grounds" in a two level system of formal suspicion. The latter refers only to the suspect being able to and sometimes having a motive to commit the crime and in some cases witness accounts, whereas probable cause generally requires a higher degree of physical evidence and allows for longer periods of detention before trial. See
402:, the Court announced the "co-occupant consent rule" which permitted one resident to consent in the co-occupant's absence. The case established that an officer who made a search with a reasonable belief that the search was consented to by a resident did not have to provide a probable cause for the search.
312:. During a traffic stop and checkpoint, it is legal for police to allow a drug dog to sniff the exterior of the car. This is legal as long as it does not cause the traffic stop to be any longer than it would have been without the dog. If the dog finds a scent, it is again a substitute for probable cause.
208:
In early cases in the United States, the
Supreme Court held that when a person is on probation, the standard required for a search to be lawful is lowered from "probable cause" to "reasonable grounds" or "reasonable suspicion". Specifically, the degree of individualized suspicion required of a search
338:
If voluntary consent is given and the individual giving the consent has authority over the search area, such as a car, house, business, etc. then a law enforcement officer does not need probable cause or even reasonable suspicion. If the person does not give voluntary consent, then the officer needs
299:
The power of probable cause by K-9 units smelling for drugs is not limited to just airports, but even in schools, public parking lots, high crime neighborhood streets, mail, visitors in prisons, traffic stops, etc. If there is an incident where the dog alerts its officer, the probable cause from the
219:
Although the Fourth
Amendment ordinarily requires the degree of probability embodied in the term "probable cause," a lesser degree satisfies the Constitution when the balance of governmental and private interests makes such a standard reasonable ... When an officer has reasonable suspicion that
199:
the chief judge said that general warrants were not the same as specific warrants and that parliament or case law could not authorize general warrants. Along with these statements, Lord Camden also affirmed that the needs of the state were more important than the individual's rights. This upheld the
120:
Regarding the issuance of a warrant for arrest, probable cause is the “information sufficient to warrant a prudent person’s belief that the wanted individual had committed a crime (for an arrest warrant) or that evidence of a crime or contraband would be found in a search (for a search warrant)”. As
173:
and the old saying that "a man's home is his castle". This is the idea that someone has the right to defend their "castle" or home from unwanted "attacks" or intrusion. In the 1600s, this saying started to apply legally to landowners to protect them from casual searches from government officials.
347:
In the United States, the term probable cause is used in accident investigation to describe the conclusions reached by the investigating body as to the factor or factors which caused the accident. This is primarily seen in reports on aircraft accidents, but the term is used for the conclusion of
181:
and general warrants, which allowed authorities to search wherever and whenever sometimes, without expiration date, in the
American colonies were raised in several court cases. The first was in Massachusetts in 1761 when a customs agent submitted for a new writ of assistance and Boston merchants
149:(1949), the Supreme Court defined probable cause as “where the facts and circumstances within the officers’ knowledge, and of which they have reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient, in themselves, to warrant a belief, by a man of reasonable caution, that a crime is being committed.”
550:
In
Scotland, the legal language that provides the police with powers pertaining to stopping, arresting and searching a person – who "has committed or is committing an offence", or is in possession of an offensive article, or an article used in connection with an offence – is similar to that in
247:
of the Fourth
Amendment. It has been proposed that Fourth Amendment rights be extended to probationers and parolees, but such proposals have not gained traction. There is not much that remains of the Fourth Amendment rights of probationers after waiving their right to be free from unreasonable
255:
It has been argued that the requirement that a police officer must have individualized suspicion before searching a parolee's person and home was long considered a foundational element of the Court's analysis of Fourth
Amendment questions and that abandoning it in the name of crime prevention
238:
has concluded that, given the number of inmates the State paroles and its high recidivism rate, a requirement that searches be based on individualized suspicion would undermine the State's ability to effectively supervise parolees and protect the public from criminal acts by reoffenders. This
286:
agents took his luggage, even though he refused to have his bag searched. His luggage smelled of drugs, and the trained dog alerted the agents to this. Dogs alerting their officers provides enough probable cause for the officer to obtain a warrant. The DEA then procured a
339:
probable cause, and in some cases, a search warrant may be required to search the premises. Unless another exclusion to the fourth amendment of the US constitution occurs, when the person withdraws their consent for searching, the officer has to stop looking immediately.
112:
belief that certain facts are probably true.” Notably, this definition does not require that the person making the recognition must hold a public office or have public authority, which allows the citizenry’s common-sense understanding of the legal standard of
427:
set a special precedent for searches of students at school. The Court ruled that school officials act as state officers when conducting searches, and do not require probable cause to search students' belongings, only reasonable suspicion. However, In
43:(1964), that probable cause exists when “at the facts and circumstances within knowledge , and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information, sufficient to warrant a prudent in believing that had committed or was committing an offense.”
417:, when officers are presented with a situation wherein two parties, each having authority to grant consent to search premises they share, but one objects over the other's consent, the officers must adhere to the wishes of the non-consenting party.
291:
and found a sizable amount of drugs in Place's luggage. It was not considered a search until after the warrant because a trained dog can sniff out the smell of narcotics, without having to open and look through the luggage. However, In
200:
ideology of the social contract while holding to idea that the government purpose was to protect the property of the people. He called for the government to seek reasonable means in order to search private property, as well as a cause.
220:
a probationer subject to a search condition is engaged in criminal activity, there is enough likelihood that criminal conduct is occurring that an intrusion on the probationer's significantly diminished privacy interests is reasonable.
622:"CSR Memorandum to the United Senate Select Committee on Intelligence entitled "Probable Cause, Reasonable Suspicion, and Reasonableness Standards in the Context of the Fourth Amendment and the Foreign Intelligence Act""
445:
to extend the reasonable suspicion standard to administrative searches of public employees' belongings or workplaces when conducted by supervisors seeking evidence of violations of workplace rules rather than criminal
1103:
533:
Powers of arrest without a warrant can be exercised by a constable who 'has reasonable grounds' to suspect that an individual is "about to commit an offence", or is "committing an offence"; in accordance with the
209:
was a determination of when there is a sufficiently high probability that criminal conduct is occurring to make the intrusion on the individual's privacy interest reasonable. The
Supreme Court held in
380:
lowered the threshold of probable cause by ruling that a "substantial chance" or "fair probability" of criminal activity could establish probable cause. A better-than-even chance is not required.
68:
is to keep the state out of
Constitutionally protected areas until the state has reason to believe that a specific crime is being committed or has been committed. The term of criminal law, the
296:
the court ruled that a police officer and narcotic-sniffing dog entering the porch of a home constitutes a search which invokes the requirement of probable cause or a valid search warrant
239:
conclusion makes eminent sense. Imposing a reasonable suspicion requirement, as urged by petitioner, would give parolees greater opportunity to anticipate searches and conceal criminality.
276:
to smell for narcotics has been ruled in several court cases as sufficient probable cause. A K-9 Sniff in a public area is not a search according to the
Supreme Court's ruling in 1983
1104:
https://www.fletc.gov/sites/default/files/imported_files/training/programs/legal-division/downloads-articles-and-faqs/research-by-subject/4th-amendment/searchingavehicle-consent.pdf
76:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
Warrants shall issue,
182:
challenged its legality. In the case the lawyer for the merchants James Otis argued that writs of assistance violated the fundamentals of English Law and was unconstitutional.
1360:
881:
551:
England and Wales. The powers are provided by the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 and the Police, Public Order and Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2005.
58:
of person and property, and to promote formal, forensic procedures for gathering lawful evidence for the prosecution of the arrested criminal. In the case of
1254:
1220:
1195:
1170:
1145:
1120:
911:
886:
861:
783:
186:, a lawyer at the time who later wrote the Massachusetts provision on which the Fourth Amendment heavily relied, was impacted by James Otis's argument
166:
65:
50:
uses the probable cause standard to determine whether or not to issue a criminal indictment. The principle behind the probable cause standard is to
1353:
1327:
248:
searches and seizures. An essay called "They Released Me from My Cage...But They Still Keep Me Handcuffed" was written in response to the
1346:
535:
1319:
1054:
951:
Fourth Amendment Rights of Probationers: What Remains after Waiving Their Right to be Free from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures, The
429:
143:
as a source of probable cause if the source-person is of reliable character or if other evidence supports the hearsay. In the case of
600:
932:
264:
1695:
983:
949:
1022:
966:
741:
711:
80:, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
1310:
539:
742:"Jose Manuel Isabel Diaz, A205 500 422 (BIA Dec. 30, 2013) | PDF | Removal Proceedings | Social Institutions"
1614:
349:
393:
if the officer believes a crime has been committed, is, or soon will be committed with a weapon concealed on such person.
621:
371:
1672:
934:
Right of All the People to be Secure: Extending Fundamental Fourth Amendment Rights to Probationers and Parolees, The
840:
815:
632:
1751:
1641:
1316:
300:
dog is considered enough to conduct a search, as long as one of the exceptions to a warrant are present, such as
283:
211:
108:
standard includes “a reasonable amount of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong to justify a
497:. If the prosecution cannot make a case of probable cause, the court must dismiss the case against the accused.
29:
is the legal standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected
968:
They Released Me from My Cage...But They Still Keep Me Handcuffed: A Parolee's Reaction to Samson v. California
764:
1710:
542:. The concept of "reasonable grounds for suspecting" is used throughout the law dealing with police powers.
1715:
1007:
Wallentine, Ken. "The Dog Day Traffic Stop – Basic Canine Search and Seizure." (2008). Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
1078:
55:
22:
1690:
580:
145:
135:
1756:
1573:
1165:
398:
1322:
353:
1583:
1378:
1215:
423:
278:
235:
1705:
1741:
1521:
1258:
1249:
1224:
1199:
1174:
1149:
1124:
915:
890:
865:
787:
437:
244:
37:. One definition of the standard derives from the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case of
432:
The court ruled that strip searches of students required probable cause or a search warrant.
157:
1561:
1526:
1438:
1413:
906:
856:
575:
390:
226:
126:
89:
1273:
64:(1967), the Supreme Court said that the purpose of the probable-cause requirement of the
8:
1578:
1295:
1284:
1190:
456:
409:
293:
190:
130:
1227:
1746:
1506:
1498:
1448:
1418:
1408:
1369:
1261:
1202:
1177:
1127:
918:
893:
868:
790:
301:
178:
170:
60:
1029:
719:
1657:
1531:
1516:
1453:
1338:
1152:
1115:
1048:
836:
811:
760:
490:
376:
109:
84:
Moreover, in U.S. immigration law, the term “reason to believe” is equivalent to the
72:
standard is stipulated in the text of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution:
1443:
1020:
Doyle, Charles. “The USA PATRIOT Act: A Legal Analysis”. (2002). Web. 30 Nov 2014.
585:
348:
diverse types of transportation accidents investigated in the United States by the
1626:
1620:
1428:
1423:
686:
570:
321:
1667:
1567:
1458:
1403:
1398:
565:
333:
309:
288:
34:
1720:
1735:
1550:
1140:
835:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 63.
810:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 62.
466:
385:
51:
636:
1662:
1636:
1333:
1102:
Lemons, Bryan R. “SEARCHING A VEHICLE WITHOUT A WARRANT” Web. 30 Nov 2014.
985:
Samson v. California: Tearing down a Pillar of Fourth Amendment Protections
560:
230:, the Supreme Court ruled that reasonable suspicion is not even necessary:
39:
1700:
165:
The use of probable cause in the United States and its integration in the
1677:
1604:
1599:
1539:
482:
474:
470:
243:
The court held that reasonableness, not individualized suspicion, is the
196:
1008:
516:
1609:
1556:
1544:
1487:
1468:
595:
183:
93:
47:
1239:
Safford Unified School District v. April Redding, 557 U.S. 364 (2009)
486:
1481:
305:
273:
30:
282:. In this particular case, Place was in the New York Airport, and
1463:
1387:
140:
389:
established that "stop and frisks" (seizures) may be made under
1393:
619:
590:
511:
494:
478:
1631:
1511:
256:
represents an unprecedented blow to individual liberties.
129:, but weaker than the requirement of evidence to secure a
759:(Legal Assistant ed.). Albany: Delmar. p. 431.
510:
In the criminal code of some European countries, notably
1274:
Section 110, Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
161:
The first page of the Constitution of the United States.
930:
1368:
964:
947:
189:
A case against general warrants was the English case
92:, which is the legal criterion required to perform a
1477:
988:, vol. 42, Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev., p. 223
661:
Cook, Joseph P. (1971), "Probable Cause to Arrest",
620:
Senior Specialist Charles Doyle (January 30, 2006).
1077:Crocker, Andrew; McKinney, India (April 16, 2020).
1296:Section 13, Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995
500:
1285:Section 24, Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
954:, vol. 35, Santa Clara L. Rev., p. 1237
88:of criminal law, and should not be confused with
1733:
971:, vol. 4, Ohio St. J. Crim. L., p. 541
1076:
712:"Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. 41 (1967), at 59"
1315:The Lawful Arrest FAQ entry on probable cause
981:
1354:
833:Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society
808:Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society
203:
937:, vol. 39, Hastings L. J., p. 449
536:Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
259:
1361:
1347:
450:
430:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
413:, the Supreme Court ruled, thus replacing
152:
631:. Congressional Research Service via the
601:Warrantless searches in the United States
342:
263:
156:
998:Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1 (2013).
754:
364:
1734:
1311:Legal information about probable cause
1053:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
830:
805:
801:
799:
139:a criminal court can choose to accept
1342:
1079:"Yes, Section 215 Expired. Now What?"
1009:http://policek9.com/html/drugdog.html
684:
540:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
315:
177:In the 1700s, the British use of the
685:Busby, John C (September 17, 2009).
660:
528:
350:National Transportation Safety Board
327:
1067:See the text of 18 U.S.C. § 2520(a)
796:
493:and the right to be represented by
481:is presented with the basis of the
473:and before a serious crime goes to
13:
14:
1768:
1673:Evidence law in the United States
1304:
691:LII / Legal Information Institute
633:Federation of American Scientists
523:
1480:
931:Koshy, Sunny A. M. (1987–1988),
359:
1289:
1278:
1267:
1242:
1233:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1133:
1108:
1096:
1070:
1061:
1014:
1001:
992:
975:
965:Binnall, James M. (2006–2007),
958:
948:Kneafsey, Sean M. (1994–1995),
941:
924:
899:
874:
849:
718:. June 12, 1967. Archived from
501:Comparison with other countries
272:In the United States, use of a
33:and for a court's issuing of a
1527:Deferred prosecution agreement
1334:Congressional Research Service
1083:Electronic Frontier Foundation
824:
773:
748:
734:
716:Justia US Supreme Court Center
704:
678:
654:
613:
469:typically taking place before
1:
606:
133:. Moreover, according to the
110:prudent and cautious person’s
99:
104:The usual definition of the
7:
757:Ballentine's Law Dictionary
554:
545:
538:and the partially repealed
268:Officer training a drug dog
56:unlawful search and seizure
10:
1773:
489:is afforded full right of
454:
331:
54:of authorities to conduct
23:United States criminal law
1686:
1650:
1642:Presentence investigation
1592:
1497:
1475:
1377:
780:Brinegar v. United States
675:, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964).
581:Preponderance of evidence
505:
461:In the various states, a
204:Probationers and parolees
146:Brinegar v. United States
1166:United States v. Matlock
882:United States v. Knights
399:United States v. Matlock
352:or its predecessor, the
260:Use of trained drug dogs
212:United States v. Knights
1752:Probabilistic arguments
1330:from Flexyourrights.org
982:Cacace, Robert (2007),
831:Zalman, Marvin (2011).
806:Zalman, Marvin (2011).
755:Handler, J. G. (1994).
451:Probable cause hearings
354:Civil Aeronautics Board
153:History and development
86:probable cause standard
78:but upon probable cause
16:Legal concept in US law
1584:Statute of limitations
1379:Criminal investigation
1216:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
463:probable cause hearing
441:, the Court relied on
424:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
343:Accident investigation
279:United States v. Place
269:
241:
236:California Legislature
222:
195:(1765). In that case,
162:
82:
1522:Criminal jurisdiction
722:on September 18, 2023
663:Vanderbilt Law Review
267:
232:
217:
160:
136:Aguilar–Spinelli test
74:
1562:Inquisitorial system
1499:Criminal prosecution
1439:Reasonable suspicion
1414:Exigent circumstance
907:Samson v. California
857:Griffin v. Wisconsin
576:Reasonable suspicion
391:reasonable suspicion
365:In the United States
227:Samson v. California
192:Entick v. Carrington
127:reasonable suspicion
90:reasonable suspicion
1579:Preliminary hearing
1328:Further information
1191:Georgia v. Randolph
1035:on December 6, 2014
465:is the preliminary
457:Evidentiary hearing
410:Georgia v. Randolph
294:Florida v. Jardines
179:writs of assistance
131:criminal conviction
1507:Adversarial system
1449:Search and seizure
1419:Knock-and-announce
1370:Criminal procedure
1250:O'Connor v. Ortega
642:on August 24, 2019
438:O'Connor v. Ortega
316:Cyber surveillance
302:incident to arrest
270:
171:English common law
163:
121:a legal standard,
61:Berger v. New York
1729:
1728:
1711:Wikimedia Commons
1658:Criminal defenses
1593:Charges and pleas
1517:Bill of attainder
1454:Search of persons
1116:Illinois v. Gates
529:England and Wales
491:cross-examination
485:'s case, and the
377:Illinois v. Gates
328:Consent to search
125:is stronger than
1764:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1444:Right to silence
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1212:
1206:
1187:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1137:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1028:. Archived from
1027:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
989:
979:
973:
972:
962:
956:
955:
945:
939:
938:
928:
922:
903:
897:
878:
872:
853:
847:
846:
828:
822:
821:
803:
794:
777:
771:
770:
752:
746:
745:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
708:
702:
701:
699:
697:
687:"Probable Cause"
682:
676:
670:
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
641:
635:. Archived from
626:
617:
586:Reasonable doubt
383:The decision in
167:Fourth Amendment
66:Fourth Amendment
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1757:Legal reasoning
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1682:
1646:
1627:Peremptory plea
1621:Nolo contendere
1588:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1429:Pretextual stop
1424:Miranda warning
1373:
1372:(investigation)
1367:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1213:
1209:
1188:
1184:
1163:
1159:
1138:
1134:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:"Archived copy"
1021:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
980:
976:
963:
959:
946:
942:
929:
925:
904:
900:
879:
875:
854:
850:
843:
829:
825:
818:
804:
797:
778:
774:
767:
753:
749:
740:
739:
735:
725:
723:
710:
709:
705:
695:
693:
683:
679:
659:
655:
645:
643:
639:
624:
618:
614:
609:
571:Moral certainty
557:
548:
531:
526:
508:
503:
459:
453:
367:
362:
345:
336:
330:
322:USA Patriot Act
320:Under the 2001
318:
262:
206:
155:
102:
52:limit the power
17:
12:
11:
5:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1568:Nolle prosequi
1564:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Search warrant
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Probable cause
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Consent search
1401:
1399:Arrest warrant
1396:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1313:
1306:
1305:External links
1303:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1241:
1232:
1207:
1182:
1157:
1132:
1107:
1095:
1069:
1060:
1013:
1000:
991:
974:
957:
940:
923:
898:
873:
848:
841:
823:
816:
795:
772:
765:
747:
733:
703:
677:
653:
611:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
566:Consent search
563:
556:
553:
547:
544:
530:
527:
525:
524:United Kingdom
522:
507:
504:
502:
499:
452:
449:
448:
447:
433:
419:
418:
404:
403:
394:
381:
366:
363:
361:
358:
344:
341:
334:Consent search
332:Main article:
329:
326:
317:
314:
310:stop and frisk
304:, automobile,
261:
258:
205:
202:
154:
151:
123:probable cause
115:probable cause
106:probable cause
101:
98:
70:probable cause
46:Moreover, the
35:search warrant
27:probable cause
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1769:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:Related areas
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:Habeas corpus
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1533:Ex post facto
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:Terry v. Ohio
1136:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1004:
995:
987:
986:
978:
970:
969:
961:
953:
952:
944:
936:
935:
927:
920:
917:
913:
909:
908:
902:
895:
892:
888:
884:
883:
877:
870:
867:
863:
859:
858:
852:
844:
842:9780132457613
838:
834:
827:
819:
817:9780132457613
813:
809:
802:
800:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
768:
762:
758:
751:
743:
737:
726:September 18,
721:
717:
713:
707:
692:
688:
681:
674:
668:
664:
657:
646:September 27,
638:
634:
630:
623:
616:
612:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
552:
543:
541:
537:
521:
519:
518:
513:
498:
496:
495:legal counsel
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
444:
440:
439:
434:
431:
426:
425:
421:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
405:
401:
400:
395:
392:
388:
387:
386:Terry v. Ohio
382:
379:
378:
373:
372:Supreme Court
369:
368:
360:Related cases
357:
355:
351:
340:
335:
325:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
297:
295:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
266:
257:
253:
251:
246:
240:
237:
231:
229:
228:
221:
216:
214:
213:
201:
198:
194:
193:
187:
185:
180:
175:
172:
169:has roots in
168:
159:
150:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
118:
116:
111:
107:
97:
95:
91:
87:
81:
79:
73:
71:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
1742:Criminal law
1663:Criminal law
1637:Plea bargain
1619:
1574:Precognition
1566:
1549:
1532:
1433:
1386:
1291:
1280:
1269:
1264: (1987).
1248:
1244:
1235:
1230: (1985).
1214:
1210:
1205: (2006).
1189:
1185:
1180: (1974).
1164:
1160:
1155: (1968).
1139:
1135:
1130: (1983).
1114:
1110:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1063:
1037:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1016:
1003:
994:
984:
977:
967:
960:
950:
943:
933:
926:
921: (2006).
905:
901:
896: (2001).
880:
876:
855:
851:
832:
826:
807:
793: (1949).
779:
775:
756:
750:
736:
724:. Retrieved
720:the original
715:
706:
694:. Retrieved
690:
680:
673:Beck v. Ohio
672:
666:
662:
656:
644:. Retrieved
637:the original
628:
615:
561:Civil rights
549:
532:
515:
509:
462:
460:
442:
436:
422:
414:
408:
407:However, in
397:
384:
375:
346:
337:
319:
308:, or with a
298:
277:
271:
254:
249:
242:
233:
225:
223:
218:
210:
207:
191:
188:
176:
164:
144:
134:
122:
119:
117:for arrest.
114:
105:
103:
96:in the U.S.
85:
83:
77:
75:
69:
59:
45:
40:Beck v. Ohio
38:
26:
20:
18:
1721:Wikiversity
1678:Legal abuse
1615:Information
1605:Arraignment
1600:Alford plea
1540:Extradition
1039:December 1,
871: (1987)
483:prosecution
471:arraignment
274:trained dog
197:Lord Camden
1736:Categories
1706:WikiSource
1691:Wiktionary
1610:Indictment
1557:Indictment
1545:Grand jury
1488:Law portal
1469:Terry stop
1088:August 14,
766:0827348746
671:, quoting
607:References
596:Terry stop
455:See also:
252:decision.
245:touchstone
224:Later, in
184:John Adams
100:Definition
94:Terry stop
48:grand jury
1747:Causality
1701:Wikiquote
1696:Wikibooks
1409:Detention
487:defendant
446:offenses.
374:decision
1716:Wikinews
1668:Evidence
1049:cite web
669:: 317–39
555:See also
546:Scotland
517:häktning
306:exigency
31:criminal
1464:Suspect
1388:Arguido
629:fas.org
467:hearing
415:Matlock
289:warrant
141:hearsay
1394:Arrest
839:
814:
763:
696:May 9,
591:Rights
512:Sweden
506:Sweden
477:. The
443:T.L.O.
250:Samson
1257:
1223:
1198:
1173:
1148:
1123:
1033:(PDF)
1026:(PDF)
914:
889:
864:
786:
640:(PDF)
625:(PDF)
479:judge
475:trial
1632:Plea
1512:Bail
1259:U.S.
1228:1214
1225:U.S.
1200:U.S.
1175:U.S.
1150:U.S.
1125:U.S.
1090:2021
1055:link
1041:2014
916:U.S.
891:U.S.
866:U.S.
837:ISBN
812:ISBN
788:U.S.
761:ISBN
728:2023
698:2017
648:2019
370:The
234:The
1535:law
1262:709
1255:480
1221:468
1203:103
1196:547
1178:164
1171:415
1146:392
1128:213
1121:462
919:843
912:547
894:112
887:534
869:868
862:483
791:160
784:338
435:In
396:In
284:DEA
21:In
1738::
1253:,
1219:,
1194:,
1169:,
1144:,
1119:,
1081:.
1051:}}
1047:{{
910:,
885:,
860:,
798:^
782:,
714:.
689:.
667:24
665:,
627:.
520:.
356:.
215::
25:,
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
1323:3
1320:2
1317:1
1153:1
1092:.
1057:)
1043:.
1011:.
845:.
820:.
769:.
744:.
730:.
700:.
650:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
