498:
section 17 of this act a hearsay statement is generally not admissible in any court proceeding. Though section 18 states when a hearsay statement may be able to be given in court. This is when the statement is reliable, the statement maker is unavailable to be called as a witness or it would provide undue expense and delay if that person was required to be a witness. There are also a number of specific exceptions such as statements in business records. Other exceptions include state of mind evidence (see R v
Blastland) and whether the statement is tendered to prove the fact it was uttered or made, rather than to prove the truth of its contents (see DPP v Subramaniam).
2162:
2176:
47:
158:, the answer is hearsay. A justification for the objection is that the person who made the statement is not in court and thus not available for cross-examination. Note, however, that if the matter at hand is not the truth of the assertion about Tom being in town but the fact that Susan said the specific words, it may be acceptable. For example, it would be acceptable to ask a witness what Susan told them about Tom in a
581:
regime remains the rules followed by the Hong Kong criminal courts. Hearsay evidence is inadmissible in all criminal cases except for common law and statutory exemptions, which include: admissions and confessions, dying declarations, declarations in the course of duty, declarations against interest, co-conspirator's rule, statements in public documents, out-of-court statements, evidence in former proceedings, and
967:
463:
and customs of an
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander group", although this arguably would have fallen into the "public right" exception at common law. Confessions are called "admissions" by the act (which led to the confusion whereby counsel apply for the "admission of the admission"). They are dealt with separately under Part 3·4, which lifts the hearsay rule. The act's dictionary defines
534:
to the admission of the evidence; as well as: the court is satisfied, having regard to the circumstances of the case, that the exclusion of the evidence is not prejudicial to the interests of justice. Sections 47A to 51 provides for safeguards in relation to hearsay evidence admissible under section 46 so as to avoid abuses of the general admission:
355:
under Rule 902, such as domestic public documents under seal, domestic public documents not under seal, but bearing a signature of a public officer, foreign public documents, certified copies of public records, official publications, newspapers and periodicals, trade inscriptions and the like,
588:
Statutory exceptions in criminal cases include: negative assertions (s.17A Evidence
Ordinance), bank records (ss.19B and 20 Evidence Ordinance), documentary records compiled by a person under a duty (s.22 Evidence Ordinance), computer records (s.22A Evidence Ordinance), and agreed written statements
462:
The extraordinary s 60 allows a statement's use as hearsay if it is admitted for a non-hearsay purpose, although the application of s 60 may be limited by s 137 (which is essentially the discretion formerly known as
Christie). S 72 excepts "evidence of a representation about ... the traditional laws
450:
Hearsay is dealt with under Part 3·2. There are several local peculiarities with its treatment. s 59 defines the "fact" of a hearsay statement as being something "that it can reasonably be supposed that the person intended to assert by the representation". Hearsay rule confines the potentially broad
533:
In Hong Kong, hearsay is generally admissible in civil proceedings under the statutory regime. Section 46 of the
Evidence Ordinance provides that evidence shall not be excluded on the ground that it is hearsay in civil proceedings unless: the party against whom the evidence is to be adduced objects
370:
In
England and Wales, hearsay is generally admissible in civil proceedings, but is only admissible in criminal proceedings if it falls within a statutory or preserved common law exception, all of the parties to the proceedings agree, or the court is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice
422:
and subsequent cases, hearsay evidence that does not fall within the established exceptions can be admitted where established that such evidence is both "necessary and reliable". Additionally, hearsay evidence that would otherwise be admissible as an exception can nonetheless be excluded if it is
441:
The rules of evidence differ among the states and the
Commonwealth; the Commonwealth, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory all share similar hearsay provisions in their Uniform Evidence Acts; the other states rely upon the common law. As elsewhere, hearsay is
580:
The new civil regime also preserves a number of common law exceptions that are unaffected by the statutory safeguards except for the section 47A safeguard relating to notice. In criminal proceedings, the law relating to hearsay has not been substantially changed in Hong Kong, and the common law
497:
created a common law exception to the hearsay rule based on reliability, which was codified in the
Evidence Act. Pursuant to s 4(1) of the act, a hearsay statement is a statement made by someone other than a witness (in the proceedings) that is offered to prove the truth of its contents. Under
347:
provides a specific constitutional protection for criminal defendants. The Sixth
Amendment provides that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him". If the trial court determines that the Confrontation Clause has been
524:
Sweden allows hearsay evidence. Sweden applies a principle of admissibility of evidence which means that there are very few restrictions on what evidence is allowed in court. It is then up to the court to evaluate the reliability of the evidence presented.
356:
acknowledged documents (i.e. by a notary public), commercial paper and related documents, presumptions under Acts of
Congress, certified domestic records of regularly conducted activity, and certified foreign records of regularly conducted activity.
247:
statements made to an investigator are hearsay and therefore may not be admitted as evidence in court, unless the defendant testifies. When an out-of-court statement offered as evidence contains another out-of-court statement it is called
153:
For example, to prove that Tom was in town, a witness testifies, "Susan told me that Tom was in town." Because the witness's evidence relies on an out-of-court statement that Susan made, if Susan is unavailable for
512:(recognised under Section 6) and common intention (recognised under Section 10)and some other exceptions from section 17 to section 39. Some other exceptions are provided by case law (see
194:
is a hearsay statement that contains another hearsay statement itself. Each layer of hearsay must be found separately as admissible for the statement to be admitted in court.
558:
whether it would have been reasonable and practicable for the party by whom the evidence was adduced to have produced the maker of the original statement as a witness;
451:
number of assertions it might cover by this broad definition of representation to only intended representations adduced to prove existence of the asserted facts. In
467:
broadly enough to include anything that might be used against the accused. The other sections in the part for the most part codify, roughly, the common-law rules.
146:, in a legal forum, is an out-of-court statement which is being offered in court for the truth of what was asserted. In most courts, hearsay evidence is
188:. Language of commercial offer and acceptance is also admissible over a hearsay exception because the statements have independent legal significance.
705:
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through fear, the relevant person does not give oral evidence in the proceedings and the court gives leave for the statement to be given in evidence.
344:
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whether the circumstances in which the evidence is adduced as hearsay are such as to suggest an attempt to prevent proper evaluation of its weight;
660:
412:
Hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible in Canada unless it falls within one of the established common law exceptions. As a result of the
459:
was used to apply to statements and to conduct and was used to encompass all those statements or that conduct would convey to the observer.
197:
Many jurisdictions that generally disallow hearsay evidence in courts permit the more widespread use of hearsay in non-judicial hearings.
691:
2143:
806:
773:
870:
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In Sri Lanka, hearsay evidence is generally not allowed. However, the Evidence Ordinance recognizes a few exceptions such as
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whether the original statement was an edited account, or was made in collaboration with another or for a particular purpose;
255:
There are several exceptions to the rule against hearsay in U.S. law. Federal Rule of Evidence 803 lists the following:
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the obligation to give notice and particulars to other parties when proposing to adduce hearsay evidence (Section 47A);
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The courts shall draw inferences from the circumstances as to the weight attached to hearsay evidence, in particular:
111:
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130:
83:
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usually inadmissible, outside of interlocutory proceedings, unless it falls within one of the hearsay exceptions.
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1485:
1386:
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whether or not the evidence adduced by the party is consistent with any evidence previously adduced by the party.
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whether the original statement was made contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence of the matters stated;
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case against Susan. Now the witness is asked about the opposing party's statement that constitutes a verbal act.
1645:
1279:
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Records of religious organisations of facts of personal or family history, contained in a regularly kept record
90:
68:
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the power to call witness for cross-examination on hearsay statement with the leave of the court (Section 48);
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the relevant person is outside the UK and it is not reasonably practicable to secure his attendance;
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Reputation concerning personal or family history, boundaries, or general history, or as to character
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940:"CAP 8 EVIDENCE ORDINANCE Section 49 Considerations relevant to weighing of hearsay evidence"
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the relevant person is unfit to be a witness because of his bodily or mental condition;
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The preserved common law exceptions are held in Criminal Justice Act 2003, s. 118.
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The two main common law exceptions to the rule that hearsay is inadmissible are
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Rule 804 adds several additional exceptions where the declarant is unavailable:
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150:(the "hearsay evidence rule") unless an exception to the hearsay rule applies.
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whether any person involved had any motive to conceal or misrepresent matters;
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Records of regularly conducted activity, including absence of entry in records
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2007:
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provides that, where a witness is unavailable, hearsay is admissible where
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Records or births, fetal deaths, deaths and marriages made pursuant to law
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491:. Previously inadmissible, the 1989 decision of the Court of Appeal in
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Though a hearsay statement may be admissible through an exception, the
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Statement under belief of impending death in homicide or civil actions
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In Malaysia, hearsay evidence is generally not allowed. However, the
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consideration relevant to weighing of hearsay evidence (Section 49);
46:
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1810:
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Judgment as to personal, family, or general history, or boundaries.
19:
This article is about the form of evidence. For similar terms, see
252:, and both layers of hearsay must be found separately admissible.
2012:
1960:
1940:
1888:
1700:
1618:
1434:
1396:
1344:
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Public records and reports, including absence of entry in records
2112:
1965:
1710:
1601:
1596:
1542:
1213:
966:
739:"Federal Rule of Evidence 801(a)-(c); 805, 806 PART F: HEARSAY"
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permitted a few exceptions, such as section 60, 73A, 73AA etc.
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Napoleon, but would not be hearsay as proof that the plaintiff
35:
20:
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1997:
1903:
1744:
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1046:
220:
24:
1935:
1883:
1739:
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validated, then the hearsay evidence will not be admitted.
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The hearsay rule does not exclude the evidence if it is an
706:"Hearsay Rule: FRE 801(a)-(c); 805, 806 - Part F: Hearsay"
1007:
297:
Statements in documents affecting an interest in property
271:
Statements for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment
976:
268:
Then existing mental, emotional, or physical condition
487:
Hearsay evidence is covered by sections 16-22 of the
211:"Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
345:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2208:
887:"European e-Justice Portal - Taking of evidence"
231:to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Per
564:whether the evidence involves multiple hearsay;
173:" would be hearsay as proof that the plaintiff
992:
291:Marriage, baptismal, and similar certificates
797:"Criminal Justice Act 2003: Section 114"
658:Federal Rules of Evidence, December 1st2009
654:
652:
650:
648:
550:previous statement of witness (Section 51).
999:
985:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2144:History of the American legal profession
912:"Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 8), ss 46-55B"
858:World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey
764:"Civil Evidence Act 1995: Section 1"
645:
547:competence and credibility (Section 50);
239:is admissible as evidence only if it is
934:
932:
854:
445:
336:Statement of personal or family history
303:Market reports, commercial publications
2209:
690:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
589:(s.65B Criminal Procedure Ordinance).
980:
929:
391:the relevant person cannot be found;
359:
235:801(d)(2)(a), a statement made by a
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
13:
14:
2228:
1128:Restitution and unjust enrichment
960:
371:that the evidence is admissible.
165:In one example, testimony that a
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2174:
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965:
708:. lexisnexis.com. Archived from
200:
45:
2139:History of the legal profession
904:
879:
848:
314:Judgment of previous conviction
300:Statements in ancient documents
56:needs additional citations for
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814:
789:
780:
756:
731:
716:
698:
482:
427:necessary and reliable, as in
1:
639:
855:Terrill, Richard J. (2009).
528:
501:
436:
382:the relevant person is dead;
207:Hearsay in United States law
7:
592:
470:
10:
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1806:International legal theory
1285:International slavery laws
1280:International human rights
1275:International criminal law
809:, 2003 c. 44 (s. 114)
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332:Statement against interest
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18:
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1859:Administration of justice
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822:"Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)"
725:Federal Rules of Evidence
519:
407:
376:Criminal Justice Act 2003
351:Also, some documents are
260:Present sense impressions
1636:Basic structure doctrine
1486:Natural and legal rights
1367:Public international law
811:— In particular, (1)(d).
776:, 1995 c. 38 (s. 1)
609:List of objections (law)
339:Forfeiture by wrongdoing
233:Federal Rule of Evidence
34:Not to be confused with
29:Hearsay (disambiguation)
1816:Principle of typicality
1290:International trade law
1006:
366:Hearsay in English law
27:. For other uses, see
1811:Principle of legality
1570:Delegated legislation
1270:Intellectual property
974:at Wikimedia Commons
839:[1998] HCA 60
807:The National Archives
774:The National Archives
275:Recorded recollection
2029:Barristers' chambers
1971:Legal representation
1909:Justice of the peace
1255:Financial regulation
629:Reasonable suspicion
446:Uniform Evidence Act
65:improve this article
2064:Election commission
1776:Expressive function
1305:Landlord–tenant law
1204:Consumer protection
891:e-justice.europa.eu
374:Section 116 of the
353:self-authenticating
181:they are Napoleon.
2022:Legal institutions
1889:Lawsuit/Litigation
1879:Dispute resolution
1684:Catholic canon law
1392:State of emergency
1355:Will and testament
1079:Law of obligations
1032:Constitutional law
1022:Administrative law
802:legislation.gov.uk
769:legislation.gov.uk
743:www.lexisnexis.com
712:on April 21, 2012.
514:Subramaniam v. DPP
264:excited utterances
171:Napoleon Bonaparte
2204:
2203:
1864:Constitutionalism
1786:Law and economics
1624:Act of parliament
1362:Product liability
1315:Legal archaeology
1240:Environmental law
1234:Entertainment law
1074:International law
970:Media related to
872:978-1-59345-612-2
624:Reasonable person
516:1 WLR 956 (PC)).
489:Evidence Act 2006
477:Evidence Act 1950
404:and confessions.
360:England and Wales
307:Learned treatises
156:cross-examination
141:
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133:
115:
2224:
2179:
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1988:Question of fact
1869:Criminal justice
1199:Construction law
1194:Conflict of laws
1159:Agricultural law
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666:. Archived from
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325:Former testimony
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49:
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2091:Legal education
2079:Law enforcement
2059:Court of equity
2017:
1993:Question of law
1946:Practice of law
1926:Judicial review
1840:
1791:Legal formalism
1771:Comparative law
1766:Contract theory
1749:
1669:Legal pluralism
1640:
1629:Act of Congress
1553:Executive order
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1265:Immigration law
1189:Competition law
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865:. p. 258.
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661:"Archived copy"
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614:Moral certainty
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453:Lee v The Queen
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861:(7 ed.).
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205:Main article:
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192:Double hearsay
186:operative fact
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82: –
81:
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76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
30:
26:
22:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2158:
1931:Jurisdiction
1899:Legal remedy
1854:Adjudication
1754:Legal theory
1592:Ratification
1587:Promulgation
1558:Proclamation
1538:Codification
1471:Human rights
1459:Divine right
1449:Constitution
1417:Women in law
1335:Military law
1330:Marriage law
1325:Maritime law
1224:Election law
1164:Aviation law
1154:Abortion law
1106:Property law
1042:Criminal law
964:
947:. Retrieved
944:www.hklii.hk
943:
919:. Retrieved
916:www.hklii.hk
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
890:
881:
857:
850:
845:(Australia).
834:
830:
824:. July 2012.
816:
800:
791:
782:
767:
758:
746:. Retrieved
742:
733:
724:
718:
710:the original
700:
675:. Retrieved
668:the original
587:
582:
579:
553:
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523:
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505:
492:
486:
474:
464:
461:
456:
455:, the term
452:
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424:
417:
416:decision in
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369:
350:
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320:
254:
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164:
152:
148:inadmissible
143:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
2103:Legislature
2034:Bureaucracy
1831:Rule of man
1826:Rule of law
1801:Libertarian
1664:Chinese law
1565:Legislation
1515:Regulations
1503:Law reports
1481:Natural law
1377:Reparations
1372:Refugee law
1295:Jurimetrics
1236:(Media law)
1174:Banking law
1169:Amnesty law
1147:Disciplines
1084:Private law
634:Scuttlebutt
483:New Zealand
430:R. v. Starr
245:exculpatory
241:inculpatory
2096:Law school
1976:Prosecutor
1914:Magistrate
1701:Jewish law
1659:Common law
1580:Rulemaking
1575:Regulation
1525:Law making
1464:Divine law
1440:Legal code
1387:Sports law
1310:Law of war
1260:Health law
1245:Family law
1229:Energy law
1179:Bankruptcy
1116:Punishment
1111:Public law
843:High Court
677:2010-09-30
640:References
583:res gestae
509:res gestae
419:R. v. Khan
401:res gestae
217:testifying
160:defamation
121:April 2023
91:newspapers
16:Legal term
2074:Judiciary
2069:Executive
2044:The bench
1981:Solicitor
1956:Barrister
1836:Sociology
1821:Pseudolaw
1761:Anarchist
1718:Roman law
1706:Parsi law
1691:Hindu law
1679:Canon law
1654:Civil law
1607:Concordat
1498:Precedent
1407:Trust law
1382:Space law
1219:Drugs law
1089:Procedure
1027:Civil law
529:Hong Kong
502:Sri Lanka
494:R v Baker
465:admission
437:Australia
237:defendant
213:declarant
167:plaintiff
80:"Hearsay"
2211:Category
2181:Category
2123:Tribunal
2108:Military
1951:Attorney
1921:Judgment
1781:Feminist
1696:Jain law
1493:Case law
1214:Cyberlaw
1121:Corporal
1099:Criminal
1069:Evidence
1059:Doctrine
1037:Contract
863:Elsevier
686:cite web
593:See also
471:Malaysia
229:evidence
179:believes
2217:Hearsay
2195:Outline
2132:History
2039:The bar
2013:Verdict
1961:Counsel
1941:Justice
1796:History
1619:Statute
1435:Charter
1397:Tax law
1345:Probate
972:Hearsay
949:Jan 31,
921:Jan 31,
896:Jan 31,
835:Lee v R
748:Jan 31,
225:hearing
219:at the
144:Hearsay
105:scholar
2113:Police
2084:Agency
1966:Lawyer
1711:Sharia
1602:Treaty
1597:Repeal
1543:Decree
1454:Custom
1350:Estate
1300:Labour
1064:Equity
869:
604:Heresy
599:Gossip
520:Sweden
408:Canada
215:while
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
36:heresy
21:Gossip
2188:Index
2054:Court
1998:Trial
1904:Judge
1745:Yassa
1548:Edict
1094:Civil
1047:Crime
837:
671:(PDF)
664:(PDF)
221:trial
112:JSTOR
98:books
25:Rumor
1936:Jury
1884:Fiqh
1740:Xeer
1138:Tort
1054:Deed
951:2023
923:2023
898:2023
867:ISBN
750:2023
692:link
262:and
84:news
23:and
1008:Law
425:not
223:or
67:by
2213::
1442:/
942:.
931:^
914:.
889:.
841:,
805:,
799:,
772:,
766:,
741:.
688:}}
684:{{
647:^
585:.
433:.
243:;
175:is
1000:e
993:t
986:v
953:.
925:.
900:.
875:.
752:.
694:)
680:.
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
31:.
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