Tribal sovereignty in the United States

2211:, to tribal members brought before tribal courts. Still, the court concluded, "it is pure fiction to say that the Indian courts functioning in the Fort Belknap Indian community are not in part, at least, arms of the federal government. Originally they were created by federal executive and imposed upon the Indian community, and to this day the federal government still maintains a partial control over them." In the end however, the Ninth Circuit limited its decision to the particular reservation in question and stated, "it does not follow from our decision that the tribal court must comply with every constitutional restriction that is applicable to federal or state courts." 544: 47: 173: 6353: 838: 805:

into modest parcels to be distributed to Indian families, and those remaining were auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farmland and became "civilized" were made American citizens. But the Act itself proved disastrous for Indians, as much tribal land was lost, and cultural traditions destroyed. Whites benefited the most; for example, when the government made 2 million acres (8,100 km) of Indian lands available in Oklahoma, 50,000 white settlers poured in almost instantly to claim it all (in a period of one day, April 22, 1889).

2288: (1990), the Supreme Court held that a tribal court does not have criminal jurisdiction over a non-member Indian, but that tribes "also possess their traditional and undisputed power to exclude persons who they deem to be undesirable from tribal lands. ... Tribal law enforcement authorities have the power if necessary, to eject them. Where jurisdiction to try and punish an offender rests outside the tribe, tribal officers may exercise their power to detain and transport him to the proper authorities." In response to this decision, Congress passed the ' 2381: 2692:(EPA). In 1974, the EPA became the first U.S. federal agency to release an Indian Policy, which established the model of environmental federalism operational today. Under this model, the federal EPA sets water, air, and waste disposal standards, but delegates enforcement authority and the opportunity to design stricter environmental regulations to each state. Enforcement authority over Native American territory, however, remains under federal EPA jurisdiction, unless a given tribe applies for and is granted Treatment as State (TAS) status. 2389: 2521:. However, most Native American land is held in trust by the United States, and federal law still regulates the economic rights of tribal governments and political rights. Tribal jurisdiction over persons and things within tribal borders are often at issue. While tribal criminal jurisdiction over Native Americans is reasonably well settled, tribes are still striving to achieve criminal jurisdiction over non-Native persons who commit crimes in Indian Country. This is largely due to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1978 in 685: 494: 2182:. This opinion stated that sovereign powers inhered in Indian tribes except for where they were restricted by Congress. The opinion stated that "Conquest has brought the Indian tribes under the control of Congress, but except as Congress has expressly restricted or limited the internal powers of sovereignty vested in the Indian tribes such powers are still vested in the respective tribes and may be exercised by their duly constituted organs of government." 536: 2845:(1974) also known as the Boldt Decision (concerning off-reservation fishing rights: holding that Indians had an easement to go through private property to their fishing locations, that the state could not charge Indians a fee to fish, that the state could not discriminate against the tribes in the method of fishing allowed, and that the Indians had a right to a fair and equitable share of the harvest) 2584:. Chief Justice Marshall found that "England had treated the tribes as sovereign and negotiated treaties of alliance with them. The United States followed suit, thus continuing the practice of recognizing tribal sovereignty. When the United States assumed the role of protector of the tribes, it neither denied nor destroyed their sovereignty." As determined in the Supreme Court case 2567:

to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes". This determined that Indian tribes were separate from the federal or state governments and that the states did not have power to regulate commerce with the tribes, much less regulate the tribes. The states and tribal nations have clashed over many issues such as

2603:(Creek) Nation in 1997 for rape and that the case should have been tried in federal court since Congress had never officially dissolved the reservation in question. The ruling's expansion of jurisdiction sovereignty also opened the possibility for Native Americans to obtain more power in alcohol regulation and casino gambling. 790:

Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."

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specifically taken from them by treaty or Congressional Act". This means American Indians do not have exactly the same rights of citizenship as other American citizens. The court cited case law from a pre-1924 case that said, "when Indians are prepared to exercise the privileges and bear the burdens of"

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as stratified by socioeconomic status; EO 13007 ordered the protection of Native American cultural sites. Since the passage of EO 12898 and EO 13007, tribal prosecutors have litigated extensively against the federal government and industry polluters over land use and jurisdiction with varying degrees

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The evolution of the relationship between tribal governments and federal governments has been glued together through partnerships and agreements. Also running into problems of course such as finances which also led to not being able to have a stable social and political structure at the helm of these

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Another dispute over American Indian government is its sovereignty versus that of the states. The federal U.S. government has always been the government that makes treaties with Indian tribes – not individual states. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power

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regarding land and natural resource sovereignty has been posed by the modern real estate market. While Native Nations have made substantial progress in land and resource sovereignty, such authority is limited to land classified as 'Native American owned.' In the private real estate market, however,

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The idea that tribes have an inherent right to govern themselves is at the foundation of their constitutional status – the power is not delegated by congressional acts. Congress can, however, limit tribal sovereignty. Unless a treaty or federal statute removes a power, however, the tribe is assumed

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Tribal and pueblo governments today launch far-reaching economic ventures, operate growing law enforcement agencies, and adopt codes to govern conduct within their jurisdiction, while the United States retains control over the scope of tribal law making. Laws adopted by Native American governments

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On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil

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Passed by Congress in 1887, the "Dawes Act" was named for Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee. It came as another crucial step in attacking the tribal aspect of the Indians of the time. In essence, the act broke up the land of most all tribes

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That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or

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While U.S. courts clarified some of the rights and responsibilities of states and the federal government toward the Indian nations within the new nation's first century, it was almost another century before United States courts determined what powers remained vested in the tribal nations. In the

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established a trust relationship between the United States and tribal territories. This gave the U.S. federal government primary jurisdictional authority over tribal land use, while maintaining tribal members' rights to reside on their land and access its resources. Similarly, in 1841, a treaty

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in 1968, it was ruled that "the establishment of a reservation by treaty, statute or agreement includes an implied right of Indians to hunt and fish on that reservation free of regulation by the state". States have tried to extend their power over the tribes in many other instances, but federal

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had two significant sections. First, the Act ended United States recognition of additional Native American tribes or independent nations and prohibited additional treaties. Thus, it required the federal government no longer interact with the various tribes through treaties, but rather through

2341:, i.e. of one's own right and not under the power of someone else, "the tribal relation may be dissolved and the national guardianship brought to an end, but it rests with Congress to determine when and how this shall be done, and whether the emancipation shall be complete or only partial" ( 789:

over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the U.S.

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against many lawsuits, unless a plaintiff is granted a waiver by the tribe or by congressional abrogation. The sovereignty extends to tribal enterprises and tribal casinos or gaming commissions. The Indian Civil Rights Act does not allow actions against an Indian tribe in federal court for

622:, "There were Indians, also, in several, and probably in most, of the states at that period, who were not treated as citizens, and yet, who did not form a part of independent communities or tribes, exercising general sovereignty and powers of government within the boundaries of the states." 2334:

defendants convicted of adultery under tribal laws, and another challenging a tax from the tribe, were not exempted from the tribal justice system because they had been granted U.S. citizenship. It found that tribes "still possess their inherent sovereignty excepting only when it has been

2897:, 236 Wis. 2d 384 (2000) (holding that tribal courts deserve full faith and credit since they are the court of an independent sovereign; however, in order to end confusion, cases that are filed in state and tribal courts require consultation of both courts before they are decided.) 2571:, fishing, and hunting. American Indians believed that they had treaties between their ancestors and the United States government, protecting their right to fish, while non-Indians believed the states were responsible for regulating commercial and sports fishing. In the case 3824:

Green, Michael D. and Perdue, Theda. However, England ceased to exist as a sovereign entity in 1707 to be replaced by Great Britain. Chief Justice Marshall's incorrect use of terminology appears to weaken the argument. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. Viking,

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of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes", determining that Indian tribes were separate from the federal government, the states, and foreign nations;

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over Indians." The court held that, "the granting of citizenship in itself did not destroy ... jurisdiction of the Indian tribal courts and ... there was no intention on the part of Congress to do so." The adultery conviction and the power of tribal courts were upheld.

2200:, which gave some states extensive jurisdiction over the criminal and civil controversies involving Indians on Indian lands. Many, especially Indians, continue to believe the law unfair because it imposed a system of laws on the tribal nations without their approval. 2492:

taxed. In Article I Section 8, Clause 3, Congress is empowered to "regulate commerce with foreign nations…states…and with the Indian tribes." Technically, Congress has no more power over Indian nations than it does over individual states. In the 1970s,

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filed a dissenting opinion). But the case left unanswered some questions, including whether tribal courts could use criminal contempt powers against non-Indians to maintain decorum in the courtroom, or whether tribal courts could subpoena non-Indians.

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announced that as territorial governments they have protected the Yurok-Tolowa-Dee-ni' Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area of 700 square miles (1,800 km) of ocean waters and coastline reaching from Oregon to just south of Trinidad in the

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591 U.S. ___ (2020) (holding that if Congress did not expressly disestablish a reservation, the state wherein the reservation lies has no jurisdiction to prosecute crimes involving Indian defendants or Indian victims under the Major Crimes

2859:, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) (holding that Indian tribal courts do not have inherent criminal jurisdiction to try and to punish non-Indians, and hence may not assume such jurisdiction unless specifically authorized to do so by Congress.) 768:

interim, as a trustee charged with protecting their interests and property, the federal government was legally entrusted with ownership and administration of the assets, land, water, and treaty rights of the tribal nations.

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revisited The Declaration and declared that the U.S. government now supported it; however, as of December 2022, the requirements of The Declaration have still not been adopted into U.S. law. As recently as 2015, the

5057: 2550:); the Choctaw have never exercised their right to do so since they were given the power and the Cherokee had not done so until appointing a delegate in 2019, though this delegate has not been accepted by Congress. 2170:. Though the Act did not specifically recognize the Courts of Indian Offenses, 1934 is widely considered to be the year when tribal authority, rather than United States authority, gave the tribal courts legitimacy. 2867:, 455 U.S. 130 (1982) (holding that Indian Nations have the power to tax Non-Native Americans based on their power as a nation and treaty rights to exclude others; this right can be curtailed only by Congress.) 3967:

Mandleco, Sarah (2002). "Surviving a State's Challenge to the EPA's Grant of Treatment as State Status under the Clean Water Act: One Tribe's Story State of Wisconsin v. EPA and Sokaogon Chippewa Community".

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and the need for weapons testing sites, for which the U.S. federal government often selected former and current tribal territories in the southwestern deserts. Uranium mines were constructed upstream of

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Further, the court held that whilst no law had directly established tribal courts, federal funding "including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts" implied that they were legitimate courts.

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Other cases of those years precluded states from interfering with tribal nations' sovereignty. Tribal sovereignty is dependent on, and subordinate to, only the federal government, not states, under

2831:, 197 U.S. 488 (1905) (holding that Congress has the power to place the Indians under state law if it chooses, and the ban on selling liquor does not apply to Indians subject to the Allotment acts) 612: 2222:. In the modern legal era, the courts and Congress have, however, further refined the often competing jurisdictions of tribal nations, states and the United States in regard to Indian law. 581:

forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. In the

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reservations in Arizona and Nevada, measurably contaminating Native American water supply through the 1940s and 1950s with lasting impacts to this day. The Nevada desert was also a common

6734: 4920: 3600: 6085: 6014: 3026: 1773: 592:" and uses its own legal system to define the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments. The U.S. recognizes 574 tribal nations, 229 of which are in Alaska. The 522: 4730: 749:

The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States.

717:(1832), which laid out the relationship between tribes and the state and federal governments, stating that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Indian nations. 2488:

address the handling of "Indians not taxed" in the apportionment of the seats of the House of Representatives according to population and in so doing suggest that Indians need not

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lands within its reservation when their "conduct threatens or has some direct effect on the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the tribe."

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with state courts, the nations still have no direct access to U.S. courts. When an Indian nation files suit against a state in U.S. court, they do so with the approval of the

4206: 2166:, codified as Title 25, Section 476 of the U.S. Code, allowed Indian nations to select from a catalogue of constitutional documents that enumerated powers for tribes and for 3720: 2764:

have made a practice of buying out individual landowners in Native American residential areas, subsequently using that land to build mines or factories which increase local

2144:), granted all non-citizen resident Indians citizenship. Thus the Revenue Act declared that there were no longer any "Indians, not taxed" to be not counted for purposes of 5166: 903: 625: 3868: 2476:

as inadequate to allow them to perform necessary judicial functions, such as hiring officials trained in law, and prosecuting cases neglected by the federal government.

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in 1942. The Revenue Act was applicable to incomes for 1924. The bottom rate, on income under $ 4,000, fell from 1.5% to 1.125% (both rates are after reduction by the "

664:, has ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes. Federal courts give greater deference to Congress on Indian matters than on other subjects. 6576: 5942: 4611: 3239: 2784: 3845: 6784: 6666: 2527:

that tribes lack the inherent authority to arrest, try and convict non-Natives who commit crimes on their lands (see below for additional discussion on this point.)

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These constitutional provisions, and subsequent interpretations by the Supreme Court (see below), are today often summarized in three principles of U.S. Indian law:

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explains, "Native peoples and governments have inherent rights and a political relationship with the U.S. government that does not derive from race or ethnicity."

670:: The federal government has a "duty to protect" the tribes, implying (courts have found) the necessary legislative and executive authorities to effect that duty. 6213: 2946: 3932:

Teodoro, Manuel P.; Haider, Mellie; Switzer, David (October 24, 2016). "U.S. Environmental Policy Implementation on Tribal Lands: Trust, Neglect, and Justice".

6208: 4872: 2485: 1991: 1098: 632: 515: 6741: 4908: 3605: 3580: 3043: 2303: 2278: 692:

The Marshall Trilogy is a set of three Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth century affirming the legal and political standing of Indian nations.

616: 2837:, 129 F. Supp. 15 (1955) (holding that tribes have power to create and change their court system and that power is limited only by Congress, not the courts) 6619: 6560: 5299: 4683: 4563: 3202: 2449: 2204: 963: 4323: 6541: 6291: 5186: 4884: 4539: 180: 2638:

Following industrialization, the 1800s brought many challenges to tribal sovereignty over tribal members' occupied lands in the United States. In 1831,

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Originally, the United States had recognized the Indian Tribes as independent nations, but after the Civil War, the U.S. suddenly changed its approach.

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which serves as drinking water for the Navajo and Hopi downstream. The federal EPA appropriated $ 156,000 in reparations for Gold King Mine, while the

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expanded the criminal jurisdiction of tribes over non-Indian perpetrators of domestic violence that occur in Indian Country when the victim is Indian.

1981: 1854: 6220: 6147: 2825:, 152 U.S. 570 (1894) (holding that lager beer is not spiritous liquor nor wine within the meaning of those terms as used in Revised Statutes § 2139) 1998: 1922: 1839: 508: 2292:

Fix', which recognizes the power of tribes to exercise criminal jurisdiction within their reservations over all Indians, including non-members. The

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Hays, Joel Stanford. "Twisting the Law: Legal Inconsistencies in Andrew Jackson's Treatment of Native-American Sovereignty and State Sovereignty."

2013: 1849: 1829: 847: 226: 4961: 3914: 2716: 3682:

Light, Steven Andrew, and Kathryn R.L. Rand. Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise. University Press of Kansas, 2005. (19)

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promoted the ability of tribes to self-govern and make decisions concerning their people. In dealing with Indian policy, a separate agency, the

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Map of states with US federally recognized tribes marked in yellow. Hawaii and the states that removed all of their tribes are marked in gray.

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ceding extensive lands to the U.S., but maintaining usufructuary rights to fishing, hunting, and gathering in perpetuity on all ceded land.

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While tribal nations do not enjoy direct access to U.S. courts to bring cases against individual states, as sovereign nations they do enjoy

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that tribes have no jurisdiction over non-Indians. Tribal courts maintain much criminal jurisdiction over their members, and because of the

6584: 6237: 6230: 6167: 6130: 6019: 5382: 4925: 4900: 4619: 3285:

Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)

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The United States Constitution specifically mentions American Indians three times. Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 and the Section 2 of the

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states that "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... excluding Indians not taxed." According to

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Some tribal lands, most commonly in Oklahoma, are held by the tribe according to the original patent deed and thus are not trust property.

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At the dawn of the 21st century, the powers of tribal courts across the United States varied, depending on whether the tribe was in a

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wrote the solicitor's opinion, "Powers of Indian Tribes" which was issued October 25, 1934, and commented on the wording of the

6686: 6441: 6105: 4312: 2901: 2607: 2235:, concluded that tribal courts do not have jurisdiction over non-Indians (the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at that time, 1887: 709:(1831), holding the Cherokee nation dependent, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian". 6307: 6125: 5952: 5897: 5860: 5799: 5387: 5161: 5099: 4941: 4866: 4842: 4412: 3757: 2980: 2931: 2756: 2741: 1907: 1824: 1674: 1609: 1584: 1552: 1128: 898: 828: 593: 234: 3834:

Lemont, Eric D. American Indian Constitutional Reform and the Rebuilding of Native Nations. University of Texas Press, 2006.

2851:, 393 F. Supp. 719 (holding that tribal law and not state law governs the custody of children domiciled on reservation land) 2253:, clarified that tribal nations possess inherent power over their internal affairs, and civil authority over non-members on 6533: 6069: 5814: 5083: 4523: 4392: 3001: 2975: 1753: 1624: 1028: 465: 407: 3891: 3299: 6641: 6506: 6470: 6225: 5967: 4830: 4491: 3562:

Robert J. McCarthy, Civil Rights in Tribal Courts; The Indian Bill of Rights at 30 Years, 34 IDAHO LAW REVIEW 465 (1998).

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Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p 189. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.

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30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) (established trust relationship between Native American lands and the U.S. federal government)

6330: 6162: 6142: 5988: 5983: 5223: 5050: 4878: 3806:

Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p151. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.

3543: 3006: 2855: 2768:. There is not regulation or legislation in place to sufficiently curb this practice at the rate necessary to preserve 2523: 2494: 2419: 2227: 1937: 1917: 1714: 1709: 57: 3356: 6487: 6203: 6157: 5912: 5263: 5248: 5000: 4595: 4459: 4352: 4036: 2863: 1986: 1932: 1547: 998: 983: 605: 415: 3692: 6260: 6100: 5268: 4547: 3038: 2891:, 272 F.2d 131 (holding that the First Amendment does not apply to Indian nations unless it is applied by Congress) 2789: 2573: 2543: 2473: 2442: 1882: 1003: 436: 304: 283: 213: 209: 6188: 5076: 4385: 2363: 2326: 2133: 2078: 1971: 938: 837: 6676: 6646: 6413: 6193: 6062: 5646: 5243: 5126: 4984: 4587: 3575: 2990: 2765: 2611: 2116: 2090: 1976: 1902: 1394: 978: 868: 739:

impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.

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recognizes this sovereignty and stresses the government-to-government relations between the United States and

730: 582: 6661: 6419: 6110: 6095: 5957: 5755: 4818: 3124: 1892: 1877: 1679: 1507: 661: 367: 309: 266: 6779: 6681: 5855: 5604: 5578: 5294: 5005: 4860: 4699: 4408: 2819:, 70 U.S. 407 (1866) (holding that a congressional ban on selling liquor to the Indians was constitutional) 1537: 1350: 1324: 1023: 918: 3495: 2369: 5947: 5284: 5015: 4800: 3263:

Conference of Western Attorneys General, American Indian Law Deskbook, University Press of Colorado, 2004

3226: 2958: 2873:, 551 F. Supp. 1020 (1982) (holding that federal, not state courts have jurisdiction over tribal members) 2841: 2518: 1669: 758: 457: 275: 3551: 6656: 6458: 6336: 5887: 5710: 5480: 5475: 5191: 4435: 3326: 3011: 2808: 2670: 2640: 2431: 2171: 2120: 2065: 1579: 1462: 1220: 1215: 705: 543: 246: 242: 46: 4366: 2468:

With crime twice as high on Indian lands, federal funding of tribal courts has been criticized by the

6722: 6401: 5809: 5532: 5233: 4794: 4721: 4579: 4359: (archived 2013-01-10) – details racism and attack on tribal sovereignty regarding eagle feathers 3989:"Traditional Ecological Knowledge Policy Considerations for Abandoned Uranium Mines on Navajo Nation" 2498: 2191: 2179: 2162: 2104: 1276: 968: 565:

recognized American Indian tribes as independent nations and came to policy agreements with them via

195: 160: 3454: 2995: 2207:

concluded that no law had ever extended provisions of the U.S. Constitution, including the right of

6407: 6120: 5962: 5882: 5867: 5658: 4946: 4848: 4824: 4651: 4138:"Engaging Colonial Entanglements: "Treatment as a State" Policy for Indigenous Water Co-Governance" 2905:(U.S. 2003) (holding that tribal sovereignty may override the search and seizure powers of a state) 2780: 2506: 2249: 2219: 1684: 1629: 1574: 1559: 1406: 346: 299: 4377: 3430: 2578:

government ruling has continuously ruled in favor of tribal sovereignty. A seminal court case was

585:, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. 6691: 6057: 5993: 5783: 5654: 5544: 5377: 5372: 5352: 5309: 5176: 4995: 4806: 2666: 2438: 2108: 1719: 1402: 1288: 1118: 1113: 1078: 923: 781: 555: 354: 270: 4195:

Examining EPA's Unacceptable Response to Indian Tribes. Congressional Hearing, 2016-04-22, 2016.

3409:"Historical Tribal Sovereignty & Relations | Native American Financial Services Association" 2879:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (1992) (holding that tribes have sovereign immunity against state tort claims) 2703:

released executive orders 12898 (1994) and 13007 (1996). EO 12898 affirmed disparate impacts of

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between the U.S. federal government and the Mole Lake Band of Sokaogon Chippewa resulted in the

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matters. Another five years later, Congress began providing funds to operate the Indian courts.

6769: 6746: 6712: 6611: 6352: 5877: 5819: 5760: 5010: 4913: 4788: 4667: 4571: 4507: 4467: 3252:

Indian tribes as sovereign governments: a sourcebook on federal-tribal history, law, and policy

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limited tribal punishment to one year in jail and a $ 5,000 fine, but this was expanded by the

2347: 1634: 1569: 1512: 1018: 913: 362: 262: 149: 3747: 3408: 2590:(1916), U.S. citizens are subject to all U.S. laws even if they also have tribal citizenship. 2372: (8th Cir. 1956) ("including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts"). 6479: 5765: 5750: 5745: 5524: 5470: 5357: 5317: 5280: 5181: 5151: 4758: 4675: 4451: 4252:

Macklem, Patrick (1993). "Distributing Sovereignty: Indian Nations and Equality of Peoples".

4211: 3609: 3584: 3472: 2696: 2586: 2307: 2298: 2282: 2215: 1517: 1502: 1497: 1268: 1210: 1083: 1053: 1008: 449: 411: 5574: 4342: 4338: 3721:"The Cherokee Nation Is Entitled to a Delegate in Congress. But Will They Finally Send One?" 3657: 1320: 6789: 5680: 5485: 5445: 5407: 5238: 4443: 2580: 2112: 1790: 1430: 1225: 1185: 1147: 973: 713: 498: 391: 4176: 4071: 8: 6450: 6367: 6031: 5735: 5690: 5592: 5562: 5509: 5420: 5347: 4951: 4427: 4254: 2776: 2061: 1795: 1487: 1442: 1338: 1308: 1251: 1160: 1073: 697: 478: 6276: 6396: 6379: 6373: 6026: 5917: 5872: 5839: 5650: 5638: 5634: 5519: 5289: 5258: 5141: 4990: 4971: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4746: 4713: 4373:

Sovereignty Revisited: International Law and Parallel Sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples

4271: 4159: 4013: 3988: 3612: 3518: 3442: 3149: 2915: 2885:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (holding that tribes have power to recognize and legislate adoptions) 2749: 2595: 2502: 2462: 2380: 2310: 2285: 1783: 1644: 1564: 1398: 1386: 1382: 1263: 1133: 1013: 993: 928: 883: 578: 570: 230: 222: 3587: 3382: 2599:

that the state of Oklahoma acted outside its jurisdiction when trying a member of the

635:, Section 2 amends the apportionment of representatives in Article I, Section 2 above. 5804: 5570: 5536: 4966: 4691: 4603: 4475: 4334: 4290: 4163: 4093: 4018: 3949: 3753: 2963: 2352: 2240: 2232: 1619: 1316: 1280: 701:(1823), holding that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans. 4324:

From Marshall to Marshall: The Supreme Court's Changing Stance on Tribal Sovereignty

4307: 6717: 6696: 6115: 6052: 6047: 5667: 5514: 5465: 5208: 5156: 4263: 4149: 4083: 4008: 4000: 3941: 2547: 2129: 2074: 1897: 1745: 1739: 1417: 1258: 1205: 943: 893: 204: 5058:

United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

4347: 4328: 4004: 3547: 2388: 684: 5676: 5662: 5608: 5460: 5146: 5131: 4978: 4707: 4627: 4531: 4499: 4316: 4297: 4183: 3846:"Supreme Court gives Native Americans jurisdiction over eastern half of Oklahoma" 3273: 3251: 2909: 2149: 1426: 1410: 1354: 1200: 888: 873: 470: 440: 116: 2414:(PL280) state (Alaska, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin). 6090: 5740: 5435: 5430: 5332: 5203: 5198: 5035: 4812: 4483: 3815:

Canby Jr., William C. American Indian Law. p449. St. Paul, MN: West Group 1998.

3300:"The Most Significant Indian Law Decision in a Century | The Regulatory Review" 2745: 2712: 2704: 2411: 2197: 2175: 2167: 1872: 1844: 1492: 1175: 1170: 933: 574: 333: 539:

Map of the contiguous United States with reservation lands excluded as of 2003

6763: 5901: 5720: 5558: 5540: 5528: 5505: 5450: 5322: 5253: 5136: 5116: 5040: 5025: 4643: 4356: 4097: 4088: 3953: 2720: 2685: 2658: 2627: 2615: 2514: 2454: 2424: 2393: 2273: 2236: 2208: 2093: 1588: 1472: 1304: 1284: 1272: 1247: 1190: 1058: 988: 878: 858: 786: 124: 104: 67: 5596: 3658:"Broken Promises: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans" 3346:

25 U.S.C. § 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566

1342: 493: 6391: 5700: 5642: 5121: 4854: 4303:

The Avalon Project: Treaties Between the United States and Native Americans

4022: 3626:

Local IV-302 Int'l Woodworkers Union of Am. v. Menominee Tribal Enterprises

2736: 2700: 2674: 2405: 2331: 1614: 1452: 1390: 863: 5834: 5725: 5566: 5554: 5500: 5490: 5455: 5440: 5415: 5337: 5218: 5068: 4956: 4154: 4137: 3869:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation" 3782:"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe" 3021: 2728: 1477: 1312: 1300: 1240: 1230: 1195: 1180: 1155: 953: 647: 3652: 3178: 2614:

maintains three state-level non-voting seats for representatives of the

2264:(1980). Tribes are sovereign over tribal members and tribal land, under 5998: 5695: 5685: 5672: 5630: 5600: 5549: 5425: 5030: 4275: 2553: 2254: 2137: 2082: 1447: 1437: 1422: 1378: 1346: 1295: 1165: 483: 191: 132: 120: 4207:"Tribal Nations Designate First US Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area" 3945: 2479: 535: 6385: 5922: 5829: 5715: 5705: 5625: 5616: 5495: 4782: 4770: 2936: 2724: 2633: 2623: 2337: 1639: 1467: 1457: 1373: 1362: 1235: 799: 4267: 2530:

As a result of a pair of treaties in 1830s, two tribal nations (the

2465:

of the Department of Interior through the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

5824: 5730: 5620: 5612: 5588: 5583: 5342: 4407: 2678: 2619: 2600: 2558: 2531: 2430:, also over non-member Indians regarding crime on tribal land. The 1482: 1366: 1358: 1334: 1329: 1068: 650:

and is not granted by the states in which Indian lands are located.

599: 81: 6015:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

5943:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3027:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes

2871:

American Indian Agricultural Credit Consortium, Inc. v. Fredericks

2214:

While many modern courts in Indian nations today have established

1665:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5397: 5327: 4731:

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

3915:"Passamaquoddy, Penobscot tribes withdraw from Maine Legislature" 3216:

American Indian Policy Center. 2005. St. Paul, MN. 4 October 2008

2849:

Wisconsin Potowatomies of Hannahville Indian Community v. Houston

2535: 1093: 1088: 1063: 128: 3693:"Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies" 3601:

Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.

2540:

non-voting members to the United States House of Representatives

2262:

Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation

779:

The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the U.S. Supreme Court, in

2732: 2646: 2501:

as the official United States policy towards Native Americans.

566: 238: 5290:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

4238:

American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography

3749:

Broken Landscape: Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution

793: 558:

to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

3493: 1664: 5167:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

4329:

From War to Self Determination, the Bureau of Indian Affairs

4291:

Tribal Sovereignty and Jurisdiction (It's a Matter of Trust)

3068: 3066: 2699:

movements in the United States through the 1990s, President

2345:, 1916). The court further determined, based on the earlier 2055: 904:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

547:

Reservation lands in the contiguous United States as of 2019

3073: 2662: 2606:

Similar to the promised non-voting tribal delegates in the

2351:

case, that "It is thoroughly established that Congress has

136: 6577:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

4612:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

2785:

Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria

2231:, the Supreme Court, in a 6–2 opinion authored by Justice 6306: 3752:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 333. 3203:

Constitution of the United States of America: Article. I.

3179:"Tribal Nations & the United States: An Introduction" 3063: 2316: 2141: 2100: 2086: 5893:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

2986:

List of federally recognized tribes in the United States

2802:

List of U.S. Supreme Court Cases involving Indian tribes

4111: 3643:, 897 F.Supp. 389 (E.D. Wis. 1995). 3629:, 595 F.Supp. 859 (E.D. Wis. 1984). 3240:

Additional amendments to the United States Constitution

2947:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

4873:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

4837:

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

3074:"Frequently Asked Questions, Bureau of Indian Affairs" 1099:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

577:", but the pace of treaty-making grew regardless. The 4333:

NiiSka, Clara, Indian Courts, A Brief History, parts

4177:

UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples

3892:"Brief History of Indian Legislative Representatives" 3044:

United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians

2681:, the closest residents being Navajo Nation members. 2330:, the United States Supreme Court concluded that two 752: 6620:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

6561:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

4684:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

4564:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

3931: 2554:

Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign

2205:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

721: 6542:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

4885:

Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art

4540:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

3471:. Nebraskastudies.org. June 2, 1924. Archived from 3435:

Statistics of Income, 1926 - FRASER - St. Louis Fed

2744:contaminated three million gallons of water in the 2480:

Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government

3496:"Indian Affairs: Laws And Treaties. Vol. Iv, Laws" 2634:Tribal sovereignty over land and natural resources 2432:Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 2417:The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1978 decision 2155: 2121: 2066: 679: 588:Currently, the U.S. recognizes tribal nations as " 3552:VAWA Reauthorization Act available at www.gpo.gov 3293: 3291: 815: 771: 123:to the 16 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer) 6785:United States tribal sovereign immunity case law 6761: 6243:List of Indian reservations in the United States 5908:Native American recognition in the United States 4636:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield 2752:in 2014 received $ 80 million in federal funds. 2014:List of Indian reservations in the United States 600:Native American sovereignty and the Constitution 4962:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 4367:Tribal justice not always fair, critics contend 4112:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA" 3779: 3739: 3212: 3210: 2889:Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council 2652:Wartime industry of the early 1900s introduced 6515:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 5968:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 4516:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 4186:United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007. 3844:Wolf, Richard; Johnson, Kevin (July 9, 2020). 3288: 2717:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 2630:over issues of tribal sovereignty and rights. 2453:deprivation of substantive rights, except for 1690:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 6292: 5393:Native American identity in the United States 5084: 4393: 4236:Davies, Wade & Clow, Richmond L. (2009). 4205:Hill, Jos; Hayden, Bobby (January 26, 2024). 4072:"Managing the Sacred Lands of Native America" 3889: 2593:In July 2020, the U.S Supreme Court ruled in 2513:to possess it. Current federal policy in the 2036: 2009:List of federally recognized tribes by state 608:mentions Native American tribes three times: 516: 6238:State-recognized tribes in the United States 6020:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 4620:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. 3207: 3096:"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census" 3032:State-recognized tribes in the United States 554:is the concept of the inherent authority of 16:Type of political status of Native Americans 6343:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 4076:The International Indigenous Policy Journal 3843: 3745: 3570: 3568: 2375: 2089:), also known as the Mellon tax bill after 794:The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 688:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Indian Reservation sign 115:Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare) 6299: 6285: 5214:Native Americans in the American Civil War 5098: 5091: 5077: 4556:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission 4400: 4386: 4235: 4204: 3780:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (August 23, 2019). 3361:, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886" 2043: 2029: 523: 509: 6221:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 5229:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 4153: 4087: 4025:– via Wayne State University Press. 4012: 3340: 2146:United States congressional apportionment 2056:Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 1999:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 959:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 95:326 (map includes the 310 as of May 1996) 6376:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) 5579:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 4170: 4070:Ornelas, Roxanne T. (October 21, 2011). 3966: 3746:Pommersheim, Frank (September 2, 2009). 3654:United States Commission on Civil Rights 3640:Barker v. Menominee Nation Casino, et al 3565: 3257: 3017:Political divisions of the United States 2557: 2470:United States Commission on Civil Rights 2387: 2379: 1325:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 683: 573:, internal political pressure grew for " 542: 534: 6742:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 6730:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 4909:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 4309:Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia 4251: 4069: 3912: 3525:. University of Oklahoma College of Law 3318: 3306:. University of Pennsylvania Law School 3125:"1871: The End of Indian Treaty-Making" 2952:List of states with limited recognition 2296:Fix was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2185: 785:, which affirmed that the Congress has 552:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 6762: 6585:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3866: 3718: 3324: 3297: 3173: 3171: 2902:Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians 2608:United States House of Representatives 6604:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 6308:Aboriginal title in the United States 6280: 5953:National Congress of American Indians 5898:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 5861:National Congress of American Indians 5800:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 5388:Native American disease and epidemics 5162:European colonization of the Americas 5072: 4843:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 4660:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 4413:Native Americans in the United States 4381: 4135: 3883: 3363:. FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters business 3183:National Congress of American Indians 2981:List of Alaska Native tribal entities 2932:Aboriginal title in the United States 2877:Maynard v. Narrangansett Indian Tribe 2688:established the federal government's 1675:National Congress of American Indians 1610:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 899:European colonization of the Americas 646:: Tribal authority on Indian land is 619:Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution 594:National Congress of American Indians 6775:Indigenous politics in North America 6534:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 5958:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 5815:Native American people and Mormonism 5659:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 4524:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 3986: 3298:Miller, Robert J. (March 18, 2021). 3119: 3117: 3115: 3002:Native American reservation politics 2976:Indigenous self-government in Canada 1680:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 1407:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 1029:Native American temperance activists 6735:List of federally recognized tribes 6507:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 6226:List of federally recognized tribes 4831:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 4492:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 4369:(Tort cases tried in tribal courts) 4198: 4054: 3970:Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal 3719:Ahtone, Tristan (January 4, 2017). 3697:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov 3516: 3494:Oklahoma State University Library. 3168: 2969:Indigenous land rights in Australia 2760:big industry polluters and hopeful 2004:List of federally recognized tribes 58:Autonomous administrative divisions 13: 6331:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions 5989:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5984:Black Indians in the United States 5948:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 5224:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 4246:Journal of Southern Legal History, 3007:Native American self-determination 2856:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2775:In 2023, the federally-recognized 2524:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2495:Native American self-determination 2420:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2228:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2126:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2071:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1715:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1670:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 753:Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 14: 6801: 6488:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 5913:Native American women in politics 5264:Native Americans and World War II 5249:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 5001:National Indian Gaming Commission 4596:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 4460:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 4283: 3867:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020). 3469:"The 1924 Indian Citizenship Act" 3112: 2864:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 2835:Iron Crow v. Ogallala Sioux Tribe 2719:("The Declaration"), despite the 2626:. Two of the seats are currently 999:Native Americans and World War II 984:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 744:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 731:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 722:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 583:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 6351: 5545:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 5533:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 5269:American Indian boarding schools 4548:Menominee Tribe v. United States 3890:Starbird, Jr., S. Glenn (1983). 3039:Special district (United States) 2883:Venetie I.R.A. Council v. Alaska 2795: 2790:Redwood National and State Parks 2574:Menominee Tribe v. United States 2474:Government Accountability Office 2443:Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 2399: 1289:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 1277:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 1004:American Indian boarding schools 836: 674: 492: 171: 45: 5963:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 4755:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) 4189: 4129: 4104: 4029: 3980: 3960: 3925: 3913:Moretto, Mario (May 26, 2015). 3906: 3860: 3837: 3828: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3773: 3727:. Bainbridge Island, Washington 3712: 3703: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3646: 3632: 3618: 3593: 3556: 3537: 3510: 3487: 3461: 3423: 3401: 3375: 3349: 3279: 3266: 3244: 2690:Environmental Protection Agency 2364:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2327:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2318:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2156:Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 1685:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 964:Racism against Native Americans 939:Native American slave ownership 680:The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 6414:Indian Land Claims Settlements 6063:Native American Pidgin English 5868:American Indian Movement (AIM) 5244:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 5127:Archaic period in the Americas 4985:In the Courts of the Conqueror 4588:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 4353:Religious Freedom with Raptors 4240:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 3576:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 3233: 3219: 3196: 3142: 3088: 2991:List of national legal systems 2612:Maine House of Representatives 2538:) each have the right to send 2509:has been in place since 1824. 2117:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 2107:, which was later renamed the 2091:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 1560:American Indian Movement (AIM) 979:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 869:Archaic period in the Americas 816:Twentieth-century developments 613:Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 569:. As the U.S. accelerated its 1: 6420:Indian Claims Limitations Act 5761:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 5537:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 5525:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 4867:Native American Languages Act 4229: 4142:Global Environmental Politics 4005:10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.01 3498:. Digital.library.okstate.edu 2723:voting against it along with 1513:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 1281:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 1269:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 6569:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe 6408:Indian Claims Commission Act 5856:Native American civil rights 5766:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 5751:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 5746:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 5668:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 5295:Native American civil rights 5006:Native American civil rights 4861:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 4700:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl 3274:American Indians and the Law 3076:. Department of the Interior 2755:A recent challenge faced by 2750:Flint, Michigan water crisis 1518:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 1503:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 1498:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 1418:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 1024:Alcohol and Native Americans 919:Slavery in the United States 7: 6209:Native American politicians 6199:Native American War Leaders 5677:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 5663:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 5655:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 5651:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 5635:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 5563:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 5285:Native American Rights Fund 5021:Recognition of sacred sites 5016:Native American Rights Fund 4921:Federally recognized tribes 4801:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 4182:September 25, 2014, at the 3325:Onecle (November 8, 2005). 3230:, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) 3227:Cherokee Nations v. Georgia 2959:Indian country jurisdiction 2924: 2842:United States v. Washington 2519:Federally recognized tribes 1427:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 1411:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 1403:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 1399:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 1383:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 1309:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 809:Evolution of relationships: 759:United States Indian Police 342:Cities, towns, and villages 235:Alaska Native tribal entity 10: 6806: 6459:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 6337:Royal Proclamation of 1763 5888:Occupation of Wounded Knee 5605:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 5593:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 5575:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 5571:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 5476:American Revolutionary War 4879:Indian Arts and Crafts Act 4436:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 3154:U.S. Department of Justice 3150:"Native American Policies" 3012:Off-reservation trust land 2809:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2799: 2641:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2562:Otoe-Missouria Tribal Seal 2403: 2196:In 1953, Congress enacted 2189: 2152:signed the bill into law. 2132:, H.R. 6355, 43 2103:rates and established the 2077:, H.R. 6715, 43 1580:Occupation of Wounded Knee 1351:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 1339:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 1321:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 1317:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 1216:American Revolutionary War 797: 756: 706:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 606:United States Constitution 590:domestic dependent nations 247:Tribal Jurisdictional Area 243:Off-reservation trust land 6705: 6634: 6595: 6552: 6525: 6498: 6469: 6440: 6433: 6360: 6349: 6321: 6314: 6256: 6176: 6078: 6070:Native American languages 6040: 6007: 5976: 5931: 5848: 5810:Native American religions 5792: 5774: 5559:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 5541:Red River War (1874–1875) 5529:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 5406: 5308: 5234:Indian Appropriations Act 5107: 4934: 4894: 4795:Indian Reorganization Act 4739: 4722:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta 4580:United States v. Antelope 4419: 4315:December 2, 2003, at the 4248:21 (no. 1, 2013), 157–92. 3519:"Powers of Indian Tribes" 2913:591 U.S. ___ (2020), and 2499:Indian termination policy 2192:Indian termination policy 2180:Indian Reorganization Act 2163:Indian Reorganization Act 2105:U.S. Board of Tax Appeals 1992:congressional politicians 1754:Native American languages 1305:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 1285:Red River War (1874–1875) 1273:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 969:Indian Appropriations Act 125:Navajo Nation Reservation 111: 103:123 (several) – 173,667 ( 99: 91: 73: 63: 53: 44: 37:Domestic dependent nation 28: 23: 5883:Trail of Broken Treaties 5711:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 5701:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 5681:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 5643:Colorado War (1863–1865) 4947:Bureau of Indian Affairs 4849:Indian Child Welfare Act 4652:South Dakota v. Bourland 4089:10.18584/iipj.2011.2.4.6 3057: 2895:Teague v. Bad River Band 2817:United States v. Holiday 2544:non-state U.S. territory 2507:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2376:Tribal governments today 2266:United States v. Mazurie 2250:Montana v. United States 2220:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2115:"). A parallel act, the 1575:Trail of Broken Treaties 1463:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 1431:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 1391:Colorado War (1863–1865) 656:: Congress, and not the 633:The Fourteenth Amendment 347:Coterminous municipality 300:Consolidated city-county 148:This article is part of 6339:(British North America) 6058:American Indian English 5994:Louisiana Creole people 5784:Native American studies 5736:Bannock Uprising (1895) 5691:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 5647:Powder River War (1865) 5555:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 5373:Mesoamerican literature 5368:Indigenous Peoples' Day 5177:Partus sequitur ventrem 4996:Long Walk of the Navajo 4926:State recognized tribes 4825:Indian Civil Rights Act 4363:San Diego Union Tribune 4037:"Environmental Impacts" 3385:United States v. Kagama 2823:Sarlls v. United States 2772:and natural resources. 2439:Indian Civil Rights Act 2109:United States Tax Court 1488:Bannock Uprising (1895) 1453:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 1443:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 1395:Powder River War (1865) 1301:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 1109:Indigenous Peoples' Day 924:Partus sequitur ventrem 782:United States v. Kagama 773:United States v. Kagama 644:Territorial sovereignty 563:U.S. federal government 376:State-recognized tribes 355:Census-designated place 6747:Legal status of Hawaii 6713:Indigenous land rights 6612:Idaho v. United States 5878:Occupation of Alcatraz 5820:Native American church 5686:Mohave War (1858–1859) 5673:Yakima War (1855–1858) 5631:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 5609:White River War (1879) 5597:Walker War (1853–1854) 5481:Cherokee–American wars 5011:Native American gaming 4914:Legal status of Hawaii 4789:Indian Citizenship Act 4668:Idaho v. United States 4572:Bryan v. Itasca County 4508:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 4468:Standing Bear v. Crook 3934:Policy Studies Journal 3387:– 118 U.S. 375 (1886)" 3276:, Penguin/Viking, 2008 3250:Charles F. Wilkinson, 3049:Legal status of Hawaii 2996:Māori protest movement 2942:Diplomatic recognition 2695:With the emergence of 2563: 2396: 2385: 2348:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 1850:Southeastern Woodlands 1830:Northeastern Woodlands 1635:Native American church 1570:Occupation of Alcatraz 1423:Yakima War (1855–1858) 1379:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 1355:White River War (1879) 1343:Walker War (1853–1854) 1221:Cherokee–American wars 1019:Native American rights 747: 689: 654:Plenary power doctrine 548: 540: 429:Congressional district 162:Political divisions of 6480:Fellows v. Blacksmith 6333:(1629 New Netherland) 5741:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 5716:Modoc War (1872–1873) 5706:Snake War (1864–1869) 5621:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 5617:Bluff War (1914–1915) 5567:Tonto War (1871–1875) 5318:Mississippian culture 5281:Civil rights movement 5182:Five Civilized Tribes 4819:Indian Relocation Act 4676:United States v. Lara 4452:Fellows v. Blacksmith 4296:July 9, 2011, at the 4212:Pew Charitable Trusts 4136:Diver, Sybil (2019). 3304:The Regulatory Review 2781:Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation 2779:of the Yurok People, 2735:. In 2010, President 2697:environmental justice 2628:not filled in protest 2587:United States v. Nice 2561: 2391: 2383: 2299:United States v. Lara 2216:full faith and credit 2190:Further information: 1630:Traditional religions 1538:Civil rights movement 1493:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 1468:Modoc War (1872–1873) 1458:Snake War (1864–1869) 1438:Mohave War(1858–1859) 1367:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 1363:Bluff War (1914–1915) 1313:Tonto War (1871–1875) 1054:Mississippian culture 1009:Civil rights movement 736: 687: 546: 538: 450:Homeowner association 412:Conservation district 5756:Last Massacre (1911) 5721:Nez Perce War (1877) 5589:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 5486:Northwest Indian War 5239:Racial Integrity Act 4444:Worcester v. Georgia 4365:, 17 December 2007: 4322:Prygoski, Philip J. 4155:10.1162/glep_a_00517 3987:Rock, Tommy (2020). 3523:Solicitor's Opinions 2770:Native American land 2581:Worcester v. Georgia 2486:Fourteenth Amendment 2225:In the 1978 case of 2186:Public Law 280, 1953 2113:earned income credit 1791:Tribal disenrollment 1508:Last Massacre (1911) 1473:Nez Perce War (1877) 1226:Northwest Indian War 974:Racial Integrity Act 831:in the United States 714:Worcester v. Georgia 626:Article I, Section 8 499:United States portal 6780:Native American law 6451:Johnson v. McIntosh 6368:Northwest Ordinance 6032:Reservation poverty 5977:Ethnic subdivisions 5849:Political movements 5510:Second Seminole War 5421:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 4991:Indian reservations 4952:Cherokee Commission 4428:Johnson v. McIntosh 4289:Kussel, Wm. F. Jr. 4255:Stanford Law Review 3894:. Maine Legislature 3517:Margold, Nathan R. 2777:Resighini Rancheria 2684:In 1970, President 2461:must also pass the 2370:231 F.2d 89 2062:Revenue Act of 1924 1796:Reservation poverty 1779:Societal statistics 1703:Ethnic subdivisions 1531:Political movements 1335:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 1252:Second Seminole War 1161:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 823:Part of a series on 698:Johnson v. McIntosh 479:Unincorporated area 276:Unorganized Borough 24:Indian reservations 6402:Reorganization Act 6397:Curtis Act of 1898 6374:Nonintercourse Act 5933:Civic and economic 5918:Tribal sovereignty 5873:Red Power Movement 5840:Longhouse Religion 5775:Education, science 5726:Bannock War (1878) 5520:American Civil War 5471:Lord Dunmore's War 5259:Blood quantum laws 5142:Post-Classic stage 5051:Self-determination 5046:Tribal sovereignty 4972:Eagle-bone whistle 4765:Indian Removal Act 4753:Nonintercourse Act 4747:Blood quantum laws 4714:McGirt v. Oklahoma 3254:, AIRI Press, 1988 2916:McGirt v. Oklahoma 2596:McGirt v. Oklahoma 2564: 2503:Self-determination 2463:Secretarial Review 2397: 2392:Great Seal of the 2386: 1645:Longhouse Religion 1565:Red Power Movement 1543:Self-determination 1478:Bannock War (1878) 1264:American Civil War 1211:Lord Dunmore's War 1134:Tribal sovereignty 1014:Red Power movement 994:Blood quantum laws 949:American Civil War 929:Indian Removal Act 884:Post-Classic stage 812:tribes or states. 690: 668:Trust relationship 571:westward expansion 549: 541: 231:Hawaiian home land 223:Indian reservation 6757: 6756: 6630: 6629: 6429: 6428: 6274: 6273: 5805:Eagle feather law 5696:Paiute War (1860) 5639:Dakota War (1862) 5601:Tintic War (1856) 5515:Osage Indian War 5446:King Philip's War 5066: 5065: 4967:Eagle feather law 4901:State recognition 4692:Cobell v. Salazar 4604:Solem v. Bartlett 4476:Ex parte Crow Dog 3946:10.1111/psj.12187 3919:Bangor Daily News 3788:. Tulsa, Oklahoma 3759:978-0-19-970659-4 3656:(December 2018). 3327:"Indian Treaties" 2964:Indigenous rights 2353:plenary authority 2241:Thurgood Marshall 2233:William Rehnquist 2053: 2052: 1951: 1950: 1840:Pacific Northwest 1835:Northwest Plateau 1620:Eagle Feather law 1548:Women in politics 1387:Dakota War (1862) 1347:Tintic War (1856) 1259:Osage Indian War 1186:King Philip's War 1036: 1035: 556:Indigenous tribes 533: 532: 416:National monument 318:Unorganized atoll 310:Municipality (PR) 164:the United States 142: 141: 6797: 6718:Aboriginal title 6438: 6437: 6355: 6319: 6318: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6184:Native Americans 6053:American English 5626:Posey War (1923) 5343:Iroquois culture 5209:Indian Territory 5157:Age of Discovery 5093: 5086: 5079: 5070: 5069: 4942:Aboriginal title 4759:Civilization Act 4695:(D.C. Cir. 2009) 4402: 4395: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4279: 4262:(5): 1311–1367. 4241: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4067: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4016: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3597: 3591: 3572: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3446: 3438: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3411:. August 7, 2012 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3295: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3272:N. Bruce Duthu, 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3121: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3070: 2757:Native Americans 2548:federal district 2367: 2143: 2127: 2123: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2045: 2038: 2031: 1967:Native Americans 1845:The Great Plains 1813: 1812: 1748: 1746:American English 1720:Louisiana Creole 1448:Paiute War(1860) 1374:Posey War (1923) 1069:Iroquois culture 944:Indian Territory 894:Age of Discovery 853: 852: 840: 829:Native Americans 820: 819: 745: 658:Executive Branch 525: 518: 511: 496: 458:Associated state 437:Special district 305:Independent city 205:Federal district 183: 175: 165: 152: 144: 143: 49: 34: 21: 20: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6701: 6626: 6596:Rehnquist Court 6591: 6548: 6521: 6499:1890—1950 6494: 6465: 6425: 6356: 6347: 6310: 6305: 6275: 6270: 6252: 6172: 6074: 6036: 6003: 5972: 5936: 5934: 5927: 5844: 5788: 5776: 5770: 5731:Crow War (1887) 5402: 5328:Hohokam culture 5304: 5147:Woodland period 5132:Formative stage 5103: 5100:Native American 5097: 5067: 5062: 4979:Hunting license 4930: 4899: 4890: 4807:Nationality Act 4735: 4708:Sharp v. Murphy 4628:Hodel v. Irving 4532:Williams v. Lee 4500:Talton v. Mayes 4415: 4406: 4317:Wayback Machine 4298:Wayback Machine 4286: 4268:10.2307/1229071 4232: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4184:Wayback Machine 4175: 4171: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4068: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4030: 3985: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3930: 3926: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3598: 3594: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3475:on June 5, 2009 3467: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3156:. June 16, 2014 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3055: 2927: 2910:Sharp v. Murphy 2804: 2798: 2667:nuclear testing 2636: 2556: 2482: 2408: 2402: 2378: 2361: 2322: 2194: 2188: 2168:tribal councils 2158: 2150:Calvin Coolidge 2125: 2070: 2058: 2049: 2020: 2019: 2018: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1859: 1810: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1744: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1483:Crow War (1887) 1150: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1064:Hohokam culture 1048: 1038: 1037: 889:Woodland period 874:Formative stage 850: 818: 802: 796: 777: 761: 755: 746: 743: 724: 682: 677: 662:Judicial Branch 602: 529: 497: 475: 471:Federal enclave 462: 454: 446: 441:school district 433: 425: 408:Protected areas 372: 359: 351: 338: 314: 296: 288:District (USVI) 219: 201: 181: 163: 161: 150: 119:'s cemetery in 117:Pit River Tribe 87: 82:Powhatan Tribes 40: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6803: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6616: 6608: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6573: 6565: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6484: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6455: 6446: 6444: 6442:Marshall Court 6435: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6148:North Carolina 6145: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5777:and technology 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5670: 5665: 5628: 5623: 5613:Ute War (1887) 5586: 5581: 5552: 5547: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Peach Tree War 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5333:Plains Indians 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5300:Discrimination 5297: 5292: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204:Trail of Tears 5201: 5199:Indian removal 5196: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5036:Trail of Tears 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4905: 4903: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4813:Public Law 280 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4749:(1705 onwards) 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4484:Elk v. Wilkins 4480: 4472: 4471:(D. Neb. 1879) 4464: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4432: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4360: 4350: 4348:Public Law 280 4345: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4300: 4285: 4284:External links 4282: 4281: 4280: 4249: 4242: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4197: 4188: 4169: 4128: 4103: 4053: 4028: 3979: 3959: 3924: 3905: 3882: 3859: 3836: 3827: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3772: 3758: 3738: 3711: 3702: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3645: 3631: 3617: 3592: 3564: 3555: 3544:25 U.S.C. 3536: 3509: 3486: 3460: 3451:|website= 3422: 3400: 3374: 3348: 3339: 3317: 3287: 3278: 3265: 3256: 3243: 3232: 3218: 3206: 3195: 3167: 3141: 3111: 3087: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2998:in New Zealand 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2800:Main article: 2797: 2794: 2746:Colorado River 2742:Gold King Mine 2705:climate change 2654:uranium mining 2635: 2632: 2555: 2552: 2542:(similar to a 2481: 2478: 2412:Public Law 280 2404:Main article: 2401: 2398: 2377: 2374: 2321: 2315: 2239:, and Justice 2198:Public Law 280 2187: 2184: 2176:Nathan Margold 2157: 2154: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1923:North Carolina 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 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798:Main article: 795: 792: 776: 770: 754: 751: 741: 723: 720: 719: 718: 710: 702: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 665: 651: 637: 636: 630: 623: 601: 598: 575:Indian removal 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 513: 505: 502: 501: 489: 488: 487: 486: 481: 474: 473: 468: 461: 460: 453: 452: 445: 444: 432: 431: 424: 423: 402: 401: 397: 396: 395: 394: 386: 385: 381: 380: 379: 378: 371: 370: 365: 358: 357: 350: 349: 344: 337: 336: 328: 327: 323: 322: 321: 320: 313: 312: 307: 302: 295: 294: 273: 257: 256: 252: 251: 250: 249: 218: 217: 207: 200: 199: 186: 185: 177: 176: 168: 167: 157: 156: 140: 139: 113: 109: 108: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 86: 85: 77: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 39: 38: 35: 33:Also known as: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6802: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6770:Legal systems 6768: 6767: 6765: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361:United States 6359: 6354: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079:By state/city 6077: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902:Red handprint 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506:Seminole Wars 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Pontiac's War 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:Tuscarora War 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Neighborhoods 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323:Adena culture 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5254:Jim Crow laws 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5137:Classic stage 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Paleo-Indians 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Treaty rights 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026:Seminole Wars 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644:Duro v. Reina 4641: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4357:archive.today 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4042: 4041:Navajo Nation 4038: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:Human Biology 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3893: 3886: 3870: 3863: 3847: 3840: 3831: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3726: 3725:YES! Magazine 3722: 3715: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3490: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3410: 3404: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3362: 3360: 3359:U.S. v Kagama 3352: 3343: 3328: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3130: 3129:NMAI Magazine 3126: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3097: 3091: 3075: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2796:List of cases 2793: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:United States 2718: 2714: 2711:In 2007, the 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2686:Richard Nixon 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671:U.S. military 2669:site for the 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:Passamaquoddy 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2569:Indian gaming 2560: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2515:United States 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2457:proceedings. 2456: 2455:habeas corpus 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2400:Tribal courts 2395: 2394:Navajo Nation 2390: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2319: 2314: 2313: (2004). 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2274:Duro v. Reina 2269: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2247:A 1981 case, 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237:Warren Burger 2234: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2209:habeas corpus 2206: 2201: 2199: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094:Andrew Mellon 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1956: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774:Neighborhoods 1772: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:Black Indians 1708: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1589:Red handprint 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248:Seminole Wars 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Pontiac's War 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1191:Tuscarora War 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1124:Neighborhoods 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059:Adena culture 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 989:Jim Crow laws 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879:Classic stage 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:Paleo-Indians 857: 856: 855: 854: 849: 844: 843: 839: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 822: 821: 813: 810: 806: 801: 791: 788: 787:plenary power 784: 783: 774: 769: 765: 760: 750: 740: 735: 732: 727: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 699: 695: 694: 693: 686: 675:Early history 669: 666: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 634: 631: 627: 624: 621: 620: 614: 611: 610: 609: 607: 597: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 545: 537: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 506: 504: 503: 500: 495: 491: 490: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 467: 466:Military base 464: 463: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 447: 442: 438: 435: 434: 430: 427: 426: 421: 420:National park 417: 413: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 399: 398: 393: 390: 389: 388: 387: 383: 382: 377: 374: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 356: 353: 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 329: 325: 324: 319: 316: 315: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 292:District (AS) 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 272: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 220: 215: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 197: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 184: 179: 178: 174: 170: 169: 166: 159: 158: 155: 153: 146: 145: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 105:Navajo Nation 102: 98: 94: 90: 83: 79: 78: 76: 72: 69: 68:United States 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 43: 36: 31: 30: 27: 22: 19: 6729: 6723:in Australia 6692:Rhode Island 6618: 6610: 6602: 6583: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6553:Burger Court 6540: 6532: 6526:Warren Court 6513: 6505: 6486: 6478: 6457: 6449: 6392:Diminishment 6323:Colonial era 6027:Reservations 6008:Demographics 5679: / 5675: / 5661: / 5657: / 5653: / 5649: / 5645: / 5641: / 5637: / 5633: / 5619: / 5615: / 5611: / 5607: / 5603: / 5599: / 5595: / 5591: / 5577: / 5573: / 5569: / 5565: / 5561: / 5557: / 5543: / 5539: / 5535: / 5531: / 5527: / 5508: / 5461:Dummer's War 5283: / 5122:Lithic stage 5045: 4983: 4855:Diminishment 4720: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 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Retrieved 4210: 4200: 4191: 4172: 4148:(3): 33–56. 4145: 4141: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4115: 4106: 4079: 4075: 4044:. Retrieved 4040: 4031: 3999:(1): 19–26. 3996: 3992: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3940:(1): 37–59. 3937: 3933: 3927: 3918: 3908: 3896:. Retrieved 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3862: 3850:. Retrieved 3839: 3830: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3785: 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3748: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3724: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3648: 3639: 3634: 3625: 3620: 3599: 3595: 3574: 3558: 3539: 3529:February 24, 3527:. Retrieved 3522: 3512: 3500:. Retrieved 3489: 3477:. Retrieved 3473:the original 3463: 3434: 3425: 3413:. Retrieved 3403: 3391:. Retrieved 3384: 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3358: 3351: 3342: 3330:. Retrieved 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3303: 3281: 3268: 3259: 3246: 3235: 3225: 3221: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3182: 3158:. Retrieved 3153: 3144: 3132:. Retrieved 3128: 3102:. Retrieved 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 2914: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2774: 2754: 2737:Barack Obama 2715:adopted the 2710: 2708:of success. 2701:Bill Clinton 2694: 2683: 2675:World War II 2651: 2639: 2637: 2605: 2594: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2529: 2522: 2511: 2489: 2483: 2467: 2459: 2447: 2436: 2425: 2418: 2416: 2409: 2406:Tribal court 2362: 2358: 2346: 2343:U.S. v. Nice 2342: 2336: 2332:Oglala Sioux 2325: 2323: 2317: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2246: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2203:In 1965 the 2202: 2195: 2172:John Collier 2161: 2160:In 1934 the 2159: 2148:. President 2142:June 2, 1924 2087:June 2, 1924 2059: 1784:Reservations 1767:Demographics 1615:Christianity 1429: / 1425: / 1409: / 1405: / 1401: / 1397: / 1393: / 1389: / 1385: / 1381: / 1365: / 1361: / 1357: / 1353: / 1349: / 1345: / 1341: / 1337: / 1323: / 1319: / 1315: / 1311: / 1307: / 1303: / 1287: / 1283: / 1279: / 1275: / 1271: / 1250: / 1201:Dummer's War 864:Lithic stage 808: 807: 803: 780: 778: 772: 766: 762: 748: 737: 728: 725: 712: 704: 696: 691: 667: 653: 643: 638: 618: 603: 589: 587: 560: 551: 550: 384:Fourth level 255:Second level 214:Commonwealth 196:Commonwealth 147: 18: 6790:Sovereignty 6471:Taney Court 6416:(1978–2006) 6380:Removal Act 5835:Sweat lodge 5501:Arikara War 5491:War of 1812 5456:Yamasee War 5441:Esopus Wars 5431:Kieft's War 5416:Beaver Wars 5338:Anishinaabe 5219:Dawes Rolls 4957:Dawes Rolls 4740:Legislation 4218:January 30, 4121:December 3, 4116:www.epa.gov 4046:December 3, 3848:. USA Today 3786:Tulsa World 3615: (1991) 3590: (1978) 3548:§ 1304 3415:October 11, 3310:December 1, 3022:Sovereignty 2729:New Zealand 1982:war leaders 1825:Great Basin 1553:Nationalism 1241:Arikara War 1231:War of 1812 1196:Yamasee War 1181:Esopus Wars 1171:Kieft's War 1156:Beaver Wars 954:Dawes Rolls 400:Other areas 326:Third level 280:Census area 182:First level 127:located in 100:Populations 6764:Categories 6677:New Mexico 6647:California 6434:Precedents 6101:California 5999:Pretendian 5550:Cayuse War 5426:Pequot War 5274:gravesites 5031:Survivance 4777:Curtis Act 4230:References 3976:: 197–224. 3898:January 4, 3792:August 24, 3765:January 4, 3731:January 4, 3104:October 7, 2829:In re Heff 2622:, and the 2255:fee-simple 2140:, enacted 2085:, enacted 1883:California 1296:Cayuse War 1166:Pequot War 1114:Literature 757:See also: 734:statutes: 484:Ghost town 133:New Mexico 121:California 6662:Louisiana 6386:Dawes Act 6248:Massacres 6204:musicians 6168:Wisconsin 6131:Baltimore 6041:Languages 5923:Land Back 5830:Sun Dance 5496:Creek War 5192:ownership 4783:Burke Act 4771:Dawes Act 4164:199537244 4098:1916-5781 3954:0190-292X 3871:. Reuters 3502:March 31, 3479:March 31, 3453:ignored ( 3443:cite book 3393:April 29, 3367:April 29, 3332:March 31, 3080:August 8, 2937:Dawes Act 2766:pollution 2725:Australia 2624:Penobscot 2497:replaced 2437:The 1968 2338:sui iuris 1987:musicians 1943:Wisconsin 1855:Southwest 1816:by region 1809:Geography 1733:Languages 1640:Sun Dance 1625:Mormonism 1236:Creek War 800:Dawes Act 579:Civil War 210:Territory 6687:Oklahoma 6682:New York 6672:Michigan 6635:By state 6315:Statutes 6261:Category 6231:by state 6163:Virginia 6153:Oklahoma 6143:Nebraska 6138:Michigan 6126:Maryland 6106:Colorado 5825:Smudging 5793:Religion 5584:Yuma War 5172:Genocide 4420:Case law 4313:Archived 4294:Archived 4180:Archived 4023:33231023 3389:. 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