680:
418:
4128:
4142:
704:
696:
805:
481:
303:
2049:
215:
37:
2034:
390:
315:
173:
4121:
279:
2069:
331:
4135:
668:
56:
95:(STS) missions that used some component of Spacelab hardware. There is some variation in counts of Spacelab missions, in part because there were different types of Spacelab missions with a large range in the amount of Spacelab hardware flown and the nature of each mission. There were at least 22 major Spacelab missions between 1983 and 1998, and Spacelab hardware was used on a number of other missions, with some of the Spacelab pallets being flown as late as 2008.
2164:
227:
203:
2085:
656:
104:
813:
4486:
251:
2200:
821:
239:
2093:
1902:
797:
267:
291:
789:
181:
3043:
3006:
2974:
2886:
2545:
2496:
2363:
2329:
45:
2142:
Spacelab was an extremely large program, and this was enhanced by different experiments and multiple payloads and configurations over two decades. For example, in a subset of just one part of the
Spacelab 1 (STS-9) mission, no less than eight different imaging systems were flown into space. Including
609:
IPS would be mounted inside the payload bay of the Space
Shuttle Orbiter, and could provide gimbaled 3-axis pointing. It was designed for a pointing accuracy of less than 1 arcsecond (a unit of degree), and three pointing modes including Earth, Sun, and Stellar focused modes. The IPS was mounted on a
2147:
Spacelab represents a major investment on the order of one billion dollars from our
European friends. But its completion marks something equally important: The commitment of a dogged, dedicated, and talented team drawn from ESA Governments, universities, and industries who stuck with it for a decade
491:
The
Spacelab Pallet is a U-shaped platform for mounting instrumentation, large instruments, experiments requiring exposure to space, and instruments requiring a large field of view, such as telescopes. The pallet has several hard points for mounting heavy equipment. The pallet can be used in single
349:
Spacelab consisted of a variety of interchangeable components, with the major one being a crewed laboratory that could be flown in the Space
Shuttle orbiter's bay and returned to Earth. However, the habitable module did not have to be flown to conduct a Spacelab-type mission and there was a variety
154:
Spacelab is important to all of us for at least four good reasons. It expanded the
Shuttle's ability to conduct science on-orbit manyfold. It provided a marvelous opportunity and example of a large international joint venture involving government, industry, and science with our European allies. The
428:
The pressurized tunnel had its connection point at the orbiter's mid-deck. There were two different length tunnels depending on the location of the habitable module in the payload bay. When the laboratory module was not used, but additional space was needed for support equipment, another structure
405:
The habitable
Spacelab laboratory module comprised a cylindrical environment in the rear of the Space Shuttle orbiter payload bay, connected to the orbiter crew compartment by a tunnel. The laboratory had an outer diameter of 4.12 m (13.5 ft), and each segment a length of 2.7 m
91:. There was a variety of Spacelab-associated hardware, so a distinction can be made between the major Spacelab program missions with European scientists running missions in the Spacelab habitable module, missions running other Spacelab hardware experiments, and other
80:. The laboratory comprised multiple components, including a pressurized module, an unpressurized carrier, and other related hardware housed in the Shuttle's cargo bay. The components were arranged in various configurations to meet the needs of each spaceflight.
565:
carried the subsystems needed to operate the
Spacelab equipment. The Igloo was 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, had a diameter of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), and weighed 1,100 kg (2,400 lb). Two Igloo units were manufactured, both by
192:
at the time moved the focus from a new space station to a space laboratory for the planned Space
Shuttle. This would allow technologies for future space stations to be researched and harness the capabilities of the Space Shuttle for research.
2143:
those experiments, there was a total of 73 separate experiments across different disciplines on the
Spacelab 1 flight alone. Spacelab missions conducted experiments in materials, life, solar, astrophysics, atmospheric, and Earth science.
1897:
each funded their own Space Shuttle and Spacelab missions. Although superficially similar to other flights, they were actually the first and only non-U.S. and non-European human space missions with complete German and Japanese control.
679:
345:
The system had some unique features including an intended two-week turn-around time (for the original Space Shuttle launch turn-around time) and the roll-on-roll-off for loading in aircraft (Earth-transportation).
1020:
597:
The IPS was a gimbaled pointing device, capable of aiming telescopes, cameras, or other instruments. IPS was used on three different Space Shuttle missions between 1985 and 1995. IPS was manufactured by
342:(BAe) and a pressurized "Igloo" containing the subsystems needed for the pallet-only flight configuration operation. Eight flight configurations were qualified, though more could be assembled if needed.
643:(IRT), which was a 15.2 cm (6.0 in) aperture helium-cooled infrared telescope, observing light between wavelengths of 1.7 to 118 ÎŒm. IRT collected infrared data on 60% of the galactic plane.
492:
configuration or stacked end to end in double or triple configurations. Up to five pallets can be configured in the Space Shuttle cargo bay by using a double pallet plus triple pallet configurations.
828:
Spacelab components flew on 22 Space Shuttle missions from November 1983 to April 1998. The Spacelab components were decommissioned in 1998, except the Pallets. Science work was moved to the
381:. The selection of appropriate modules was part of mission planning for Spacelab Shuttle missions, and for example, a mission might need less habitable space and more pallets, or vice versa.
3195:
851:
The habitable modules were flown on 16 Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and 1990s. Spacelab Pallet missions were flown 6 times and Spacelab Pallets were flown on other missions 19 times.
354:
and had space for equipment racks and related support equipment. When the habitable module was not used, some of the support equipment for the pallets could instead be housed in the smaller
468:
4977:
159:
had had to fund it on its own. And finally, it provided Europe with the systems development and management experience they needed to move into the exclusive manned space flight arena.
83:
Spacelab components flew on a total of about 32 Shuttle missions, depending on how such hardware and missions are tabulated. Spacelab allowed scientists to perform experiments in
571:
4372:
4110:
4105:
3445:
2409:
2048:
5004:
5000:
4988:
4074:
4996:
5151:
4992:
4522:
3164:
776:(EDO) assembly was not Spacelab hardware, strictly speaking. However, it was used most often on Spacelab flights. Also, NASA later used it with the
5273:
414:
configuration included an additional experiment segment. It was also possible to operate Spacelab experiments from the orbiter's aft flight deck.
5147:
4913:
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5020:
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155:
European effort provided the free world with a really versatile laboratory system several years before it would have been possible if the
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3802:
5176:
4067:
3654:
5251:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the â sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
2096:
A golden-colored egg floating weightless on the Spacelab D1 mission, due to the continuous free-fall of being in orbit creating a
3644:
3438:
3433:
3305:
3229:
2842:
4515:
4189:
3998:
3913:
3428:
2277:
2018:
Spacelab-4, Spacelab-5, and other planned Spacelab missions were cancelled due to the late development of the Shuttle and the
350:
of pallets and other hardware supporting space research. The habitable module expanded the volume for astronauts to work in a
338:
In addition to the laboratory module, the complete set also included five external pallets for experiments in vacuum built by
4199:
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3602:
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2352:
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116:
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5268:
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module, a pressurized carrier similar to the Spacelab Module. A Spacelab Pallet was recommissioned in 2000 for flight on
196:
Spacelab was produced by European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), a consortium of ten European countries including:
5246:
Launches are separated by dots ( âą ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
3497:
3280:
2033:
667:
123:(MOU) to build a science laboratory for use on Space Shuttle flights. Construction of Spacelab was started in 1974 by
4508:
3582:
2877:
2536:
2068:
1938:
406:(8 ft 10 in). The laboratory module consisted at minimum of a core segment, which could be used alone in a
188:
In the early 1970s NASA shifted its focus from the Lunar missions to the Space Shuttle, and also space research. The
2761:
2744:
2394:
561:
On spaceflights where a habitable module was not flown, but pallets were flown, a pressurized cylinder known as the
504:
2810:
4853:
3764:
3595:
3502:
3485:
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2959:
703:
695:
4127:
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4168:
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3254:
2937:
2639:
2380:
2213:
2105:
4141:
3891:
3759:
2300:
Space Transportation System â HAER No. TX-116 â p. 46. Quote: "... Later, NASA purchased LM2, the second lab"
546:
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132:
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3492:
3285:
3259:
3222:
2223:
2133:
2117:
829:
586:
437:
120:
107:
Artist's impression of the Spacelab 2 mission, showing some of the various experiments in the payload bay
92:
4831:
4697:
2321:
804:
655:
4026:
3868:
3566:
3295:
2109:
1973:
4467:
4158:
3961:
3738:
3661:
3538:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3397:
1188:
773:
515:
421:
Ten people inside the Spacelab Module in June 1995, celebrating the docking of the Space Shuttle and
143:, was donated to NASA in exchange for flight opportunities for European astronauts. A second module,
2148:
and saw the project through. We are proud of your perseverance and congratulate you on your success.
4403:
4100:
3918:
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3589:
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3455:
3342:
3328:
3310:
2238:
2129:
647:
461:
351:
2689:
23:. For the commercial company which also made space shuttle laboratories and logistic modules, see
4949:
4273:
4194:
4163:
3977:
3807:
3784:
3702:
3363:
3349:
3300:
2001:
1989:
1977:
150:
Construction on the Spacelab modules began in 1974 by what was then the company ERNO-VFW-Fokker.
2913:
2907:
2660:
2654:
5278:
4429:
3945:
3356:
3335:
3215:
2594:
2254:
603:
19:
This article is about the Space Shuttle laboratory. For the US space station of the 1970s, see
3188:
2863:
2568:
2522:
2469:
2442:
480:
4599:
4489:
4382:
4083:
4005:
3992:
3903:
3320:
3275:
3238:
2595:"Spacelab pallet completes its long journey arriving at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum"
2243:
2228:
2121:
860:
599:
508:
189:
124:
73:
522:, was used during the eight-day STS-46 mission, 31 July â 8 August 1992, when ESA astronaut
4396:
4012:
3929:
3898:
3774:
3179:
Science in Orbit: The Shuttle & Spacelab Experience, 1981â1986, NASA-NP-119 on NASA.gov
2791:
2475:
2125:
1946:
535:
3075:
8:
4547:
4536:
4532:
4434:
4389:
4301:
4280:
4204:
4032:
3847:
3754:
3619:
2218:
2097:
602:, and two units were made. The IPS was primarily constructed out of aluminum, steel, and
370:
84:
3402:
2795:
2479:
2310:
2299:
4759:
4500:
4268:
3937:
3707:
3634:
3624:
2205:
640:
436:
Two laboratory modules were built, identified as LM1 and LM2. LM1 is on display at the
2846:
2823:
2625:
5111:
5090:
4640:
4173:
4086:
3733:
2917:
2873:
2779:
2664:
2574:
2532:
2483:
2448:
2113:
378:
339:
28:
1988:, December 2001, Lightweight Mission Peculiar Support Structure Carrier (LMC) (
3953:
3842:
2903:
824:
STS-94 heads into orbit for the Microgravity research mission using Spacelab, 1997.
550:
523:
88:
3174:
Spacelab: An International Short-Stay Orbiting Laboratory, NASA-EP-165 on NASA.gov
4669:
4626:
3817:
3797:
3687:
3168:
2248:
59:
685:
Dornier Instrument Pointing System at the Smithsonian Museum (Udvar Hazy Center)
36:
5182:
4572:
4120:
3792:
3178:
3173:
2139:
The Spacelab 2 mission surveyed 60% of the galactic plane in infrared in 1985.
1945:, was delayed until 1993. It became the first German human space mission after
453:
389:
319:
314:
172:
5262:
5107:
5034:
4983:
4793:
4588:
4321:
4052:
3969:
3923:
3249:
3115:"Cygnus Beyond Low-Earth Orbit â Logistics and Habitation in Cis-Lunar Space"
3059:
3047:
3010:
2978:
2890:
2549:
2500:
2367:
2333:
585:
A Spacelab Igloo is on display at the James S. McDonnell Space Hangar at the
457:
366:
330:
156:
77:
4862:
4562:
4134:
2353:"Spaceflight History: NASA Johnson's Plan to PEP Up Shuttle/Spacelab (1981)"
5217:
5213:
5126:
5096:
4967:
4892:
4691:
3029:"Spacelab joined diverse scientists and disciplines on 28 Shuttle missions"
1910:
539:
484:
358:, a pressurized cylinder connected to the Space Shuttle orbiter crew area.
255:
48:
3145:
55:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5203:
5161:
5057:
5049:
4932:
4922:
4917:
4897:
4726:
4711:
4360:
4316:
4222:
467:
307:
302:
283:
278:
3207:
5063:
4953:
4848:
2938:"Spacelab: Space Shuttle Flew Europe's First Space Module 30 Years Ago"
2640:"Spacelab: Space Shuttle Flew Europe's First Space Module 30 Years Ago"
2381:"Spacelab: Space Shuttle Flew Europe's First Space Module 30 Years Ago"
2163:
128:
574:, and both were used on spaceflights. An Igloo component was flown on
5131:
5044:
4858:
4815:
4798:
4753:
4707:
4311:
3812:
2258:
2084:
1914:
848:. The Spacelab components were used on 41 Shuttle missions in total.
812:
496:
460:, Germany from 2000 to 2010. It resides in building 4c at the nearby
374:
103:
2780:"The Spacelab Instrument Pointing System (IPS) and its first flight"
2395:"Spacelab Users Guide: A Short Introduction to Spacelab and Its Use"
361:
Spacelab missions typically supported multiple experiments, and the
5156:
5029:
4961:
4927:
4765:
4735:
4716:
4674:
4452:
4306:
4245:
4209:
3682:
3407:
3389:
3191:
files of James A. Downey III, project manager for Spacelab payloads
1926:
1051:
1027:
1001:
978:
955:
833:
777:
618:
575:
63:
24:
4485:
820:
334:
STS-42 with Spacelab hardware in the orbiter bay overlooking Earth
180:
5222:
5167:
5121:
5117:
5068:
5039:
4826:
4820:
4771:
4730:
4664:
4654:
4635:
4594:
4355:
4214:
3830:
3666:
3046:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3009:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2977:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2889:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2548:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2499:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2366:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2332:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2169:
1-transitional and connecting tunnel between orbiter and Spacelab
2092:
1997:
1985:
1901:
1890:
1827:
1804:
1781:
1758:
1735:
1666:
845:
567:
259:
250:
231:
226:
219:
214:
207:
202:
136:
5208:
5198:
5074:
4971:
4957:
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4702:
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4644:
4605:
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4459:
3835:
3825:
2040:
2007:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1934:
1712:
1689:
1642:
1618:
1594:
1571:
1547:
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1313:
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841:
837:
796:
632:
625:
579:
500:
398:
365:
mission had experiments in the fields of space plasma physics,
243:
238:
20:
2167:
Spacelab layout showing tunnel, pressurized Module and Pallet:
788:
542:(TSS-1). The Pallet carried TSS-1 in the Shuttle's cargo bay.
4721:
4610:
4262:
3852:
3290:
3189:
James Downey Collection, UAH Archives and Special Collections
2059:
1894:
931:
908:
885:
840:. The "Spacelab Pallet â Deployable 1 (SLP-D1) with Canadian
518:
for permanent display on 5 March 2010. The Pallet, nicknamed
464:
plant since 2010 and can only be viewed during guided tours.
362:
295:
290:
271:
266:
176:
European astronauts prepare for their Spacelab mission, 1984.
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
816:
View of orbiter bay on STS-99 with radar boom deployed, 2000
44:
4296:
2869:
2528:
2405:
2108:
and the systems derived from it. These systems include the
112:
3060:
Tim Furniss; David Shayler; Michael Derek Shayler (2007).
1855:
ATLAS: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science
487:
Satellite System deployment, deployed from Spacelab pallet
4349:
2506:
2401:
422:
4530:
2826:
Galactic structure from the Spacelab infrared telescope
553:
There was a total of ten space-flown Spacelab pallets.
503:
to the International Space Station is currently at the
16:
Temporary, reusable laboratory aboard the Space Shuttle
2474:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 433.
2158:
2902:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2311:
Space Transportation System â HAER No. TX-116 â p. 46
3132:"Spacelab - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions"
2195:
2062:
with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay
534:(Eureca) scientific mission and the joint NASA/ASI (
401:
with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay
76:(ESA) and used on certain spaceflights flown by the
3204:
SLP/2104-2: Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook
2837:
2835:
2387:
2104:The legacy of Spacelab lives on in the form of the
1858:
ASTRO: Not an acronym; abbreviation for "astronomy"
808:
STS-99 radar Earth observation mission illustration
119:(ESRO), now European Space Agency or ESA, signed a
3098:"A new European science laboratory in Earth orbit"
2730:
768:Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (MPESS)
610:pallet exposed to outer space in the payload bay.
545:Another Spacelab Pallet is on display at the U.S.
2868:. Scientific and Technical Information Division,
2527:. Scientific and Technical Information Division,
844:(Purpose Dexterous Manipulator)" was launched on
5260:
3184:Spacelab Payloads on Shuttle Flights on NASA.gov
2832:
2652:
2566:
2325:Foreword by NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher
1929:) took place in 1985. A second similar mission,
147:, was bought by NASA for its own use from ERNO.
4082:
3645:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
2467:
1937:), was first planned for 1988, but due to the
4516:
4068:
3223:
2858:
2856:
2756:
2754:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2440:
711:Examples of Spacelab components or hardware:
592:
40:Spacelab art, with lab interior cutaway, 1981
2896:
2777:
2606:
2604:
2183:8-device for research Earth's magnetic field
2912:. Springer Science+Business Media. p.
2251:(various, not to be confused with Spacelab)
495:The Spacelab Pallet used to transport both
4523:
4509:
4075:
4061:
3230:
3216:
2853:
2751:
2555:
1864:LITE: Lidar In-space Technology Experiment
1861:IML: International Microgravity Laboratory
673:IPS at work above the sky on Astro-2, 1995
582:, ATLAS-1, ATLAS-2, ATLAS-3, and ASTRO-2.
3803:Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle
3237:
3053:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2612:"ESA hands over a piece of space history"
2601:
2346:
2344:
2342:
514:A Spacelab Pallet was transferred to the
98:
27:. For the international competition, see
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2323:Spacelab: An International Success Story
2162:
2091:
2083:
1900:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
702:
699:Spacelab components are delivered, 1981.
694:
479:
466:
416:
388:
329:
179:
171:
166:Spacelab: An International Success Story
102:
54:
43:
35:
5274:Space hardware returned to Earth intact
3197:Spacelab An international success story
2684:
2682:
2680:
2646:
2468:Shayler, David; Burgess, Colin (2007).
2350:
753:Electrical Power Distribution Subsystem
72:was a reusable laboratory developed by
5261:
3999:Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation
3016:
2762:"Spacelab, Instrument Pointing System"
2745:"Spacelab, Instrument Pointing System"
2587:
2339:
2088:Spacelab LM2 in Speyer, Germany (2008)
2074:Illustrated cutaway of orbiter and lab
1933:(Spacelab-D2, DLR-2, NASA designation
1925:(Spacelab-D1, DLR-1, NASA designation
1909:orbital space plane flight, funded by
1889:Besides contributing to ESA missions,
135:(MBB) named MBB/ERNO, and merged into
4504:
4056:
4041:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions
3211:
2773:
2771:
2427:
2187:10-back side of front part of orbiter
2013:
1917:of German science research equipment.
756:Command and Data Management Subsystem
3076:"Germany and Piloted Space Missions"
2984:
2952:
2817:
2677:
2573:. Infobase Publishing. p. 204.
2415:from the original on 24 January 2024
117:European Space Research Organisation
4020:Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space
2159:Diagram, Spacelab Module and Pallet
1867:LMS: Life and Microgravity Sciences
750:Mechanical Ground Support Equipment
747:Electrical Ground Support Equipment
384:
13:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
2768:
1882:USML: U.S. Microgravity Laboratory
1472:2 Pallets (F002+F010) + IPS + EDO
471:Spacelab long module configuration
14:
5295:
3155:
2116:used to transfer payloads to the
1963:
1870:MSL: Materials Science Laboratory
1046:3 Pallets (F003+F004+F005) + IPS
184:Diagram of Spacelab pallet module
4484:
3062:Manned Spaceflight Log 1961â2006
3041:
3004:
2972:
2884:
2543:
2494:
2361:
2327:
2198:
2067:
2047:
2032:
1542:1 Pallet (F003) + 2 MPESS + EDO
690:
678:
666:
661:Instrument Pointing System (IPS)
654:
639:The Spacelab 2 mission flew the
507:, on loan from NASA through the
505:Canada Aviation and Space Museum
442:Smithsonian Air and Space Museum
313:
301:
289:
277:
265:
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
3765:Spartan Packet Radio Experiment
3138:
3124:
3107:
3090:
3068:
3064:. Springer Praxis. p. 829.
2930:
2843:"History of Infrared Astronomy"
2808:
2802:
2778:Heusmann, H.; Wolf, P. (1985).
2704:
2692:. National Air and Space Museum
2659:. Infobase Publishing. p.
2632:
2618:
2461:
2408:. 1977. p. 14. N77-14185.
2039:Spacelab in payload bay during
1885:USMP: U.S. Microgravity Payload
1284:Unique Support Structure (USS)
759:Environmental Control Subsystem
139:in 2003. The first lab module,
4442:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
4169:German Space Operations Center
4034:Orbiter Space Flight Simulator
3413:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
2909:The Story of the Space Shuttle
2444:Dictionary of Space Technology
2373:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2284:
2270:
2214:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
1921:The first West German mission
1879:TSS: Tethered Satellite System
707:ASTRO-1 payload prepared, 1990
1:
3989:(2020 documentary miniseries)
3760:Inflatable Antenna Experiment
2716:National Air and Space Museum
2642:. Space.com. 2 December 2013.
2383:. Space.com. 2 December 2013.
2264:
800:STS-90 Neurolab mission patch
547:National Air and Space Museum
325:
4425:European Retrievable Carrier
3986:Challenger: The Final Flight
3887:Space Shuttle design process
3729:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit
3724:Extravehicular Mobility Unit
3162:Spacelab history on NASA.gov
2712:"Spacelab, Subsystems Igloo"
2351:Portree, David S.F. (2017).
1094:2 Pallets (F002+F010) + IPS
532:European Retrievable Carrier
448:. LM2 was on display in the
7:
4368:International Space Station
3909:International Space Station
3693:Journalist in Space Project
3640:Orbiter Processing Facility
2690:"Spacelab Subsystems Igloo"
2471:NASA's Scientist-Astronauts
2224:International Space Station
2191:
2134:International Space Station
2118:International Space Station
2000:, March 2008, Pallet (
1876:SRL: Space Radar Laboratory
1873:SLS: Spacelab Life Sciences
830:International Space Station
783:
587:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
526:was on board Space Shuttle
438:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
121:memorandum of understanding
93:Space Transportation System
10:
5302:
5269:Crewed space observatories
4027:Space Shuttle Mission 2007
3567:Approach and Landing Tests
3296:Orbital Maneuvering System
2447:. Routledge. p. 393.
2185:9-payload space of orbiter
2025:
991:Retrieval of 2 satellites
762:Instrument Pointing System
645:
593:Instrument Pointing System
355:
133:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
18:
5244:
5191:
5140:
5083:
5013:
4941:
4906:
4841:
4786:
4683:
4619:
4581:
4555:
4480:
4468:Tethered Satellite System
4417:
4341:
4334:
4289:
4254:
4238:
4231:
4182:
4159:European Astronaut Centre
4151:
4117:
4093:
3962:Columbia: The Tragic Loss
3879:
3861:
3783:
3747:
3739:Advanced Crew Escape Suit
3716:
3675:
3662:Shuttle Training Aircraft
3612:
3575:
3531:
3523:Shuttle Training Aircraft
3518:Shuttle Mission Simulator
3513:Rendezvous pitch maneuver
3471:
3421:
3403:Remote Controlled Orbiter
3398:Extended Duration Orbiter
3374:
3319:
3306:Thermal protection system
3268:
3245:
3167:18 September 2012 at the
2865:NASA Historical Data Book
2653:Joseph A. Angelo (2007).
2567:Joseph A. Angelo (2014).
2524:NASA Historical Data Book
2079:
774:Extended Duration Orbiter
742:Experiment segment/module
540:Tethered Satellite System
516:Swiss Museum of Transport
475:
444:behind the Space Shuttle
137:EADS SPACE Transportation
4101:European Astronaut Corps
3770:Shuttle pallet satellite
3698:Teacher in Space Project
3650:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
3630:Mobile Launcher Platform
3456:Shuttle Landing Facility
3311:Booster separation motor
2239:Space Shuttle retirement
2177:5-hyperbaric (?) modules
2153:NASA Administrator, 1982
2098:microgravity environment
1952:The only Japan mission,
792:Spacelab 1 mission patch
648:List of space telescopes
556:
462:Airbus Defence and Space
352:shirt-sleeve environment
127:(ERNO), a subsidiary of
4274:European Service Module
4164:Columbus Control Centre
3978:The Challenger Disaster
3301:Reaction control system
2100:on the spacecraft, 1985
1960:), took place in 1992.
1851:Mission name acronyms:
4430:Hubble Space Telescope
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
3446:Space Launch Complex 6
2441:Joseph Angelo (2013).
2188:
2171:2-payload space hinges
2156:
2101:
2089:
1918:
1913:, included over seven
1776:2 Pallets (F002+F010)
1164:2 Pallets (F004+F005)
996:2 Pallets (F007+F008)
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
708:
700:
604:multi-layer insulation
488:
472:
425:
402:
335:
185:
177:
170:
108:
99:Background and history
66:
52:
41:
5284:Space Shuttle program
4490:European Space Agency
4290:Retired and cancelled
4195:Concordia winterovers
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4006:Space Shuttle Project
3993:Space Shuttle America
3904:Payload Assist Module
3561:(engine test article)
3239:Space Shuttle program
3201:NASA, January 1, 1987
3031:. NASA. 15 March 1999
2904:David Michael Harland
2872:. 1988. p. 225.
2531:. 1988. p. 225.
2244:Space Station Freedom
2166:
2145:
2095:
2087:
1904:
823:
815:
807:
799:
791:
706:
698:
509:Canadian Space Agency
483:
470:
420:
392:
333:
190:Administrator of NASA
183:
175:
152:
125:Entwicklungsring Nord
106:
74:European Space Agency
58:
47:
39:
4539:Orbital launches in
4255:Planned and proposed
4183:Earth-based research
3899:Inertial Upper Stage
3775:Wake Shield Facility
3755:Freestar experiments
3281:Solid Rocket Booster
2849:on 21 December 2016.
2809:KSC, Lynda Warnock.
2290:Lord 1987, pp. 24â28
2181:7-infrared telescope
1947:German reunification
536:Italian Space Agency
164:NASA Administrator,
131:, after merger with
4435:Faint Object Camera
4205:European Space Camp
3848:Space Launch System
3620:Crawler-transporter
3461:Abort landing sites
2796:1985ESABu..44...75H
2480:2006nasa.book.....S
2357:Spaceflight History
2219:Hermes (spacecraft)
2179:6-external platform
2175:4-experimental unit
1416:September 30, 1994
1228:September 12, 1992
736:Core segment/module
617:Spacelab 2, a.k.a.
410:configuration. The
371:atmospheric physics
4335:Mission highlights
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
3973:(2010 documentary)
3965:(2004 documentary)
3957:(1994 documentary)
3941:(1985 documentary)
3938:The Dream Is Alive
3933:(1982 documentary)
3635:NASA recovery ship
3625:Mate-Demate Device
2206:Spaceflight portal
2189:
2102:
2090:
2014:Cancelled missions
1956:(NASA designation
1919:
1699:February 11, 2000
1676:December 20, 1999
1581:February 21, 1997
1534:February 22, 1996
1393:September 9, 1994
941:November 28, 1983
895:November 12, 1981
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
709:
701:
641:Infrared Telescope
489:
473:
452:exhibition in the
426:
403:
336:
186:
178:
109:
67:
62:crystals grown on
53:
42:
5256:
5255:
4760:CUTE-1.7 + APD II
4498:
4497:
4476:
4475:
4330:
4329:
4174:Concordia Station
4087:human spaceflight
4050:
4049:
3734:Launch Entry Suit
3562:
3554:
3544:
3489:
3429:Launch Complex 39
3394:
3386:
3194:Lord, Douglas R.
2923:978-1-85233-793-3
2670:978-0-8160-5775-7
2656:Human Spaceflight
2626:"Spacelab Pallet"
2580:978-1-4381-0891-9
2570:Human Spaceflight
2489:978-0-387-49387-9
2454:978-1-135-94402-5
2257:, a 1978 song by
2114:Cygnus spacecraft
1849:
1848:
1722:October 11, 2000
1510:October 20, 1995
1439:November 3, 1994
1323:December 2, 1993
1299:October 18, 1993
1132:January 22, 1992
1085:December 2, 1990
1061:October 30, 1985
988:November 8, 1984
379:Earth observation
340:British Aerospace
29:YouTube Space Lab
5291:
5152:Shiyan Weixing 3
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4488:
4339:
4338:
4236:
4235:
4106:ISS contribution
4077:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4053:
3954:Destiny in Space
3560:
3552:
3542:
3498:Mission timeline
3483:
3392:
3384:
3255:List of missions
3232:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2845:. Archived from
2839:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2764:. 18 March 2016.
2758:
2749:
2748:
2747:. 17 March 2016.
2741:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2675:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2154:
2071:
2051:
2036:
1972:, October 2000,
1845:1 Pallet (F009)
1822:1 Pallet (F004)
1799:1 Pallet (F009)
1753:1 Pallet (F004)
1730:1 Pallet (F005)
1707:1 Pallet (F006)
1684:1 Pallet (F009)
1589:1 Pallet (F009)
1537:TSS-1R / USMP-3
1448:1 Pallet (F008)
1424:1 Pallet (F006)
1401:1 Pallet (F007)
1354:1 Pallet (F006)
1331:1 Pallet (F009)
1260:1 Pallet (F008)
1213:1 Pallet (F003)
973:1 Pallet (F006)
965:October 5, 1984
950:1 Pallet (F001)
926:1 Pallet (E003)
903:1 Pallet (E002)
854:
853:
765:Pallet Structure
739:Experiment racks
730:Forward end cone
727:Spacelab module
682:
670:
658:
635:launched in 1995
631:Astro-2, a.k.a.
628:launched in 1990
624:Astro-1, a.k.a.
551:Washington, D.C.
530:to deploy ESA's
524:Claude Nicollier
385:Habitable module
318:
317:
306:
305:
294:
293:
282:
281:
270:
269:
254:
253:
242:
241:
230:
229:
218:
217:
206:
205:
168:
111:In August 1973,
89:geocentric orbit
51:in the lab, 1985
5301:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5187:
5136:
5079:
5009:
4937:
4902:
4837:
4782:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4679:
4615:
4577:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4499:
4494:
4472:
4413:
4326:
4285:
4250:
4232:Spacecraft used
4227:
4178:
4147:
4115:
4089:
4081:
4051:
4046:
3892:studied designs
3875:
3857:
3818:Shuttle-Centaur
3779:
3743:
3712:
3688:Getaway Special
3671:
3608:
3571:
3527:
3473:
3467:
3417:
3370:
3315:
3264:
3241:
3236:
3169:Wayback Machine
3158:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3042:
3034:
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3027:
3026:
3017:
3005:
2997:
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2990:
2989:
2985:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2901:
2897:
2885:
2880:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2824:Kent, et al. â
2822:
2818:
2811:"NASA â STS-35"
2807:
2803:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2565:
2556:
2544:
2539:
2521:
2520:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2349:
2340:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2249:Spacehab module
2204:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2132:modules of the
2082:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2016:
1966:
1814:March 11, 2008
1745:April 19, 2001
1652:April 17, 1998
1275:April 26, 1993
1155:March 24, 1992
1011:April 29, 1985
918:March 22, 1982
879:
874:
869:
786:
693:
686:
683:
674:
671:
662:
659:
650:
595:
559:
478:
433:could be used.
387:
328:
312:
300:
288:
276:
264:
248:
236:
224:
212:
200:
169:
163:
129:VFW-Fokker GmbH
101:
60:Mercuric iodide
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5299:
5298:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5254:
5253:
5249:Crewed flights
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5225:
5220:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5183:Progress M-01M
5180:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5115:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
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5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4945:
4943:
4939:
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4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4910:
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4904:
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4901:
4900:
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4890:
4865:
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4851:
4845:
4843:
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4838:
4836:
4835:
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4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
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4780:
4775:
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4700:
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4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4649:Spacelab MD002
4632:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4573:Ekspress AM-33
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4496:
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4481:
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4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
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4463:
4456:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4421:
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4415:
4414:
4412:
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4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4376:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4345:
4343:
4342:Space stations
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4276:
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4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
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4242:
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4180:
4179:
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4176:
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4166:
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4153:
4149:
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4116:
4114:
4113:
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4090:
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4065:
4057:
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4047:
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4044:
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4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
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3990:
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3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Saturn-Shuttle
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
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3731:
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3718:
3714:
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3695:
3690:
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3657:
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3593:
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3573:
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3564:
3556:
3546:
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1490:Spacelab-Mir
1489:
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1369:July 8, 1994
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1129:
1126:
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1120:
1117:
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1111:
1109:June 5, 1991
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
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1090:
1087:
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870:mission name
867:
864:
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859:
857:Mission name
856:
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849:
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843:
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705:
697:
691:List of parts
681:
676:
669:
664:
657:
652:
651:
649:
644:
642:
634:
630:
627:
623:
621:launched 1985
620:
616:
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611:
607:
605:
601:
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588:
583:
581:
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573:
569:
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432:
424:
419:
415:
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400:
396:
391:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:solar physics
364:
359:
357:
353:
347:
343:
341:
332:
321:
316:
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309:
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299:
297:
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216:
211:
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182:
174:
167:
160:
158:
157:United States
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
78:Space Shuttle
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5248:
5218:Eutelsat W2M
5166:
5097:Soyuz TMA-13
5095:
5062:
5025:Huan Jing 1B
5021:Huan Jing 1A
4976:
4968:Superbird-C2
4948:
4893:OSTM/Jason-2
4888:Orbcomm FM41
4884:Orbcomm FM40
4880:Orbcomm FM39
4876:Orbcomm FM38
4872:Orbcomm FM37
4868:Orbcomm FM29
4825:
4692:Soyuz TMA-12
4690:
4648:
4634:
4627:
4593:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4348:
4261:
4219:
4111:ISS research
4039:
4033:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3870:Independence
3869:
3596:
3583:
3549:
3539:
3474:and training
3381:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3196:
3140:
3126:
3109:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3070:
3061:
3055:
3033:. Retrieved
2996:. Retrieved
2986:
2964:. Retrieved
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2932:
2908:
2898:
2864:
2847:the original
2825:
2819:
2804:
2787:
2784:ESA Bulletin
2783:
2720:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2655:
2648:
2634:
2620:
2589:
2569:
2523:
2470:
2463:
2443:
2417:. Retrieved
2389:
2375:
2356:
2322:
2317:
2306:
2295:
2286:
2272:
2232:(ISS module)
2229:
2173:3-footstalks
2146:
2141:
2138:
2103:
2055:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1951:
1940:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1911:West Germany
1906:
1888:
1850:
1832:
1809:
1786:
1763:
1740:
1717:
1694:
1671:
1647:
1623:
1599:
1576:
1552:
1529:
1505:
1482:
1458:
1434:
1411:
1388:
1364:
1341:
1318:
1294:
1278:Spacelab D2
1270:
1246:
1223:
1200:
1174:
1150:
1127:
1104:
1080:
1064:Spacelab D1
1056:
1032:
1006:
983:
960:
936:
913:
890:
873:Pressurized
865:Launch date
850:
827:
771:
733:Aft end cone
710:
638:
612:
608:
596:
584:
562:
560:
544:
527:
519:
513:
494:
490:
449:
445:
435:
430:
427:
411:
408:short module
407:
404:
394:
360:
348:
344:
337:
256:West Germany
195:
187:
165:
153:
149:
144:
140:
110:
85:microgravity
82:
69:
68:
49:Wubbo Ockels
33:
5236:Kosmos 2449
5232:Kosmos 2448
5228:Kosmos 2447
5204:Kosmos 2446
5162:Kosmos 2445
5058:Kosmos 2444
5054:Kosmos 2243
5050:Kosmos 2442
4950:Trailblazer
4933:Kosmos 2441
4923:EchoStar XI
4918:ProtoStar 1
4898:Kosmos 2440
4812:Kosmos 2439
4808:Kosmos 2438
4804:Kosmos 2437
4727:Cartosat-2A
4712:Star One C2
4641:KibĆ ELM-PS
4628:Jules Verne
4404:Tranquility
4361:Interkosmos
4317:Soyuz TMA-M
4223:Airbus A310
3981:(2013 film)
3949:(1990 film)
3785:Derivatives
3748:Experiments
3717:Space suits
3703:Shuttle-Mir
3553:(simulator)
3540:Inspiration
3508:Abort modes
3291:Main engine
3146:"chapter 1"
3035:23 November
2998:23 November
2966:23 November
2940:. Space.com
2696:23 November
2130:Tranquility
1794:HST SM 03B
1679:HST SM 03A
1658:Module LM2
1634:Module LM1
1610:Module LM1
1563:Module LM2
1516:Module LM1
1493:Module LM2
1375:Module LM1
1305:Module LM2
1281:Module LM1
1266:STS-55 (D2)
1234:Module LM2
1231:Spacelab-J
1185:Module LM1
1138:Module LM2
1115:Module LM1
1067:Module LM2
1040:Spacelab 2
1017:Module LM1
1014:Spacelab 3
947:Module LM1
944:Spacelab 1
715:EVA Airlock
589:in the US.
450:Bremenhalle
429:called the
412:long module
308:Switzerland
284:Netherlands
5263:Categories
5223:Fengyun 2E
5214:Hot Bird 9
5122:Shijian 6F
5118:Shijian 6E
5064:Shenzhou 7
4954:NanoSail-D
4928:SAR-Lupe 5
4863:TĂŒrksat 3A
4849:ChinaSat 9
4821:Fengyun 3A
4675:SAR-Lupe 4
4670:DirecTV-11
4152:Facilities
3946:Challenger
3919:Retirement
3708:Hitchhiker
3584:Challenger
3550:Pathfinder
3472:Operations
3344:Challenger
3330:Enterprise
3269:Components
2419:24 January
2278:"Spacelab"
2265:References
2120:, and the
2022:disaster.
2020:Challenger
1976:-3, (
1954:Spacelab-J
1941:Challenger
1840:HST SM 04
1584:HST SM 02
1326:HST SM 01
1219:STS-47 (J)
1057:Challenger
1033:Challenger
1007:Challenger
961:Challenger
832:(ISS) and
646:See also:
576:Spacelab 2
363:Spacelab 1
326:Components
64:Spacelab 3
5132:Venesat-1
5069:Banxing-1
5045:Galaxy 19
5014:September
4962:Explorers
4859:Skynet 5C
4816:Yubileiny
4799:Galaxy 18
4754:Compass-1
4708:Vinasat-1
4563:Thuraya 3
4375:programme
4312:Soyuz-TMA
4200:Euro-MARS
3914:Criticism
3813:Shuttle-C
3576:Disasters
3503:Rollbacks
3365:Endeavour
3351:Discovery
3078:. Fas.org
2790:: 75â79.
2259:Kraftwerk
2003:Endeavour
1991:Endeavour
1979:Discovery
1810:Endeavour
1741:Endeavour
1718:Discovery
1695:Endeavour
1672:Discovery
1655:Neurolab
1577:Discovery
1459:Endeavour
1412:Endeavour
1389:Discovery
1342:Endeavour
1319:Endeavour
1247:Discovery
1224:Endeavour
1128:Discovery
984:Discovery
868:Spacelab
780:modules.
497:Canadarm2
446:Discovery
375:astronomy
5209:Yaogan 5
5199:Yaogan 4
5192:December
5157:Astra 1M
5141:November
5030:GeoEye-1
4766:Delfi-C3
4736:AAUSat-2
4600:Columbus
4582:February
4447:Spacelab
4383:Columbus
4378:Modules
4307:Soyuz-TM
4246:Soyuz-MS
4210:MARS-500
4084:European
3862:Replicas
3599:disaster
3597:Columbia
3586:disaster
3543:(design)
3486:canceled
3481:Missions
3408:Spacehab
3390:Canadarm
3382:Spacelab
3358:Atlantis
3337:Columbia
3321:Orbiters
3165:Archived
3082:17 April
2906:(2004).
2410:Archived
2255:Spacelab
2230:Columbus
2192:See also
2151:â
2122:Columbus
2056:Columbia
2054:Shuttle
1943:disaster
1927:STS-61-A
1833:Atlantis
1787:Columbia
1764:Atlantis
1648:Columbia
1624:Columbia
1600:Columbia
1553:Columbia
1530:Columbia
1506:Columbia
1483:Atlantis
1466:ASTRO-2
1442:ATLAS-3
1435:Atlantis
1365:Columbia
1295:Columbia
1271:Columbia
1254:ATLAS-2
1201:Atlantis
1175:Columbia
1158:ATLAS-1
1151:Atlantis
1105:Columbia
1088:ASTRO-1
1081:Columbia
1052:STS-61-A
1028:STS-51-F
1002:STS-51-B
979:STS-51-A
956:STS-41-G
937:Columbia
914:Columbia
891:Columbia
880:modules
834:Spacehab
784:Missions
778:SpaceHab
619:STS-51-F
570:company
528:Atlantis
485:Tethered
395:Columbia
393:Shuttle
162:â
70:Spacelab
25:Spacehab
5168:STS-126
5127:COSMO-3
5084:October
5040:Nimiq-4
5005:Trochia
4832:KibĆ PM
4827:STS-124
4772:SEEDS-2
4731:Rubin-8
4722:GIOVE-B
4665:USA-201
4655:USA-200
4636:STS-123
4595:STS-122
4556:January
4397:Harmony
4356:Euromir
4215:MELiSSA
4094:General
4013:Shuttle
3880:Related
3843:Liberty
3808:Jupiter
3676:Special
3667:STS-3xx
3655:flights
3613:Support
3532:Testing
3375:Add-ons
3276:Orbiter
2992:"STS-3"
2960:"STS-2"
2944:15 July
2792:Bibcode
2722:15 July
2476:Bibcode
2126:Harmony
2058:during
2026:Gallery
1998:STS-123
1986:STS-108
1891:Germany
1828:STS-125
1805:STS-123
1782:STS-109
1759:STS-104
1736:STS-100
1667:STS-103
1631:MSL-1R
1513:USML-2
1182:USML-1
968:OSTA-3
898:OSTA-1
875:module
861:Orbiter
846:STS-123
600:Dornier
580:ASTRO-1
568:Belgium
511:(CSA).
440:at the
397:during
260:Germany
232:Denmark
220:Belgium
208:Austria
5177:PSSC-1
5075:Ratsat
5001:Choros
4989:Tachys
4972:AMC-21
4958:PRESat
4942:August
4914:Badr-6
4778:Amos-3
4748:CanX-6
4742:CanX-2
4703:C/NOFS
4698:ICO G1
4660:AMC-14
4645:Dextre
4611:Kizuna
4606:Thor 5
4568:TecSAR
4548:2009 â
4533:â 2007
4390:Cupola
4302:Hermes
4281:Skylon
4239:Active
4220:Zero-G
3970:Hubble
3798:Magnum
3603:report
3590:report
2994:. NASA
2962:. NASA
2920:
2876:
2828:(1992)
2667:
2661:p. 272
2614:. ESA.
2577:
2535:
2486:
2451:
2404:&
2280:. ESA.
2080:Legacy
2041:STS-90
2008:Dextre
1970:STS-92
1958:STS-47
1935:STS-55
1713:STS-92
1690:STS-99
1643:STS-90
1619:STS-94
1607:MSL-1
1595:STS-83
1572:STS-82
1548:STS-78
1525:STS-75
1501:STS-73
1478:STS-71
1469:Igloo
1454:STS-67
1445:Igloo
1430:STS-66
1419:SRL-2
1407:STS-68
1384:STS-64
1372:IML-2
1360:STS-65
1349:SRL-1
1337:STS-59
1314:STS-61
1302:SLS-2
1290:STS-58
1257:Igloo
1242:STS-56
1208:TSS-1
1196:STS-46
1170:STS-50
1161:Igloo
1146:STS-45
1135:IML-1
1123:STS-42
1112:SLS-1
1100:STS-40
1091:Igloo
1076:STS-35
1070:MPESS
1043:Igloo
921:OSS-1
842:Dextre
838:STS-99
718:Tunnel
633:STS-67
626:STS-35
501:Dextre
476:Pallet
458:Bremen
399:STS-50
377:, and
244:France
21:Skylab
5091:THEOS
4997:Choma
4854:Fermi
4684:April
4620:March
4418:Other
4373:ELIPS
4269:Orion
4263:DC4EU
4190:AMASE
3853:OmegA
3822:Ares
3559:MPTA
3493:Crews
3422:Sites
3393:(CSA)
3385:(ESA)
3118:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
2413:(PDF)
2398:(PDF)
2106:MPLMs
2060:STS-9
1895:Japan
1702:SRTM
1396:LITE
1021:MPESS
932:STS-9
909:STS-3
886:STS-2
724:Igloo
572:SABCA
563:Igloo
557:Igloo
520:Elvis
431:Igloo
356:Igloo
296:Spain
272:Italy
5103:IBEX
4993:Mati
4978:Omid
4907:July
4842:June
4541:2008
4297:CSTS
3084:2012
3037:2010
3000:2010
2968:2010
2946:2018
2918:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2870:NASA
2724:2018
2698:2010
2665:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2529:NASA
2484:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2421:2024
2406:NASA
2128:and
2112:and
1915:tons
1905:The
1893:and
1661:EDO
1637:EDO
1613:EDO
1566:EDO
1560:LMS
1519:EDO
1378:EDO
1308:EDO
772:The
499:and
115:and
113:NASA
5112:MIP
4787:May
4630:ATV
4350:Mir
2914:444
2402:ESA
2110:ATV
2006:),
1974:PMA
1189:EDO
549:in
456:of
423:Mir
145:LM2
141:LM1
87:in
5265::
5234:,
5230:,
5216:,
5175:,
5150:,
5120:,
5056:,
5052:,
5023:,
5003:,
4999:,
4995:,
4991:,
4970:,
4960:,
4956:,
4952:,
4916:,
4886:,
4882:,
4878:,
4874:,
4870:,
4861:,
4814:,
4810:,
4806:,
4769:,
4763:,
4757:,
4751:,
4745:,
4739:,
4733:,
4729:,
4710:,
4647:,
4643:,
3831:IV
3018:^
2916:.
2855:^
2834:^
2788:44
2786:.
2782:.
2770:^
2753:^
2732:^
2714:.
2679:^
2663:.
2603:^
2557:^
2508:^
2482:.
2429:^
2400:.
2355:.
2341:^
2136:.
2124:,
1949:.
606:.
578:,
538:)
373:,
369:,
5179:)
5171:(
5114:)
5110:(
5071:)
5067:(
4834:)
4830:(
4651:)
4639:(
4602:)
4598:(
4524:e
4517:t
4510:v
4076:e
4069:t
4062:v
3836:V
3826:I
3605:)
3601:(
3592:)
3588:(
3488:)
3484:(
3439:B
3434:A
3231:e
3224:t
3217:v
3148:.
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