469:
349:
562:
532:
an alert could result in missing a target odour source, meaning a person, cadaver, or remains may not be found. On the other hand, misidentifying dog behaviour for an alert may lead to false location identification. Ideally, dog's work with only one handler for the duration of their career, from training as a puppy up until their retirement, and reassignment is a last resort scenario, as it terminates all work with the prior handler. Communication between the dog and their handler is often subtle and nonverbal, making it hard for other handlers to 'read' and understand.
3571:
541:
to permit scent escape than clay or wet soil. Heavy plant growth may also prevent a dog from being able to search an area. Physical characteristics of a missing individual may also affect searching, as a larger adult would deliver a greater scent than a small infant, meaning the ability to track the scent will differ, depending on who is being located. As well, if the person was clothed or wrapped when they went missing or passed away, this may prevent scent escape or slow decomposition, making the scent harder for SAR dogs to track.
3318:
3328:
168:
90:
307:. Training of a search dog usually begins when the dog is still a puppy. Playing "scent games" beginning when a puppy is 10–12 weeks old is a good way to start this training. "Hide and seek" activities are used as the dog gets older, to simulate people lost in the aftermath of natural or man-made disasters. Most SAR dogs, regardless of their task, will spend around 12–18 months in training, for 20 or more hours a week. Some
36:
233:
549:. Because correct identification of a scent location depends on both dog scent tracking and the handlers interpretation of the signal, there is the possibility a handler could misinterpret or fail to recognize an alert. As well, because dogs are not perfect, they are also susceptible to bad days, with causes such as physical ailments or a failure to acclimate to the tracking environment.
531:
Though the actual locating of a scent depends on the SAR dog, the handler's level of competency is critical in SAR operations. The responsibility falls on the handler to properly recognize and call the dogs alert, or change in behaviour towards an odour, to locate the source of scent. Failing to call
459:
remains are also used. Ideally, dogs that are trained for the location of cadavers would have prior scent searching experience. Properly trained cadaver dogs preserve human remains, as they know not to pick or dig them up. Training aids can include a combination of mock decomposition scent chemicals,
438:
In training, dogs must demonstrate a willingness to work despite distractions, proper command control, and the ability to learn through positive reward reinforcement. There are many different training methods available, and for all different types of SAR, and each will work better with some dogs, and
290:
As well as behaviour, physical characteristics are taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate dog for the job. Depending on what environment a dog will be working in, the selection of one breed over another would make sense. For example, a heavy-coated dog would not be a suitable choice
552:
In terms of standards, there are no current standard in place to determine the effectiveness of SAR dogs. Little is known on how to optimize their performance and effectiveness. There are currently no standards or international certification existing for cadaver dogs. However, there are proficiency
540:
Environmental factors can greatly affect SAR performance. Temperature, wind direction, wind speed, and humidity all affect the way scent moves through air, and may create a inconsistent scent for the dogs' to track. Soil type as well affects searching. Sandy or dry soil, for example, is more likely
476:
SAR dogs do not work alone. Most SAR teams consist of volunteer handlers and their personal pet dogs, who are also their work partners. The main responsibility of the handler is to ensure the dog remains safe, operational, and in good health. In order for an SAR dog to be as effective as it can be,
121:, which is a distinct odor of skin flakes and water and oil secretions unique to each person and have been known to find people under water, snow, and collapsed buildings, as well as remains buried underground. SAR dogs are a non-invasive aid in the location of humans, alive or deceased.
256:. Most often, purebred dogs are chosen, as it allows a clearer understanding of the potential working abilities, and possible genetic problems of the dog. Individual dogs are selected for behaviors related to successful field work, which can include, but is not limited to;
291:
in a hot climate, nor would a short-coated dog in a colder climate. Temperature and terrain are important considerations when selecting the dog breed. The rougher and longer the terrain, the more stamina a dog will require, which is a result of care and genetics.
434:
These scented aids can be placed on toys, in containers or in tubes, which are then commonly placed in concrete blocks and used to train SAR dogs. Because live human scents are all unique, training aids for SAR dogs must be rotated and varied during training.
544:
Common in SAR scenes are chemicals, such as petroleum, which can affect the scent tracking accuracy of a dog. It is important that dogs are given the time to adjust to the environment before beginning the task, and that handlers are aware of any possible
211:
The history of cadaver dogs is more recent. In 1808, an untrained dog alerted to the shed of a murder suspect, which led to the discovery of the remains of 2 missing women. However, the first use of a dog trained exclusively for cadaver searches in
224:, which involved multiple victims buried in a large forested area. From there, training programs were developed, and now specialty cadaver dogs are trained and maintained by police organizations, as well as numerous volunteer search dogs teams.
454:
Cadaver dog training is more specific, and in addition to regular SAR training, requires regular and repeated exposure to target scents,. In the case of cadaver dogs, this scent is natural or synthetic decomposition fluid. Human teeth or
151:
In
Croatia such dogs have been used to find burial sites almost 3000 years old. More recently, HRDD's have been used in Canada and the United States to locate unmarked graves of Indigenous children around former residential school sites.
468:
333:: Exposure to difficult and naturally avoided terrain is necessary for SAR dog training, as during a task they will be required to move carefully and surely on areas containing, for example, rubble, and uneven or cracked ground.
143:
contexts to sniff and locate human remains, which can include those that are buried, concealed, or older, as well as body parts, skeletal remains, and soil contaminated with decomposition fluid. Differently to other types of
360:
a behaviour their handler will be able to interpret for when the dog has located the source of a scent, which is employed when they are searching an area during a job. These behaviours can be either
2453:
439:
not so much with others. It is important for the handler to select the methods that work best for their dog, while ensuring they follow 3 main principles: "Patience, perseverance, and praise".
573:
Numerous countries, cities and regions have search and rescue organizations using dog-and-handler teams that can be mobilized in an emergency or disaster. A few notable organizations are;
339:: Consistent rewarding and marking of desired behaviour is necessary to make sure the dog is performing well at each training level before advancing, and also enforces the desired outcome.
148:
that use scents on the ground or specific items, cadaver dogs are trained to locate both ground and airborne scents, and notify of the area where the scent concentration is highest.
396:: the most authentic scent source that can be obtained fresh or in various stages of decomposition. However, due to ethical and legislation considerations, it is hard to obtain.
314:
Crucial components of training are repetitions and rewards, as animals learn through repeated actions and rewards for said actions. Some basics training includes;
299:
SAR dog training is thorough and substantial and today, many training methods used in SAR training is based on the methods developed to train military dogs during
618:
Canada Search Dog
Association is a non-profit volunteer run organization of handlers and canines who conduct local searches and conduct public education events.
406:
Soil samples: soils dug from the sites of bodies contain decomposition by-products helpful for training, but is required to be dug from legitimate burial sites.
196:, to search for and rescue injured or lost travelers, or find their remains. However, official search and rescue dogs were not first documented for use until
2832:
2457:
2262:
Riezzo, Irene; Neri, Margherita; Rendine, Marcello; Bellifemina, Alessandro; Cantatore, Santina; Fiore, Carmela; Turillazzi, Emanuela (November 2014).
2471:
1730:
627:
Numerous volunteer organizations in cities, countries, and regions across the world specialize in cadaver dog searches. A few notable ones include;
577:
644:
Human
Remains Detection Dog INTERNATIONAL sets international standards for the use of human remains detection dogs in searching for human remains.
1768:
Simon, Alison; Lazarowski, Lucia; Singletary, Melissa; Barrow, Jason; Van
Arsdale, Kelly; Angle, Thomas; Waggoner, Paul; Giles, Kathleen (2020).
585:
477:
it must be paired with an equally well-trained handler in the field, that is capable and familiar with the dogs' body language and alerts.
2301:
1327:
3364:
240:
Before training of SAR dogs begin, the appropriate dog must be selected. Common dog breeds used for search-and-rescue work include
764:, were the first recorded instance of a search and rescue team consisting of a dog exclusively trained in the search of cadavers.
602:
983:
2550:
2306:
2233:"Factors affecting locomotor activity of search and rescue dogs: The importance of terrain, vegetation and dog certification"
2044:
1552:
1169:
819:
641:
Canadian Search Dogs
Association - Non-profit organization that trains dogs for search and rescue, and educates the public
1344:
46:
427:: chemical compounds used for imprinting cadaver dogs, similar to those created during the natural decomposition process.
412:: a by-product of decomposition in a wet environment that is an authentic scent source, but does require a body to obtain
608:
2173:
1187:
Morris , A., & Randolph, D. (2006). Evolution of the historical human remains detection dog. Land of Pure Gold.
2190:
584:) is the worldwide umbrella organization for training and testing of search and rescue dog work. IRO partners with
442:
Once a team is trained, their skills and competency must be upheld with regular practice and additional training. "
164:
often work closely with cadaver dogs and their handlers, to coordinate searches and evidence and/or body recovery.
3630:
862:
1916:
1504:
Mariti, Chiara; Ricci, Eva; Carlone, Beatrice; Moore, Jane L.; Sighieri, Claudio; Gazzano, Angelo (2012-10-26).
2959:
3357:
2232:
327:
How well a dog responds to commands is essential, as much SAR work is conducted when a dog is not on a leash
3594:
1900:
771:
dubbed "Sherlock Bones" and the "Wonder Dog", is known for aiding in the discovery of new evidence in the
3178:
1248:"Cadaver Dogs and the Deathly Hallows—A Survey and Literature Review on Selection and Training Procedure"
714:
308:
17:
1580:
3049:
2890:
2827:
2543:
2191:"Canine/handler relationships: a descriptive mixed-methods analysis of handlers' well-being and stress"
2263:
1505:
1305:
Buis, R; Rust, Latara; Nizio, Katie D.; Rai, Tapan; Stuart, Barbara; Forbes, Shari L (November 2015).
1204:
Alexander, Michael B.; Hodges, Theresa K.; Bytheway, Joan; Aitkenhead-Peterson, Jacqueline A. (2015).
2066:
813:
636:
566:
1670:"Dog Owners' Survey reveals Medical Alert Dogs can alert to multiple conditions and multiple people"
3650:
3350:
3272:
3151:
3021:
2454:"OriĂłn, el perro rescatista en la tragedia de Vargas (Orion, the rescue dog in the Vargas tragedy)"
2356:
2067:"A comparison of human and pig decomposition rates and odour profiles in an Australian environment"
2065:
Knobel, Zaccariah; Ueland, Maiken; Nizio, Katie D.; Patel, Darshil; Forbes, Shari L. (2019-09-03).
561:
348:
1947:
1376:
952:
3640:
3293:
3288:
2880:
2812:
2231:
Novák, Karel; Helena, Chaloupková; Václav, Bittner; Ivona, Svobodová; Marek, Kouba (2022-06-24).
1205:
676:
446:" is required to prevent the deterioration of olfactory performance and strong alert behaviours.
221:
185:
132:
are working search-and-rescue dogs, specially trained to locate decomposition scent, specific to
1987:"Investigating the detection limits of scent-detection dogs to residual blood odour on clothing"
3298:
3039:
2612:
612:
53:
675:(2009–2022) was a yellow Labrador Retriever and a search and rescue dog for the Mexican Navy (
3635:
3589:
3146:
3084:
3044:
3004:
2853:
2536:
2311:
2114:
Dargan, Rushali; Samson, Clifford; Burr, Wesley S.; Daoust, Benoit; Forbes, Shari L. (2022).
2025:"Cadaver Detection in Forensic Anthropology and Criminology: An Overview with Personal Notes"
1842:"Effect of Handler Knowledge of the Detection Task on Canine Search Behavior and Performance"
1594:
761:
217:
3456:
3204:
2873:
2868:
1681:
690:
205:
861:
Jones, Katherine E.; Dashfield, Karen; Downend, Amanda B.; Otto, Cynthia M. (2004-09-01).
472:
A cadaver dog and its handler search for human remains at a plane crash site in
Greenland.
8:
3239:
3229:
2575:
1753:
1901:"Accuracy and Reliability of Dogs in Surveying for Desert Tortoise (Gopherus Agassizii)"
1685:
1442:
Hare, Elizabeth; Kelsey, Kathleen M.; Serpell, James A.; Otto, Cynthia M. (2018-06-05).
3234:
3199:
3131:
2807:
2503:
1876:
1841:
1804:
1769:
1704:
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1645:
1620:
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768:
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686:
245:
57:
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2137:
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2006:
1967:
1928:
1920:
1881:
1863:
1809:
1791:
1709:
1650:
1567:
1548:
1483:
1465:
1396:
1377:"Quantifying Search Dog Effectiveness in a Terrestrial Search and Rescue Environment"
1306:
1287:
1269:
1225:
1165:
1027:
1007:
890:
882:
694:
682:
631:
OSARVA - Non-profit, volunteer organization that supports search and rescue teams in
553:
tests available, and dog handlers can become certified as expert witnesses in court.
321:
Dogs are taken into public settings and are exposed to various experiences and people
2472:"DOG A FAKE HERO.; Pushes Children Into the Seine to Rescue Them and Win Beefsteaks"
2279:
1221:
399:
Human blood: another authentic scent source that can be aged to different stages of
372:
or sitting, whereas active indications may involve barking, scratching, or digging.
3257:
3096:
3016:
2765:
2724:
2580:
2275:
2248:
2244:
2202:
2127:
2116:"Validating the Use of Amputated Limbs Used as Cadaver Detection Dog Training Aids"
2086:
2078:
2032:
1998:
1959:
1912:
1871:
1853:
1799:
1781:
1699:
1689:
1640:
1632:
1540:
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1473:
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1388:
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1259:
1217:
1157:
1019:
964:
874:
735:
718:
662:
658:
253:
213:
157:
140:
139:. Also known as Human Remains Detection Dogs (HRDDs), cadaver dogs are employed in
110:
2082:
1189:
430:
Sigma Pseudo
Distressed Body: simulates the scent of a nonresponsive, live victim.
3645:
3604:
2976:
1694:
1415:
791:
focuses on a team of SAR dogs, with each dog representing a different occupation.
524:
241:
153:
2206:
1986:
1307:"Investigating the Sensitivity of Cadaver-Detection Dogs to Decomposition Fluid"
3416:
3399:
3384:
3373:
3262:
2848:
2822:
2428:
2002:
1536:
1521:
878:
708:
605:, employs teams of dogs and handlers, deployed to emergency and disaster sites.
589:
352:
A search-and-rescue dog and their handler, after a successful training session.
161:
145:
106:
2132:
2115:
1668:
Reeve, Catherine; Wilson, Clara; Hanna, Donncha; Gadbois, Simon (2021-04-14).
1636:
1544:
1392:
1023:
968:
3624:
3555:
3421:
3321:
3303:
3267:
3224:
3174:
2924:
2919:
2483:
2214:
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2100:
2010:
1924:
1867:
1858:
1795:
1786:
1469:
1460:
1273:
1031:
988:
886:
249:
136:
2189:
Abraham, Sarah; Abderhalden, Frances P.; Matusiak, Matthew C. (2022-11-15).
1985:
Rust, LaTara; Nizio, Katie D.; Wand, Matt P.; Forbes, Shari L. (June 2018).
3523:
3249:
3189:
3091:
3069:
2999:
2986:
2929:
2909:
2789:
2748:
2651:
2597:
2287:
1971:
1948:"Accuracy of Trained Canines for Detecting Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)"
1932:
1885:
1813:
1770:"A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training"
1713:
1654:
1487:
1400:
1291:
1229:
1151:
894:
772:
707:, helped save the lives of at least 37 people in 1999 from drowning during
654:
546:
400:
304:
201:
1203:
1161:
200:, when military trained dogs were used to locate injured soldiers. During
3609:
3528:
3508:
3503:
3481:
3471:
3446:
3441:
3426:
3389:
3331:
3184:
3156:
3136:
3106:
3079:
3064:
3054:
2885:
2863:
2683:
2624:
2602:
1008:"Human Remains Detection Dogs as a New Prospecting Method in Archaeology"
807:
728:
700:
672:
300:
197:
102:
2091:
1264:
3461:
3166:
3141:
2954:
2899:
2705:
2590:
2024:
787:
704:
424:
420:
265:
193:
2036:
1375:
Greatbatch, Ian; Gosling, Rebecca J.; Allen, Sophie (September 2015).
1246:
Martin, Clément; Diederich, Claire; Verheggen, François (2020-07-17).
509:
For cadaver searches, the handler must also have an understanding of;
3599:
3513:
3451:
3436:
3431:
3404:
3126:
2949:
2934:
2914:
2858:
2799:
2734:
2693:
2671:
2656:
2617:
1328:
Dogs show a nose for archaeology by sniffing out 3,000 year old tombs
1206:"Application of soil in Forensic Science: Residual odor and HRD dogs"
743:
409:
368:, or both. Passive indications may include poking and holding of the
167:
1963:
3550:
3518:
3476:
3214:
3209:
3194:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3074:
3059:
2971:
2944:
2729:
2698:
2567:
1619:
Lit, Lisa; Schweitzer, Julie B.; Oberbauer, Anita M. (2011-01-12).
801:
599:) has established voluntary standards for various types of SAR dogs
114:
89:
3342:
2385:
Volunteer Search & Rescue teams within the province of
Ontario
1506:"Dog attachment to man: A comparison between pet and working dogs"
3009:
2939:
2904:
2817:
2777:
2743:
2719:
2710:
2666:
2646:
2639:
2585:
2404:
2264:"Cadaver dogs: Unscientific myth or reliable biological devices?"
1946:
Cooper, Richard; Wang, Changlu; Singh, Narinderpal (2014-12-01).
731:, a German Shepherd trained to find people buried by earthquakes.
722:
666:
632:
384:. Aids can either be natural or artificial scent sources. Common
3488:
2782:
2688:
2661:
2607:
1840:
DeChant, Mallory T.; Ford, Cameron; Hall, Nathaniel J. (2020).
1767:
689:, was a search and rescue dog that worked the disasters of the
2166:
Death, Decomposition, and
Detector Dogs: From Science to Scene
717:, entered burning buildings to find trapped people during the
3535:
3498:
3493:
3394:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2678:
1444:"Behavior Differences Between Search-and-Rescue and Pet Dogs"
1150:
Rebmann, Andrew; David, Edward; Sorg, Marcella (2000-08-29).
984:"Keeping a nose out: SEADOGS takes guesswork out of searches"
739:
520:
393:
369:
232:
118:
27:
Dog trained to locate or retrieve a missing or trapped person
2261:
3540:
1917:
10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1926:AARODI]2.0.CO;2
480:
Important characteristics and skills of a handler include;
189:
69:
2188:
61:
3560:
3411:
2629:
2559:
860:
456:
172:
2380:
1245:
65:
3545:
2528:
1667:
1503:
863:"Search-and-rescue dogs: an overview for veterinarians"
236:
Riley at the World Trade Center, post 9-11-2001 attack.
2230:
2113:
2064:
1754:
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/product/sigma/p1310
1618:
1374:
867:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
2332:
1621:"Handler beliefs affect scent detection dog outcomes"
1441:
592:
for coordinating disaster relief missions worldwide.
1984:
615:
with tracking, searching, and finding lost persons.
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1345:"What are Cadaver Dogs Teaching Us About History?"
1006:Glavaš, Vedrana; Pintar, Andrea (September 2019).
380:Scent sources used to train SAR dogs are known as
1416:"Buster, the amazing human remains detection dog"
516:How the odour disperses in different environments
3622:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1899:Cablk, Mary E.; Heaton, Jill S. (October 2006).
1725:
1723:
1304:
1199:
1197:
1149:
953:"The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery"
595:The National Association For Search And Rescue (
578:International Search and Rescue Dog Organisation
2456:(in Spanish). December 11, 2014. Archived from
1945:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
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1825:
1823:
1361:
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1499:
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1053:
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1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
810: – Dog trained to perform practical tasks
586:International Search and Rescue Advisory Group
505:Familiarity with the behaviors of lost persons
3358:
2544:
2226:
2224:
2148:
1763:
1761:
1720:
1241:
1239:
1194:
1001:
999:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
856:
854:
2333:"National Association For Search And Rescue"
1820:
1437:
1435:
1005:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
609:Special Tasks and Rescue Dog Operations Unit
2031:, CRC Press, pp. 273–286, 2016-04-20,
1898:
1494:
1038:
1012:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
403:, can simulate crime scenes, and be buried.
3365:
3351:
2551:
2537:
2221:
2168:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 1–45.
1758:
1236:
996:
901:
816: – Specialty within search and rescue
496:Can perform accurate record keeping duties
171:Austro-Hungarian search-and-rescue dog in
2131:
2090:
1875:
1857:
1803:
1785:
1703:
1693:
1644:
1477:
1459:
1432:
1281:
1263:
831:
661:, was a search and rescue dog during the
311:require certification before deployment.
2164:Stejskal, Susan M. (December 30, 2022).
2163:
1183:
1181:
982:Lockett, Michael S. (November 4, 2019).
560:
487:Applicable knowledge of canine training
467:
347:
231:
166:
88:
2071:Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences
1381:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
981:
750:
738:that learned to push children into the
603:FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force
565:Rescue dog waiting at a disaster site (
449:
220:, when they investigated a homicide in
47:instructions, advice, or how-to content
14:
3623:
1534:
1413:
1342:
950:
208:to locate people buried under rubble.
3346:
2532:
2307:International Rescue Dog Organisation
1178:
820:International Rescue Dog Organisation
760:, and her handler Jim Suffolk of the
2290:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2251:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1524:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
513:Decomposition fluid odour production
499:Skills in canine and human first aid
493:Good teamwork and cooperation skills
29:
3372:
2433:www.human-remains-detection-dog.org
216:casework was not until 1974 by the
56:so that it is more encyclopedic or
24:
2405:"Canadian Search Dogs Association"
1343:Lowrey, Sassafras (May 10, 2022).
1311:Journal of Forensic Identification
460:animal remains and human remains.
356:A dog in training will develop an
192:at the St. Bernard Hospice in the
25:
3662:
2524:
1595:"How Search-and-rescue Dogs Work"
709:flash floods in Vargas, Venezuela
622:
3569:
3326:
3317:
3316:
2409:Canadian Search Dogs Association
2361:Canadian Search Dogs Association
2237:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2029:Canine Olfaction Science and Law
556:
416:Common artificial aids include:
375:
280:Adaptability to new environments
260:Good sociability and temperament
227:
34:
2496:
2464:
2446:
2421:
2397:
2373:
2349:
2325:
2294:
2280:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.026
2255:
2182:
2120:Frontiers in Analytical Science
2107:
2058:
2017:
1978:
1939:
1892:
1846:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1774:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1747:
1661:
1612:
1587:
1528:
1448:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1407:
1336:
1321:
1222:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.025
648:
124:
101:is a dog trained to respond to
2268:Forensic Science International
2249:10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105674
1952:Journal of Economic Entomology
1535:Helton, William (2009-04-28),
1510:Journal of Veterinary Behavior
1298:
1210:Forensic Science International
975:
957:Journal of Wilderness Medicine
535:
204:, these dogs were used by the
184:As early as the 17th century,
13:
1:
2504:"The History Of Cadaver Dogs"
2083:10.1080/00450618.2018.1439100
951:Fenton, Vikki (August 1992).
825:
779:
746:reward by then rescuing them.
635:, and works closely with the
93:Red Cross Collie, Italy, 1909
3595:List of domesticated animals
1695:10.1371/journal.pone.0249191
1539:, CRC Press, pp. 1–16,
7:
3179:List of longest-living dogs
2207:10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2022-0049
795:
742:in 1908 so he could earn a
527:how dogs perform their task
463:
294:
99:search-and-rescue (SAR) dog
10:
3667:
3152:Origin of the domestic dog
3050:Breed-specific legislation
2891:Psychiatric assistance dog
2003:10.1016/j.forc.2018.05.002
1522:10.1016/j.jveb.2012.05.006
1414:Hodson, Ray (2023-10-15).
879:10.2460/javma.2004.225.854
490:A strong bond with the dog
179:
117:. These dogs detect human
3578:
3567:
3380:
3312:
3281:
3248:
3165:
3030:
2985:
2841:
2798:
2566:
2133:10.3389/frans.2022.934639
1637:10.1007/s10071-010-0373-2
1545:10.1201/9781420079920.ch1
1393:10.1016/j.wem.2015.02.009
1024:10.1007/s10816-018-9406-y
969:10.1580/0953-9859-3.3.292
814:Mounted search and rescue
637:Ontario Provincial Police
567:2014 Hiroshima landslides
343:
2558:
1859:10.3389/fvets.2020.00250
1787:10.3389/fvets.2020.00313
1461:10.3389/fvets.2018.00118
769:black Labrador retriever
3294:List of individual dogs
3289:Domesticated silver fox
2881:Mobility assistance dog
2357:"Community Involvement"
1905:Ecological Applications
3631:Search and rescue dogs
3299:List of fictional dogs
2613:Livestock guardian dog
785:The television series
613:South Australia Police
570:
473:
353:
237:
176:
94:
3590:Human uses of animals
3467:Search and rescue dog
2967:Search and rescue dog
2460:on December 16, 2014.
1162:10.1201/9781420039634
762:New York State Police
564:
484:Being physically fit
471:
351:
235:
218:New York State Police
170:
92:
3457:Military working dog
3022:Dog–cat relationship
2869:Medical response dog
1731:"Indication / Alert"
1349:American Kennel Club
1153:Cadaver Dog Handbook
751:Notable cadaver dogs
691:September 11 attacks
450:Cadaver dog training
444:Maintenance training
206:British armed forces
2813:List of crossbreeds
2576:African village dog
1686:2021PLoSO..1649191R
1537:"Canine Ergonomics"
1265:10.3390/ani10071219
502:Wilderness survival
109:events, as well as
54:rewrite the content
2476:The New York Times
1991:Forensic Chemistry
687:Labrador Retriever
659:Wirehaired Terrier
571:
474:
354:
246:Labrador Retriever
238:
177:
115:man-made disasters
95:
3618:
3617:
3340:
3339:
3220:Rabies in animals
3147:Human–canine bond
2725:Bull-type terrier
2302:"Strong Partners"
2046:978-0-429-25699-8
2037:10.1201/b20027-25
1575:Missing or empty
1554:978-1-4200-7991-3
1171:978-0-8493-1886-3
804: – Dog sport
695:Hurricane Katrina
158:medical examiners
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3658:
3573:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3097:Dogs in religion
2960:usage by country
2581:Free-ranging dog
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2310:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1958:(6): 2171–2181.
1943:
1937:
1936:
1911:(5): 1926–1935.
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1861:
1837:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1789:
1765:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1625:Animal Cognition
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1463:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1267:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1147:
1036:
1035:
1018:(3): 1106–1124.
1003:
994:
993:
979:
973:
972:
948:
899:
898:
858:
719:Second World War
663:Second World War
254:Golden Retriever
242:German Shepherds
186:St. Bernard dogs
82:
79:
73:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3651:Dogs in warfare
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3605:Military animal
3574:
3565:
3376:
3374:Working animals
3371:
3341:
3336:
3308:
3277:
3244:
3161:
3032:
3026:
2981:
2837:
2818:Mixed-breed dog
2794:
2562:
2557:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2260:
2256:
2229:
2222:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2162:
2149:
2112:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1983:
1979:
1964:10.1603/EC14195
1944:
1940:
1897:
1893:
1838:
1821:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1680:(4): e0249191.
1666:
1662:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1533:
1529:
1502:
1495:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1408:
1373:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1303:
1299:
1244:
1237:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1148:
1039:
1004:
997:
980:
976:
949:
902:
859:
832:
828:
798:
782:
758:yellow Labrador
753:
651:
633:Ontario, Canada
625:
559:
538:
525:law enforcement
466:
452:
378:
346:
297:
230:
182:
162:anthropologists
154:Law enforcement
127:
107:missing persons
83:
77:
74:
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Detection dogs
3638:
3633:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:Related topics
3579:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Assistance dog
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3400:Bactrian camel
3392:
3387:
3385:Asian elephant
3381:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Crate training
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:Skin disorders
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Animal testing
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:Assistance dog
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:Extinct breeds
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:List of breeds
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2525:External links
2523:
2521:
2520:
2508:A Life of Dogs
2495:
2478:. 1908-02-02.
2463:
2445:
2420:
2396:
2372:
2348:
2324:
2293:
2254:
2220:
2201:(6): 908–923.
2181:
2174:
2147:
2106:
2077:(5): 557–572.
2057:
2045:
2016:
1977:
1938:
1891:
1819:
1757:
1746:
1719:
1660:
1631:(3): 387–394.
1611:
1586:
1553:
1527:
1516:(3): 135–145.
1493:
1431:
1406:
1387:(3): 327–334.
1360:
1335:
1320:
1297:
1235:
1193:
1177:
1170:
1037:
995:
974:
963:(3): 292–300.
900:
873:(6): 854–860.
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
817:
811:
805:
797:
794:
793:
792:
781:
778:
777:
776:
765:
752:
749:
748:
747:
732:
726:
712:
698:
680:
670:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
639:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
606:
600:
593:
590:United Nations
558:
555:
537:
534:
529:
528:
519:Explaining to
517:
514:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
465:
462:
451:
448:
432:
431:
428:
414:
413:
407:
404:
397:
377:
374:
345:
342:
341:
340:
334:
328:
322:
319:Socialization:
296:
293:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
261:
250:Border Collies
229:
226:
181:
178:
126:
123:
85:
84:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
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3629:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Water buffalo
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
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3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Detection dog
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3304:Lists of dogs
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3273:Socialization
3271:
3269:
3268:Housebreaking
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Rage syndrome
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Dogs in space
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Body language
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:Communication
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Detection dog
2923:
2921:
2920:Companion dog
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
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2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
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2801:
2797:
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2779:
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2767:
2764:
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2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
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2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2509:
2505:
2499:
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228:Dog selection
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222:Oneida county
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188:were used by
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3636:Working dogs
3524:Riding horse
3466:
3230:Reproduction
3200:Conformation
3142:Fear of dogs
3092:Dog grooming
3085:2007 recalls
3070:Dog fighting
3017:Intelligence
2966:
2930:Fighting dog
2910:Carriage dog
2833:Most popular
2790:Turnspit dog
2598:Hairless dog
2512:. Retrieved
2510:. 2022-09-30
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2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2458:the original
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2432:
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1338:
1331:The Guardian
1330:
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773:Black Dahlia
736:Newfoundland
649:Notable Dogs
626:
623:Cadaver dogs
596:
581:
572:
551:
547:contaminants
543:
539:
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479:
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401:putrefaction
386:natural aids
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330:
324:
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313:
298:
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271:Intelligence
264:
239:
210:
183:
150:
133:
130:Cadaver Dogs
129:
128:
125:Cadaver dogs
103:crime scenes
98:
96:
75:
52:Please help
44:
3610:Pack animal
3529:Stock horse
3509:Guide horse
3504:Draft horse
3482:Therapy dog
3472:Service dog
3447:Hunting dog
3442:Herding dog
3427:Draught dog
3390:Bali cattle
3240:Vaccination
3137:Dog walking
3107:Dog licence
3080:dog biscuit
3065:Dog daycare
3055:Cynanthropy
3033:interaction
2886:Therapy dog
2874:Seizure dog
2864:Hearing dog
2625:Hunting dog
2603:Herding dog
2435:(in German)
2274:: 213–221.
1420:Dog Man Ray
1258:(7): 1219.
1216:: 304–313.
808:Working dog
693:(2001) and
536:Limitations
62:Wikiversity
18:Cadaver dog
3625:Categories
3514:Pack horse
3462:Police dog
3132:Dog sports
2955:Police dog
2900:Attack dog
2854:Autism dog
2823:Crossbreed
2706:Sighthound
2684:Scenthound
2591:Street dog
2514:2024-04-16
2489:2023-01-19
2439:2024-04-16
2414:2024-04-16
2390:2024-04-16
2366:2023-03-15
2342:2024-04-17
2318:2020-08-09
2052:2024-04-17
1740:2024-04-17
1605:2024-04-17
1560:2024-04-16
1425:2024-04-15
1354:2023-03-15
826:References
788:PAW Patrol
780:In fiction
767:Buster, a
734:Anonymous
705:Rottweiler
425:Cadaverine
421:Putrescine
325:Obedience:
274:Endurance.
266:prey drive
194:Swiss Alps
78:April 2024
70:Wikivoyage
3600:Livestock
3452:Mercy dog
3437:Guide dog
3432:Guard dog
3405:Dromedary
3127:Dog theft
3031:Human–dog
2950:Mercy dog
2935:Guard dog
2915:Catch dog
2859:Guide dog
2735:Schnauzer
2694:Coonhound
2672:Water dog
2657:Retriever
2618:Sheep dog
2484:0362-4331
2337:nasar.org
2215:1363-951X
2142:2673-9283
2101:0045-0618
2011:2468-1709
1997:: 62–75.
1925:1051-0761
1868:2297-1769
1796:2297-1769
1470:2297-1769
1274:2076-2615
1032:1072-5369
887:0003-1488
756:Pearl, a
744:beefsteak
410:Adipocere
337:Behaviour
286:Curiosity
263:A strong
66:Wikibooks
45:contains
3551:Reindeer
3519:Pit pony
3477:Sled dog
3322:Category
3250:Training
3210:Dog food
3205:Diseases
3190:Breeding
3122:Dog show
3117:Dog park
3112:Dog meat
3075:Dog food
3060:Dog bite
2987:Behavior
2972:Sled dog
2945:Meat dog
2730:Pinscher
2699:Foxhound
2288:25264919
2195:Policing
1972:26470083
1933:17069383
1886:32528982
1814:32596267
1714:33852599
1674:PLOS ONE
1655:21225441
1568:citation
1488:29922685
1401:25998861
1292:32709097
1230:25747330
895:15485043
802:Nosework
796:See also
464:Handlers
295:Training
214:forensic
141:forensic
3282:Related
3258:Clicker
3185:Anatomy
3157:Therapy
3045:Baiting
3010:Howling
3000:Barking
2977:War dog
2940:Lap dog
2905:Bay dog
2778:Toy dog
2749:Bulldog
2744:Mastiff
2720:Terrier
2711:Longdog
2667:Spaniel
2652:Pointer
2647:Gun dog
2640:Lurcher
2586:Pye-dog
1877:7266931
1852:: 250.
1805:7301692
1780:: 313.
1705:8046193
1682:Bibcode
1646:3078300
1479:5996094
1454:: 118.
1283:7401519
1252:Animals
723:England
697:(2005).
667:England
362:passive
331:Terrain
283:Courage
277:Agility
180:History
175:, 1914.
111:natural
3646:Rescue
3489:Donkey
3332:Portal
3167:Health
2800:Breeds
2783:Bichon
2689:Basset
2662:Setter
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521:courts
392:Human
366:active
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344:Alerts
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3499:Horse
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3395:Camel
3175:Aging
2842:Roles
2771:Tugou
2766:Laika
2761:Husky
2756:Spitz
2679:Hound
2635:Feist
2568:Types
775:case.
740:Seine
729:Mancs
701:Orion
677:SEMAR
673:Frida
597:NASAR
394:flesh
388:are;
370:snout
190:monks
134:human
119:scent
68:, or
3541:Mule
3215:Odor
3195:Coat
2560:Dogs
2480:ISSN
2381:"K9"
2284:PMID
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