33:
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424:, as well as the increase in global travel and shared living accommodations, bed bugs have become more prevalent. Detecting bed bugs is a complicated process because insects have the ability to hide almost anywhere. Detection dogs help solve this problem because of their size, speed, and sense of smell. Detection dogs use their unique ability to smell in parts per trillion in order to track bed bugs in every phase of their life cycle. They can find bugs in places humans cannot such as wall voids, crevices, and furniture gaps. Dogs are also a safer alternative to pesticide use. If detection dogs can find out exactly where bed bugs are located, they can minimize the area that needs to be sprayed.
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symptoms and 31 without tested positive by PCR. The dogs detected 97% of the symptomatic and 100% of the asymptomatic infections. They were 91% accurate at identifying volunteers who were not infected, and 94% accurate at ruling out the infection in people without symptoms. The authors said "Canine testing is non-invasive and provides immediate and reliable results. Further studies will be focused on direct sniffing by dogs to evaluate sniffer dogs for mass pre-test in airports, harbors, railways stations, cultural activities, or sporting events."
608:
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2011:
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579:). Data obtained from NSW Police shows that between 1 July 2014 and 30 June 2020, officers conducted 27,835 strip searches "in the field" (outside of a police station). Separate data shows that during the same six-year period, officers conducted 5659 strip searches resulting from drug detection dog indications.
586:
launched a formal investigation into the use of strip searches by NSW Police. In a final report handed down in
December 2020, the commission found that there had been a "significant increase" in the "number and proportion" of strip searches carried out following drug detection dog indications in the
497:
Researchers in Paris in March 2022 reported in a preprint not yet peer-reviewed that trained dogs were very effective for rapidly detecting the presence of SARS-Cov2 in people, whether displaying symptoms or not. The dogs were presented with sweat samples to smell from 335 people, of whom 78 with
473:
is abundant in the wild and contains valuable data. Wildlife scat detection represents a fairly non-invasive method of study for many species where live-capture once predominated. Compared with other methods of scat collection, dogs are able to survey larger areas in less time at decreased costs.
118:
is essentially a detection dog that is used as a resource for police in specific scenarios such as conducting drug raids, finding missing criminals, and locating stashed currency. Frequently, detection dogs are thought to be used for law enforcement purposes. Experts say that dog-sniff evidence
618:
In 2011, civil rights activists claimed that detection dogs responses are influenced by the biases and behaviors of their handlers, which can hinder accuracy. Another factor that affects accuracy is residual odors. Residual odors can linger even after illegal materials have been removed from a
431:
released their "Bed Bug Best
Management Practices" in 2011 which outlines the minimum recommendations regarding not only treatment, but the certification and use of bed bug detection canines. The NPMA's Best Management Practices emphasizes the importance of having bed bug detection dog teams
1486:
Grandjean, Dominique; Elie, Caroline; Gallet, Capucine; Julien, Clotilde; Roger, Vinciane; Desquilbet, LoĂŻc; Alvergnat, Guillaume; Delarue, SĂ©verine; Gabassi, Audrey; Minier, Marine; Choupeaux, Laure; Kerneis, Solen; Delaugerre, Constance; Le Goff, JĂ©rĂ´me; Treluyer, Jean-Marc (8 March 2022),
634:
Detection dogs give police the potential to conduct searches without cause, in a manner that is unregulated. They are often accused of being motivated more by the state's desire to be seen doing something than by any serious desire to respond to the dangers of drugs use. In June 2012, three
461:
Bed bug detection dogs should be certified by a national organization like the World
Detector Dog Organization (WDDO) or the National Entomology Scent Detection Canine Association (NESDCA). There are a few independent K9 bed bug inspection companies that have multiple certifications.
1324:
Wasser, Samuel K; Davenport, Barbara; Ramage, Elizabeth R; Hunt, Kathleen E; Parker, Margaret; Clarke, Christine; Stenhouse, Gordon (2004). "Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: Application to grizzly and black bears in the
Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada".
520:
524:
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reviewed studies on bed bug detection dogs and concluded that although expensive for operators, they are a reliable source as long as they undergo the proper training. In another study, detection dogs had a 97.5% correct positive indication rate on identifying bed bugs
387:
was finding low densities of non-native invasive knapweed rosettes in the field with a 93% overall success rate. She followed it up with 98% in the final trials in open fields, demonstrating that dogs can effectively detect low densities of invasive plants.
654:
In Norway, students were subjected to a drug search in their classroom by a detection dog. The students didn't have to be present in the room while the dogs searched; however, they were forced to answer questions by the police instead. An article in
521:
619:
particular area, and can lead to false alarms. Additionally, very few states have mandatory training, testing, or certification standards for detection dogs. This leaves people to question whether they are truly equipped to carry out searches.
559:, who handed down a critical report regarding the use of dogs for drug detection. The report stated that prohibited drugs were found in only 26% of searches following an indication by a drug sniffer dog. Of these, 84% were for small amounts of
574:
In late 2014, reports were first published alleging that NSW Police were routinely using drug detection dog indications as a justification for conducting invasive strip searches, particularly at major events such as music festivals (see
474:
Research shows that detection dogs can find laboratory rats and mice in a large rodent-free area of 32 hectares (an extremely large area). Some specific types of feces that detection dogs have had success in identifying include
773:
391:
Detection dogs are able to discern individual scents even when the scents are combined or masked by other odors. In 2002, a detection dog foiled a woman's attempt to smuggle marijuana into an
Australian prison in
862:
Ayres, Katherine L.; Booth, Rebecca K.; Hempelmann, Jennifer A.; Koski, Kari L.; Emmons, Candice K.; Baird, Robin W.; Balcomb-Bartok, Kelley; Hanson, M. Bradley; Ford, Michael J.; Wasser, Samuel K. (2012).
643:'s Director of Public Safety, alleging that he violated the police dog program by intentionally training canines to be "trick ponies" – to falsely alert based on cues from their handlers (
119:
should not be used in the criminal justice system, pointing to wrongful convictions, human biases that skew animal behavior, and the lack of systematic research into what dogs detect or how they do it.
670:
Detector dogs have been used by secret police and security services to support campaigns of political persecution. For example, sweat collected from subjects following interrogation was used by the
563:
deemed for personal use. Subsequent figures obtained from NSW Police in 2023 revealed that between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2023, officers had conducted 94,535 personal searches (refers to both
595:
on behalf of patrons strip searched at music festivals by NSW Police from July 2016 onwards. Head plaintiff for the class action is a then 27-year-old woman who was wrongly strip searched at the
1621:
519:
647:) – so as to enable officers to conduct illegal searches of vehicles. The lawsuit claims that in doing so, he and other top Highway Patrol officers had violated the federal
824:
Wasser, Samuel K; Keim, Jonah L; Taper, Mark L; Lele, Subhash R (2011). "The influences of wolf predation, habitat loss, and human activity on caribou and moose in the
Alberta oil sands".
1887:
1713:
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1968:
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32:
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introduced legislation that granted police the power to use drug detection dogs without a warrant in public places such as licensed venues (venues licensed to serve alcohol),
1446:
1067:
1559:
777:
458:. They also successfully differentiated live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces with a 95% correct positive indication rate.
1352:
Gsell, Anna; Innes, John; Monchy, Pim de; Brunton, Dianne (22 March 2010). "The success of using trained dogs to locate sparse rodents in pest-free sanctuaries".
622:
Sniffer dogs can be trained to detect crop pests and diseases. A study by the US Department of
Agriculture found that sniffer dogs identified trees infected with
107:
that work to find missing humans are generally not considered detection dogs but fit instead under their own categories. There is some overlap, as in the case of
1285:"Rapid extraction of faecal steroids for measuring reproductive cyclicity and early pregnancy in free-ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus)"
2324:
1387:
Wasser, Samuel K.; Hayward, Lisa S.; Hartman, Jennifer; Booth, Rebecca K.; Broms, Kristin; Berg, Jodi; Seely, Elizabeth; Lewis, Lyle; Smith, Heath (2012).
648:
922:
576:
1883:
122:
Although detection dogs are often used for law enforcement purposes, they are also used as a valuable research tool for wildlife biologists. In
1020:
Anderson, Jessica (10 July 2008). "Prisons enlist dogs to keep out phones: Canines part of effort to keep contraband out of state facilities".
1982:
1678:
1640:
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1993:
1389:"Using Detection Dogs to Conduct Simultaneous Surveys of Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) and Barred Owls (Strix varia)"
1749:
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or "general" searches) resulting from drug detection dog indications, with only 25% resulting in illicit drugs being found.
1176:
428:
1976:
865:"Distinguishing the Impacts of Inadequate Prey and Vessel Traffic on an Endangered Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Population"
1913:
3127:
1231:
Tsutsui, Neil D.; Choe, Dong-Hwan; Sutherland, Andrew M.; Tabuchi, Robin L.; Moore, Sara E.; Lewis, Vernard R. (2013).
583:
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1939:
2015:
529:
53:
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Wasser, S K; Risler, L; Wasser, L M (1986). "Use of techniques to extract steroid hormones from primate feces".
1100:
2451:
953:
1622:"NSW police sniffer dogs incorrectly detect drugs on patrons despite costing taxpayers $ 46m over past decade"
432:
certified by third party organizations who are not affiliated to the trainer or company that sold the canine.
2849:
375:
Sniffer dogs can be trained to locate small infestations of invasive and non-native weeds. The world's first
134:
for the environment. Detection dogs also tend to be employed for the purposes of finding and collecting the
3132:
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2035:
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Reindl-Thompson, Sara A.; Shivik, John A.; Whitelaw, Alice; Hurt, Aimee; Higgins, Kenneth F. (2006).
494:
Some countries have trained dogs to detect COVID-19. Australia has been using some of these in 2021.
2842:
2764:
2643:
2513:
1123:"Using Canines to Detect Spotted Knapweed: Field Surveys & Characterization of Plant Volatiles"
938:"Efficacy of Scent Dogs in Detecting Black-Footed Ferrets at a Reintroduction Site in South Dakota"
380:
200:
Detection dogs have been trained to search for many things, both animate and inanimate, including:
49:
45:
17:
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3122:
2785:
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684:
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1728:"Music festival patrons launch class action against NSW police alleging unlawful strip-searches"
162:
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436:
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2458:
2345:
2028:
1487:"Diagnostic Accuracy of Non-Invasive Detection of Sars-Cov-2 Infection by Canine Olfaction",
733:
636:
446:) and their eggs – with zero false positives – all while accurately distinguishing them from
281:
104:
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1514:
1496:
1400:
876:
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1977:
Fox
Philadelphia: "Bed Bug Dog and Bed Bug Control Experts discussing use of Bed Bug Dogs"
217:(e.g. large amounts of money carried by passengers in airports that should be declared to
8:
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electronics such as illicit mobile phones. The sense most used by detection dogs is
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1233:"Researchers combat resurgence of bed bug in behavioral studies and monitor trials"
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309:
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1994:
The Hounds of Empire: Forensic Dog
Tracking in Britain and Its Colonies, 1888-1953
626:
with 99% accuracy; they could detect infection as early as two weeks after onset.
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Detection dogs are often specially trained by handlers to identify the scent of
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1940:"Real spies, not Bond, take spotlight at new International Spy Museum (2019)"
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923:"Sniffer dogs can help enhance fight against drug traffickers, says trainer"
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396:. The marijuana had been inserted into a balloon, which was smeared with
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1884:"Officers file suit alleging wrongdoing in police dog training program"
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music festival in 2018 after being stopped by a drug detection dog.
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1750:"Tribune analysis: Drug-sniffing dogs in traffic stops often wrong"
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1447:"New Mexico Shelter Dogs Come to the Rescue for Rare Salamanders"
935:
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A detection dog searches a car for explosives at a checkpoint in
417:
351:
340:
304:
260:
254:
204:
179:
139:
998:
687: – Practice of using dogs' senses of smell to detect cancer
2980:
2274:
2180:
2153:
2099:
2010:
800:"Should a dog's sniff be enough to convict a person of murder?"
640:
533:
397:
379:
K-9 detection program successfully completed field-testing for
167:
36:
Detection dog training in U.S. Navy military for drug detection
1983:
Passing the Sniff Test: Police Dogs as
Surveillance Technology
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1172:
671:
470:
369:
319:
248:
135:
84:
72:
1230:
3032:
1173:"NPMA Bed Bugs Best Management Practices website home page"
224:
1582:
Review of the Police Powers (Drug Detection Dogs) Act 2001
1469:"Job of sniffing out COVID cases given to canine recruits"
954:
10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1435:EOSDID]2.0.CO;2
3052:
2903:
2121:
2051:
1485:
1386:
1323:
1205:. International Conference on Urban Pests. Archived from
861:
130:
on boats at public boat ramps because they are a harmful
68:
1869:
Pleasure Consuming Medicine: The queer politics of drugs
774:"KPLU: Dogs Used to Sniff Out Cell Phones in NW Prisons"
420:. With the increased focus on green pest management and
343:, and agricultural items that have to go through customs
3037:
2020:
1971:
All Things Considered: Using Dogs to Sniff Out Bed Bugs
1351:
196:
noxious weed detection dog wearing GPS tracking harness
1198:
Potter, Michael F; Romero, Alvero; Haynes, Kenneth F.
1714:
Inquiry into NSW Police Force strip search practices.
1283:
Wasser, S. K.; Monfort, S. L.; Wildt, D. E. (1991).
154:. This process is known as wildlife scat detection.
1641:"Strip Searches are Now Routine in New South Wales"
1036:
823:
1815:"Sniffer dog checks bite into our civil liberties"
1282:
1263:
983:King, Anthony (24 August 2013). "The nose knows".
649:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
587:five years between 2014 and 2019. In July 2022, a
1716:Law Enforcement Conduct Commission. December 2020
577:New South Wales Police Force strip search scandal
3114:
1916:[Over 1000 Oslo students drug checked].
1677:Sentas, Vicki; Grewcock, Michael (August 2019).
1001:. Canine Accelerant Detection Association (CADA)
747: – Dog trained and used for law enforcement
705: – Assistance dog trained to monitor humans
1560:"Dogs Sniff Out Coronavirus With High Accuracy"
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1676:
1495:(6), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: e0268382,
1197:
753: – Dog trained to perform practical tasks
2850:
2036:
1907:
1905:
1700:
1068:"SpĂĽrhund Artus: Ritter der SchnĂĽffelhunde"
2857:
2843:
2043:
2029:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1030:
465:
1789:
1748:Hinkel, Dan; Mahr, Joe (6 January 2011).
1528:
1518:
1508:
1422:
1412:
1300:
1248:
1151:. National Geographic Books. p. 46.
898:
888:
674:to train dogs to respond to their scent.
411:
383:in 2004. Upon completion of the testing,
138:of a diverse array of species, including
126:, detection dogs are trained to discover
1911:
1902:
1660:"Police in doghouse over strip searches"
1657:
1638:
1585:. New South Wales Ombudsman. June 2006.
1575:
1573:
1061:
1059:
1019:
826:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
776:. Publicbroadcasting.net. Archived from
606:
515:
188:
161:
39:
31:
27:Dog trained to detect certain substances
1812:
1738:
1725:
1680:Rethinking Strip Searches by NSW Police
771:
111:, trained to search for human remains.
14:
3115:
1619:
1037:Dietsch, Deborah K. (26 August 2004).
857:
855:
699: – Process of removing land mines
2838:
2024:
1912:Svarstad, Jørgen (19 November 2011).
1881:
1840:
1670:
1632:
1570:
1056:
1039:"You Can Teach a Mold Dog New Tricks"
489:
1866:
1775:
1177:National Pest Management Association
1143:
1101:"Your Dog's Ability To Track Scents"
982:
555:The law was reviewed in 2006 by the
429:National Pest Management Association
48:on duty as a detection dog with the
2864:
1914:"Over 1000 osloelever narkosjekket"
1890:from the original on 16 August 2012
852:
663:, claims that such searches breach
528:Police and a drug detection dog at
301:), and other varieties of mushroom.
24:
1962:
1875:
1813:Saville, Sebastian (9 July 2008).
1651:
1639:Gregoire, Paul (10 October 2014).
693:- animals responding to human cues
584:Law Enforcement Conduct Commission
25:
3154:
2004:
1726:McGowan, Michael (22 July 2022).
1658:Corderoy, Amy (2 December 2014).
1620:Mcleod, Catie (9 November 2023).
1065:
540:In 2001, the Australian state of
3061:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2009:
1871:. Durham: Duke University Press.
772:Jenkins, Austin (22 July 2009).
602:
593:Supreme Court of New South Wales
1932:
1860:
1834:
1806:
1769:
1719:
1613:
1552:
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1224:
1191:
1165:
1137:
1115:
1093:
629:
1841:Marks, Amber (31 March 2008).
1200:"BATTLING BED BUGS IN THE USA"
1147:(2009). "DVDs and Marijuana".
1072:Frankfurter Allgemeine Magazin
1013:
991:
976:
929:
915:
817:
792:
765:
13:
1:
1778:"The accidental tree killers"
1605:: CS1 maint: date and year (
758:
75:to detect substances such as
3087:List of domesticated animals
1886:. Las Vegas Review Journal.
1510:10.1371/journal.pone.0268382
1414:10.1371/journal.pone.0042892
890:10.1371/journal.pone.0036842
639:officers filed suit against
511:
501:
408:and then placed in her bra.
263:(e.g. French black truffle (
157:
7:
2671:List of longest-living dogs
1520:10.1101/2022.03.07.22271219
1327:Canadian Journal of Zoology
677:
506:
83:, wildlife scat, currency,
71:that is trained to use its
10:
3159:
2644:Origin of the domestic dog
2542:Breed-specific legislation
2383:Psychiatric assistance dog
1882:Vogel, Ed (26 June 2012).
1125:. Goodwin, Kim Marie. 2010
657:Tidsskrift for strafferett
422:integrated pest management
269:), Italian white truffle (
3128:Dog training and behavior
3070:
3059:
2872:
2804:
2773:
2740:
2657:
2522:
2477:
2333:
2290:
2058:
1946:. 8 May 2019. pp. a4
1791:10.1146/knowable-092120-1
1664:The Sydney Morning Herald
1566:. Reuters. 10 March 2022.
1103:. Whole Dog Journal. 2005
942:Wildlife Society Bulletin
557:New South Wales Ombudsman
230:Endangered animal species
2050:
1981:Braverman, Irus. 2013. "
1776:Pain, Stephanie (2020).
1449:. The Nature Conservancy
381:Montana State University
182:after battle during the
50:British Transport Police
46:English Springer Spaniel
2786:List of individual dogs
2781:Domesticated silver fox
2373:Mobility assistance dog
1992:Blum, Binyamin. 2017. "
685:Canine cancer detection
624:citrus greening disease
466:Wildlife scat detection
259:Gourmet fungi, such as
2791:List of fictional dogs
2105:Livestock guardian dog
1998:Law and History Review
1250:10.3733/ca.v067n03p172
1237:California Agriculture
730: – Detection dogs
659:, Norway's journal of
615:
597:Splendour in the Grass
537:
437:University of Kentucky
412:Bed bug detection dogs
197:
186:
105:search and rescue dogs
56:
37:
3082:Human uses of animals
2959:Search and rescue dog
2459:Search and rescue dog
2018:at Wikimedia Commons
1302:10.1530/jrf.0.0920415
734:Mine clearance agency
637:Nevada Highway Patrol
610:
582:In October 2018, the
530:Newtown train station
527:
282:Cantharellus cibarius
192:
184:2022 Russian invasion
165:
43:
35:
2949:Military working dog
2514:Dog–cat relationship
2361:Medical response dog
1944:The Spokesman-Review
1149:In the Womb: Animals
780:on 19 September 2012
480:northern spotted owl
3133:Explosive detection
2305:List of crossbreeds
2068:African village dog
1843:"Smells suspicious"
1501:2022PLoSO..1768382G
1475:. 6 September 2021.
1405:2012PLoSO...742892W
1043:The Washington Post
881:2012PLoSO...736842A
838:2011FrEE....9..546W
722:Florida v. Jardines
298:Morchella esculenta
234:black-footed ferret
152:Oregon spotted frog
144:black-footed ferret
1987:Buffalo Law Review
703:Diabetes alert dog
691:Clever Hans effect
645:Clever Hans effect
616:
567:and less invasive
538:
490:COVID-19 detection
435:Scientists at the
385:Knapweed Nightmare
266:Tuber melanosporum
198:
194:Knapweed Nightmare
187:
57:
38:
3110:
3109:
2832:
2831:
2712:Rabies in animals
2639:Human–canine bond
2217:Bull-type terrier
2014:Media related to
1782:Knowable Magazine
1693:978-0-7334-3877-6
1354:Wildlife Research
1023:The Baltimore Sun
741: – Dog sport
715:Florida v. Harris
591:was filed in the
525:
443:Cimex lectularius
339:Plants, animals,
16:(Redirected from
3150:
3065:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2589:Dogs in religion
2452:usage by country
2073:Free-ranging dog
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2013:
1989:61 (81): 81–167.
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1897:
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1867:Race, K (2009).
1864:
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1017:
1011:
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1008:
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999:"CADA Home Page"
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849:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
769:
613:Washington, D.C.
550:public transport
526:
377:Spotted Knapweed
310:Invasive species
245:Fire accelerants
210:Cancer detection
132:invasive species
99:that search for
54:Waterloo station
21:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3097:Military animal
3066:
3057:
2868:
2866:Working animals
2863:
2833:
2828:
2800:
2769:
2736:
2653:
2524:
2518:
2473:
2329:
2310:Mixed-breed dog
2286:
2054:
2049:
2007:
1965:
1963:Further reading
1960:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1910:
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1893:
1891:
1880:
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1770:
1760:
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1755:Chicago Tribune
1746:
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1445:
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1440:
1385:
1381:
1366:10.1071/WR09117
1350:
1346:
1339:10.1139/z04-020
1322:
1318:
1281:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1212:on 6 March 2016
1209:
1202:
1196:
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1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
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1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1066:Locke, Stefan.
1064:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
981:
977:
934:
930:
925:. 1 April 2012.
921:
920:
916:
860:
853:
822:
818:
808:
806:
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
770:
766:
761:
756:
709:Dogs in warfare
680:
632:
605:
546:music festivals
542:New South Wales
516:
514:
509:
504:
492:
468:
414:
406:petroleum jelly
172:landmine finder
160:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Detection dogs
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:Related topics
3071:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
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3018:
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3008:
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2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Assistance dog
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:Bactrian camel
2884:
2879:
2877:Asian elephant
2873:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2830:
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2827:
2826:
2816:
2805:
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2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Crate training
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:Skin disorders
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2663:
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2655:
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2646:
2641:
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2621:
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2606:
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2596:
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2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Animal testing
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2483:
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2419:
2414:
2409:
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2399:
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2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2341:Assistance dog
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:Extinct breeds
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:List of breeds
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2278:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
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2168:
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2080:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2016:Detection dogs
2006:
2005:External links
2003:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1931:
1920:(in Norwegian)
1901:
1874:
1859:
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1768:
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1612:
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1266:Primate Report
1256:
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1164:
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1114:
1092:
1055:
1029:
1012:
990:
975:
928:
914:
851:
846:10.1890/100071
832:(10): 546–51.
816:
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763:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:
748:
742:
736:
731:
725:
718:
711:
706:
700:
694:
688:
681:
679:
676:
631:
628:
604:
601:
565:strip searches
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
491:
488:
467:
464:
448:carpenter ants
413:
410:
373:
372:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
337:
332:
322:
317:
307:
302:
288:Boletus edulis
272:Tuber magnatum
257:
252:
251:investigation)
242:
237:
227:
222:
212:
207:
159:
156:
128:quagga mussels
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3155:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
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3118:
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3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Water buffalo
3046:
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3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
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3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
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2940:
2937:
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2932:
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2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Detection dog
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
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2871:
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2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2796:Lists of dogs
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2765:Socialization
2763:
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2760:Housebreaking
2758:
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2747:
2745:
2743:
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2728:
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2717:Rage syndrome
2715:
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2703:
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2698:
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2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Dogs in space
2592:
2590:
2587:
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2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Body language
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:Communication
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Detection dog
2415:
2413:
2412:Companion dog
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
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2379:
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2289:
2283:
2280:
2276:
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2272:
2271:
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2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
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2225:
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2220:
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2169:
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2162:
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2119:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1809:
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1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1592:1-921131-36-5
1588:
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1576:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1555:
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1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
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1498:
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1490:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1448:
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1430:
1425:
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1399:(8): e42892.
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1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1333:(3): 475–92.
1332:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1295:(2): 415–23.
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
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1260:
1251:
1246:
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1238:
1234:
1227:
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1158:9781426201752
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Sims, Michael
1140:
1124:
1118:
1102:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1074:(in German).
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1000:
994:
986:
985:New Scientist
979:
971:
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959:
955:
951:
948:(5): 1435–9.
947:
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918:
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728:Lucky and Flo
726:
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707:
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701:
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692:
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683:
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666:
665:Norwegian law
662:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
627:
625:
620:
614:
609:
603:United States
600:
598:
594:
590:
585:
580:
578:
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570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
535:
531:
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495:
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485:
482:pellets, and
481:
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430:
425:
423:
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365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
342:
338:
336:
333:
330:
326:
325:Mobile phones
323:
321:
318:
315:
314:quagga mussel
311:
308:
306:
305:Human remains
303:
300:
299:
294:
290:
289:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:
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141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
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3143:Working dogs
3138:Scent hounds
3016:Riding horse
2913:
2722:Reproduction
2692:Conformation
2634:Fear of dogs
2584:Dog grooming
2577:2007 recalls
2562:Dog fighting
2509:Intelligence
2422:Fighting dog
2416:
2402:Carriage dog
2325:Most popular
2282:Turnspit dog
2090:Hairless dog
2008:
1997:
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1970:
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1943:
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1894:11 September
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1820:The Guardian
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651:(RICO Act).
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630:Civil rights
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109:cadaver dogs
97:Hunting dogs
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3102:Pack animal
3021:Stock horse
3001:Guide horse
2996:Draft horse
2974:Therapy dog
2964:Service dog
2939:Hunting dog
2934:Herding dog
2919:Draught dog
2882:Bali cattle
2732:Vaccination
2629:Dog walking
2599:Dog licence
2572:dog biscuit
2557:Dog daycare
2547:Cynanthropy
2525:interaction
2378:Therapy dog
2366:Seizure dog
2356:Hearing dog
2117:Hunting dog
2095:Herding dog
2000:35: 621–65.
1918:Aftenposten
1005:10 November
804:science.org
784:11 November
751:Working dog
484:salamanders
452:cockroaches
331:in prisons)
65:sniffer dog
3117:Categories
3006:Pack horse
2954:Police dog
2624:Dog sports
2447:Police dog
2392:Attack dog
2346:Autism dog
2315:Crossbreed
2198:Sighthound
2176:Scenthound
2083:Street dog
1272:: 194–195.
1107:10 January
809:18 October
759:References
745:Police dog
362:USB drives
329:contraband
240:Explosives
166:Ukrainian
124:California
116:police dog
89:contraband
77:explosives
3092:Livestock
2944:Mercy dog
2929:Guide dog
2924:Guard dog
2897:Dromedary
2619:Dog theft
2523:Human–dog
2442:Mercy dog
2427:Guard dog
2407:Catch dog
2351:Guide dog
2227:Schnauzer
2186:Coonhound
2164:Water dog
2149:Retriever
2110:Sheep dog
1800:224939766
1601:cite book
1547:247291441
1374:1448-5494
1129:30 August
1080:0174-4909
512:Australia
502:Criticism
347:SIM cards
327:(e.g. as
158:Functions
3043:Reindeer
3011:Pit pony
2969:Sled dog
2814:Category
2742:Training
2702:Dog food
2697:Diseases
2682:Breeding
2614:Dog show
2609:Dog park
2604:Dog meat
2567:Dog food
2552:Dog bite
2479:Behavior
2464:Sled dog
2437:Meat dog
2222:Pinscher
2191:Foxhound
1888:Archived
1686:. UNSW.
1564:Medscape
1539:35648737
1489:PLOS ONE
1473:ABC News
1433:22916175
1393:PLOS ONE
1048:23 April
970:53534532
909:22701560
869:PLOS ONE
739:Nosework
697:Demining
678:See also
561:cannabis
507:Accuracy
456:termites
418:bed bugs
394:Brisbane
367:Wildlife
357:Diabetes
352:Termites
261:truffles
255:Firearms
215:Currency
205:Bed bugs
18:Drug dog
2774:Related
2750:Clicker
2677:Anatomy
2649:Therapy
2537:Baiting
2502:Howling
2492:Barking
2469:War dog
2432:Lap dog
2397:Bay dog
2270:Toy dog
2241:Bulldog
2236:Mastiff
2212:Terrier
2203:Longdog
2159:Spaniel
2144:Pointer
2139:Gun dog
2132:Lurcher
2078:Pye-dog
1950:9 March
1530:9159600
1515:medRxiv
1497:Bibcode
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2258:Laika
2253:Husky
2248:Spitz
2171:Hound
2127:Feist
2060:Types
1852:1 May
1826:1 May
1796:S2CID
1684:(PDF)
1543:S2CID
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966:S2CID
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