274:, some said that crews should be no larger than four people; both for safety, and because a commander, pilot, mission specialist, and payload specialist were sufficient for any mission. NASA expected to fly more payload specialists so it designed a larger vehicle. Only NASA astronauts piloted the space shuttle, but mission specialist astronauts worried about competing with American and international payload specialists for very limited flight opportunities. In 1984 about 45 mission specialists competed for about 15 seats on the five shuttle flights. Only three payload specialists flew that year, but in 1985 eight of nine shuttle flights carried 15 payload specialists (Walker flying twice), no doubt angering mission specialists. Some payload specialists like Walker and
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own scientists being able to operate experiments in exchange for support of the Space
Shuttle program. While mission specialists could operate most experiments, "Since we could take passengers, why not take at least a couple of passengers who had spent their whole careers doing the kind of research they were going to do in space?" he said.
1299:
The following list are people who were named as backup (also known as alternate) payload specialists. These people typically received the same training as the "prime" crew payload specialist, but did not fly on the mission. However, many would go on to fly on other missions as "prime" crew payload or
369:
to not play poker because, the astronaut quoted, "'It took you a while to disguise your initial skepticism about this whole thing'". Merbold said that at JSC he was treated as an intruder. Once payload specialists were assigned to a mission, however, full-time astronauts treated them respectfully and
266:
and members of the NASA astronaut corps believed that mission specialists—many with doctoral degrees or other scientific background, and all with full-time astronaut training—could operate all experiments. Rick
Chappell, chief scientist of MSFC, believed that the scientific community insisted on its
278:
were rejected as full-time astronauts but flew as payload specialists before many selected as such, and some may have flown without understanding the level of danger. Many astronauts worried that without years of training together they would not be able to trust payload specialists in an emergency;
353:
explosion that support for the citizen program, and therefore McAuliffe's place aboard the ill-fated shuttle, was part of an insiders' battle. NASA civilians, pitting themselves against the professional astronauts, used the program for the "dismantling of
Astropower," which Wolfe described as "the
130:
and other missions with science components, payload specialists were scientists with expertise in specific experiments. The term also applied to representatives from partner nations who were given the opportunity of a first flight on board of the Space
Shuttle (such as Saudi Arabia and Mexico), to
333:
reviewed the issue, reporting that as far back as 1982, NASA was concerned with finding reasonable justifications for flying civilians on the
Shuttle as was directed by the Reagan administration. The article says that "A review of records and interviews with past and present NASA and government
160:
NASA categorized full-time international astronauts as payload specialists unless they received NASA mission specialist training, which some did. Bilodeau estimated that payload specialists would receive a couple of hundred hours of training over four or five weeks. International or scientific
283:
described their concern as "If you had a problem on orbit, am I going to have to babysit this person?" NASA's preference for its own training caused the agency to offer some international payload specialists the opportunity to become mission specialists, the first being
161:
payload specialists were generally assigned a back-up who trained alongside the primary payload specialist and would replace them in the event of illness or other disability. Both primary and backup payload specialists received mission-specific and general training.
118:
are examples of those who flew in space despite not meeting NASA physical requirements; the agency's director of crew training Jim
Bilodeau said in April 1981 "we'll be able to take everybody but the walking wounded". Payload specialists were not required to be
94:
of 1958 states that NASA should provide the "widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and the results thereof". The Naugle panel of 1982 concluded that carrying civilians—those not part of the
2162:
123:, but had to be approved by NASA and undergo rigorous but shorter training. In contrast, a Space Shuttle mission specialist was selected as a NASA astronaut first and then assigned to a mission.
181:. He described training for Spacelab 1 as "going back to graduate school but majoring in everything"; as the first mission it tested Spacelab's versatility in "medical, metallurgical,
370:
often began long-term friendships. Mullane became less critical of them after his first mission; he and
Hartsfield approved of Walker, as did Hoffman of Garn after STS-51-D.
1652:
1631:
208:. "We really didn’t have much of a choice in whether we were going to be subjects or not. 'You're a payload specialist; you’re going to be a subject.'" Besides his own
65:
mission. People assigned as payload specialists included individuals selected by the research community, a company or consortium flying a commercial payload aboard the
1371:
291:
Those skeptical of the payload specialist program were less critical of scientists and experts like Walker than non-expert passengers ("part-timers", according to
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officials shows the civilian program's controversial background, with different groups pushing for different approaches". The article concludes with:
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Payload specialists on early missions were technical experts to join specific payloads such as a commercial or scientific satellite. On
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NASA expected to also fly "citizen astronauts", ordinary
Americans who could describe space to others. In August 1984 President
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254:(JSC) controlled crewed spaceflight by selecting professional, full-time astronauts. The payload specialist program gave
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Payload specialists were aware of full-time astronauts' dislike of the program. Garn advised STS-51-D colleague
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54:) was an individual selected and trained by commercial or research organizations for flights of a specific
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Payload specialists operated experiments, and participated in experiments needing human subjects.
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Payload specialists usually fly for a single specific mission. Chosen outside the standard NASA
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selection process, they are exempt from certain NASA requirements such as colorblindness.
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2236:. Outward Odyssey: a People's History of Spaceflight. University of Nebraska Press.
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was part of "the purpose of adding to the public's understanding of space flight".
216:, and helped build homemade repair tools for a satellite launched on the mission.
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The term refers to both the individual and to the position on the
Shuttle crew.
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Person trained for flights of a specific payload on a NASA Space
Shuttle mission
2111:– the first payload specialist and the first civilian taikonaut in this Program
2000:
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262:-chosen payload specialist—control as well, causing conflicts. JSC director
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2163:"NASA's Push to Put Citizen in Space Overtook Fully 'Operational' Shuttle"
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2102:– the first time of mission has the position of Payload specialist in
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Stevens, William K.; Times, Special To the New York (1981-04-06).
30:
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295:, who called the program public relations-driven and immoral in
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estimated that about 20% of his training was general, including
2074:– completed training, retired in June 2008 without flying again
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was offered a seat to improve relations between NASA and the
2001:
Payload specialists who later trained as mission specialists
1106:
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59:
153:, the first such program. NASA expected to fly reporters (
699:
258:(MSFC)—which supervised Spacelab, including a contracted
342:, who chronicled the early days of the space program in
212:
work, Walker operated an unrelated experiment for the
2262:"New Generation of Astronauts Poised for Shuttle Era"
2401:
Biographies of Payload Specialists on NASA web site.
2234:
Come Fly with Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program
227:). The last flown payload specialist was the first
42:
of payload specialist on the left side of his chest
373:
2373:"Barrie astronaut continues to keep eye on skies"
2255:
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2231:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
670:Secretariat of Communications and Transportation
2332:NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project
2250:
1178:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1149:National Institute of Standards and Technology
242:on mission STS-107 with the rest of the crew.
131:Congressmen and the Teacher in Space program.
2319:
2286:
2147:
1294:
2334:(Interview). Interviewed by Johnson, Sandra.
2259:
797:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
157:), entertainers, and creative types later.
1258:National Space Development Agency of Japan
1015:National Space Development Agency of Japan
935:National Space Development Agency of Japan
219:Payload specialists were flown from 1983 (
2232:Croft, Melvin; Youskauskas, John (2019).
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
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29:
185:, astronomy, microgravity, lots more".
14:
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319:as a passenger despite being a former
196:"and I were the obvious subjects" for
73:designated by international partners.
1166:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1137:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
860:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
415:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
354:political grip the original breed of
2347:"NASA hypes "Glenn Mission" Science"
2338:
2326:Walker, Charles D. (14 April 2005).
2193:
2005:All were international astronauts.
1724:
1719:
889:University of Alabama at Birmingham
612:Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program
478:Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program
24:
2371:Ramsay, Janis (21 February 2015).
92:National Aeronautics and Space Act
25:
2432:
2394:
2344:
2293:Boffey, Philip M. (1984-11-09).
1985:
1970:
1955:
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1805:
1785:
214:University of Alabama Birmingham
133:Under Secretary of the Air Force
1073:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
729:Hughes Space and Communications
374:List of all payload specialists
2364:
2124:
2090:List of Space Shuttle missions
308:, and other civilians such as
13:
1:
2161:Pincus, Walter (1986-03-05).
2140:
1241:Pennsylvania State University
1212:State Space Agency of Ukraine
1044:Computer Sciences Corporation
770:Computer Sciences Corporation
86:Astronaut ranks and positions
1061:Marshall Space Flight Center
272:Space Shuttle design process
256:Marshall Space Flight Center
245:
7:
2095:List of Space Shuttle crews
2078:
155:Journalist in Space Project
10:
2437:
2196:"The Power of Persistence"
2104:China Manned Space Program
2085:List of human spaceflights
1295:Backup payload specialists
83:
79:
2328:"Oral History Transcript"
1905:
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901:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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561:Sultan bin Salman Al Saud
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536:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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175:Personal Egress Air Packs
2117:
2052:– mission specialist on
2043:– mission specialist on
2034:– mission specialist on
2025:– mission specialist on
2012:– mission specialist on
1617:as a mission specialist
1497:as a mission specialist
1426:as a mission specialist
1032:Johns Hopkins University
758:Johns Hopkins University
741:Teacher in Space Project
361:astronauts had on NASA."
235:, who was killed in the
151:Teacher in Space Project
981:German Aerospace Center
969:German Aerospace Center
641:German Aerospace Center
629:German Aerospace Center
323:astronaut. A 1986 post-
140:United States Air Force
1270:United States Congress
712:United States Congress
507:United States Congress
363:
192:recalled that Senator
136:Edward C. Aldridge Jr.
121:United States citizens
43:
2061:– flight engineer on
1432:Abdulmohsen Al-Bassam
1300:mission specialists.
1195:Canadian Space Agency
1120:Canadian Space Agency
952:Canadian Space Agency
872:European Space Agency
843:European Space Agency
831:Canadian Space Agency
792:Millie Hughes-Fulford
653:European Space Agency
566:Royal Saudi Air Force
514:Lodewijk van den Berg
449:Canadian Space Agency
403:European Space Agency
336:
260:European Space Agency
33:
2295:"A Space Inspection"
1758:Byron K. Lichtenberg
1090:Italian Space Agency
918:Italian Space Agency
850:Byron K. Lichtenberg
590:John-David F. Bartoe
410:Byron K. Lichtenberg
252:Johnson Space Center
171:capsule communicator
97:NASA Astronaut Corps
34:Ukrainian astronaut
1735:Payload specialist
1688:Alexander W. Dunlap
1583:David H. Matthiesen
1565:Jean-Jacques Favier
1531:Charles R. Chappell
1363:Robert E. Stevenson
1306:Payload specialist
1287:Israel Space Agency
1173:Gregory T. Linteris
1144:Gregory T. Linteris
1097:Jean-Jacques Favier
1051:Frederick W. Leslie
879:Lawrence J. DeLucas
381:Payload specialist
330:The Washington Post
315:. They saw Senator
2299:The New York Times
2266:The New York Times
1762:Samuel T. Durrance
1503:Robert W. Phillips
1413:Jean-Loup Chrétien
1236:James A. Pawelczyk
1022:Samuel T. Durrance
814:United States Army
748:Samuel T. Durrance
636:Ernst Messerschmid
595:United States Navy
461:United States Navy
367:Jeffrey A. Hoffman
108:mission specialist
48:payload specialist
44:
18:Payload Specialist
2243:978-1-4962-1225-2
2194:Collins, Debbie.
2072:Bjarni Tryggvason
1998:
1997:
1783:
1782:
1717:
1716:
1674:Yaroslav Pustovyi
1292:
1291:
1229:Dartmouth College
1185:Bjarni Tryggvason
988:Martin J. Fettman
736:Christa McAuliffe
683:McDonnell Douglas
678:Charles D. Walker
660:Rodolfo Neri Vela
602:William A. Pailes
495:McDonnell Douglas
485:Charles D. Walker
456:Paul Scully-Power
432:McDonnell Douglas
422:Charles D. Walker
313:Christa McAuliffe
303:US Representative
276:Byron Lichtenberg
190:Charles D. Walker
173:duty, and use of
16:(Redirected from
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1725:Multiple flights
1720:Other statistics
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1039:Ronald A. Parise
804:Thomas J. Hennen
765:Ronald A. Parise
690:Robert J. Cenker
378:
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349:wrote after the
310:Teacher in Space
286:Claude Nicollier
281:Henry Hartsfield
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2301:. p. A29.
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1517:Michael Lampton
1455:Dianne K. Prinz
1441:George W. Simon
1400:Eugene H. Trinh
1336:Michael Lampton
1297:
1202:Leonid Kadeniuk
1156:Roger K. Crouch
1127:Roger K. Crouch
1080:Umberto Guidoni
896:Eugene H. Trinh
777:F. Drew Gaffney
619:Reinhard Furrer
376:
345:The Right Stuff
248:
210:electrophoresis
202:echocardiograph
163:Michael Lampton
88:
82:
69:, and non-NASA
36:Leonid Kadenyuk
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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2395:External links
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2377:Barrie Advance
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2351:jamesoberg.com
2345:Oberg, James.
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2268:. p. A1.
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821:Roberta Bondar
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719:Gregory Jarvis
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298:Riding Rockets
247:
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183:remote sensing
149:announced the
84:Main article:
81:
78:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2068:
2067:Expedition 20
2064:
2060:
2059:Robert Thirsk
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:Hans Schlegel
2039:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1983:
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1968:
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1813:United States
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1786:Nationalities
1779:
1778:Greg Linteris
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1653:Alan Johnston
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1632:Alan Johnston
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1597:R. Glynn Holt
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1386:Mary Johnston
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1115:Robert Thirsk
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976:Hans Schlegel
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959:Ulrich Walter
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942:Steve MacLean
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356:fighter-pilot
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348:
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322:
321:Mercury Seven
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:) like Garn,
300:
299:
294:
289:
287:
282:
277:
273:
268:
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261:
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250:Within NASA,
243:
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148:
147:Ronald Reagan
143:
141:
137:
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129:
124:
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117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
101:Space Shuttle
98:
93:
87:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:Space Shuttle
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2310:. Retrieved
2298:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2265:
2233:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2166:
2131:West Germany
2126:
2063:Soyuz TMA-15
2023:Mamoru Mohri
2010:Marc Garneau
2004:
1918:Saudi Arabia
1774:Roger Crouch
1770:Chiaki Mukai
1702:Chiaki Mukai
1552:Albert Sacco
1372:Keith Wright
1318:Wubbo Ockels
1298:
1248:Chiaki Mukai
1068:Albert Sacco
1005:Chiaki Mukai
925:Mamoru Mohri
867:Dirk Frimout
648:Wubbo Ockels
439:Marc Garneau
364:
350:
343:
337:
328:
324:
296:
293:Mike Mullane
290:
269:
249:
237:
218:
187:
179:space toilet
159:
144:
125:
112:Roger Crouch
105:
89:
75:
51:
47:
45:
38:seen with a
2416:NASA people
2133:until 1990.
2109:Gui Haichao
2100:Shenzhou 16
1933:Netherlands
1754:Ulf Merbold
1667:Paul Ronney
1646:Paul Ronney
1623:Luca Urbani
1604:Pedro Duque
1462:Ulf Merbold
838:Ulf Merbold
707:Bill Nelson
573:Loren Acton
531:Taylor Wang
468:Gary Payton
393:Ulf Merbold
327:article in
306:Bill Nelson
270:During the
264:Chris Kraft
231:astronaut,
223:) to 2003 (
198:Rhea Seddon
167:firefighter
116:Ulf Merbold
2421:Astronauts
2410:Categories
2382:10 January
2312:2020-10-01
2279:2020-07-14
2205:2020-06-21
2180:2020-07-14
2141:References
1277:Ilan Ramon
1265:John Glenn
359:test-pilot
351:Challenger
325:Challenger
317:John Glenn
233:Ilan Ramon
71:astronauts
67:spacecraft
2307:0362-4331
2274:0362-4331
2175:0190-8286
1109:(France)
672:(Mexico)
555:(France)
502:Jake Garn
340:Tom Wolfe
246:Criticism
194:Jake Garn
2079:See also
1796:Country
1793:Flights
1732:Flights
1706:flew on
1613:flew on
1574:flew on
1556:flew on
1493:flew on
1489:STS-51-L
1471:flew on
1467:STS-61-A
1446:STS-51-F
1422:flew on
1418:STS-51-G
1404:flew on
1391:STS-51-B
1377:STS-51-C
1354:flew on
1350:STS-41-G
1329:STS-61-A
1327:flew on
1309:Mission
724:STS-51-L
695:STS-61-C
665:STS-61-B
624:STS-61-A
607:STS-51-J
583:Lockheed
578:STS-51-F
548:STS-51-G
524:EG&G
519:STS-51-B
490:STS-51-D
473:STS-51-C
444:STS-41-G
427:STS-41-D
387:Sponsor
384:Mission
240:disaster
238:Columbia
206:STS-51-D
177:and the
169:school,
128:Spacelab
99:—on the
2356:4 March
2054:STS-100
2045:STS-122
2036:STS-115
1978:Ukraine
1963:Belgium
1831:Germany
1495:STS-118
1282:STS-107
338:Author
229:Israeli
225:STS-107
80:History
56:payload
2305:
2272:
2240:
2173:
2027:STS-99
2018:STS-97
2014:STS-77
1993:Israel
1990:
1975:
1960:
1948:Mexico
1945:
1930:
1915:
1897:
1885:France
1882:
1864:
1849:Canada
1846:
1828:
1810:
1712:STS-95
1708:STS-65
1693:STS-90
1679:STS-87
1658:STS-94
1637:STS-83
1615:STS-95
1609:STS-78
1588:STS-73
1576:STS-78
1570:STS-65
1558:STS-73
1543:STS-50
1522:STS-45
1508:STS-40
1477:STS-42
1424:STS-86
1406:STS-50
1356:STS-78
1312:Notes
1253:STS-95
1224:STS-90
1207:STS-87
1190:STS-85
1161:STS-94
1132:STS-83
1102:STS-78
1085:STS-75
1056:STS-73
1027:STS-67
1010:STS-65
993:STS-58
964:STS-55
947:STS-52
930:STS-47
913:STS-46
884:STS-50
855:STS-45
826:STS-42
809:STS-44
782:STS-40
753:STS-35
2118:Notes
1900:Italy
1867:Japan
1473:STS-9
1323:STS-9
786:NASA
398:STS-9
221:STS-9
58:on a
40:badge
2384:2019
2358:2017
2303:ISSN
2270:ISSN
2238:ISBN
2200:NASA
2171:ISSN
2065:and
1107:CNES
553:CNES
114:and
90:The
60:NASA
1801:36
700:RCA
204:on
200:'s
2412::
2375:.
2349:.
2330:.
2297:.
2264:.
2252:^
2214:^
2198:.
2169:.
2165:.
2149:^
2016:,
1906:1
1873:2
1855:3
1837:5
1819:6
1776:,
1772:,
1768:,
1764:,
1760:,
1756:,
1750:2
1740:3
1710:,
1475:,
288:.
142:.
52:PS
46:A
2386:.
2360:.
2315:.
2282:.
2246:.
2208:.
2183:.
347:,
50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
